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080052-12.042.Pdf

080052-12.042.Pdf

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auo pue 'slapaaluoulpf, {lureur are sallaaqa^ou sta^oJ tur&paua oqslraql ol anp sallaaqueql sarrueaalrt alout '(apprull{qdEs {ool uPl qtrq^ ^lruil) sallaaqa^or puno] aq osleIIr^ apMpl dUaql Fuourelng paalpue ur a^rl ol sloa3?u^U loJ luauruolr^ualuallaJxa ue apr^ordsd?aq lsodtuoJ pala^olun 'pllorv\ pasutaql Jo stasodruo3ap aql roj slErqeqralJo ritlnu pu€sdpaq lsoduof, 'luauruorr^ua l?lnl?uaql ur palJ^lal a.rpralleu f,ru?Alopup lalllt JealsV dVSHJSOdWOC 3HJ 'punojaq upt sdnol? paUrssplJtot?u.I aWJo lsoru ;urluasardal 'ruaql ,pue spasur ulqlro\ pllo,{ Ietnlpu aql Jo rxsof,orlllxp luasaldalsuaplpa rno sleurueupup spllq ,qsq,salrldal 'sFurrup turpnl3ur Jo a8uelapu e loj sa^lasuaqlpooJ tulaq ol usrlrs?lpdpue uorleparduo{ 's.la,1oU uaa4aq uallodJo Uodsuprlaql ol aspasrpJo uorssrursupll aql uro{ 'a^rsualxaosle alp sruals{so)a s,lau€ldsrql ulrlll,rsllasurJo alor aqJ :tellaupue sa^Pal 'poo/r lupld ol poolqpu?.rrpq Ieurup uro{ ',ldn3ro[aq] splrqeqaql sepaue^ puPasra^rp se sr pooJtraqJ .s.ra^upup lsoruIaqI'?tlp4snvol a^rleualp sarf,ads ,,(Ure3aur^ uoruruot ,d€aq 'spuod'sueal}s aql lsoduoJ sa{el Josralp/vr qsarJ aq} s.pFo/{aqlJo arxos (eraldeurac lsaSPI eJoluauodruof, ? srlrnlJ Eur{map JI papeur a^€qpu?suasap lsaup aql ur a^rl rapro) sarir€a aql ar€{.req asool lo xan€urEuritplap pu? {aqJ sa^e,urqlr/v1, daap pue surEunou sauolsrapun ,3unp to .laupurJtu?alo tuqlol uoul€l uo tulpaa]pu? ur punoJ uo aurl/vrousaql a^oqepunoj ale ^aqJ Slplrqeq-olf,ruprunq ur dluoruruoJ 'uaarB 'a)l JO Furr?add? atespualslH JltlEaut lelod arll Jo aApaaql lp punoJal€ slf,asurpunoj ttluouruot alow 01)|f,elq r{urqs ulo4 tur{ge^,(sa4aurtl[u pu?sJldorl aql ul punoqpqtasul .upato 'alu?luaqul lusrueqJatu a^rJ Jo lnoqP)Ileus ^ll€nsnarp slJasur aql sr pasruolof,,{lln]ssaf,Jns lou a^eq paFelapslql {lolun 01 alqeuaaq asaql ^lrueJprralsrH aql srsa[aaq a^ol ^aqllElq€Ll dluo aql :a^rMnsot saurql a^pqqslluarf,s 'Dltl.ldosolQ 6pn$ aqt Illlr\\ ]o uopelJosseul punoJualo spasurJo Eul^llroj alqrssodsr lr la^araq&punoJ q3norqJ'VNO-aJrl Joapor pluauppunJ dnoraraqlouv ,,(poqsll ra^o uauopqe arp[aql uorlnlo^aur ,{lolsssaf,Jns aql puqsraPunol sn pslq?uaosle a^?q qr sFnf, sp p-sdnort ll aulualearqlalrnb l?addp lprulupaql IIp Jo luepunq€ daql'lrnrJ uoqrsodruotap 'paqrnlsrp ,peaq tudelapJo aql um uaq^ pup atuelo puPasra^rp lsou aql alpslJasul .paueu ul alor luErodu.rru€ deldl{luo saru pu€dpoq^urqsllelq qr pasruFotar lou ^q aq uaaqa^pq spllql-o.r1 ol Jlpq-auo^luo l?3aur^rsarulrn.U alrt qf,nurEur{oo'l ^lrseaupl allaaqsrqJ.aslnof, ulPru slr lo] ,salrads 'proqseBrours leql pal?urlsasr ]l pup pasur Fuquau alsrql uo qoF FurpaaJ euJo puoJtua^ st'(srym.Faonltfrra ufiou{ 000 9g lnoqp qlrm pal?druol salupup sallaaq ll?rus ]o p?rr^u aql snllqaoatc) asrorl r]r€o3 s,I^ap aql 'sal?rqalla^lalPr\ qsa4 pue lPulsaltalI- AuouepunoJ aq IIm (.ddsDlnldosot pallpf,dluou uo3 l€lnf,lupdur sarf,ads punoreare araql ,prlprlsnv 000 Z u II characteristicand conspicuous feature is I Rrgif The head-raisingand spitting of the large pair of pincerJike appendages I sawflies is a defenceagainst bird at the rearof the body.Despite the size lpredation. Photo- JanetFarr of these organs their function has still not been determined. are f SelorarThe greenleaf hopper bug looks generallyvegetarian or omnivorous,and I like a leal ! - the native Photo WadeHughes/Lochman speciesare not usually Transparencies consideredsignificant economic pests. However,the imported