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Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Host Range and Sorghum Resistance Including Cross-Resistance from Greenbug Sources

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Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Host Range and Sorghum Resistance Including Cross-Resistance from Greenbug Sources FIELD AND FORAGE CROPS Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Host Range and Sorghum Resistance Including Cross-Resistance From Greenbug Sources J. SCOTT ARMSTRONG,1,2 WILLIAM L. ROONEY,3 GARY C. PETERSON,4 RAUL T. VILLENUEVA,5 6 5 MICHAEL J. BREWER, AND DANIELLE SEKULA-ORTIZ J. Econ. Entomol. 108(2): 576–582 (2015); DOI: 10.1093/jee/tou065 ABSTRACT The graminous host range and sources of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] plant resistance, including cross-resistance from greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), were studied for the newly emerging sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner), in greenhouse no-choice experi- ments and field evaluations. The sugarcane aphid could not survive on field corn, Zea mays (L.), Teff grass, Eragrostis tef (Zucc.), proso millet, Panicum miliaceum L., barley, Hordeum vulgare L., and rye, Secale cereale L. Only sorghum genotypes served as hosts including Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.), a highly suitable noncrop host that generates high numbers of sugarcane aphid and maintains moderate phenotypic injury. The greenbug-resistant parental line RTx2783 that is resistant to greenbug biotypes C and E was resistant to sugarcane aphid in both greenhouse and field tests, while PI 55607 greenbug resistant to biotypes B, C, and E was highly susceptible. PI 55610 that is greenbug resistant to biotypes B, C, and E maintained moderate resistance to the sugarcane aphid, while greenbug-resistant PI 264453 was highly susceptible to sugarcane aphid. Two lines and two hybrids from the Texas A&M breeding program B11070, B11070, AB11055-WF1-CS1/RTx436, and AB11055-WF1-CS1/RTx437 were highly resistant to sugarcane aphid, as were parental types SC110, SC170, and South African lines Ent62/SADC, (Macia/TAM428)-LL9, (SV1*Sima/IS23250)-LG15. Tam428, a parental line that previously showed moderate resistance in South Africa and India, also showed moderate resistance in these evaluations. Overall, 9 of 20 parental sorghum entries tested for phenotypic damage in the field re- sulted in good resistance to the sugarcane aphid and should be utilized in breeding programs that develop agronomically acceptable sorghums for the southern regions of the United States. KEY WORDS host plant resistance, sugarcane aphid, greenbug, cross-resistance The sugarcane aphid Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) bioeconomics of the sugarcane aphid infesting sugar- (Homoptera: Aphididae) was first discovered on cane are still lacking in that recognizable damage shows sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], in the United only as secondary symptoms of sooty molds from the States in Florida as early 1922 (Wilbrink 1922), and plant being covered in honeydew (Hall 1987, later confirmed by Denmark (1988), although it also White et al. 2001). In sugarcane, the sugarcane aphid has a history of infesting sugarcane, Saccharum offici- can vector Sugarcane yellow leaf virus, a casual agent narum (L.), in Florida (Mead 1978, Denmark 1988) of yellow leaf disease, which has been added to the and Louisiana (Hall 1987, White et al. 2001). The certification standards for micropropagated sugarcane in Louisiana (Akbar et al. 2010). In the late summer of 2013, the sugarcane aphid expanded its regional pres- The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is ence by infesting grain sorghum near Beaumont, TX, for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not and thereafter discovered in grain sorghum throughout constitute an official endorsement or approval by the United States the eastern half of the state of Texas to include north Department of Agriculture or the Agricultural Research Service of central Texas, the Gulf Coast, South Texas including any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. 1 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, the Rio Grande Valley, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Mis- Wheat, Peanut and Other Field Crops Research Unit, 1301 North sissippi. During the 2014 sorghum production season, Western Rd., Stillwater, OK 74075. the aphid survived the winter in northern State of 2 Corresponding author, email: [email protected]. Tamaulipas, Mexico, and in south Texas where it even- 3 Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843. tually progressed to the northeast into Arkansas, 4 Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX more northern latitudes of Oklahoma, south central 79403. Kansas,andasfarwestasHaleCenter,TX.Fromthe 5 Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX two production seasons observed in Texas, and from 78596. 