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Yillarca Istanbul'u Başari Ile Koruyan Fakat Büyük Kumandan Fatih Sultan Mehmed'e Boyun Eğen

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Yillarca Istanbul'u Başari Ile Koruyan Fakat Büyük Kumandan Fatih Sultan Mehmed'e Boyun Eğen View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Istanbul Sehir University Repository YILLARCA İSTANBUL'U BAŞARI İLE KORUYAN FAKAT BÜYÜK KUMANDAN FATİH SULTAN MEHMED'E BOYUN EĞEN Yazan: Arkeolog Mehmet I. Tunay Bugün İstanbul şehrini gezecek o- maktaydı. Bu surdan kalan, Cerrah­ lursak, O'nun eski zamanlardan kal­ paşa'da ismi bugün de kullanılan ma bir çok anıtını görebiliriz. Bü­ Ese (Isa) kapısı ile son yıllarda bu yüklük ve kudretini gösterenlerinin semtte artan inşaatlar nedeniyle or­ başında ise, şehri çevreliyen SUR- taya çıkan bir sütunlu yolun varlığı­ LAR'ı gelir. Bazı ilâveler ile ufak te­ dır. fek restorasyonlar hariç surlar 4 ana Dördüncüsü, Yedikule'den başlayıp devrede yapılmıştır. Kuruluşundan Ayvansaray'da nihayetlenen meşhur Fatih Sultan Mehmed'in İstanbul'u Teodosyus ll.'nin Surudur. M. S. 5. alışına kadar süren bu zaman içinde yüzyılda yapılmıştır. İki sıra sur be­ çeşitli saldırılara karşı şehri başarı deni önünde tek sıra sur bedeni ve ile korumuş, sonunda Fatih'in bü­ hendek bulunmaktadır. Kapılarının yüklüğü ve yüksek tekniği karşısın­ meşhurları Yedikule’de olan büyük da kendini O'na teslim etmiştir. Ga­ ve küçük Yaldızlı (Altındır. Çoğu yet kuvvetli ve ince bir mimari sitil sağlam olarak zamanımıza kadar gel­ gösteren surlar; dördüncü, yani son miştir. Bazıları isimlerini bulunduk­ devrede yapılmış olanlardır. ları semtlerden almışlardır. Yediku- İlk İstanbul, Körler Ülkesinin (Kadı­ le, ayrıca bir Osmanİı kalesi olması köy) karşısında M. ö. 663 yılında yönünden de önemli bir yapıdır. Ay- Yunanistan'dan gelen Kolonizasyon vansaray tarafında, Teodosyus II.'- hareketleri sırasında Byzas isimli bir den sonra gelen Bizans imparatorla­ kumandan tarafından kurulmuştur. rının yaptırdıkları ilâveler ve resto­ İlk sur şehrin kurulduğu bugünkü rasyonlar, farklı duvar işçiliklerinden Topkapı Sarayı'nın bulunduğu tepe­ hemen anlaşılmaktadır. nin etrafını çevirmekteydi. Marmara Şehir, batı istikametine doğru geniş­ sahilinde. Cankurtaran Fenerinden lemesine devam ederken Cankurta­ başlayıp hâlen görülmekte olan Os­ ran tarafından Marmara, Eminönü manlI Surlarının istikametini takip tarafından da Haliç Surları, bu ge­ ederek Sirkeci'ye vardığı zannedil­ lişmeye paralel olarak boylarını mektedir. Bu sur'a ait hiç bir iz mev­ uzatmakta devam etmişlerdir. cut değildir. Sur üzerinde, Trakya tarafına açıldığından Trakya kapısı Marmara Surları, şehrin değişen to- adını alan büyük bir kapının mev­ poğrafik durumundan en fazla etki­ cut olduğu antik kaynaklardan bilin­ lenmiş olanıdır. Eskiden denizin ya­ mektedir. ladığı bu surlar, şimdi önünden ge­ İkincisi, Septim Sever Suru olarak çen modern Sirkeci - Florya sahil bilinendir. Mevcudiyeti şüpheli olan yolu nedeniyle, sahil suru yerine tu­ bu surun, bazı müellifler Kumkapı ristlerin görebileceği bir eski eser tarafından başlayıp, İstanbul Kız Li­ hüviyetine bürünmüştür. sesinin yanından geçtikten sonra 19,5 km. uzunluğunda, 96 kuleli (çe­ Eminönü'nde nihayet bulduğunu şitli şekilli) ve 27'e yakın kapısı söylemektedirler. Çemberlitaş'ta mevcut olan İstanbul Surları son yıl­ Konstantin sütununun bulunduğu sa­ larda gerek Belediyenin ve gerekse haya sütunlu bir cadde ile ulaşıl­ Vakıflar Başmüdürlüğü ile Hisarlar makta, buradan açılan yol ile Trak­ Müdürlüğü tarafından bazı kısım­ ya'ya çıkılmaktaydı. ları ki, Topkapı, Edirnekapı ve Yedi- Üçüncüsü, Konstantin Surudur. Bu kule gibi tamir ve tanzim edilmiş, surdan çok az malzeme kalmıştır. bazı kısımları da kaldırılmak sure­ Surun taşlarının bazı yapımlar için tiyle Aksaray'dan başlıyan modern kullanılmış olabileceği düşünülmek­ yolların şehir dışına rahatlıkla ulaşa­ tedir. Sur, Samatya'dan başlayıp ya­ bilecekleri geniş açıklıklar haline ge­ tay bir hat takip ederek Haliç'e ulaş­ tirilmişlerdir. Fetih'ten sonra etrafı kulelerle çevrilip Hisar durumuna getirilen Yedikule... 11 Kişisel Arşivlerde İstanbul Belleği Taha Toros Arşivi.
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