European \Forftcula auricularia) , found,in cooler regions,can be a seriousgarden s and vegetablepest if presentin large t enough numbers. Unlike most , s the femaleearwig exhibits maternalcare. I Eggsare laid in a short burrow and the t femaleremains with the eggsand young t nymphsup to the first or secondmoult. During the eggstage, the femaleactively caresfor her progenyby licking the to removefungal spores and gathering the eggsshould they becomescattered. With flies, cockroachesmust be amongthe most malignedof the insecr world. Some speciesare known to carry diseasessuch as poliomyelitisand salmonella.But of the 3 500 species known throughout the world, lessthan one per cent are pests.In Western Austnlia, the two pestspecies most likely to beencountered in gardensand houses arethe American lPeriplaneta americana)and the Cerman cockroach (Periplanetagermaru'ca). It is ihought thattheseh,\,o species originated inAfrrca andwere dispersed dudng the time ofthe and alsoas an important foodsource for -feedinginsects are generally leaf slavetrade. a wide rangeof animalswhich we might chewersor sapsuckers, or maybe found Veryfew of the 450 or so Australian considerfar more desirablespecies. within the plant as leaf miners or native cockroach specieswill be formers. Many will confine therr consistentlyfound AMONGTHE LEA\ES insidehouses. One of munching or sucking to one padicular the exceptionsis the winglesswhite- Leaf-dwellinginsects often appear far speciesor a number of speciesin a margined of Perrn more interesting and exciting than the padicuiar genusor plant family. A few (Drgmaplanetosp.). Our nativespecies ground-dwellers,which are usually seen insects,however, will feed on a wide aremainly found under stones,bark or when a rock or piece of debris rs rangeofplant species.Many leaf chewers logsand in rotting wood, and a few live disturbed.Leafdwellers are mostly active havedifferent patterns offeeding, so the in foliage. during daylight, while ground-dweliers damagepattern on a leafcanhelp identi$r A large number of parasitic insects areusually nocturnal. Also they are often the insectresponsible. help populations. controlcockroach Tiny more flamboyantin their colouring and Ifyou havea eucalyptin yourgaroen, chalcidwasps parasitise casesand eventheir behaviourpatterns. Sitting you may be familiar\^,ith the native emergethrough minute holes.Ground- quietly in your garden on a mild caterpillarscalled spitfires, which are dwellingcockroaches parasitised are oy summer's day, preferably near a local really in the immature sawfly stageof severalspecies of a curious native , you may be development,and are not true flies, Dut belonging to the family Rhipiphoridae. surprisedby the number of different a form ofwasp.Spitfires are usuallyfound Thesebeetles breed in the cockroach insects that can be seen;green leaf in tight clusterson the stemsand trunks body,eventually immobilising rt. hopperbugs, which look remarkablylike of youngeucalypt trees. In the evenin6l. Cockroachesare preyedupon by frogs, ;stick insectstrying to look like they migrate to the leaveswhere th€y reptilesand insectivorous birds and twigs;a lacewingmunching on an aphid; munchdown to the midrib.Ifdisturbed, mammals,These play insectstherefore the occasionalwasp, butterfly or hover theseinsects can appear quite formidable an importantrole in the environment, fly;or maybeeven abeautifuljewel beeue and will react in unison, raising and byhelpingto break downorganic matter, visiting flowersfor nectar flickingtheir tails. rearing back the head

