Spring Dispersal of Some Leafhoppers and Aphids
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Aphis Fabae Scop.) to Field Beans ( Vicia Faba L.
ANALYSIS OF THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE BLACK BEAN APHID ( APHIS FABAE SCOP.) TO FIELD BEANS ( VICIA FABA L.) BY JESUS ANTONIO SALAZAR, ING. AGR. ( VENEZUELA ) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON OCTOBER 1976 IMPERIAL COLLEGE FIELD STATION, SILWOOD PARK, SUNNINGHILL, ASCOT, BERKSHIRE. 2 ABSTRACT The concept of the economic threshold and its importance in pest management programmes is analysed in Chapter I. The significance of plant responses or compensation in the insect-injury-yield relationship is also discussed. The amount of damage in terms of yield loss that results from aphid attack, is analysed by comparing the different components of yield in infested and uninfested plants. In the former, plants were infested at different stages of plant development. The results showed that seed weights, pod numbers and seed numbers in plants infested before the flowering period were significantly less than in plants infested during or after the period of flower setting. The growth pattern and growth analysis in infested and uninfested plants have shown that the rate of leaf production and dry matter production were also more affected when the infestations occurred at early stages of plant development. When field beans were infested during the flowering period and afterwards, the aphid feeding did not affect the rate of leaf and dry matter production. There is some evidence that the rate of leaf area production may increase following moderate aphid attack during this period. The relationship between timing of aphid migration from the wintering host and the stage of plant development are shown to be of considerable significance in determining the economic threshold for A. -
(Pentatomidae) DISSERTATION Presented
Genome Evolution During Development of Symbiosis in Extracellular Mutualists of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alejandro Otero-Bravo Graduate Program in Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University 2020 Dissertation Committee: Zakee L. Sabree, Advisor Rachelle Adams Norman Johnson Laura Kubatko Copyrighted by Alejandro Otero-Bravo 2020 Abstract Nutritional symbioses between bacteria and insects are prevalent, diverse, and have allowed insects to expand their feeding strategies and niches. It has been well characterized that long-term insect-bacterial mutualisms cause genome reduction resulting in extremely small genomes, some even approaching sizes more similar to organelles than bacteria. While several symbioses have been described, each provides a limited view of a single or few stages of the process of reduction and the minority of these are of extracellular symbionts. This dissertation aims to address the knowledge gap in the genome evolution of extracellular insect symbionts using the stink bug – Pantoea system. Specifically, how do these symbionts genomes evolve and differ from their free- living or intracellular counterparts? In the introduction, we review the literature on extracellular symbionts of stink bugs and explore the characteristics of this system that make it valuable for the study of symbiosis. We find that stink bug symbiont genomes are very valuable for the study of genome evolution due not only to their biphasic lifestyle, but also to the degree of coevolution with their hosts. i In Chapter 1 we investigate one of the traits associated with genome reduction, high mutation rates, for Candidatus ‘Pantoea carbekii’ the symbiont of the economically important pest insect Halyomorpha halys, the brown marmorated stink bug, and evaluate its potential for elucidating host distribution, an analysis which has been successfully used with other intracellular symbionts. -
Correlation of Stylet Activities by the Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca Coagulata (Say), with Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) Waveforms
ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Insect Physiology 52 (2006) 327–337 www.elsevier.com/locate/jinsphys Correlation of stylet activities by the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Say), with electrical penetration graph (EPG) waveforms P. Houston Joosta, Elaine A. Backusb,Ã, David Morganc, Fengming Yand aDepartment of Entomology, University of Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA bUSDA-ARS Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648, USA cCalifornia Department of Food and Agriculture, Mt. Rubidoux Field Station, 4500 Glenwood Dr., Bldg. E, Riverside, CA 92501, USA dCollege of Life Sciences, Peking Univerisity, Beijing, China Received 5 May 2005; received in revised form 29 November 2005; accepted 29 November 2005 Abstract Glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Say), is an efficient vector of Xylella fastidiosa (Xf), the causal bacterium of Pierce’s disease, and leaf scorch in almond and oleander. Acquisition and inoculation of Xf occur sometime during the process of stylet penetration into the plant. That process is most rigorously studied via electrical penetration graph (EPG) monitoring of insect feeding. This study provides part of the crucial biological meanings that define the waveforms of each new insect species recorded by EPG. By synchronizing AC EPG waveforms with high-magnification video of H. coagulata stylet penetration in artifical diet, we correlated stylet activities with three previously described EPG pathway waveforms, A1, B1 and B2, as well as one ingestion waveform, C. Waveform A1 occured at the beginning of stylet penetration. This waveform was correlated with salivary sheath trunk formation, repetitive stylet movements involving retraction of both maxillary stylets and one mandibular stylet, extension of the stylet fascicle, and the fluttering-like movements of the maxillary stylet tips. -
Twenty-Five Pests You Don't Want in Your Garden
Twenty-five Pests You Don’t Want in Your Garden Prepared by the PA IPM Program J. Kenneth Long, Jr. PA IPM Program Assistant (717) 772-5227 [email protected] Pest Pest Sheet Aphid 1 Asparagus Beetle 2 Bean Leaf Beetle 3 Cabbage Looper 4 Cabbage Maggot 5 Colorado Potato Beetle 6 Corn Earworm (Tomato Fruitworm) 7 Cutworm 8 Diamondback Moth 9 European Corn Borer 10 Flea Beetle 11 Imported Cabbageworm 12 Japanese Beetle 13 Mexican Bean Beetle 14 Northern Corn Rootworm 15 Potato Leafhopper 16 Slug 17 Spotted Cucumber Beetle (Southern Corn Rootworm) 18 Squash Bug 19 Squash Vine Borer 20 Stink Bug 21 Striped Cucumber Beetle 22 Tarnished Plant Bug 23 Tomato Hornworm 24 Wireworm 25 PA IPM Program Pest Sheet 1 Aphids Many species (Homoptera: Aphididae) (Origin: Native) Insect Description: 1 Adults: About /8” long; soft-bodied; light to dark green; may be winged or wingless. Cornicles, paired tubular structures on abdomen, are helpful in identification. Nymph: Daughters are born alive contain- ing partly formed daughters inside their bodies. (See life history below). Soybean Aphids Eggs: Laid in protected places only near the end of the growing season. Primary Host: Many vegetable crops. Life History: Females lay eggs near the end Damage: Adults and immatures suck sap from of the growing season in protected places on plants, reducing vigor and growth of plant. host plants. In spring, plump “stem Produce “honeydew” (sticky liquid) on which a mothers” emerge from these eggs, and give black fungus can grow. live birth to daughters, and theygive birth Management: Hide under leaves. -
A New and Serious Leafhopper Pest of Plumeria in Southern California
PALMARBOR Hodel et al.: Leafhopper Pest on Plumeria 2017-5: 1-19 A New and Serious Leafhopper Pest of Plumeria in Southern California DONALD R. HODEL, LINDA M. OHARA, GEVORK ARAKELIAN Plumeria, commonly plumeria or sometimes frangipani, are highly esteemed and popular large shrubs or small trees much prized for their showy, colorful, and deliciously fragrant flowers used for landscape ornament and personal adornment as a lei (in Hawaii around the neck or head), hei (in Tahiti on the head), or attached in the hair. Although closely associated with Hawaii, plumerias are actually native to tropical America but are now intensely cultivated worldwide in tropical and many subtropical regions, where fervent collectors and growers have developed many and diverse cultivars and hybrids, primarily of P. rubra and P. obtusa. In southern California because of cold intolerance, plumerias have mostly been the domain of a group of ardent, enthusiastic if not fanatical collectors; however, recently plumerias, mostly Plumeria rubra, have gained in popularity among non-collectors, and now even the big box home and garden centers typically offer plants during the summer months. The plants, once relegated to potted specimens that can be moved indoors or under cover during cold weather are now found rather commonly as outdoor landscape shrubs and trees in coastal plains, valleys, and foothills (Fig. 1). Over the last three years, collectors in southern California are reporting and posting on social media about a serious and unusual malady of plumerias, primarily Plumeria rubra, where leaves become discolored and deformed (Fig. 2). These symptoms have been attributed to excessive rain, wind, and heat potassium or other mineral deficiencies; disease; Eriophyid mites; and improper pH, among others, without any supporting evidence. -
