Urban Renewal Projects and Dynamics of Contention in Istanbul: the Cases of Fener-Balat-Ayvansaray and Suleymaniye
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URBAN RENEWAL PROJECTS AND DYNAMICS OF CONTENTION IN ISTANBUL: THE CASES OF FENER-BALAT-AYVANSARAY AND SULEYMANIYE Hade Turkmen A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of a Doctor of Philosophy Cardiff University Cardiff School of Planning and Geography September 2014 DECLARATION This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… i STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of …………………………(insert MCh, MD, MPhil, PhD etc, as appropriate) Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Academic Standards & Quality Committee. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This was a very long journey, a very intense learning process that could never have happened without the love, support and patience of many, many people. I was a lucky student to be supervised by great academics throughout this thesis. First of all, I would like to give my sincere thanks to my supervisors Dr. Huw Thomas and Dr. Francesca Sartorio for their constant encouragement and advice to me. They helped me to find my way when I was lost in the process. I am deeply grateful to Prof. John Lovering, not only for all his encouragement, advice and belief in me since the very beginning of the project but also for our long discussions and his never-ending curiosity, which made me question everything I knew, saw and read. The process would never have begun without him. I am also grateful to Dr. Richard Gale, who contributed immensely to the formation of the focus and setting of this thesis. Without his great research insight, I could not have gone this far. There are two other people who know the thesis as much as I do. Without their invaluable helps, efforts and comments, this thesis could not have been written; very special thanks to dear friends James Wakefield and Bahar Sakizlioglu. And I would also like to express my deepest thanks to Lila Haines, who has been a great friend, supporting me with her invaluable help in the writing up process. I would like to thank Dr. Surhan Cam for his support and contributions throughout the thesis. And I would like to thank all the staff of CPLAN who have been very supportive throughout; but my special thanks go to the CPLAN research office manager Sian Moseley, who is always very helpful and welcomes you with a big smile. I must also mention the role of Cardiff University and CPLAN for their three- year research scholarship, which enabled me to carry out this research. I am grateful to all of my contacts in the neighbourhoods who provided insights into their life and fight. My special thanks go to all my comrades in IMECE – People’s iii Urbanism Movement, who taught me the meaning and importance of collective work and struggle. Without them, I would not have developed myself in this way. I shared a lot with my housemates and friends in Cardiff. Many thanks to the crew of 103 Tewksbury Sabina, Kevin, Clio, Mariyani, James R. and James W. to their great friendship, and many thanks to the crew of 15 Rawden, my sisters Ioanna, T'abéa and Silvia - ‘Hi five’, girls! And thanks a lot to Agata Krause for her friendship in our Cardiff days, and Selyf Morgan for his kind friendship. Some of my deepest thanks go to my dear friends Hatice, Gokhan, Ozlem, Ipek, Secil, Ayse, Necla, Ramazan, Ezgi, Ugur, Merve, Mehmet, Mert, Onur Kurt for standing by me, believing in me and never leaving me alone. And special thanks to the Ankara crew, Secil, Ozgur, Nihan, Mustafa and Utku for their loving friendship. I would like to mention my deepest thanks again to my ‘canim’ Richard Gale for standing by me, believing in me and supporting me endlessly. I would like to give some of my deepest thanks to my uncle Fikret Uzman for all his support and encouragement in every stage of my life. And my utmost gratitude goes to my family, my parents Haluk and Demet Turkmen and my beloved sisters Gokce, Asli, Zeynep for all their support, love and patience throughout my life. When I was writing up this thesis, in June 2013, the big Gezi Parki Uprising started in Istanbul to protect one of the last remaining green spaces from the government’s urban development plans, which then spread out across the country. It was very hard to watch the brutal attacks of the police forces on the protestors, some of whom are my most beloved friends. This thesis is dedicated to all those who were injured and lost their lives - Mehmet, Abdullah, Medeni, Ethem, Ali, Ahmet, Ferit and Berkin – during the June Uprising… iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................iii SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF MAPS ........................................................................................................ xiv LIST OF BOXES AND TABLES .................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 1.1. The Motivation for the Study .................................................................... 1 1.2. Research Rationale, Framework and Objectives ....................................... 5 1.2.1. Research questions ........................................................................... 8 1.2.2. Framing the research questions ........................................................ 9 1.2.3. Research objectives ........................................................................ 12 1.3. Structure of the Thesis............................................................................ 15 CHAPTER 2: URBAN MOVEMENTS AND CONTENTIOUS URBAN POLITICS ............. 18 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 18 2.2. The Evolution of the Term ‘Urban Movements’ ...................................... 20 2.3. Contemporary Urbanisation Dynamics and Urban Movements .............. 27 2.3.1. Discussions on contemporary urban movements ............................ 31 2.3.1.1. Conceptualising the struggle for ‘Right to the City’ ...................... 32 2.3.1.2. A conceptual framework for analysing the dynamics of contention in urban space in the political context of the global South .......................... 39 2.4. Developing an Analytical Framework in the Studies of Contentious Urban Politics 49 2.4.1. Joint analysis of actions and inactions, successes and failures ......... 49 2.4.2. A comparative research agenda and setting external factors .......... 51 v 2.4.3. Political processes and contentious politics .................................... 53 2.4.3.1. External dynamics of mobilisation ............................................... 56 2.4.3.2. Internal dynamics of mobilisation ............................................... 57 2.4.4. The main conceptual framework of the research ............................ 60 2.5. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 63 CHAPTER 3 – CONTEXTUAL FEATURES: CONTEMPORARY URBANISATION DYNAMICS IN ISTANBUL ........................................................................................ 65 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 65 3.2. Dynamics of Contemporary Urbanisation in Istanbul .............................. 66 3.2.1. Local government structure, operation of the planning system and changes for implementing URPs ..................................................................... 72 3.2.2. Formation of the new land market by the central state .................. 78 3.2.3. Development of the discourse and project scheme of urban regeneration projects ..................................................................................... 82 3.3. Urban Movements in Istanbul ................................................................ 86 3.3.1. Professional organisations .............................................................. 90 3.3.2. City wide urban movement groups ................................................. 91 3.3.3. Neighbourhood organisations ......................................................... 94 3.4. Conclusion .............................................................................................101