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W The feedingpattern left by these beetlesis a distinctivescalloping of me leaf edges,but to date in Western Australia,leaf are not regarded asa seriousproblem. Anotherleaf feederwith adistinctive damagepattern is the leaf-cutterbee (Megachilespecies). A memberof the Hymenoptera-the order containingbees, and -this smallnative is quitecommon in suburbangardens and city park around Perth.Leaf-cutter build cigar- shapednests in any suitablehollow. A prim€nest site could be a crackin a fencepost or betweentwo brickswhere themortar has fallen out. The nests are madeof thin leafpieces, which are cut Cottony to a circular I cushionscale is often founc on Australiansup€r star, as it wasexported or semi-circularshape. The acacias.lts naturalpredator I isth€ to Californiato controlthe previously- adultfemale will holdthe leafwith her I ladybirdRodolia cardinolis. legsand cuta discwithherjaws starting Photo- JaySarsorL/Lochman Tyansparencies mentionedcottony cushion scale. at the leafsedge (leaving it lookingas if Ladybirdsbelong to the beetlefamily ,and some someonehas taken a discpunch to it). closely-relatedspecies. Acommon psyllid specieswithin thisgroup are among the mostefficlent Thecompleted leafdisc is folded between in WestemAustralian gardens (Crelb sp.) predatorsof scaleinsects, aphids, herlegs as she flies to thenestsite. These constructsa conical-shapedtransparent mrres and other small pestspecies. A few beesare not regardedas seriousplant shelter(called a lerp).This species will speciesdo feedon vegetationand defoliators,but ratheras important feedon a rangeofeucalypt trees, but can are peststhemselves, attacking pollinators. moreoften be foundon floodedgums the leavesof potatoes pumpkins. Thereare an estimated 2 000specres (Eucalgptusrudis)- and Ladybirds, however,are of nativebee in Australiaand manyof Likepsyllids, many plant-sap-suckers voraciousfeeders in both the larvaland thesehave yet to be named.Unlike the haveevolved e laborate protective adult stages.The most commonspecies you are likely honeybee imports, mostAustralian bees coverings,which, in somecases, can look to encounterin your gardenis Z?ri aresolitary each female constructing her like outgrowthsof the host plant.A conformis,which is bright orange-red ownnest and rearing her own offspring. commonexample of theseare species with blackspots. The bright colouring Mostfemale bees have a sting,but they withinthe family Coccoidea, often found of mostspecies is probably arenot aggressive like the bee and in clustersof pink or whitepearl-like a warning againstpredators, since adult ladybirds will only use their defenceweapon if scaleson eucalyptsand acacias.The secretea poisonous Enspedor squashed.All beesuse pollen cottonycushion scale(Icerya purchasi) liquidifdisturbed. Bothlarvae andadults ofthe andnectar as foodfor their Iarvaeand producesa series of wax filaments, which delicate greenfacewing (Chrgsopa sp.l are are,therefor€, important pollinators of give it a fluffi/, fluted appearance.Many very 'The fond of sap-suckinginsech. One ournative plants (see RealBees of suchbugs have become so specificthat may eat three to four hundred WesternAustralia', LANDSCOqE, theadult females hardly resemble insecrs. aphids beforebecoming an adult.They Summer1993-94). Sincea largecomponent of the food impale their victims on long pincer-likejaws Plant-sap-suckinginsects belong [o they ingestis water,most plant-sap thensuckoutthe body fluids. Larvae theorderHemiptera. This order includes feedingbugs produce relatively large also plant-feeding camouflagethemse lves by carrying the .leaf hoppers, quantitiesof a sugar-richliquid psyllids aroundthe remains oftheir prey on their {morecommonly known as excrement called honey dew. backs.These insects belong to theinsect lerps),aphids, scale insects, mealy bugs, Consequently,these insects are orderNeuroptera, which also includes , shield bugs, stink bugsand attractiveto othersugar-seeking insects antlions(see Urban Antics in thisissue). theblood and body fluid feederssuch as suchas ants. Anti will farm somespecies All neuropteransare carnivorous, butthe bedbugs. water boatmen and water for the purpose ofusingthe honey-dew, adultsmay also feed on honey-dew. scorpions.These insects. instead ofbeing and during this processprotect the Alsocamouflaged among the green equippedwith mouthpartssuitable for honey-dewproducers from predators. foliageready to pounceon its dinnerrs bitingand chewing, have evolvedmouth Nevertheless,most are consumedby a the prayingmantis (family Mantidae). to pierceand suck juices up the of wide rangeof animalsand birds, Theyoung mantis feeds on soft-bodied andanimal tissue.Some of these includingants. insectssuch as aphids; the maturemanus bugsc:n beveryspecific in Ladybirdsare well known for feedson ,bugs, beetles and foodthey prefer to eat. psyllids Many controllingaphids. One ladybird in otherinsects. The mantis gets its name feedfrom onespecies or groupof particular,Rodolia cardinalis, is an from the characteristic'prayer, position

