4 Second Phase of the Indian National Movement

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SECTION B — CIVICS CONTENTS I. The Union Legislature 1. The Union Parliament 219 - 238 SECTION A — HISTORY II. The Union Executive 2. The President and the Vice-President 239 - 252 1. The Indian National Movement (1857-1917) 3. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers 253 - 268 1. The First War of Independence, 1857 1 - 19 III. The Judiciary 2. Growth of Nationalism 20 - 34 4. The Supreme Court 269 - 282 3. First Phase of the Indian National Movement 35 - 52 5. The High Courts and Subordinate Courts 283 - 297 4. Second Phase of the Indian National Movement 53 - 72

5. The Muslim League 73 - 86 I.C.S.E. Examination Paper Solved — 2009 298 - 314

II. Mass Phase of the National Movement (1915-1947) I.C.S.E. Examination Paper Solved — 2010 315 - 332 6. Mahatma Gandhi and the National Movement 87 - 103 I.C.S.E. Examination Paper Solved — 2011 333 - 348 7. Quit India Movement 104 - 115

8. Forward Bloc and The I N A 116 - 126 I.C.S.E. Examination Paper Solved — 2012 349 - 361

9. Independence and Partition of India 127 - 141 I.C.S.E. Examination Paper Solved — 2013 362 - 372 III. The Contemporary World I.C.S.E. Examination Paper Solved — 2014 373 - 383 10. The First World War 142 - 158

11. Rise of Dictatorships 159 - 173 Practice Model Test Paper — I 384 - 387 Practice Model Test Paper — II 388 - 390 12. The Second World War 174 - 186 Practice Model Test Paper — III 391 - 393 13. United Nations 187 - 196 Practice Model Test Paper — IV 394 - 396 14. Major Agencies of the United Nations 197 - 206

15. Non-Aligned Movement 207 - 218 https://www.arundeepselfhelp.info

SECTION A — HISTORY

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done by following the Subsidiary Alliance, introduced by Lord Chapter - 1 Wellesley. Under this system, the Indian rulers, who agreed to the Subsidiary Alliance – The First War of Independence, 1857 (a) accepted the British as the supreme power ; (b) surrendered their foreign relations to the East Indian Company EXERCISES and agreed that they would not enter into any alliance with any I. Short Answer Questions other power and would not wage wars. 1. What was the nature of revolts against the British before (c) accepted a British Resident at their headquarters and agreed not the First War of Independence? to employ any European in their service without consulting the Ans. The revolts against the British before the First War of company. Independence did not pose a serious challenge as the rebellions (d) agreed to maintain British troops at their own cost ; and were local, scattered and isolated. These revolts established a local tradition of struggle against the British rule. (e) virtually lost their independence. 2. Why was “War of 1857” hailed as the First War of The two Indian States were : Independence ? (i) Hyderabad in 1798. (ii) Awadh in 1801. Ans. It embraced the whole section of society without any caste and 6. Explain the term : Doctrine of Lapse. Name the two States creed. It was not localized one. In this revolt, not only army annexed by the British using the Doctrine of Lapse. personnel participated but Indian civilians also threw themselves into this struggle to get rid of the foreign rules. This revolt gave Ans. The Doctrine of Lapse, introduced by Lord Dalhousie meant the real threat to the Britishers. that when a ruler of dependent State died without a natural heir, 3. Mention two political causes of the First War of the State passed back to the hand of English. Satara (1848), Independence. Jhansi (1853), and Nagpur (1854) were some of the States Ans. (i) Policy of Expansion. annexed by the British using the Doctrine of Lapse. (ii) Disrespect shown to Bahadur Shah Zafar. 7. Who was Nana Sahib ? What was his main grievance against 4. Name the two ways in which the British expanded their the British? territorial power in India ? Ans. The last Peshwa, Baji Rao II, had adopted Nana Sahib as his son. Ans. The two ways in which the British expanded their territorial But the British refused to recognise Nana Sahib as the ruler of the power in India are : Marathas. He was pensioned off to far away Bithur. (i) By outright wars. 8. Which policy was used by Lord Dalhousie against Rani (ii) By the system of Subsidiary Alliance. Laxmi Bai ? Why did Rani Laxmi Bai become a bitter enemy of the British ? (iii) By adopting the Doctrine of lapse. (iv) On the pretext of alleged misrule. Ans. Lord Dalhousie used the policy of “The Doctrine of Lapse” against Rani Laxmi Bai. The application of the Doctrine of Lapse, 5. What was the Subsidiary Allinace ? Or aroused a great discontentment to Rani of Jhansi when after the Name the method adopted by the British to bring the Indian death of the ruler of Jhansi, their adopted son Anand Rao was States under their control without actually annexing them. not recognised as a legitimate successor to the throne. Ans. Subsidiary Alliance : Some Indian States were brought under 9. State two announcements which adversely affected the the British control without actually annexing them. This was Mughal dynasty in India.

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Ans. In 1856, Lord Canning announced that after the death of Bahadur social discrimination followed by the British in India. Shah Zafar, his successors would not be allowed to use the Ans. (i) British continued their policy of ‘divide and rule’. imperial titles and dignities with their names. (ii) They believed in their racial superiority and they thought 10. Mention any two consequences of the annexation of Awadh. that a distance was to be maintained to preserve their Ans. authority over Indians. (i) The people of Awadh had to pay higher land revenue and additional (iii) They cleverly used the attractions of Government service taxes on food, houses, ferries and justice. to create a split along religious lines among educated Indians. (ii) Nawab of Awadh’s army and administration threw thousands of 16. Give an example to show how the British exploited resources nobles, officials and soldiers out of jobs. of India. 11. State any two consequences of the disbanding of the armies Ans. India was forced to export at cheaper rates raw materials like of the annexed States by the British. raw cotton and raw silk as duty free to British industries. Ans. The dissolution of the Nawab of Awadh’s army and administration 17. Give any two grievances of the peasantry against the threw thousands of nobles, officials and soldiers out of jobs. British ? The British confiscated the estates of the taluqdars or zamindars. Ans. (i) The peasants were discontented with the official land The dispossessed taluqdars became the opponents of the British revenue policy and the consequent loss of their land. rule. (ii) It was the peasantry that bore the heavy burden of exorbitant 12. Give the meaning of absentee sovereignty. Why was it taxes to provide money for the trade and profits of the resented by the Indians ? company, the cost of administration and the wars of British Ans. Absentee Sovereignty : It means that India was being ruled by expansion in India. the British government from England, at a distance of thousands 18. What did the British do to reduce the landed aristocracy to of miles. poverty? The Indians felt that India’s wealth was being drained to England Ans. The British economic exploitation, decay of indigenous industries, and not utilised for their welfare. high taxation, the drain of wealth, stagnation of agriculture and 13. What were the apprehensions of Indians about the exploitation of poor peasants reduced the landed aristocracy to introduction of the railways? poverty. Ans. The introduction of Railways proved to be a major important 19. What was the provision of the General Service Enlistment religious factor that paved a way to the uprising of Revolt of Act which was resented by the Indian soldiers ? Why was 1857. It was looked down upon as a means to break social it resented ? order and caste rules. People of all castes has to sit together in Ans. Lord Canning passed the General Enlistment Act. The Act caused railway compartments. This was regarded as an attempt to bitterness among the sepoys, as it bound them to be sent to fight interfere with the caste rules. to an overseas front. Act was contrary to their religious beliefs. 14. Mention any two social reforms advocated by the British Political, Social and Economic atmosphere was conductive for which affected the religious traditions of the Indian people. an outbreak, but it could not erupt as long as the Indian soliders were loyal to the English. Though above mentioned military Ans. Sati system and no permission to widows for re-marriage was causes roused discontentment among the sepoys as well, who prevailing in the society. started the revolt. The British Government passed the Widow Re-marriage Act in 20. Mention any two grievances harboured by the Indian soldiers 1856 and Sati system was declared illegal by passing an Act. which created an atmosphere favourable to the First War 15. Mention any three measures which point to the policy of of Independence.

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Ans. (i) All higher posts were reserved for the British in employment. the Mughal dynasty came to an end. Nana Saheb, the last Peshwa, An Indian soldier could not rise above the rank of Subedar. had taken an active part in the uprising and had feed to Nepal (ii) Indian soldiers were required to serve in areas away from after the failure of the uprising. So the office of Peshwa also their homes without extra payment and additional Bhatta came to an end. (foreign service allowance) The First War of Indian Independence ended the East India 21. State two effects of the defeat of the British in the first Company’s rule in India since the British statesmen thought it Afghan War and the Punjab Wars on the Indian soldiers. unwise to leave the government of vast country in the hands Ans. of private trading company. (i) Though the British suppressed the Santhal Uprising, the disasters 27. Mention any two drawbacks of the First War of they suffered broke the myth that the British were invincible. Independence. Ans. (ii) It further revealed to the Indian soldiers that the British army (i) The movement did not have common plans of military action or could be defeated by the determined Indian army. a centralised leadership. The uprisings in different parts of the 22. What was the immediate cause of the First War of country were completely uncoordinated. Independence? (ii) The East India Company had the services of men of exceptional, Ans. The immediate cause of the uprising was the use of greased abilities like Lawrence, Nicholson, Havelock, Outram, Campbell, cartridges in the rifles after biting the end of cartridge with their etc. They fought the toughest battles in the initial stages of the teeth. It was thought that the cartridges were greased with the uprising and controlled the situation till reinforcements were fats of cow and pig. So both Hindu and Muslim soldiers refused received from abroad. to use these cartridge. 28. Mention two grievances of the Mughal Emnperor against 23. Who was Mangal Pandey ? What did he do ? the British. Ans. Mangal Pandey was a Brahmin soldier, who refused to use the Ans. greased cartridges on 29th March, 1857 and killed two English (i) In 1849, Lord Dalhousie announced that successors of Bahadur officers. He was hanged consequently, this resulted in general Shah Zafar would not be permitted to use the Red Fort as their uprising in Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow and Jhansi. palace. They were required to shift to a place near the Qutab 24. State two consequences of the First War of Indian Minar. Independence on the East India Company? (ii) In 1856, Lord Canning announced that after the death of Bahadur Ans. The First War of Indian Independence ended the East India Shah Zafar, his successors would not be allowed to use the Company’s rule in India since the British statesmen thought it imperial titles and dignities with their names. unwise to leave the Government of vast country in the hands 29. What assurance did the Queen’s Proclamation of 1858 give of private trading company. to the Indian people regarding (a) religious freedom, and 25. How was the Army organized after the First War of (b) appointment to public offices? Independence ? Ans. Ans. The proportion of the British Indian soldiers was increased and (a) The Queen in her Proclamation of 1858, promised not to interfere different castes and creeds were mixed to avoid any other with the religious beliefs of the people of India. revolt. (b) Regarding the public appointments, she declared that the 26. What impact did the uprising of 1857 have on the Mughal appointments would be strictly on the basis of education, ability rule and Peshwaship? and integrity. Ans. With the death of Bahadur Shah II, who was deported to Yangon, 30. How did the Doctrine of Lapse become a political cause for the Great Uprising of 1857 ?