6 Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Corpus previously published literature from other countries Christi, TX 78406. such as South Africa (van Rensburg 1973), and India Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. 2015. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the US. April 2015 ARMSTRONG ET AL.: SUGARCANE APHID HOST AND SORGHUM RESISTANCE 577 (Sharma et al. 2013), sugarcane aphids prefer to infest entry means compared (a ¼ 0.05) using least squared sorghum on the underside of the lower leaves where means pair-wise comparisons procedure (SAS 9.3, SAS infesting colonies increasing rapidly from flowering to Institute 2010). For the leaf chlorosis ratings, the Proc grain fill. The entire plant, including the inflorescence Rank procedure was used to compare rating estimates and leaves are covered in honey dew and sooty mold. by sorghum genotype, with chlorosis estimates sepa- This has resulted in mechanical harvesting problems in rated (a ¼ 0.05) by least squared means pair-wise southern United States in that the honeydew interferes comparisons procedure (SAS 9.3, SAS Institute 2010). with harvesting machinery, and compounds the eco- Phenotyping in the Field. The sorghum types nomic loss caused by the sugarcane aphid. Our objec- evaluated in the greenhouse study were also evaluated tives were to evaluate graminous host plants, for in the field during the 2014 production season, in suitability as hosts, and to screen for host plant resis- addition to more lines used to identify resistant sources tance to the sugarcane aphid, including known sources to the sugarcane aphid. The additional sorghum geno- that are used to differentiate greenbug biotypes. types including eight lines B11055, B11070, TAM428, Ent62/SADC, SC110, SC170, (Macia/TAM428)- LL9, and (SV1*Sima/IS23250)-LG15 and six hybrids Materials and Methods ATx642/RTx2783, ATx2752/RTx2783, ATx2752/RTx437, Aphid Origin and Culture. M. sacchari used in ATx642/RTx436, A11055/RTx436, and A11055/RTx437 these studies were collected from grain sorghum near were included because they are related to RTx2783 Bay City, Matagora County, TX, in August of 2013. A (a derivative of SC110 that is known to be resistant to single parthenogenic female was reared on RTx7000, a the greenbug biotypes C and E) or other lines that susceptible sorghum genotype used in greenbug bio- have potential phenotypic resistance (Table 1). On 18 type determinations. The progeny from this single February 2014, these lines were planted at the Texas female were maintained by transfer to RTx7000 seed- A&M AgriLife Hiler Farm, Weslaco, TX, and a dupli- lings once a week within enclosures in the greenhouse cate set were planted on 13 March at the Texas A&M under T-6 fluorescent lighting and a 24-h temperature AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Corpus range (max 31C and min 19C) in the fall of 2013. Christi, TX. Three m rows of each line were planted in Host Range Determinations. For host range a complete randomized block, with 1-m alleys. Repli- determinations of sugarcane aphid, field corn, Zea cates 1–3 at both sites were treated with Cruiser 5FS mays (L.), Teff grass, Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter, (47.6% a. i. thiamethoxam; Syngenta Crop Protection, forage sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) ‘BMR AF7301’, Greensboro, NC 27419) with 455 ml/100 kg of seed, proso millet, Panicum miliaceum L., Johnsongrass, Sor- along with the seed safener Concep III (74.3% a. i. ghum halepense (L.), barley, Hordeum vulgare L., rye, Fluxofenin, Syngenta Crop Protection) with 0.4 g/kg Secale cereale L., and the cultivated sorghums JS222, seed, and Apron XL (33% a. i. Mefenoxam, Syngenta M627, PI 264453, RTx7000, RTx2737, RTx2783, PI Crop Protection) 2.75 ml/100 kg seed. The remaining 550607, and PI 556010 were used to determine host six replications were treated with identical seed suitability and preference. The latter six sorghums are treatments of Concep and Apron XL, and no used to differentiate greenbug biotypes by phenotypic insecticide. response from feeding injury (Burd 2006). Seed of The sorghum lines were evaluated for phenotypic each genotype were planted in cone-tainers (model injury near full physiological maturity on 11 June 2014 SC10, S7S greenhouse supply, Tangent, OR) in a at Corpus Christi, TX, and 13 June 2014 for Weslaco, three-layer media of potting soil, fritted clay, and sand TX, by using a 1–9 damage rating scale (Sharma et al. (from bottom to top, respectively). The cone-tainers 2013), where a rating of 1) represents few aphids were maintained in the greenhouse at 23.9Cwitha present on the lower one to two leaves, with no appa- photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. When the plants reached rent damage to the leaves; 2) lower one to two leaves the 3–4 leaf stage on 28 October 2013, they were showing aphid infestation, and 1–20% of the infested infested with 10 sugarcane
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