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IIe Jo luanuJa lsoul rlJltl^r tue]rlos ? ur€luot ^llensn alers'sprqde'srpllrdral€tAurpnlrur '{ard;urqrlP) slsau asaqJ slle \ asnoq uo slsau qtrasur a3uer aplm e ,sBalaloJ Jo Jo salrspl?d loJ pasn ale qJrr{,1 slr Jo in freshwater. Their hind legsare long, flattenedand fringedwith hairs.These modifiedlegs are usedas oars as rne notonectiJswims upsitle down looking for prey.The wing casesofthese insects are used to trap air, collectedat rne water'ssurface before diving. The water beetles(family Dytiscidae) use a similar methodto trap air, as do the adult (family I u'hirligigbeetles Gyrinidae). \ Both beetlesare common visitors to \ -r\ su'immingpools. LIou,ever, these insects I can seldom breed and mature under normalsurimming pool conditions. BUTTERFLIES Of coursean articleon insectsin your gardenwould not be complete \!ithoutmentioning the ballerinas of the thought to haveoriginated in Africa.The f Thevine hawk moth JippinA int0 a insectworld, the butterflies.While lar.,,aemainly prefer legumes and plants I euculyptflower ior ne(tJr.Nectar- butterfliesrely I pruducingplants on nectarfor food,they within the familiesAsteraceae and ire importint,nut onlyfor birds,but alsofor insects. areplant-eating caterpillars during the Malvaceae, and in WesternAustralia, However,many plants juvenilestage. Three of the more that haveevolved adultsare knownto like Pimelia speaes. to inducebird pollination (e.g. gre!illeas) conspicuousspecies to be found rn The chequeredswallowtail (Paplrb arenot visited by nectar-seeking insects. gardens suburban are the wanderer demoleusl belongs to the butterfly Photo Babs& Ilertlvells/CAl-ll (Danaus plexipus),whichhas been seen fam ily PapilioniLlae,rn,hich contains as far north as Kununurra,and the some of the world'smost beautiful ATTRACTINGINSECTS TO Australian admiral (l/anes.sallerz) and insects;for example,the brilliant blue YOURGARDEN painted (l{ lady cardul),rvhich prefer the Ulyssesbutterfly and the spectacular Activelvdesigning your garden to souih-\vestcorner oIWestern Ausl ralia. green CapeYork birdwing,both of attractinsects may initially seem strange. Thewanderer lives up to its common rvhich are found in north eastern but insectsare an importantcomponent gradually nameas it has extendedits Queensland.The chequered swallowtaiJ of our environment.Natural areasof distributionacross the PacificOcean is uncommonin the southerncoasrat bushlandclose to townsthat cansupport trom North America,but well-defined areasof WesternAustralia, but has manybeneficial native insects are rapidly migrationshave not beenseen rn beenobserved on migratoryflights disappearing,so providinghabitats for Australia.Host plants ofthe caterpillars in the South West.The food plantsof themtill ensuretheir sun,ival. includeintroduced bushes in the its caterpillarsinclude species of For a conservationstrategy, it is alsoa familyAsclepiadaceae. The adults are the genusPsoralea, namely P leuantho goodidea to retaina smallpart of your attractedto orangeflowers, which are a at Carnarvonand Millstleam,and garden (awayfrom the house and similarcolour to themselves. P.pustulata south-eastof Broome.Eggs vegetableplot) in anunrulystate. allowing Larvaeofthe Australian admiral feed of this specieshave also been found on u,eedsand grasses to growand flower, and on bothnative and introducedstinging , but their life cycle is rarely leaflitter and dead and dying branches to nettles(U,.li.a sp.). Adults are known to completedon theseplants. However. the remain to providefood sourcesand frequentlysettle in the sunshinewith canopusbutterfly \Papilio ), habitatsfor awide range ofinsects, as \\'e uringsoutspread, and rest on treetrunks which is found in the north-west as the animalsthat keepthem from uith closedwings, their headdirected of WesternAustralia, is knou'n to reachingpest proporti0ns. downrvards.On tree trunks, tne feedand surviveon cultivatedcitrus. Generallyspeaking, variety in your undersideof their wings matchesthe Nativefootl plants include species gardenis a mostimportant consideration, greybark. Adults will sometimes within the Rutaceaefamily, which becauseforour insect fauna,variety isthe congregateat sap flows on eucalypt includescitrus. sourceof life. trunksand they havebeen seento -,-r .,:,1.;: j ::.j ..jir!:.r:r_:j . ::.1.,r-.ji"::,r-,.:i-::{.-;:r::.:i, t.:.. i :r ..rt,.:. congregat€at times on hilltops. Tne adultsare aiso attracted tourhite flowers. ,,i JanetFarr is a ResearchScientist with CALM'sScience and Information Division. The beautifulpainted lady is a ,i, Sheis based at Manjimup,where she specialises in forest entomology. Janel ciln commonvisitor to the sanddunes near . r becontacted on (08)97?1 ?996, or emailat janetf(.lcalm.wa.gov.au Bunburyand has been recorded around Fremantle in earlyNovemher. This ' js ' ';rrrj-r'I r-.i/:1d'6,i:it-.lli:r;::::....:..I .:, butterllyis i, well knownmigrant anJ : .., I::.'. ::-,, ::-":r.,.:.i't jj-,rr.,:r.r,,.:.r.l

