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MANU- FACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Contents introduction 1 Acknowledgments 4 THE ROSE HIP FLIES, TRYPETIDAE, DIPTERA 6 Carpomijia Schineri ( Loew ) 6 Rhagoletis alernata ( Fallen ) 7 Rhagoletis basiola ( Osten Sacken ) 11 HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF Wiagoletis basioki 32 Opius rosicoh Mues. and Opius baldufi Mues., Braconidae, Hymenoptera 32 Halticoptero rosae Burks, Pteromalidae, Hymenoptera 41 Eupelmidae spp., Hymenoptera 50 THE ROSE HIP MOTHS, Cljdia SPP., OLETHREUTIDAE, LEPIDOPTERA 51 Cydia roseticolana ( Zell. ) 51 Cydio packardi (Zell.), The Cherry Fruitworm 53 PARASITES OF Cydio packardi 64 Glypta rufisciitellaris Cress., Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera. ... 64 Ascogaster sp.?, Braconidae, Hymenoptera 70 The Long-Tailed Parasite. Hymenoptera 72 Scambus hispae (Harris), Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera 72 Euderus cushmani (Crawford), Eulophidae, Hymenoptera. ... 74 AN UNIDENTIFIED ECTOPARASITE OF Cydia packardi 75 PREDATORS OF Cydia packardi 75 Enoclerus? sp. and PhyUobaenus sp., Cleridae, Coleoptera. ... 75 Carposina scirhosella h. s., carposinidae, lepidoptera 77 THE SCAVENGEROUS FLY, Lonchaca polita SAY, LONCHAEIDAE, DIPTERA . 78 THE ROSE cuRCULio, Rhynchites bicolor (fabr. ), curculionidae, COLEOPTERA 78 Rhynchites bicolor bicolor (Fabr.) in the East 83 Rhynchites bicolor in the West 96 NATURAL ENEMIES OF RhyUckiteS bicolor ( FABR. ) 105 Luchatema baldufi Walkley, Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera. 105 Bracon mellitor Say, Braconidae, Hymenoptera 114 V VI CONTENTS Bracon variabilis (Prov. ), Braconidae, Hymenoptera 119 Zatropis rosaecolis Burks, Pteromalidae, Hymenoptera 120 Eurytoma sp., Eurytomidae, Hymenoptera 121 Chaetogaster sp., Oligochaeta, Chaetopoda, Annelida 122 SCAVENGEROUS MITE 123 Caloglyphtis spinitarsus (Herm. ), Acaridae, Acarina, Arachnida 123 THE ROSE SEED CHALCIDS, MegastigmUS SPP., TORYMIDAE, HYMENOP- TERA 123 Megastigmtts actileatus ( Swederus ) 124 Megastigmus nigrovariegatus Ashmead, The American Rose Seed Chalcid 130 PARASITES OF MegasUgmus nigrovariegatus 145 Eupelmus, Eupelmidae, Hymenoptera 145 ADDITIONAL PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA FROM HIP JARS 145 SUMMARY 146 ROSE HOSTS OF HIP INSECTS 150 BIBLIOGRAPHY 151 PLATES 163 INDEX 189 Introduction For some years, my daily walks between home and office took me past a fine stand of Rosa riigosa growing northwest of the "Old Ag. Building" on the University campus at Urbana, Illinois. Here, in the mid-twenties I discovered a red-and-black beetle boring into rose buds with its long beak. During the ensuing years I permitted my interest to extend only to the accumulation of the earliest dates of its annual appearance, pre- suming that so common a species had certainly already been studied adequately. Then in mid-June of 1943, I found several honey-yellow chal- cids, new to me, engaged in inserting their long terebras into the young hips of this rose. My guess was that they were parasitizing some other insect in the hip—possibly the larva of the snout beetle. Seeking to gain data about the geographical range of this chalcid, I picked some hips of R. acicularis at "Eaglesnest," in northern Minnesota, on September 17, 1943. Upon opening the package at Urbana on October 7, I was sur- prised to find seven stramineous dipterous puparia that had obviously developed from larvae formerly resident in the hips. While removing many such larvae from hips at Eaglesnest in August of 1944, I made the acquaintance of a small caterpillar that shared the fleshy coat of the hips with the dipterous larva. Thus, by August, 1944, I had learned that rose hips in Minnesota and Illinois are sometimes inhabited by four phytophagous species of insects. These proved to be the rose snout beetle, Rhynchites bicolor (Fabr. ), Curculionidae; the American rose hip fly, Rhagoletis basiola (O.S.), Trypetidae; the cherry fruitworm, Cydia (Grapholitha) packardi (Zell.), Olethreutidae, and the American rose seed chalcid, Megastig- mus nigrovariegatus Ashm., Torymidae. In later years, the European rose seed chalcid, M. acideofiis (Swed. ), was reared from hips obtained from Illinois and states to the east. But these phytophagous residents of rose hips later proved to consti- tute only the smaller portion of the inhabitants more or less characteristic of this microhabitat. From 1944 to 1953, an impressive series of para- sitic Hymenoptera, several new to man, were obtained from the above phytophags. The facts in their lives were learned insofar as permitted by the limits of my time as a teacher and the amounts of host and parasite material available. Since the hips and insects processed in that decade originated princi- pally in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois, with fewer samples from other northern states, it is probable that still other phytophags and para- Z INSECTS IN ROSE HIPS sites utilize rose hips as food or shelter, particularly in more southerly and westerly areas of the United States. Not only may further investi- gation add more species to the list, but it will certainly serve to further clarify the modes of life and roles of certain species found only in small numbers to date. Perusal of the literature has revealed several additional "hip insects" native to Europe and Russia. The principal objectives were to learn what species of insects depend more or less on rose hips for food and/or shelter, their bionomic rela- tions to the hip or to each other, and the life histories of each species.