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Ans. According to the Doctrine of Lapse, if an Indian ruler of a trading concern. Soon after 1668, Indian textiles became so dependent State did not have his real son to succeed him, he popular in England, that an Act was passed in 1720 was not allowed to adopt a successor without Company’s prohibiting the use of Indian silks and Calicoes in England. consent. As such, the state in question was annexed. By his The British deliberately crippled Indian handicrafts by Doctrine of Lapse, Lord Dalhousie, the Governor General of (i) Imposing heavy duties on Indian silk and cotton textiles in India (1846-1856), annexed three Maratha dependent States England. of Satara, Nagpur, Jhansi and several minor principalities. (ii) British goods were imported into India at a nominal duty. 31. Name two humanitarian measures taken by the British (iii) The art of spinning and weaving became extinct. which invoked adverse reaction from the Indian masses. (iv) Manufacturing towns of Dhaka, Murshidabad and Surat Ans. The abolition of Sati (1829) and the introduction of the Widow now looked desolate. Re-marriage Act (1856) was two humanitarian measures taken Hence, deplorable economic condition paved the way for by the British which invoked adverse reaction from the Indian Revolt of 1857. masses. (b) The Cultivators impoverished under the land-revenue policies 32. What was the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856? of the English. Be it Permanent settlement in Bengal and Ans. The Viceroy, Lord Canning passed the General Service Enlistment Bihar, Ryotwari system in Bombay or Mahalwari System, Act in 1856, according to which every new recruit undertook almost half the net produce was claimed as land-revenue. to serve overseas (land beyond seas) if ordered. Bad monsoons brought famines that further increased the 33. What assurance was given to the Indian princes by Queen poverty of the peasants. Unable to pay land-revenue, the Victoria in her Proclamation of 1858? farmers were driven more and more in the clutches of Ans. The Policy of Annexation and the Doctrine of Lapse were money-lenders. What could impoverished asked other than abandoned. Indian princes who had remained loyal to the British driving the English out of India. and had helped them in suppressing the uprising. Their loyalty (c) The English subordinated the Indian economy to the interests was rewarded with the announcement that their right to adopt of British trade and Industry. Indian Industry began to decline heirs would be respected and the intergrity of their territories because heavy duties were imposed on the Indian silk and guaranteed against future annexation. cotton textiles. The English exported raw material from 34. In which year did the First War of Independence take India and poured into India large quantities of goods place? manufactured in England. In short, India was reduced to Ans. The First War of Independence took place in the year 1857. the Agriculture colony. Her trade and commerce began to II. Structured Questions be controlled and dominated by the English. 1. Economic exploitation of the country produced discontent, 2. The Great Outbreak of 1857 brought about important resentment and resistance among the people that culminated changes in the character of Indian administration and the in the Great Uprising of 1857. Examine this factor with future development of the country. In this context discuss. reference to the following : (a) The changes introduced in the administrative set-up of (a) The ruin of trade and handicrafts. the British territories in India. (b) Impoverishment of the cultivators. (b) The changes in the Army. (c) Subordination of Indian economy to British interests (c) The changes in the relationship with Princely States. (Making India an Agricultural Colony of British Ans. (a) The war ended the East India Company’s rule in India. The capitalism. Act of 1858 transferred the Government of India from the Ans. (a) The East India Company was established in 1600 as a

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Company to the Crown. Secondly, the Board of control and Secondly, all the treaties that the princess had concluded court of directors were abolished. Their powers were with the company would be honoured. Thirdly, their right transferred to the Secretary of State, who was to be assisted of adoption and succession were to be recognised. by the Indian Council consisting of 15 members. Secretary At the same British government took all possible steps to of State was to draw salary and allowances from the render Indian states militarily weak by limiting their number revenues of India. Thirdly, appointments to the Civil Service of troops. were to be made by open competition. Lastly, Governor- PQ. There were many causes for the uprising of 1857. In this General received the additional title of Viceroy. The title context, state the following : denoted the new position of the Governor-General as the (a) Policy of economic exploitation. representative of the Crown in India vis-a-vis the native princess and Nawab. (b) Racial discrimination. (b) Changes in the Army : The Indian army was reorganised (c) Social Causes. after 1858, to prevent the reoccurrence of another uprising, Ans. (a) Economic exploitation : The land-revenue system i.e., in the following manner : Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari, introduced by the (i) The strength of European troops in India was increased to British, reduced the peasants to misery and poverty. Poor 65,000. The number of Indian troops was reduced to peasants had to sell their produce at cheap prices in order 140,000. Practically the same ratio was maintained till the to satisfy the greed of moneylenders, Zamindars and the First World War. Government officials. British turned Indian self-sufficient economy into an Agricultural Colony. India being an exporter (ii) European troops were kept in key geographical and military of fine cloth, became the importer of finished goods from positions. England. Handicrafts crippled under the policy of free-trade. (iii) The earlier policy of excluding Indians from the officer As William Hunter once remarked that 40 million Indians go corps was strictly maintained. through life on insufficient food. (iv) To desist the Indian soldiers from rising again against the (b) Racial Discrimination : The British believed that they were British rule, the sophisticated weapons and ammunition were superior to Indians. They followed a policy of contempt never placed under the charge of Indians. All Indian artillery towards the Indians. They dubbed the Muslims as cruel and units, with the exceptions of a few mountain units, were unfaithful. Some European officers ill-treated and insulted disbanded. Indians. Such acts of unjust discrimination alienated the (v) Discrimination on the basis of caste, region and religion was British from the Indian masses. practised in the recruitment to the army. Railway compartments hotels etc, reserved for ‘Europeans (vi) In order to discourage nationalism, measures such as only’ were visible manifestations of this racialism. introduction of caste and community in most regiments (c) Social Causes : Some of the social reforms introduced by were taken. the British in India were aimed at improving the conditions (vii) Newspapers, journals and nationalist publications were of the people. However, while introducing such reforms the prevented from reaching the soldiers to keep the Indian feelings of the people were not taken into consideration. The army separated from the life of the rest of the population. result was that even the abolition of Sati (1829) and the (c) Queen Victoria declared in her Proclamation of 1858 that introduction of the Widow Remarriage Act, (1856) were not the British government would not annex the Indian states. welcomed by the masses.

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3. Although the First War of Independence of 1857 failed it Indians and Europeans. had important consequences for India. In this context, (iii) All appointments would be based on education-ability and answer the following questions : integrity. (a) How did the uprising give rise to Nationalism in India? (iv) An official pardon was granted to guilty of murdering British (b) How did the end of the East India Company’s rule bring subjects. in grave economic perils in India? Princely States : The Policy Annexation and the Doctrine (c) State how the British Government tried to pacify the of Lapse were abandoned. Some of the Indian princes had feelings of Indians with regard to : remained loyal to the British and had helped them in 1. their religious practices. suppressing the uprising. Their loyalty was rewarded with 2. the Princely States. the announcement that their right to adopt heirs would be Ans. (a) A far-reaching effect of the Rising of 1857 was that the respected and the integrity of their territories guaranteed sacrifices of the Indian leaders gave birth to the Nationalist against future annexation. Movement in India. All the sections of the society united 4. The First War of Independence was the culmination of under one yoke. Nana Sahib and Rani of Jhansi became people’s dissatisfaction against the British rule. In this National heroes and champions of national freedom. The context enumerate the following causes : war became a symbol of challenge to the mighty British (a) Military causes (b) Economic causes (c) Political causes power in India. Answer : (a) Military Causes Nationalism means patriotism, an urge to preserve one’s (i) Ill-treatment of Indian Sepoys : There were no fellow culture, and that was clearly evident after the First War of feeling between the English and the Indian soldiers. The Independence. Indian soldiers were considered inferior to the English (b) In the words of Majumdar : India became the field of soldiers. During their training Indian soldiers are abused and exploitation, not of a single trading concern, but of the kicked as if they were animals. Such treatment broke their entire British people. heart and hurt their feelings. (i) Recruitment of English in both private and public was a large drain of the country’s resources. (ii) Inferior Status and Low Salaries : The wages of the Indian soldiers were too less to support their families. An (ii) India was reduced only to a Agricultural Colony exporting English soldiers was paid more than 8 times the Indian sepoy raw materials and importing finished goods. while his duties were of a similar nature. They had no chance (iii) Rapid rise of indebtness of the peasants reduced them to of promotion to high post in the army. Infact, the sepoy’s poverty and slavery . life was very hard and he resented his inferior position. (iv) British invested their surplus capital in railways, plantation and coal mines in India, which was a total drain on (iii) General Service Enlistment Act : Lord Canning passed commercial interests of Indians. Even the dividends were the General Service Enlistment Act. It created bitterness distributed among the share-holders of the company. On the among the sepoy as it bound them to be sent to fight even to whole the Indian were reduced to misery and poverty. an overseas front. The sepoys opposed this Act because it (c) The First War of Independence resulted in following solemn was contrary to their religious belief. promises. (b) Economic causes : (i) Queen Victoria in her Proclamation of 1858, promised not (i) Exploitation of the Economic Resources of India : The to interfere with the religious beliefs of the people of India. British exploited the economic resources of India and (ii) The Queen promised equal treatment to all her subject, enriched themselves at the cost of the Indians. All trade and

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commerce had gone into the hands of the English and as a soldiers. result, the Indian industries suffered a setback while they (c) Decline of the landed aristocracy. carried away India’s wealth to their country. Ans. (a) The laws that interfered with the religious customs of the (ii) Discontent among the Jagirdars and Zamindars : The people. The British interference in religious and social life of resumption of tax-free land and confiscation of Jagirs caused the Indians created profound discontent among them. The discontent among the Jagirdars and Zamindars because they propaganda of Christian Missionaries convinced the Indians were reduced to utter poverty. that the British Government was determined to convert them (iii) Educated Indians Became Jobless : Only the English were to Christianity. The Christian Missionaries were allowed to appointed to high posts and were given handsome salaries. enter India by the Charter Act of 1833. The East India The educated Indians were excluded from high posts. Their Company provided them financial aid for their propagation life became miserable and they felt discontented. in India. The policemen always accompanied them for their safety. The company’s offices, hospitals, educational (c) Political causes : institutions and jails became their chief centres of (i) Policy of Annexation followed by Lord Dalhousie : The propagation. These were flooded with their literature. The Doctrine of Lapse, all round annexation of Indian states, Christian Missionaries also preached in temples and mosques. abolition of titles and pension , etc. had made most of the They poured forth venomous abuses against the Hindus and Indian Princes and rulers staunch enemies of the British. the Islam. Those persons who embraced Christianity were (ii) Disrespect Shown to Bahadur Shah : The Home of the given privileges. The fear to loss of religion alarmed the Mughals was also humbled when the English announced Indians and they decided to raise the banner of revolt against that after the death of Bahadur Shah II, the Mughals would the British. lose the title of kings and his successors would have to (b) The dissatisfaction among the Indian soldiers was growing vacate the Red Fort. It hurt the sentiments of the Muslims over a number of policies of the British Company. and increased the aversion of the Indians for the British. (i) Disparity in Salary : The Indian sepoy were getting 8 (iii) The Annexation of Awadh : Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh times less salary than the English one. to the British Empire In Indian under the pretext of (ii) The Indian sepoys were considered inferior and inefficient. mis-governance. It threw thousands of nobles, gentlemen, They were humiliated, insulted and assaulted also. This made officers and soldiers out of job. The British confiscated the them feel infuriated. estates of the Zamindars and Tuluqdars. It created (iii) The General Enlistment Act : It bounded the sepoys to dissatisfaction among all classes of the people of Awadh. serve the English in foreign countries if any war to be (iv) Disbanding the Armies of the Annexed States : All such fought there. This was against Hindu Sepoys religious belief. states that were annexed by the company had their troops (iv) There were no chances for higher promotions. The Indian disbanded. As a result thousands of families lost their means soldiers could get a promotion upto Subedar only. of livelihood. The disbanded soldiers were determined to (v) There were no fellow feelings. The relation between the two take revenge from the British Company. races- the Indian and the English were not cordial. 5. Many factors led to the First War of Independence. In this (vi) The immediate cause was the use of greased cartridges. context explain the following : These cartridge were greased by the fats of cow and pig. (a) The attitude of the British towards the people of India The Sepoys of both the communities Hindu and Muslim with regard to their religious customs. refused to use them as these were to be bitten before filling (b) Factors causing dissatisfaction among the Indian

