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DESIRING ROME King Fm 3Rd.Qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page Ii King Fm 3Rd.Qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page Iii King_fm_3rd.qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page i DESIRING ROME King_fm_3rd.qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page ii King_fm_3rd.qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page iii D ESIRING R OME Male Subjectivity and Reading Ovid’s Fasti RICHARD J. KING THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS Columbus King_fm_3rd.qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page iv Copyright © 2006 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. King, Richard Jackson, 1960– Desiring Rome : male subjectivity and reading Ovid’s Fasti / Richard J. King. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–8142–1020–1 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 0–8142–9097–3 (cd-rom) 1. Ovid, 43 B.C.–17 or 18 A.D. Fasti. 2. Desire in literature. 3. Calendar in literature. I. Title. PA6519.F9K56 2006 871'.01—dc22 2005031877 Cover design by Janna Thompson Chordas. Text design and typesetting by Jennifer Shoffey Forsythe. Text in Adobe Apollo. Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48-1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 King_fm_3rd.qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page v CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii ACKNOWLEGMENTS xi INTRODUCTION Desire and Ovid’s Fasti 1 CHAPTER ONE Elite Males, the Roman Calendar, and Desire of Mastery 17 CHAPTER TWO Ovid, Germanicus, and Homosocial Desire 41 CHAPTER THREE Fasti, Fantasy, and Janus: An Anatomy of Libidinal Exchange 66 CHAPTER FOUR Monthly Prefaces and the Symbolic Screen 103 CHAPTER FIVE Under the Imperial Name: Augustus and Ovid’s “January” (Fasti, Book One) 144 CHAPTER SIX Patrimony and Transvestism in “February” (Fasti, Book Two) 184 EPILOGUE Ovid and Broken Form: Three Views 223 NOTES 229 BIBLIOGRAPHY 296 INDEX LOCORUM 315 GENERAL INDEX 319 King_fm_3rd.qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page vi King_fm_3rd.qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A&A Antike und Abendland: Beiträge zum Verständnis der Griechen und Römer und ihres Nachlebens Acta Arv. Acta Fratrum Arvalium quae supersunt. Ed. W. Henzen. Berlin: G. Reimeri, 1874 Agrim. The ancient writers on surveying: Blume, Lachman and Rudorff 1842, Blume, F., K. Lachmann, and A. Rudorff, 1848, 1852 AJA American Journal of Archaeology AJAH American Journal of Ancient History AJPh American Journal of Philology ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt BA Bollettino d’arte BMusImp Bollettino del Museo dell’Impero Romano BMCR Bryn Mawr Classical Review. http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/ bmcr/ BullCom Bollettino della Commissione archeologica Comunale di Roma CAH Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. X (The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.–A.D. 69), eds. Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin and A. W. Lintott. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1862– ClAnt Classical Antiquity CJ Classical Journal CPh Classical Philology CQ Classical Quarterly CR Classical Review CSCA California Studies in Classical Antiquity King_fm_3rd.qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page viii viii List o f Abbreviations CW Classical World Dar.-Sag. Daremberg-Saglio: Daremberg, Charles and Edmond Saglio, et al. eds. 1877–1919. Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romains d’après les textes et les monuments. Paris: Hachette DArch Dialoghi di archeologia GIF Giornale italiano di filologia Gramm. Lat. Keil, H. 1961. Grammatici Latini. vol. 7. Hildesheim: G. Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung HSCPh Harvard Studies in Classical Philology ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. Ed. Hermann Dessau. Chicago: Ares, 1979; originally published, Berlin: Weidmann, 1892–1916 Inscr. Ital. Inscriptiones Italiae Academiae italicae consociatae ediderunt. Unione accademica nazionale. Rome: La Libreria dello Stato, 1931– JRS Journal of Roman Studies LIMC Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. Zürich: Artemis, 1981– L-S Harper’s Latin Dictionary. Ed. E. A. Andrews. Rev. Eds. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. New York: American Book Co., 1879 LSJ Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott. Greek-English Lexicon. Rev. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940; with supplement, 1968 MD Materiali e discussioni per l’analisi dei testi classici MEFRA Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. Antiquité MemPontAcc Memorie della pontificia accademia di archeologia Der neue Pauly Der neue Pauly: Enzyklopädie der Antike. Eds. Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider. Stuttgart : J. B. Metzler, 1996– OCD Oxford Classical Dictionary. Eds. Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996 OLD Oxford Latin Dictionary. Ed. P. G. W. Glare. Oxford: Clarendon, 1985 PBSR Papers of the British School at Rome PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society PL Patrologiae Latinae, ed. J-P Migne. Paris Platner Platner, Samuel. 