Melon Aphid Or Cotton Aphid, Aphis Gossypii Glover (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae)1 John L
EENY-173 Melon Aphid or Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae)1 John L. Capinera2 Distribution generation can be completed parthenogenetically in about seven days. Melon aphid occurs in tropical and temperate regions throughout the world except northernmost areas. In the In the south, and at least as far north as Arkansas, sexual United States, it is regularly a pest in the southeast and forms are not important. Females continue to produce southwest, but is occasionally damaging everywhere. Be- offspring without mating so long as weather allows feeding cause melon aphid sometimes overwinters in greenhouses, and growth. Unlike many aphid species, melon aphid is and may be introduced into the field with transplants in the not adversely affected by hot weather. Melon aphid can spring, it has potential to be damaging almost anywhere. complete its development and reproduce in as little as a week, so numerous generations are possible under suitable Life Cycle and Description environmental conditions. The life cycle differs greatly between north and south. In the north, female nymphs hatch from eggs in the spring on Egg the primary hosts. They may feed, mature, and reproduce When first deposited, the eggs are yellow, but they soon parthenogenetically (viviparously) on this host all summer, become shiny black in color. As noted previously, the eggs or they may produce winged females that disperse to normally are deposited on catalpa and rose of sharon. secondary hosts and form new colonies. The dispersants typically select new growth to feed upon, and may produce Nymph both winged (alate) and wingless (apterous) female The nymphs vary in color from tan to gray or green, and offspring. -
Alfalfa Aphid and Leafhopper Management for the Low Deserts
ALFALFA APHID AND LEAFHOPPER MANAGEMENT FOR THE LOW DESERTS Eric T. Natwick U.C. Cooperative Extension Farm Advisor, Imperial County, California APHIDS Spotted Alfalfa ~ The spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis maculata) was introduced into New Mexico in 1953 and by 1954 had spread westward into California. This aphid is small pale yellow or grayish in color with 4 to 6 rows of black spots bearing small spines on its back. The adults mayor may not have wings. Spotted alfalfa aphid is smaller than blue alfalfa aphid or pea aphid arid will readily drop from plants when disturbed. The aphids are common on the underside of leaves where colonies start on the lower part of the plants, but also infest stems and leaves ~s colonies expand. These aphids produce great Quantities of honeydew. Severe infestations can develop on non-resistant varieties of alfalfa and reduce yield, stunt growth and even kill plants. Feed Quality and palatability are also reduced by sooty molds which grow on the honeydew excrement. In most desert growing areas introduction of resistant varieties (e.g., CUF101) along with the activity of predacious bugs, lady beetles, lacewings, syrphid fly larvae and introduced parasites has reduced this aphid to the status of a minor pest. If susceptible varieties are planted and beneficial insect populations are disrupted, then severe infestations can occur from late July through September. Because spotted alfalfa aphid has developed resistance to organophosphorus compounds, the best way to avoid aphid problems is the planting of a resistant variety. In fields where a susceptible variety is planted the field should be checked 2 to 3 times per week during July through September. -
Insect Control Update