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them into the rifle. Mangal Pandey, a sepoy, was the first of the ex-Peshwa (Baji Rao II) was resented by the Hindus in one to refuse to bite the cartridge with his teeth. He was general and Nana Saheb in particular. hanged to death for this act. His death enraged the sepoys Nawab Wazid Ali Shah was deposed on grounds that Awadh was who were already infuriated. Soon a revolt of sepoy erupted not being managed well. The annexation of Awadh was a case of engulfing a large region. high-handedness on the part of the Company. The Nawab of (c) The landed aristocracy which included the taluqdars and the Awadh had been loyal to the Company throughout. The British hereditary landlords were deprived of their estates. According broke all their pledges and promises to the Rulina chiefs. This all to the provisions of the Inam Commission (1852), 20,000 caused resentment among the rulers. estates were confiscated when the landlords failed to produce (c) The British rulers deliberately crippled Indian arts and crafts by evidence like title-deeds by which they held the land. These imposing heavy duties on Indian silk and cotton textiles in confiscated lands were sold by public auction to the highest Britain. On the other hand British goods were imported into bidders. Such estates were usually purchased by merchants India at a nominal duty. Millions of artisans and craftsmen lost and money lenders who did not understand the tenants and their job and had no alternative source of income. fully exploited them. This drove the landed aristocracy to 7. The uprising of 1857 was an unprecedented popular upsurge. poverty without benefitting the peasantry which suffered In this context describe the effect of the following on the under the weight of exorbitant land revenue. Indian soldiers. The landed aristocracy of Awadh faced many hardships (a) Discontent on account of low salary and poor prospects after the annexation of Awadh as they were deprived of their of promotion. estates. (b) The General Service Enlistment Act. 6. Several factors led to the uprising of 1857. With reference (c) Introduction of greased cartridges. to this, explain each of the following: Ans. (a) The wages of the Indian soldiers were too small to support (a) Discontentment of the Sepoys. their families. An English soldier was paid more than 8 (b) Resentment of the rulers of the native states against the times the Indian sepoy even though his duties were of British. similar nature. (c) Unhappiness of the Indian Artisans and Craftsmen Besides, they had no chance of promotion. The highest Answer. rank held by an Indian was that of Subedars. Artillery and other key weapons were only reserved for the English (a) The Indian soldiers were unhappy because of their low salary soldiers. Indian soldiers resented discriminatory policy and poor prospects of promotion. All the high ranks in the army adopted by the English. were reserved for the British only. (b) Lord Canning passed the General Enlistment Act. The Act The troops were not properly distributed. The key places like caused bitterness among the sepoys, as it bound them to be Delhi and Allahabad had no British armies. Moreover the officers sent to fight to an overseas front. Act was contrary to their treated the soldiers like menial servants. Racial discrimination religious beliefs. Political, Social and Economic atmosphere was rampant and this led to more discontentment among the Indian sepoys. was conducive for an outbreak, but it could not erupt as long as the Indian soldiers were loyal to the English. Though (b) The last Mughal Emperor was Bahadur Shah, Lord Canning above mentioned military causes roused discontentment announced that Bahadur Shah’s successor would not be allowed among the sepoys as well, who started the revolt. to use the imperial title. Such a discourtesy to the Mughal Emperor hurt Muslim sentiments considerably. (c) The cartridges to be used by soldiers for the Enfield Rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pig. The cow, is Dalhousie’s refusal of pension to Nana Saheb, the adopted son

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scared for the Hindus and pig for Muslims., for this reason the 9. Although the First War of Independence of 1857 failed it army posed a threat to the British Rulers. had important consequences for India. In this context, 8. Numerous causes were at work in causing the Great answer the following questions : Upsurge of 1857. Explain the following with reference to (a) How did the uprising give rise to nationalism in India? the above statement. (b) How did the end of the East India Company’s rule bring (a) The introduction of Railways and Telegraphs. in grave economic perils in India? (b) The introduction of Enfield Rifles. (c) How did the British Government try to pacify the feelings of Indians with regard to : (c) The laws that interfered with the religious customs of the 1. their religious practices. people. 2. the Princely States Answer (a) Introduction of Railways and Telegraphs : Ans. (a) A far-reaching effect of the Rising of 1857 was that the (i) Telegraph poles were thought to be erected for the sacrifices of the Indian leaders gave birth to the nationalist purpose of hanging people on them, who opposed the movement in India. All the sections of the society united British rule in India. under one yoke. Nana Sahib and Rani of Jhansi became (ii) In railways, Brahmins and untouchables were made to sit national heroes and champions of national freedom. The side by side which they thought would defy their religion. war became a symbol of challenge to the mighty British (iii) Modern innovations threatened the old social rules and power in India. produced unrest among many common orthodox people Nationalism means patriotism, an urge to preserve one’s in India. culture, and that was clearly evident after the First War of (b) Introduction of Enfield Rifles : Independence. (i) The cartridges were greased with fats of pigs and cows. (b) In the words of Majumdar : India became the field of The sepoys had to remove the greased covers of the exploitation, not of a single trading concern, but of the cartridges with their teeth, before loading them into the entire British people. rifles. (i) Recruitment of English in both private and public was a (ii) Hindus and Muslims thought it to be an attempt to defy large drain of the country’s resources. their religions. (ii) India was reduced only to a Agricultural Colony exporting raw materials and importing finished goods. (c) The Laws that interfered with the religious customs of the people : (iii) Rapid rise of indebtness of the peasants reduced them to poverty and slavery . (i) The practice of Sati was made illegal and punishable by (iv) British invested their surplus capital in railways, plantation law. and coal mines in India, which was a total drain on (ii) Laws were made to forbid infanticide, allow remarriage commercial interests of Indians. Even the dividends were of widows and stop polygamy. distributed among the share-holders of the company. On the (iii) Government imposed tax on the property belonging to whole the Indian were reduced to misery and poverty. temples and mosques. (c) The first war of Independence resulted in following solemn (iv) Lord Dalhousie passed a law which entitled a person promises. converted to Christianity to inherit his ancestral property. (i) Queen Victoria in her Proclamation of 1858, promised not Everywhere local rulers and common people were angry with to interfere with the religious beliefs of the people of India. the British. (ii) The Queen promised equal treatment to all her subject, Indians and Europeans.

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(iii) All appointments would be based on education-ability and integrity. (iv) An official pardon was granted to guilty of murdering British subjects. (v) Queen promised material and moral advancement of her subjects. Important centres and their leaders of 1857 Revolt. III. Study the picture and answer the following questions :

(a) Identify the person in the picture and name the proclamation issued in her name. Ans. The person in the picture is Queen Victoria. This was known as Queen’s Proclamation. (b) When, where and by whom was this proclamation made public ? Ans. On November 1, 1858, at Allahabad by Lord Canning the first Viceroy of India. The Queen’s Proclamation incorporating the transfer of governance from East India Company to the British Crown was made public. (c) What assurance did this Proclamation give to the Indian people regarding (a) religious freedom, and (b) appointment to public offices ? Ans. (a) Queen Victoria in her Proclamation of 1858 promised not to interfere with the religious beliefs of the people of India. (b) The Queen also promised equal treatment to all her subjects, Indians and Europeans. All appointments, declared the Queen, would be strictly on the basis of education, ability and integrity.

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Chapter - 2 Growth of Nationalism

EXERCISES I. Short Answer Questions 1. Explain the term ‘Nationalism’. Ans. ‘Nationalism’ denotes patriotism or ‘devotion to the nation’. One who is ‘patriotic’, loves his or her country and feels very loyal towards it. 2. Why was the feeling of ‘Nationalism’ lacking among the Indians before the arrival of the British ? Ans. The feeling of ‘Nationalism’ lacking among the Indians before the arrival of the British because it was never a one Nation and comprised many kingdoms. The loyalty of the people was towards a particular king or kingdom. Thus, the modern feeling of nationalism was lacking among them. 3. State two reasons for the development of Nationalism in the late 19th century. Ans. (a) Economic exploitation was the most important reason. The Indians realised that the general aim of British policies in India was to promote their own interests at the cost of welfare of Indians. (b) The impact of Western education, which led to a rational, humanitarian and scientific approach to life, made the educated Indians realise the need to reform their religion and society. Which contribuited to the development of Nationalism. 4. Mention the popular 'watchwords' during the French Revolution which influenced Indians due to the introduction of Western Education in India. Ans. The popular 'watchwords' during the French Revolution which influenced Indians were 'Liberty', 'Equality' and Fraternity'. 5. Give any two examples to indicate that the British followed the policy of economic exploitation in India. Ans. The increase in the indebtedness of the Indian peasants under the British rule was a clear sign of policy of economic exploitation. The Indian peasants had to sell their produce at cheap prices in order to satisfy the greed of money-lenders, zamindars and government officials.

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Further, the policy of free trade, hard hit the Indian handicrafts. (ii) Religious Sphere : At the time when Nation was gripped with 6. Give two reasons for industrial stagnation during the British despair, Swami Dayananda and Swami Vivekanand rose to the rule in India. occasion to preach. The gospel of strength and self-reliance. Ans. The British economic policies were against the interests of Indian (iii) Social Equality : These movements faught for individual liberty trade and industry. The English East India Company used its and social Equality. They firmly believed in the upliftment of political powers to destroy Indian handicrafts and Industry. India women. became a source of raw materials for the industries of the 12. Name any two socio-religious reformers who prepared the company and a market for its finished products. ground for National movement. 7. What role did the Press play in the National Movement? Ans. The reformers and leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Ans. The Vernacular Press was the chief instrument through which Dayanand, Swami Vivekanand and Annie Basant inspired the the nationalists spread modern, economic, social and political people and filled their hearts with Self-respect, Self confidence ideas and created a Nationalist consciousness. It was through and Self-reliance. influence of dailies like, The Tribune. The Times of India and 13. Name the organisation founded by Jyotiba Phule. Why did Pioneer, that the ideas of liberty, justice and natural rights reached he establish this organisation ? the masses. Ans. Jyotiba Phule founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873 with 8. Who passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878? Why was it the aim of securing social justice for the weaker sections of passed? society. Ans. The Vernacular Press Act in 1878 was introduced by Lord Lytton. He pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra The Act forbade Vernacular papers to publish any material that and worked for the education of women. might excite feelings of dissatisfaction against the British 14. What was the objective of the Ilbert Bill? Why was it not Government. passed? 9. Who repealed the Vernacular Press Act in 1882? What Ans. The objective of the Ilbert Bill was to remove racial discrimination. impact did the Act have on Indians? Lord Ripon wanted to give the Indian judges the authority to Ans. In 1882, the Vernacular Press Act was repealed by Lord Ripon. hear cases against the Europeans. However the Europeans This gave a stimulus to political agitation and quickened the pace opposed this tooth and nail and thus it could not be passed. of Indian Nationalism. 15. Who laid the foundation of the Indian Association of 10. Name any two prominent newspapers of the 19th century Kolkata? which played a significant role in arousing National Ans. The foundation of Indian Association of Kolkata was laid by sentiment among the Indians. Surendranath Banerjee in 1876. Ans. Amrit Bazar Patrika. The Patriot, the Kesari were some of the 16. Mention two main objectives of the Indian Association. news papers which aroused the feelings of Nationalism among Ans. (i) To unite Indians on the basis of common political interests the Indians in the nineteenth century. and beliefs. 11. List any three issues that the socio-religious reform (ii) To agitate for a Constitutional Government. movements worked for. 17. Mention the regional association that each Nationalist Ans. (i) Social Sphere : The reformer denounced untouchability and was associated : the rigidities of the caste system. Hence, the ideas of brotherhood Ans. (i) Surendranath Banerjee - Indian National Congress and equally attracted the lower castes, who felt that they were (ii) Dadabhai Naoroji - East India Association entering the National main stream.