t,t.trrrrr\35 i'?7ij. LANDSCOPE voLUrvETWELVE NUMernfwrrurrn rssz

THEHILLS FOREST:THE FIRSTFIVE YEARS KATEEAXIER&SIEVSIAVIN ...... -10

GEOLOGYAND LANDFORMS OFTHE KIMBERLEY

MARSUPIALCONSERVATION Thislear, The Hills Foresl celebratesits ANDREWEURBtDGE & KHTH M0RRt5...... 22 fifth birthday. Find out ahqt\ been happening there in our stor[ on INSECTSINTHE GARDEN page10. Noisy scrub-birds are rqre in museum collections. This one, from a Dutch Museum, was probably collected bg JOHNGILBERT'S AUSTRALIAN COLLECTIONS John Cilbert. Seepage 36. CIEMENCYF|SHER...... 36

EK-INCTIONSINWESTERN AUSTRALIA tANA880TT...... 49

The Kimberleg region ofWestem Australiq has someueird and uonderful landforms. Readall about them on page 16.

BUSHTELEGRAPH 4 ENDANGERED CARRICK'S|!4|NTBU5H...... 48

URBANANTICS nrr-110N...... 54

Mount Bakeuell loot ts ouer the old The northem guoll isjust one of WA3 toun of York,but it is more thanjust a marsupiak that haue beenpart ofa ptominent landmark. Find out wh| on recent conseruationstqtus reuieu. pqge 42. Seepage 22. Managing Editori RonKawa ilak Editor: DavidGough Story Editors: RayBailey,Verna Conellq MitziVance, Mandy Clews, CarolynThomson Scientific/t€chnicaI advi.e: Andrew Burbidge, lan Abboll, PaullonerTonySrart. NeilBorrows and rtaff ol CALTV'sScience & Get dotL,non the ground, Inlor.nationDivision scramble through the leaf Designand production: i,4ariaDurhi". SUF l,,|arai< litter and compostin your Finishedart: Suel\,ldrais. Varia Durhie. lrrfanyAbe n gorden, and discouerthe lllustrations: Gooitzenvan der [4eei lan Dickinson fascinoting world of insects. Cartography:Promaco Geodf aft 'lnsects Marketing: a (08)9334 in the Carden',on Estellede san lViguel 0296Fax:(08)9334 0498 n (08)9334 (08)9334 page 28, showshow these Subscriptionenquiries: 0481or 0437 Colou.Separation by PrcpreseServices se e m ing I insi gn i lic U Printedin WesternAu(ralia by LambPrint creatures help keepthe O|SSN08l5'4465Al maleia copyighi No pan ol rhe coirents ollhe publkarion ecosustetnrunmng nayb€ rep@du(ed without lhe (onseot ol rhepublithets smoothlg and how they are VisitLAwDSCOPE 0nline on ouraward winning Inlernet site a uital part ofnatureb life-cycle. ivatureSaseat httpJ/w\,!wcalmwa qovau/ Publishedbv Dr5 Shea.Executive Diredor Illustration bg Philiwa Nikulinsky Departmeniof Conseruation and Land Management, 50 HaymanRoad, Como, Western Australia

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