Insect Control Update Diane Alston Utah State University Extension 2006 Pesticide Recertification Workshops Topics ◘ Pest – Japanese Beetle ◘ Insect Diagnostics – Recognizing Common Insects & Plant Injury ◘ Examples of Insect Pests ◘ Woody Ornamentals ◘ Greenhouse ◘ Turf Japanese Beetle Popillia japonica Scarab Beetle First found in U.S. in 1916 Orem, Utah: July 2006 >600 adults Mating pair of adults Trap: Sex pheromone/ Floral lure Adult feeding injury to Virginia Creeper Japanese Beetle Primarily a turf pest – Larvae or grubs feed on grass roots Adults have a broad host range – Skeletonize leaves – rose, fruit trees, shade trees, grape, etc. Injury to rose Injury to crabapple Japanese Beetle Management ◘ Eradication is extremely difficult ◘ Don’t panic – it’s unlikely to have a large impact ◘ Keep plants healthy ◘ Plant non-attractive plants (lilac, forsythia, dogwood, magnolia, American Holly) ◘ If detected in turf, control larvae with insecticides (imidacloprid, carbaryl, permethrin) ◘ Traps can provide some adult suppression (75% catch; but can attract them into an area) ◘ Contact local Utah Dept. of Agriculture and Food Office Japanese Beetle Fact Sheet on USU Extension Web Site http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/factsheet/ENT-100-06PR-A.pdf Insect Diagnosis Insect is present Injury is present What type of injury? Friend or Foe? What life stage is present? Insect Feeding Types Borers Chewing Piercing-Sucking Gall Formers Diagnosis Scouting for Pests ◘ Look at the big picture ◘ Pattern of plant decline/injury ◘ Pest injury -
Aphids and Their Control on Orchids
APHIDS AND THEIR CONTROL ON ORCHIDS Paul J. Johnson, Ph.D. Insect Research Collection, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 Aphids are among the most obnoxious of orchid pests. These insects are global and orchid feeding species are problematic in tropical growing areas as well as in commercial and hobby greenhouses in temperate regions. Rabasse and Wyatt (1985) ranked aphids as one of three most serious greenhouse pests, along with spider mites and whiteflies. These pernicious insects can show themselves on orchids year-around in warm climates, but seem to be mostly autumn and winter problems in temperate regions. Like most other orchid pests the most common routes into plant collections is through either the acquisition of an infested plant or the movement of plants from outdoors to indoors. However, certain reproductive stages of pest species do fly and they will move to orchids from other plants quite readily. Because of their propensity for rapid reproduction any action against aphids should be completed quickly while their populations are still small. An aphid infestation is often detected by an accumulation of pale-tan colored “skins” that fall beneath the developing colony. These “skins” are the shed integument from the growing and molting immature aphids. All of the common pest species of aphid also secrete honeydew, a feeding by-product exuded by the aphid and composed of concentrated plant fluids, and is rich in carbohydrates. This honeydew drips and accumulates beneath the aphid colony. Because of the carbohydrates honeydew is attractive to ants, flies, bees, other insects including beneficial species, and sooty mold. -
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Biota Neotropica 20(4): e20201045, 2020 www.scielo.br/bn ISSN 1676-0611 (online edition) Article Anatomy of male and female reproductive organs of stink bugs pests (Pentatomidae: Heteroptera) from soybean and rice crops Vinícius Albano Araújo1* , Tito Bacca2 & Lucimar Gomes Dias3,4 1Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Macaé, RJ, Brasil. 2Universidad del Tolima, Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia. 3Universidad de Caldas, Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Colombia. 4Universidad de Caldas, Grupo de investigación Bionat, Caldas, Colombia. *Corresponding author: Vinícius Albano Araújo, e-mail: [email protected] ARAÚJO, V., BACCA, T., DIAS, L. Anatomy of male and female reproductive organs of stink bugs pests (Pentatomidae: Heteroptera) from soybean and rice crops. Biota Neotropica 20(4): e20201045. https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1045 Abstract: Pentatomidae comprises a diverse group of stink bugs widely distributed in the Neotropical region. Many species are phytophagous and cause injuries to plants, and can thus be defined as agricultural pests. In this study, the anatomy of the female and male reproductive tracts of three important agricultural pests in Colombia is described: Piezodorus guildinii Westwood, 1837 and Chinavia ubica Rolston 1983, found on soybeans, and Oebalus insularis Stål, 1872, found in rice crops. For that, light microscopy techniques were used. The anatomy of the reproductive tract of sexually mature males of the three species studied consisted of a pair of testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory bulb, an ejaculatory duct that opens into an aedeagus, and paired accessory glands.