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18. Name any two associations which acted as the forerunners Ans. Nationalism is a feeling of oneness, togetherness and common of the Indian National Congress. consciousness that emerges when people living in a common Ans. (a) The East India Association by Dada Bhai Naoroji on October territory share the same political, historical, religious, linguistic, 1, 1866. racial, cultural, psychological and other factors in a state and (b) Poona Sarvajanik Sabha under Justice Ranade in 1870. considered themselves as one nation. 19. When and by whom was the Indian National Congress 24 Mention any two factors that helped in the growth of founded? Nationalism. Ans. The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by Ans. Two factors responsible for the growth of Nationalism in India A.O. Hume, a retired civilian in the British Government. were : 20. Where, when and under whose presidentship was the second (i) Socio- religious reform movements :- All the reformers session of the Congress held? denounced untouchability rigidity of the caste system and the social evils like Sati, female infanticide prevalent in Indian society. Ans. The Second Session of the Congress was held in 1886, in Calcutta under the presidentship of Dada Bhai Naoroji. (ii) Influence of Western thoughts and eduction : Western 21. How did the famines alienate the goodwill of Indians for education instilled ideas of liberty, democracy into the minds of the British? the educated masses who would now spread it among the common masses and plan a common programme of action. Ideas of Ans. The British had brought practically the whole of India under Mazzini, French Revolution gave inspiration to the people. their control. Obviously, they were responsible for the welfare of the people. But the common people began to feel that they 25. Mention any two factors that helped in the growth of Nationalism. were neglected by the ruling power. In 1866 there was a terrible famine in Orissa which caused great loss of starvation. Again Ans. Two factors responsible for the growth of Nationalism in India there was a terrible famine in 1877, which lasted for two years were : and caused widespread poverty, death and destruction throughout (i) Socio- religious reform movements :- All the reformers the country. The government again did not show any interest to denounced untouchability rigidity of the caste system and the take suitable measures for the relief of famine-stricken people. social evils like Sati, female infanticide prevalent in Indian society. The people therefore, lost faith in the British rule. (ii) Influence of Western thoughts and eduction : Western 22. What was the influence of Western education on the Indians education instilled ideas of liberty, democracy into the minds of in the 19th century? the educated masses who would now spread it among the common masses and plan a common programme of action. Ideas of Ans. The Western education and English medium played an important Mazzini, French Revolution gave inspiration to the people. role in giving rise to national consciousness. The people could read other people thoughts like those of Rousseau, Thomas 26. In what way did the British trade policy affect the Indian Paine, Mill, Milton, Voltairs, Burke etc. They could read about middle class? Charles I, a cruel King of Britain who was hung by the English, Ans. The growth of modern industries led to the birth of a new social the French Revolution and American Revolution. These thinkers class in India the working middle class. They were exploited by brought about social awareness and national concsiousness among the factory owners, who were generally Englishmen. educated Indians. 27. Why did Lord Dufferin favour the formation of the Indian 23. There were various factors that promoted the growth of National Congress? Nationalism in India in the 19th century. Give the meaning Ans. The Viceroy, Lord Dufferin favoured the formation of the Indian of 'Nationalism' in this context. National Congress because he wanted it to act as a safety-valve

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for popular discontentment to safeguard the British rule and its liberty and justice in our country. Through his writing in the interest in India. ‘Kesari’ and the ‘Mahratta’, Tilak spread the gospel of 28. How did the British react when the Indian National Congress freedom and natural rights. was founded ? Why did their attitude change later ? (c) The British had conquered India to promote their own Ans. The Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, favoured the formation of the interests and therefore, followed such repressive policies so Congress because he wanted it to act as a ‘safety-valve’ for as to make India subservient to the needs of Britain. These popular discontent, thereby, safe guarding the British interest in policies became the major barrier to India’s economic, social, India. cultural, intellectual and political development. Some of these But their attitude changed because Congress began to demand repressive policies especially those followed by Lord Lytton: more and more rights for the Indians, which the, government (i) He organised a Grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 to proclaim was not prepared to grant. Queen Victoria as the Empress of India. Lakhs of rupees II. Structured Questions were spent on the event but nothing was done for Indian 1. Various factors led to the rise and growth of Nationalism in who were in the grip of a famine. India in the 19th century. In this context, explain the role (ii) Lord Lytton introduced the Vernacular Press Act (1878) and of each of the following : Indian Arms Act (1879). (a) Socio-religious reform movements. (iii)The maximum age limit for the Indian Civil Service (b) The Press and the patriotic literature. examination was reduced from 21 to 19 years, thus, making (c) Repressive Colonial Policies. it difficult for the Indians to compete for it. Ans. (a) The 19th century witnessed a series of religious and social (iv) The import duties on British textiles were removed. It proved reform movements, which went a long way in arousing harmful for the Indian industry. nationalistic passion against foreign domination. In the first 2. With reference to Nationalism and the birth of the Indian place, the reformer denounced untouchability and the rigidities National Congress, explain each of the following : of the caste system. Hence, the ideas of brotherhood and (a) Vernacular Press Act, 1878 equally attracted the lower castes, who felt that they were (b) State any four immediate objectives of the Indian National entering the national main stream. Secondly, at the time Congress. when nation was gripped with despair, Swami Dayananda (c) Role of Dadabhai Naoroji. and Swami Vivekanand rose to the occasion to preach the gospel of strength and self-reliance. Thirdly, they firmly Ans. (a) Lord Lytton passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878. It placed believed in the upliftment of women. Lastly, they made a many restrictions on the newspapers and journals published in clarion call to protest against the domination of British rule. Indian languages. This act was termed as the ‘Gagging Act’ as it restricted freedom of the press. This was done to suppress (b) The Press played a big role in carrying ideas to the people. National feelings and criticism of the government. This Act led to Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s ‘Samvad Kaumudi,’ Dada Bhai feeling of anger amongst Indian intellectuals. This reactionary Naoroji edited ‘Rast Goftar’ and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Act galvanised the Indians and led to nationalism and eventually started ‘Shome Prakash’ in Bengali in 1858. All these journals to the formation of Indian National Congress in 1885. had a distinct nationalist character. The Dailies like ‘Times of India (1861) ‘Pioneer’ (1865) and ‘Statesman’ (1875) (b) (i) To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers although supported the policies of the government, yet kept from different parts of the country. people informed of rapid political development in the country. (ii) To develop and consolidate the feelings of National unity Press went a long way in fostering patriotism and ideas of irrespective of religious beliefs, colour or creed.

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(iii) To formulate popular demands and place them before the from any possible political outburst. It was due to this government. attitude that many distinguished British officials attended (iv) To train, influence and organise the public opinion in the country the First Session of the Congress. The Second Session of in favour of Nationalism. 1886 was held at Calcutta and in this session the Congress (c) Dadabhai Naoroji founded East India Association in London on delegates were welcomed by Lord Dufferin. October 1, 1866. Association aimed at providing members of the (c) Though many of these associations were formed in specific British Parliament information regarding India’s genuine parts of the country, they had common goals for all the grievances. The Association attracted a large number of people of India. They did not work for any one religion, Englishmen who sympathised with India’s distress. It also community or class. The first political association, to be suggested such measures as could remedy some of the wrongs. started in India was the Landholders’ Society in Kolkata in For example, it recommended the abolition of cotton duties and 1838. Many public associations were started in different petitioned the government to withdraw the Vernacular Press Act. parts of India like Bengal British India Society, British The Association became popular and soon had branches in Indian Association, East India Association, the Poona Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. Sarvajanik Sabha, London Indian Society and Indian 3. The establishment of the Indian National Congress was a Association. These associations served as a base for the significant event in the development of national movement formation of the Congress — an all India political in India. In this context : organisation. The most prominent among these associations were the following : (a) What was the name of the Indian National Congress before (i) The East India Association by Dada Bhai Naoroji on October it got this name ? Who gave it its present name ? Where 1, 1866. was it established and who was its founder. (ii) Poona Sarvajanik Sabha under Justice Ranade in 1870. (b) Why did Lord Dufferin favour the formation of the Indian 4. With referene to Nationalism, explain each of the following: National Congress ? (a) Rediscovery of India’s past. (c) What was the nature of the political association formed (b) Contribution of Bipin Chandra Pal. before the Indian National Congress was established ? Name (c) How did the British react when the Indian National any two associations which acted as the forerunners of the Congress was founded ? Why did their attitude change Indian National Congress. later ? Ans. (a) Indian National Union. Ans. (a) The British Government felt that the knowledge of Indian On the suggestion of Dadabhai Naoroji the name of the history, society, religions and culture was necessary. By Union was changed to the Indian National Congress. discovering the past they wanted to show the Indians that the In 1884 Hume, in consultation with the Indian leaders, laid British rule was a blessing to the Indian people. But this helped the foundation of Indian National Union. The Indian National Indians to regain pride and confidence in themselves and Congress was founded by Sir A.O. Hume, a retired civil prepared them for the struggle for national independence. servant, who contacted prominent Indian leaders and (b) (i) Bipin Chandra Pal is popularly known as the ‘father of organised with their co-operation, the first session of the revolutionary thought in India’. In the beginning, he Indian National Congress in December 1885. supported the moderates but after the Partition of Bengal, (b) Lord Dufferin blessed the Congress because he wanted to he joined the Aggressives. have a political organisation through which he could ascertain (ii) During the Anti-Partition agitation he toured several parts the real wishes of the people and thus save the administration of the country and wherever he went he carried with him

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the massage of Boycott and Swadeshi. to misery and poverty. Poor peasants had to sell their produce (iii) He exhorted the people to appreciate their own culture and at cheap prices in order to satisfy the greed of money derive strength and unity from it. lenders, Zamindars and the government officials. British turned Indian self-sufficient economy into an Agricultural (iv) He, alongwith Lala Lajpat Rai and Tilak, headed a new era Colony. India being an exporter of fine cloth, became the of militant nationalism and was of the openion that great importer of finished goods in England. Handicrafts crippled hardship or suffering was the price that had to be paid for under the policy of free-trade. As William Hunter once freedom. remarked that 40 million Indians go through life on insufficient (v) He wrote a book ‘The Spirit of Indian Nationalism’ in food. which he had highlighted the importance of Nationalism. (b) Lord Dalhousie, the pioneer of development of railway and (c) The Indian National Congress was formed by the combined telegraph services in India considered them necessary from efforts of both the Englishmen and Indian leaders. A.O. Hume, a the administrative point of view. Its impact can be assessed retired official, was its founder. Lord Dufferin also blessed the from the following : Congress because he wanted to have a political organisation (i) Means of communication knit up the vast country and gave through which he could ascertain the real wishes of the people a feeling of oneness. Educated Indians, living in different and thus save the administration from any possible political parts of the country could now interact and talk on National outburst. It was due to this attitude that many distinguished issues. British officials attended the First Session of the Congress. The (ii) Railways enabled people belonging to different castes and Second Session of 1886 was held at Calcutta and in this session religion to move and mix with each other. Consequently, the Congress delegates were welcomed by Lord Dufferin. paved way for National Integration. Even during the Third Session, the delegates were given a (iii) The provincial loyalties gave way to patriotic Nations. colourful reception by the Governor of Madras. But this friendly (iv) Journals, now came within the reach of common people. attitude of the Government did not last long as the Congress Lastly, the educated Indians studying abroad got the first- began to demand more and more rights for the Indians. The hand knowledge about democratic functioning in England, growing strength of the Congress was not liked by the France and USA, and inspired people at home to raise Government. voice against the British. So after 1887, the Government declared it ‘a microscopic (c) Western education and the English language, went a long minority of the people’ and began to create obstacles in its way to create national consciousness among the masses. progress. The official encouraged reactionary elements like Sir Western education instilled in the minds of educated classes, Syed Ahmed Khan and others to organise the United Indian the Western ideas of liberty and equality. Nationalists in India drew inspiration from the American War of Patriotic Association to counter the Congress propaganda. Independence and French Revolution. The young men, who 5. With reference to the rise of Indian National Movement, went to England to receive education, got first hand explain the relevance of each of the following : information on the working of their Government. Besides (a) Economic exploitation of India. English language gave them a common language which (b) Development of means of transport and communication. made it possible for them to understand each other and plan (c) Influence of Western education. a common programme of action. Ans. (a) The land-revenue system i.e., Zamindari, Ryotwari and 6. The second half of the 19th century witnessed the formation Mahalwari, introduced by the British, reduced the peasants of a number of political associations. In this context, answer