1929. Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Rev. T. Ashby. London: Oxford University Press King_fm_3rd.qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page ix List o f Abbreviations ix PVS Proceedings of the Virgil Society RA (or RevArch) Revue archéologique RE Paulys Real-encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Ed. G. Wissowa. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1894–. Supplement, 1913–1978 REA Revue des études anciennes REG Revue des études grecques RhM Rheinisches Museum für Philologie RIC Roman Imperial Coinage. Edited by Harold Mattingly and Edward A. Sydenham. London: Spink, 1923–94 TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association TGL Thesaurus Graecae Linguae. Henri Etienne, Charles Benoît Hase, Wilhelm Dindorf, and Ludwig August Dindorf. Paris: A. F. Didot, 1831–1865 TLL Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. Leipzig: Teubner, 19– ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik King_fm_3rd.qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page x King_fm_3rd.qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS his book results from over a decade of interest in Ovid’s Fasti. t Initial interest arose during a seminar at Indiana University on Ovid’s Heroides and Fasti, conducted by Professor Betty Rose Nagle. Especially perplexing to me were perceptions of the poem’s incoher- ence and fragmentation in mid-twentieth century scholarship and even assessments of the poem as literary failure. Were there responses to the Fasti that did not dismiss it? My dissertation, “Spatial Form and the Representation of Time in Ovid’s Fasti,” directed by Professor Eleanor Winsor Leach, provided an opportunity to investigate its the- matic fragmentation and lack of unity by exploring how representation of global, imaginative space (such as that of Augustan world-map- ping, astronomy-astrology, and Roman augury) might support a “spa- tialized” view of time. The present book approaches the poem’s fragmentation quite dif- ferently. Where the dissertation attempted to overcome, even escape, the insurmountable qualities of fragmentation and incompletion in the Fasti, this book explores how these qualities call for recognition and dialectical encounter with the exiled author of the broken form. Many individuals have encouraged me and supported my efforts. I thank Betty Rose Nagle for introducing me to the Fasti and Eleanor W. Leach for providing me crucial guidance in my earliest efforts. I also thank Micaela Janan for her instructive comments aiding revision and Thomas Habinek for his encouragement in response to a paper I deliv- ered at the Lambda Classical Caucus of the American Philological Association addressing the role of Germanicus as addressee. xi King_fm_3rd.qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page xii King_intro_3rd.qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page 1 INTRODUCTION Desire and Ovid’s Fasti vid’s Fasti is an anomaly in Greek and Roman literature, because no other poetic calendar survives from classical antiquity.o Other poems contain features of Ovid’s Fasti, but lack its cal- endar structure. Its periodic epigrams on celestial phenomena are comparable to lists of seasonal labors and astronomical events in Hes- iod’s Works and Days and recall thematically Aratus’ Phaenomena and Manilius’ Astronomica. Moreover, Callimachus’ Aetia and Propertius’ fourth book had presented verse etiologies of cults and shrines, and influenced the Fasti in literary technique, such as Callimachus’ report of interviews with the Muses as divine sources of knowledge. But no other extant poem assumes the Fasti’s outward structure, Rome’s civic calendar. Introduced by prefaces explaining the origin of each month, the books of the Fasti each represent constellations and festivals according to the chronology of days within separate months of the Roman year. 1 Yet another anomaly is that only the first six of the planned twelve books exist—”January” through “June.” Ovid probably never com- posed the last six, or else he drafted them only in outline. As Ovid declares at Tristia 2.549–52 (9 CE), exile imposed by the emperor Augustus in 8 CE “broke” (rupit) the Fasti. However, references to events in Rome during his exile at Tomis (modern Romania) show that Ovid revised portions of the Fasti, especially in 15–17 CE after the death of Augustus (14 CE); revisions include rededication of the poem to Germanicus Caesar (1.1–26), who was Augustus’ adopted grandson and adopted son of Tiberius, the new emperor. 2 1 King_intro_3rd.qxd 5/2/2006 2:37 PM Page 2 2 Introduction How are readers to interpret long-term incompletion of a poem begun after 2 BCE, but still incomplete in 17 CE? Recently, scholars have explained this incompleteness as reflecting Ovid’s exilic exhaus- tion at managing the politics that kept him in exile. Rededication to Germanicus after the accession of Tiberius indicates resumed hope of return, but continued incompletion suggests failure of these hopes. 3 Earlier explanations aligned lack of completeness
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