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the following questions. (a) Role of Raja Rammohan Roy and Jyotiba Phule ? (a) What were the objectives and activities of the East (b) Rediscovery of India’s past. India Association founded in 1866? (c) Unification of the country. (b) What were the objectives of the Indian Association Ans. (a) Raja Rammohan Roy started a campaign for the abolition established at Kolkata in 1876? of Sati and purdah system, condemned polygamy, discouraged (c) Why did the National Conference merge with the Indian child marriages and advocated the right of widows to remarry. National Congress? It was because of the efforts made by Rammohan Roy that, Ans. (a) The East India Association : It aimed at providing members William Bentinck, the Governor-General of India, passed a law of the British Parliament information regarding India’s genuine grievances. The Association attracted a large number in 1821 making the practice of Sati illegal and punishable by law. of Englishmen who sympathised with India’s distress. It Jyotiba Phule was an urban-educated member of low caste. also suggested such measures that could remedy some of His education and personal experiences had made him critical the wrongs. For example, it recommended the abolition of of Hindu religion and customs. In 1854, he established a cotton duties and petitioned the government to withdraw the Vernacular Press Act. The Association became popular school for untouchables and started a private orphanage for the and soon had branches in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. widows. He wanted to liberate the depressed classes and make (b) The Indian Association Headed by Surendranath them aware of their rights by educating them. He founded the Banerjee : In 1876 came up in Kolkata the Indian Association Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873 with the aim of securing social founded by Surendranath Banerjee. The objects of the justice for the weaker sections of society. He pioneered the Association were : widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked for (i) to unite the Indians upon the basis of common political the education of women. interests and beliefs; (b) The British had projected Indians as rough barbarians, declared (ii) to promote brotherly feelings between Hindus and the unfit for self-government. Though European scholars, William Muslims; and (iii) to agitate for a constitutional government. Jones, Charles Wilkins and Max Mueller rendered valuable help The Association launched agitation against the Arms Act in restoring the rich heritage of Sanskrit literature. They threw and the Vernacular Press Act. Surendranath Banerjee led on open to the Eastern World, the glory and prestige of Indian All-India campaign for a better representation of Indians in philosophy and culture. A feeling grew among Indians that they the Indian Civil Service. must build an India, yet greater than what she had been. (c) The National Conference held its second session in December (c) It is very difficult to create unity in a country where there are 1885, in Kolkata. During the same period the Indian National so many religions and so many languages spoken by people. The Congress held its session in Mumbai. Both these bodies people from all spheres of life, low and high caste, poor and served the same purpose, that is, to work for the welfare rich, literate and illiterate, rulers and public could unite under one of Indians. So the National conference merged with the flag from a common cause to free our country from foreigners Indian National Congress in December 1886. and make India free. This common cause led to the unity or 7. Many factors were responsible for the growth of Nationalism national unity among its residents. in India. In this context, write briefly on each one of the According to Prof. Moon,” the British imperialism in Indian following : gave her a political unit under the third party in spite of many discordant elements in the Indian Society.” The expansion of the

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British empire from Himalayas to Cape Camorin under one (c) How did the socio-religious reform movements of the 19th administration, of one government bound by a set uniform system century act as pioneers of Indian Nationalism ? of law, set Indians thinking to act as one nation. The existence Ans. The 19th century witnessed a series of religion and social reform of British rule acted as ‘unifying force.’ They developed national movements, which went a long way in arousing nationalistic outlook which moved people to national unity. The Arms Act, passion against foreign domination. In the first place, the reformer Licence Act and the Vernacular Press Act were implemented to denounced untouchability and the rigidities of the caste system. suppress the Indian national feelings. In the words of S.N. Hence, the ideas of brotherhood and equally attracted the lower Banerjee.” The Arms Act imposed on us a badge of racial castes, who felt that they were entering the national main stream. inferiority.” To fight these repressive activities of the government, Secondly, at the time when nation was gripped with despair, a national unity was very necessary. This national unity, later on Swami Dayananda and Swami Vivekanand rose to the occasion with the name of Indian National Congress struggled to achieve to preach the gospel of strength and self-reliance. Thirdly, they freedom in 1947. firmly believed in the upliftment of women. Lastly, they made III. Picture Study a clarion call to protest against the domination of British rule.

(a) Identify the person in the given picture. Name the organisation formed by him. State any two beliefs of this organisation with regard to religion. Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Roy. He founded the ‘Brahmo Samaj.’ The Brahmo Samaj believed in Monotheism of worship of one God. It condemned idol worship and laid emphasis on prayer, meditation, charity, morality and strengthening the bonds of unity between men of all religions and creeds. (b) Mention his contribution to the growth of Indian National movement. Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Roy started a campaign for the abolition of Sati and purdah system, condemned polygamy, discouraged child marriages and advocated the right of windows to remarry. It was because of his efforts that William Bentick, the governor- general of India, passed a law in 1821 making the practice of Sati illegal and punishable by law.

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Chapter - 3 when they would come to know of their will. They relied on the solemn pledge given in the British Government from time to First Phase of the time. Infact, their criticism for the Government was also based Indian National Movement on dignity and moderation. 5. What according to the Early Nationalists was an obstacle in EXERCISES India’s progress ? What kind of self government did the I. Short Answer Questions Early Nationalists demand ? 1. Which period of the national movement is known as the Ans. According to the Early Nationalists the main obstacle in India’s period of the ‘Early Nationalists’ ? Name any three leaders progress was social and economic backwardness of Indians. of the Congress who are known as ‘Early Nationalists’. The Early Nationalists wanted a larger share in the Government Ans. The first phase from 1885 to 1905 of the National Movement of their country India. Their demands for Constitutional reforms is known as the period of Early Nationalists. were conceded in 1892 in the form of the Indian Councils Act. They believed that eventually India should move towards Dada Bhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishan Gokhale, Feroze Shah Mehta, democratic self-government. Pt. Madan Mohan Malvija, the leaders of the Congress were known as ‘Early Nationalists’ 6. State any two issues opposed by the Early Nationalists in 2. Mention two reasons for the Early Nationalists’ faith in the the field of civil liberties. British sense of justice. Ans. The Early Nationalists strongly opposed the restrictions imposed by the British government on the freedom of speech, press and Ans. association. They demanded the right to assemble and to form (i) The Early Nationlists believe that loyalty to the British government associations. was identical with loyalty to their own people and country. 7. Mention any two demands of the Early Nationalists that (ii) They believed that continuation of the British connection with aimed at improving the lot of the peasants. India was in the interest of both England and India. Ans. (a) Reduction of land-revenue and provision of credit to 3. What were the two methods adopted by the Early Nationalists peasants. in the freedom struggle ? (b) Improvement in the conditions of work of plantation Ans. The Early Nationalists carried their agitation through constitutional workers. means by : 8. Mention any two constitutional demands made by the Early (i) sending petitions to the high Government officials Nationalists. (ii) resolution Ans. Constitutional demands made by the Early Nationalists : 4. What was the belief of the Early Nationalists regarding the (i) Development of self-government by representatives both at central British rule in India ? and the provincial levels. Ans. The Early Nationalists were a band of loyalists, who were proud (ii) Expansion of the Legislative Councils created by the Act of of their British connections. They had faith in the British sense 1861. of justice and fair play. The first session of Congress ended 9. Name any two economic issues raised by the Early with ‘‘three cheers’’ for Hume and Hume answered with ‘‘three Nationalists. cheers’’ for her majesty, “the Queen Empress’’. They believed that the Englishmen would grant ‘Home Rule’ to the Indians Ans.

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(i) Reduction in land revenue and protection of peasants against agitation? unjust demands of the Zamindars. Ans. Surendranath Banerjee started, agitation against the License Act, (ii) Reduction in expenditure on the army and the money thus saved the Arms Act. to be spent on welfare activities such as health and educations. 16. List briefly any two causes that Gopal Krishna Gokhale 10. What did the Early Nationalists demand for the industrial supported. growth of India ? Ans. (i) He supported the separation of Judicary from the executive Ans. They demanded industrial growth through trade protection. That and reform of Legislative Council. means that a heavy tax should be imposed on imported goods (ii) He played an important role in passage of Minto Morley and the government should give loans for the development of Reforms. iron, coal, paper and sugar industries in India. 17. Name the leader who was known as the ‘Grand Old Man of 11. Mention any two achievements of the Early Nationalists. India.” Ans. (i) The Early Nationalists infused national consciousness among Ans. Dadabhai Naoroji, one of the pioneer statesmen, came to be various sections of public life. known as ‘Grand Old Man of India.’ (ii) They popularised the ideas of democracy, civil liberty and 18. What was the objective of the East India Association? representative institutions. Ans. The East India Association was founded in 1866 with an objective 12. Mention any two shortcomings of the Early Nationalists. to promote the interests and welfare of Indians and to inform Ans. They used their beggarly methods of prayer and petitions. the British of the true state of affairs in India. Secondly, Early Nationalists failed to realise any clash of interests 19. State briefly the achievements of the East India Association. between the Indians and the English. Ans. In England, Dadabhai Naoroji joined severed learned societies 13. Who is known as India’s unofficial ambassador and why ? and Association. He founded East India Association on December Ans. Dadabhai Naoroji came to be know as Indian’s unofficial 1, 1866. He got a resolution passed in British Parliament for Ambassador in England. holding preliminary examinations for ICS in India and England simultaneously. Dadabhai Naoroji, was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress, presided over the sessions of the Congress in 1886, 20. Name Dadabhai Naoroji’s work which exposed the economic 1893 and 1906. His Presidentship in 1906 was an effort to exploitation of India by the British. revive back the lost prestige of Congress, owing to the partition Ans. Poverty and Un-British Rule in India : Exposed the economic of Bengal in 1905. Extremists, who otherwise would have liked exploitation of India by the British. His famous Drain Theory Tilak to hold the Office of President, gave way to Dadabhai explained how Indian’s wealth was being drained to England Naoroji, for he had established a name for himself. through various ways. 14. Who is the author of ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’? 21. Mention two contributions of Dadabhai Naoroji to the Name the first Indian who passed the Indian Civil Service National Movement. Examination. Ans. (i) Dadabhai Naoroji founded the East India Association in Ans. Dadabhai Naoroji is the author of ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule London. Its main purpose was to foster to the interests in India’. Surendranath Banerjee was the first Indian to pass and welfare of Indians. Indian Civil Services Examination. (ii) Dadabhai Naoroji has been ranked as the founder of the 15. Against which two Acts did Surendranath Banerjee start an Indian National Congress. He was elected President of the Indian National Congress thrice in 1886, 1893 and in

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1906. He was known as the ‘Grand Old Man of India’. India for recruitment to the Indian Civil Services. 22. What was the Drain Theory referred to by Dadabhai Naoroji?  Separation of executive and judicial functions. Ans. Through this theory, he explained how India’s wealth was being  Adequate representation of Indians in the Executive Council taken away to England in these forms. of the Viceroy and the Governors. (a) Salaries and pensions payable to the British officers.  Increase in the power of local bodies. (b) Despatch of savings to England by British personal posted (iii) Socio-Economic Reforms in India  Reduction of land revenue and provision of cheap credit to (c) Payments to the war office for the maintenance of British peasants. troops in India.  Total abolition of salt-tax and duty on sugar. (d) Profits of the British Trading Agencies.  Industrial growth through tariff protection and government II. Structured Question aid. 1. The period from 1885 to 1905 was dominated by the Early  Reduction in expenditure on army and utilise the same on Nationalists. In this context, answer the following questions: social services like-health and education. (a) To which segment of society they belonged ? What were (iv) Safeguarding the civil liberties their demands?  Opposed the restrictions imposed by the British Government (b) What methods did they adopt? on the freedom of speech and press. (c) How did the Early Nationalists help in the growth of  Right to assemble and form associations. nationalism in India ? (b) The Early Nationalist believed that constitutional agitation alone Ans. (a) The members of this group were drawn from the educated could achieve political and economic reforms. Hence, they carried middle class consisting of professionals like lawyers, barristers, their agitation through teachers and officials. Many of them were educated in England (i) Petitions to high Government Officials. and felt that the British intended to be just to Indians but they (ii) Resolutions were unaware of the true state of affairs in India. (iii) Meetings in towns, cities and the countryside. They demanded : (iv) Distribution of leaflets and pamphlets. (i) Constitutional Reforms (v) Preparing memorandum for the Government Committees.  Abolition of the Indian Councils. (vi) Delegations of leading politicians to England, normally  Expansion of the Legislative Councils created by the Act of addressed to the Government. 1861. (vii) Adopted measures to influence British public opinion in  Early in the 20th century, the nationalists started demanding England. Self-Government on the model of self-governing colonies of Lastly, they criticised the policies of the Government through the press. Canada and USA. (c) The Early Nationalists laid strong foundation for the National (ii) Administrative Reforms Movement to achieve freedom. They bound Indian into one  Indianisation of the higher grades of Indian Services. single body who were ready for any sacrifice. They roused  Holding of simultaneous examination both in England and

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political awakening in Indians. These Early Nationalists saved and child marriage. Indians from being slaughtered by the English, they had not (iv) They were of the opinion that Britain would help Indians adopted peaceful means of agitation within constitutional limits. govern themselves according to western standards. Dadabhai Naoroji sacrificed his life, wealth and job for the (v) They said that the main obstacle in India’s progress was country. His selfless service filled the hearts of Indians. According social and economic backwardness of Indians and not the to Gokhale.” If there is the divine in man, It is in Dadabhai British colonial rule. Naoroji.” He demanded Swaraj in 1906 from the platform of Congress in Calcutta. He was the first Indian to become member (vi) They relied on constitutional and peaceful methods of achieve of British Parliament. Gopal Krishan Gokhale established a their aims. They believed in patience and reconstitution rather society called Servants of Indian Society. It brought national than in violence and confrontation. unity and trained masses to work for the motherland. He They developed such an attitude towards British because Criticised the policy of taxing the poor in Indians. S N Bannerjee they thought that continuation of the British connection with a great patriotic, speaker, a journalist and an educationalist was India was in the interest of both England and India. They very much influenced by the British and his rule. His Society had faith in the British sense of Justice and fair play. Indian Association in 1876 aroused political consciousness and (c) Reasons for the partial failure of their methods. unity among the people. He raised his voice for protection of (i) No contact with the masses : The Early Nationalists poor farmers against exploitation by Zamindars. were usually businessman who had no contacts with the 2. The Early Nationalists were practical and wanted to win masses. freedom by a gradual process. In this context, answer the (ii) Praise for British Rule : During their long reign poverty following : and unemployment considerably increased due to which the (a) How did they expose the true nature of British rule in masses were in considerable distress. The people gradually India? became dissatisfied with the British rule and they determined (b) What was the attitude of the Early Nationalists towards and decided to end British rule in India. But on the other the British? Why did they develop such an attitude? hand these leaders praised British rule and pleaded that the British should remain in India. Thus, the masses lost faith (c) What were the reasons for the partial failure of their in their leadership. methods. (iii) Behaviour of British Government : The Early Nationalists Ans. (a) The Early Nationalists did pioneering work by exposing the petitioned to the Government in the hope that these will be true nature of the British rule in India. They made the people accepted and rights granted to the people but the government realise the economic content and character of British did not reciprocate the government acted in an arbitrary imperialism. By doing so, they weakened the foundations of manner without caring for the sentiments of the masses and the British rule in India. also their leaders. Thus it became increasingly difficult to (b) (i) The Early Nationalists had faith in the sense of justice, fair take the masses with them. play, honesty and integrity of the British. (iv) No exploitation of religion : India is a country where (ii) It was their hope that the British would grant. ‘Home Rule’ religion dominates and if that is properly exploited in a national to Indians. They relied on the solemn pledges made by the struggle in India, that is bound to succeed. But these leaders British government. failed to exploit religion. (iii) They believed that the British rule had many benefits for (v) Absence of political philosophy : All Early Nationalists example it aided in cleansing social ills like Sati, untouchability

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leaders were able, wise and courageous but they had no (ii) His relentless efforts led to reduction in toll tax. political philosophy of their own. All leaders gave their (iii) He tried to introduce a bill with a view to make primary philosophy according to the needs of the time. Due to the absence of this philosophy they failed to keep the masses education compulsory but he could not achieve much success with them. in it. (vi) Session after long intervals : Under the leadership of (iv) Being an economist, he demanded radical changes in the these leaders, sessions were held after long intervals. fiscal policy and better jobs for the educated middle class. The Congress passes resolutions which were sent to the (v) He impressed upon the government to reduce the land revenue. Government as petitions but as soon as the session was over, no one cared to know about them and position (c) The Servants of India Society founded in 1905, was to train was rereviewed only at the next session. Due to this, men to devote their lives to the cause of the country. Secondly people were not very happy and satisfied with these its members were to create among the people deep and leaders. passionate love for the motherland. Lastly, the Society was to work for education of women and elevation of the depressed 3. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, the political mentor of Gandhiji, classes. was one of the most popular Early Nationalists leaders. In this context, answer the following : 4. Surendranath Banerjee is popularly known as the ‘Father of the Indian Nationalism’. In this context, answer the (a) State three policies of the imperial regime which were following : opposed by Gokhale. (a) Why did he establish the Indian Association ? (b) What role did he play as a member of Imperial (b) What was India’s political goal according to Surendranath Legislative Council ? Banerjee ? What were the method he advocated to attain (c) How did he try to arouse national awakening? it ? Ans. (c) What was his contribution to India’s freedom struggle? (a) Gokhale opposed the policies of the British Government Ans. (a) To fight against the wrong policies of the British he founded whenever necessary. He criticised the Government on issues the Indian Association in 1876. such as : Its aims were : (i) incurring huge expenditure on the English army. (i) to educate people ; (ii) adopting the policy of racial discrimination in appointments (ii) to create strong public opinion in the country ; to high posts. (iii) to arous political consciousness and unity. (b) Surendranath Banerjee, like other Early Nationalists called, (iii) imposing production tax on cotton. for the reforming of the British administration, which would (b) Role played by Gokhale as a Member of Imperial go a long way in winning gratitude of the Indian people. His Legislative Council: goal as the right to self-government was based on firm assumption that Indians should be right to mould their destiny. (i) In 1902 Gokhale became the member of the imperial He was the true worshipper of freedom and advocated Legislative Council. He pleaded in the Council for reduction in complete independence from the foreign rule. Salt Duty and the abolition of excise duty on cotton goods.

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Surendranath Banerjee had full faith in the honesty integrity EXPOSED TRUE NATURE OF BRITISH RULE and justice of the English. Thus, he advocated constitutional The Early Nationalists in the 19th century were the first means for the attainment of his political goal. He urged ones to explain how Indians were being exploited at the Indians to boycott foreign goods and actively supported the hands of the British. Dadabhai Naoroji, exposed the true Swadeshi Movement. nature of British imperialism in India in his theory of (c) Surendranath Banerjee founded the Indian association in ‘Economic Drain’. 1876 to agitate for political reforms in India. He made an ACTS OF 1892 extensive tour of India arousing national awakening against the reduction of the maximum age-limit for ICS. Besides, Government of India Act of 1892 expanded the Legislative he fearlessly criticised Arms Act and the Vernacular Press Councils, so far demanded by the Early Nationalists. Although, Act. Thus, he made an earnest effort to bring people together the Act failed to satisfy the Early Nationalists, yet it was an from various parts of the country to ventilate their grievances improvement of Government of India Act of 1861. against an alien regime. SOCIAL REFORMS : Early Nationalists like–Ranade and PQ. The methods of the Early Nationalists were criticised as Gokhale were passionate supporters of social reform in inadequate and half-hearted. In this context briefly describe India. They raised their voice against child- marriage and the following : imposed widowhood. Besides, they also supported the Age of Consent Bill of 1891. (a) Nature of their methods. Hence, we can safely conclude that this period was ‘‘the (b) The final outcome of their, efforts. seed time of Indian Nationalism’’ and the role of Early Ans. (a) Nature of their methods : The Early Nationalists relied on Nationalists cannot be ignored. constitutional and peaceful methods and avoided violence 5. Dadabhai Naoroji is referred to as the ‘Grand old Man of and confrontation. They made use of three P’s i.e. Petitions, India.’ Briefly describe : Prayers and Protests to achieve their objectives. (a) His views about the nature of British imperialism. (b) Whatever may be the drawback in Early Nationalists it did (b) His achievement in strengthening Indian nationlism. achieved following objectives : (c) His views on the cause of poverty in India. NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS Ans. (a) Dadabhai Naoroji, though appreciative of Western education It was Congress under the Early Nationalists, that promoted and construction of railways openly criticised British rule the spirit of common brotherhood, surpassing religious and for its bad effects on Indian economy. Indian handicrafts regional diversities. They aroused a feeling of belonging to and textiles had been ruined. Dadabhai Naoroji edited Rast one nation. Goftar (Speaker of Truth) and also started a magazine Dharma Marg Darshak which were spoken on the effects POLITICAL EDUCATION IN INDIA of British Imperialism. They made great efforts to popularise ideas of democracy, (b) Dadabhai Naoroji, was one of the founders of the Indian representative institutions and civil liberty. In the very first National Congress, presided over the sessions of the session of Congress W.C. Bonnerjee declared that Indians Congress in 1886, 1893 and 1906. His Presidentship in want to be governed on the ideals of Government prevalent 1906 was an effort to revive back the lost prestige of in Europe. Congress, owing to the partition of Bengal in 1905.

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Extremists, who otherwise would have liked Tilak to hold Nationalists saved Indians from being slaughtered by the the office of President, gave way to Dadabhai Naoroji, for English, had they not adopted peaceful means of agitation he had established a name for himself. within constitutional limits. Dadabhai Naoroji sacrificed (c) Dadabhai Naoroji’s classic work ‘Poverty and Un-British his life, wealth and job for the country. His selfless service Rule in India’, reveals his famous concept ‘Drain Theory’. filled the hearts of Indians. According to Gokhale.” If there The theory explained how India’s wealth was being taken is the divine in man, It is in Dadabhai Naoroji.” He demanded away to England in the form of Swaraj in 1906 from the platform of Congress in Calcutta. He was the first Indian to become member of British (i) salaries payable to the members of the Indian Councils Parliament. Gopal Krishan Gokhale established a society (ii) Pensions to British officers called Servants of Indian Society. It brought national unity (iii) Payments to the war office for the maintenance of British and trained masses to work for the motherland. He Criticised Troops in India. the policy of taxing the poor in Indians. S N Bannerjee (iv) Profits of the British Trading Agencies. a great patriotic, speaker, a journalist and an educationalist was very much influenced by the British and his rule. His 6. Early Nationalists were practical and wanted to win freedom Society Indian Association in 1876 aroused political by a gradual process. Critically examine the contribution of consciousness and unity among the people. He raised his Early Nationalists using the following points : voice for protection of poor farmers against exploitation (a) Exposing the true nature of British rule. by Zamindars. (b) Arousing political consciousness among the people. III. Picture Study (c) Laying the foundation of the national movement. Ans. (a) Exposing the true nature of British rule. The Early Nationalists followed the constitutional means to eradicate the grievances and tried to prove uselessness of making fodder of the brave youth of India to British guns. They emphasized the Indian case both in India and England through their speeches and writings. On one side, they prepared the public opinion and on the other side they tried to get concessions from the Government. Now the people fully realised benefits and evils of the British rule. (b) Arousing political consciousness among the people. The Early Nationalists created in Indians the feeling that they belonged to one common nation to the Indian nation. The educated the Indians and aroused political consciousness among them. 1. Identify the person in the picture and mention his They gave them training in politics, political agitation and contribution to India’s freedom struggle under the struggle. following heads : (c) The Early Nationalists laid strong foundation for the National (a) His views about the nature of British imperialism. Movement to achieve freedom. They bound Indian into (b) His achievement in strengthening Indian nationalism. one single body who were ready for any sacrifice. They roused political awakening in Indians. These Early (c) His views on the cause of poverty in India.

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Chapter - 4 5. Name three prominent Assertive Nationalist leaders. What was the aim of the Assertive Nationalists as far as the Second Phase of the national movement was concerned? Indian National Movement Ans. (i) Bal Gangadhar Tilak, (ii) Bipin Chandra Pal (iii) Lala Lajpat Rai. EXERCISES The main aim of the Assertive Nationalist was to get a larger share for Indians in the administration of their country and to I. Short Answer Questions end Britain’s economic exploitation of India. 1. Why is October 16, 1905 regarded as an important day in 6. How did the Assertive Nationalists expand the social base of the history of Indian National Movement ? the national movement ? Ans. October 16, 1905 was declared to be a ‘Day of Mourning’ Ans. The Assertive Nationalists believe that the objectives could not throughout the Bengal. The Partition of Bengal became effective be realised without pressure, tactics and some direct action. So, from 16th October, 1905. People bathed in the Ganga and tied they adopted the policy of non-cooperation. They adopted various Rakhi on each other’s arms-indicating that no government could non-cooperative methods like Swadeshi and Boycott. divide them. People later took the vow of Swadeshi and trigged 7. What were the two methods adopted by the Assertive the Anti-Partition Agitation. Nationalists in the freedom struggle ? 2. Who composed the Bande Mataram? State the reaction of Ans. The aggressive nationalists had four planks of the programme the masses to the proclamation of the Partition of Bengal. namely; Revivalism, Swadeshi, Boycott and National Education. Ans. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee composed the Bande Mataram. The (i) Revivalism. The extremists sought to build national Bengalis felt that they have been insulted, humiliated and tricked. movement on the basis of people's religious belief. Thus, They were ready for all sacrifices and fearlessly faced death to Tilak revived the Shivaji festival in 1895 and presented show the strength of solidarity. Rana Pratap, Shivaji as national heroes. 3. Name any two prominent leaders of Anti-Partition agitation (ii) Swadeshi. The concept of Swadeshi was based on the use of Bengal. Name the song composed by Rabindranath Tagore of home-made products so as to encourage, Indian industries during the Anti-partition agitation. and provide the people with more opportunities for work Ans. K. K Mitra and Rabindranath Tagore were the Bengali leaders of and employment the Anti-Partition agitation. (iii) Boycott. Boycott meant boycott of British goods along with Rabindranath Tagore composed the National song, ‘Amar Sonar government service, honours and titles. Baugla.’ ‘My Golden Bengal.’ (iv) National Education. New educational institutions were to 4. Who were Assertive Nationalists? Who were they so called? be opened to give both Religious as well as Political Ans. The period from 1905 to 1918 was marked by the emergence education. National education also included secular, moral of a new group of leaders within the Congress known as and vocational education. Assertive Nationalists. They stood for complete Swaraj and 8. Mention any one reason for the rise of Assertive encourage aggressive methods in politics such as boycott of Nationalism. Why the educated Indians turned against the British goods, Government Services and title to achieve their British. aim. Ans. The failure of the Early Nationalists to get anything substantial They were so called because they had a Assertive outlook that from the British government. advocated active resistance to British imperialism. The educated Indians turned against the British because they

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became unemployed and were not appointed to high post. This 17. Name one weekly through which Tilak spread the message created a feeling of frustration among them. of liberty and justice. 9. List any two international events that shattered the myth Ans. The Mahratta (English) and the Kesari (Marathi). of European superiority. 18. State the significance of the Congress Session at Surat. Ans. Italy's defeat in Ethiopia in 1896 and Japan's victory over Russia Ans. In the Surat of the Congress in 1907 there was a split in the in 1905, shattered the myth of European superiority. congress. 10. Mention any two measures that show that Lord Curzon’s 19. What was the attitude of the British towards Lala Lajpat policies were repressive. Rai? Ans. (a) The Calcutta Corporation Act of 1899 Ans. The British followed the policy of repression against the actions (b) The Universities Act of 1904 of Lala Lajpat Rai. 11. Who is known as the ‘Father of Assertive Nationalism ? To 20. What classes of people were brought into the Congress by which state did he belong ? the Assertive Nationalists? Ans. Bal Gangadhar Tilak is known as the ‘Father of Assertive Ans. The Aggressive Nationalists attempted to bring the mass of the Nationalism’. He was born in a Maratha family at Ratnagiri in population i.e., the workers, peasants and youth into the fold of Maharashtra. the Congress. 12. Name the two books written by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. 21. Who set up the Home Rule League and why ? Ans. (a) Gita Rahasya (b) Arctic home in the Vedas Ans. Bal Gangadhar Tilak set up the Home Rule League at Pune in 13. What efforts did Tilak make to instil the spirit of 1916 to attain self-government within the British Empire by nationalism in Indians? constitutional means. Ans. Tilak organised many akharas and lathi clubs where physical 22. Describe the role of Lala Lajpat Rai in the field of education. training was imparted. Ans. Lala Lajpat Rai wrote a book on National Education that called 14. When and why did Tilak leave the Indian National Congress for reform of prevalent educational system. in India ? 23. What was the attitude of the British during the famines Ans. In Surat Session of the Congress in 1907, there was a split in between 1886-1900 towards the Indian masses suffering the Congress and Tilak left the Indian National Congress. He from natural calamities? was convinced that political rights could be achieved by Ans. The people of various parts of India, especially Southern India, aggressively demanding them. suffered from several droughts and famines between 1886– 15. Why did Tilak revive Ganapati and Shivaji festivals? 1900 resulting in 45 lakh deaths. The Government machinery Ans. In 1893, Tilak started using the traditional religious Ganapati was slow in providing relief and on the other hand, wasted festival to propagate nationalist ideas through songs and speeches. money on the Silver Jubliee celebrations of Queen Victoria’s In 1895 he revived Shivaji festival to encourage young accession. When Tilak, attacked the policy of Government in Maharashtrians. the Kesari and the Mahratta, he was sentenced to 18 month- 16. Mention any two achievements of the Assertive Nationalists. imprisonment. Ans. (a) The Aggressive Nationalists broadened the social base of Even the soldiers, who were deputed to take the plague infected the movement of extending it to the masses i.e., peasants, people to isolation camps, behaved like gang of invaders, insulting workers, women and youth. women and throwing household goods on the streets. It sent a (b) The Swadeshi Movement helped in the revival of Indian wave of resentment through the Indian which ultimately paved handicrafts and cottage industries. way for the rise of Assertive Nationalism.

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24. Name the Viceroy responsible for the partition of Bengal. general masses. The people rose in unity to resist, to suffer and Ans. Lord Curzon who was the Viceroy of India was responsible for to sacrifice. the partition of Bengal. 2. The ideas of Swadeshi and boycott, born of the popular feelings II. Structured Questions in 1905, took shape and it was realised that Swadeshi and Boycott 1. One of the Lord Curzon’s administrative measures that resulted were complementary and one would not succeed without the in a strong resentment from the masses was the Partition of other. Swadeshi and Boycott were used as weapons of political Bengal in 1905. In this context, answer the following questions: agitation and a training in self-sufficiency for the attainment of (a) What was Lord Curzon’s argument in favour of the Partition Swaraj. British goods were burnt at public places and shops selling of Bengal ? How did the Nationalists interpret Lord Curzon’s them were picketed. The spirit of Swadeshi spread to almost motives ? every walk of life—industries, education, culture, literature, etc. (b) How did the people react to the Partition of Bengal ? 3. The people lost their faith in the fair play and justice of the British. (c) What was the impact of the Anti-Partition Movement ? Lord Curzon refused to concede to the demands of annulling the Answer : partition. He said, “Partition of Bengal is a settled fact and what is settled cannot be unsettled. (a) (i) Lord Curzon gave the reason of administrative efficiency. It was said that the province of Bengal was too big to be 2. With reference to the Surat split of 1907, answer the efficiently administered by the single provincial Government. following questions : (ii) The province of Bengal had a population of 8 crores and an (a) What were the issues on which the two wings of the area of 1,90,000 square miles and hence difficult to govern. Congress had differences of opinion ? How did the British Therefore a scheme was launched to divide it. exploit the differences between the Early Nationalists and However, the Nationalists interpreted the partition differently. the Assertive Nationalists? The real motive to partition of Bengal was to curb the Nationalist (b) What was the effect of the split between the two wings of Movement and demonstrate British power. The British played the Congress on the National Movement ? the policy of “divide and rule” and created a wedge between (c) Why did the Assertive Nationalists adopt the policy of the Hindu and Muslim communities. They wanted to fan and non-cooperation with the British Government ? Name the forge communalism and weaken the National Movement as assertive nationalist leader who organised akharas and Bengal was the centre of Nationalist upsurge. lathi clubs. Why were these organised ? (b) No sooner was this proposal published than there was a great Ans. (a) The Assertive Nationalists proposed the name of Lala Lajpat hue and cry and a volley of protests. The partition of Bengal Rai as President of the Surat Session. The Early Nationalists came into effect on 16th October 1905. Soon the people started proposed the name of Rashbehari Ghosh. When the session at a strong movement against this partition. Surat began in December 1907 there was utter confusion. This led to the split in the Congress and the Assertive Nationalist The day of 16 October was observed as the Day of Morning leaders were expelled for nine years. in Bengal. The cry of Bande Mataram reverberated throughout The split in the Congress was unfortunate because it gave an the province. About 2000 demonstrations were held that very opportunity to the British to exploit the situation to their day. Soon it took the shape of Swadeshi and Boycott advantage. They adopted a policy of ‘concession and Movement. repression’ – Concession for the Early Nationalists as well as (c) 1. The Partition of Bengal along with the Anti-Partition Movement the Muslims and repression to the Assertive Nationalists. accelerated the Nationalist Movement by spreading it among the (b) The Surat split weakened the National Movement. The Early

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Nationalists, however, were largely able to capture the confidence and self-reliance among the people. They Congress organisation and in the Allahabad convention, held in believed that Independence would come to India only April 1908, the split was formalised. when Indians were strong enough to snatch it from (c) Assertive Nationalists believed that their objectives to get a British hands. larger share for Indians in the administration of India and (ii) Revival of Indian Handicrafts : By propagating, economic exploitation of country could not be realised without Boycott and Swadeshi, they helped the revival of Indian pressure tactics and some sort of direct action. Hence Assertive handicrafts and cottage industries. Nationalists adopted the policy of non-cooperation and Achievements of Early Nationalist : resistance to unjust acts of the British Government. Akharas and Lathi Clubs were organised by Tilak in order to (i) Foundation of Secular and Democratic National make youth brave to defy British Raj and establish Swaraj. Movement : The early nationalist leaders established a movement that incorporated people of all religions, castes, 3. In the second phase of the National Movement, there creeds, regions and colour. They were successful in emerged a new younger group of leaders within the Congress promoting the spirit of common brotherhood surpassing who did not agree with the old leadership. In this context, religious and regional diversities. answer the following questions : (ii) Political Education of the Indians : They were (a) Differentiate Assertive Nationalist between the Early successful to a great extent in arousing political awakening Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists in their objectives and national consciousness among the Indians. They and achievements, stating one objective and two popularised the ideas of democracy and civil liberties achievements of each wing of the Congress. among the people of India. (b) Name the Assertive leader known as the forerunner of Gandhiji. (b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the forerunner of Gandhiji. Why is the person known as the forerunner of Gandhiji? Bal Gangadhar Tilak was known as a forerunner of Gandhiji (c) Explain how the repressive policies of Lord Curzon and the because of the following reason : influence of International events led to Assertive (i) Gandhiji’s ideals were moulded by Tilak’s thoughts in a Nationalism. big way. Gandhiji laid great stress on prohibition, Ans. (a) The Early Nationalist agitated only for certain administrative Swadeshi and Boycott. All these had been preached and and economic reforms. They wanted that the Indians should practised by Tilak much before Gandhiji did so. have some say in the government and administration of the (ii) Gandhiji’s ideal of complete independence was similar to country. It was only in 1906 that under the pressure from the Tilak’s ideal of Swaraj. aggressive that they talked about ‘Swaraj’ as their goal. The ‘Swaraj’ as defined by them meant, a system of government (c) Lord Curzon adopted repressive policy towards Indians. Lord as found in the self-governing British Colonies. Curzon had no sympathy with the aspirations of the people of The Aggressive Nationalists on the other hand, demanded India. The anti Indian attitude of Lord Curzon made the Indians ‘Purna Swaraj’ - self-government as it existed in the United to lose all hopes of political and economic advances. He passed Kingdom. the following Acts against the Indians. Achievements of Aggressive Nationalist: (i) Calcutta Corporation Act of 1899 : Under this Act the elected members of the corporation were reduced to half. (i) Self confidence : At that time, the moral of Indian people was very low. The Agressive Nationalists instilled self- (ii) The Universities Act of 1904 : Under this Act, the governing bodies of the universities were to be

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reconstructed. (iii) He impressed upon the government to reduce the land (iii) Act of 1898 : The Act of 1898 made it an offence to revenue. provoke people against the English. Contribution to the freedom movement : Lala Lajpat (iv) The official Secrets Act : This Act was passed in 1904. Rai contributed to the country’s freedom much. He Under this Act, even the leakage of ordinary information sacrificed his life for his country and became a martyr. He regarding civil administration was considered illegal. aroused political consciousness and intensified the (v) Partition of Bengal : Lord Curzon’s most unpopular movement of Swadeshi and Boycott. He preached radical decision was the Partition of Bengal which he announced nationalism through his own newspaper named the young in 1903 and carried out in 1905. India. He was fearless and true lover of his country. He 4. With reference to the growth of Nationalism : followed Tilak. He boldly and fearlessly supported the Non- (a) Mention two associations which served as the forerunners cooperation movement with Gandhiji. He was against the (precursors) of the India National Congress. Who were the policy of Moderation. His death caused a great resentment founders of the two associations ? among the terrorists and they shook the government by their activites. (b) Differentiate between the methods adopted by the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists. 5. Tilak said ‘Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.’ In this context, describe : (c) State two contributions each of Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Lala Lajpat Rai. (a) His political beliefs. Ans. (a) (i) The East India Association by Dada Bhai Naoroji in (b) Means he employed to arouse Nationalistic passions. 1866. (c) Ways in which he was the forerunner of Gandhi. (ii) Poona Sarvajanik Sabha under Justice Ranade in 1870. Ans. (a) Lokmanya Tilak summed up his political belief in his historical The East India Association was founded by Dada Bhai Naoroji phrase, ‘‘Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it.’’ on October 1, 1866. He believed in total freedom from foreign dominations. Hence, Indian Association was founded by Surendernath Banerjee. stood for making the people self-reliant, arousing in them (b) national awakening and launching political agitations. (i) Early Nationalists were loyal to the British crown whereas (b) Tilak adopted several means to arouse a national passions. the Assertive Nationalists were not loyal to the British crown. In 1893, he started the Ganapati festival in Maharashtra and (ii) The Early Nationalists wanted autonomy within British empire later revived the Shivaji festival in 1895. The aim was to whereas the Assertive Nationalists wanted ‘Complete instil a spirit of discipline and patriotism among the masses. Independence of India’. Besides, he organised Akharas (places for wrestling) and (c) Lathi Clubs in Maharashtra to make youth brave enough to (i) In 1902 Gokhale became the member of the imperial defy the British Raj. Again, in 1896, he led a no-rent campaign Legislative Council. He pleaded in the Council for reduction to expose the British who misruled our country. in Salt Duty and the abolition of excise duty on cotton goods. (c) Gandhi regarded Gokhale as his political Guru, though his ideals were moulded by Tilak. Gandhi’s stress on prohibition, (ii) Being an economist, he demanded radical changes in the Swadeshi and Boycott had been preached and practised by fiscal policy and better jobs for the educated middle class. Tilak much before Gandhi. Secondly, Gandhi's ideal of

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complete independence was similar to Tilak's idea of Swaraj. economic conditions of the people. 6. Bipin Chandra Pal was said to be “One of the mightiest 7. The period between 1905 to 1918 is known as the period of prophets of Nationalism.” In this context : Assertive Nationalism. In this context, state how the (a) Mention his political aims. following causes led to the rise of Assertive Nationalism : (b) State his ideas on National Education. (a) Failure of the Early Nationalists. (c) What remedies did he propose to eradicate India’s (b) Repressive policies of Lord Curzon. poverty and unemployment? (c) International Events Ans. (a) Bipin Chandra Pal popularly known as the Father of Ans. (a) The younger elements within the Congress were dissatisfied Revolutionary Thought in India, played an important role in with the achievements of the Early Nationalists. They strongly awakening National consciousness in India. He joined criticised the methods of peaceful constitutional agitation. Congress in 1887 and through his forceful speeches pleaded The Assertive Nationalists advocated the adoption of European for the repeal of the Arms Act. In 1890, he toured England, revolutionary methods to meet British imperialism. The Early France and the United States where he mobilised mass Nationalists were loyal to the crown and their political opinion for granting political rights to the Indians. Back objective was to improve their chances of getting seats in home, he participated in several sessions of Congress and the Central Provincial legislatures or judicial services. The greatly contributed towards the growth of National Assertive Nationalists accused the Early Nationalists of limiting consciousness. their activities to the middle class of the society. The failure (b) Bipin Chandra wanted education to be organised on of the Early Nationalists to get something substantial from Nationalistic lines, so that it would arouse Nationalistic the British government led to the demand for more vigorous passions against the foreign rule. Secondly, it would become political action using a radical approach. an effective instrument of social progress. (b) Lord Curzon's seven–year rule in India which was full of He strongly disliked those educated. Indians who identified ‘missions, omissions and commissions created a sharp with the ruling class and had a contempt for the common reaction in the Indian mind. The Delhi Darbar held in 1903, people. came at a time when India had not fully recovered from (c) Bipin Chandra Pal, was one of the mightiest prophets of devastating effects of the famine of 1899-1900. Calcutta Nationalism. He not only mobilised mass opinion on granting Corporation Act of 1899, reduced the elected members of of political rights to India, but also proposed following the corporation to half, similarly, the Universities Act of remedies for eradication of India’s poverty and 1904, was to reconstruct the governing bodies of the unemployment. universities by reducing their autonomy. The Sedition Act (i) He stood for development of industries in the country, so and Official Secrets Act curtailed the liberties of all sections as to make India self-sufficient both politically and of the society. Lord Curzon was an imperialist, who was economically. deadly opposed to Indian nationalism. His reactionary policies (ii) He proposed high taxation rate on rich so as to spend the hence triggered the rise of extremism. money available on education and health. (c) The early years of the 20th century were marked by (iii) Work hour to be forty-eight hours in a week along with revolutions against the oppressive regimes all around the increase in wages. world. The Boers in South Africa fought against the mightly (iv) He preached Swadeshi and the boycott of foreign goods to British Rule ; people in Ireland were waging a full scale, eradicate poverty, unemployment and to improve the Home Rule agitations. Revolutionary movements were going

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on in China, Egypt, Russia, Turkey and Iran. Such industries and provide the people with more opportunities international events filled courage and inspiration in the minds for work and employment of Indians. Further, Italy’s defeat in Ethiopia (1896) and (iii) Boycott. Boycott meant boycott of British goods along with Japan’s victory over Russia (1905) shattered the myth of government service, honours and titles. European superiority. Thus, Indians were inspired to intensify (iv) National Education. New educational institutions were to their struggle against the Britishers. be opened to give both Religious as well as Political 8. With reference to the Assertive Nationalism, write briefly education. National Education also included secular, moral about the following : and vocational education. (a) Aims of the Assertive Nationalists. (c) Assertive Nationalists played a very important part in the (b) Methods used by them. freedom movement of India. Their achievements can be (c) Achievements of the Assertive Nationalists. discussed as follows : Ans. (a) (i) Establishment of self-government by driving out the (i) STURDY NATIONALISM. Assertive Nationalists lived a English off the country. The supremacy of the civilization life given to utmost suffering and sacrifice, which truly and Indian culture to be restored. inspired the youth. Again Bal Gangadhar Tilak through his (ii) Swadeshi goods to be used in place of manufacture goods writing in the Mahratta and Kesari preached Sturdy (Foreign goods) Nationalism. (iii) Freedom is never granted or given by requests and petitions. (ii) Self reliance the Watch Word. They preached the method The rulers who have won a country after waging costly wars of self-respect and self-effort and asked the Nationalists to and making immense sacrifices shall not leave India by making rely on the character and strength of the Indian masses. merely requests. The Britishers have made India a market and (iii) Stimulus to Indian industries. They tried to cripple the England has become prosperous only due to that. It is logical administration by propagating the use of Swadeshi i.e., that the Britishers will not take a step which will adversely homemade goods, which in way, gave a great stimulus to effect the economy of their country. Therefore it is merely a Indian handicrafts and cottage industries. whim to expect rights by making petitions. (iv) Swadeshi developed as a political weapon. The Boycott (iv) The main aim of the Assertive Nationalist was the immediate and Swadeshi movement gave impetus to the Nationalistic attainment of Swaraj. This means complete independence sentiments and united the whole nation in a bid to cast and not just self-government as in colonies of Australia, away the yoke of the foreign rule. New Zealand etc. (v) Broadened the social base. Assertive Nationalists by (b) The Assertive Nationalists had four planks of the programme extending the membership to the masses i.e., the peasants, namely; Revivalism, Swadeshi Boycott and National workers, women and youths made the National Movement, Education. initially confined to small numbers, to a mass movement. (i) Revivalism. The extremists sought to build national (vi) Emergence of Revolutionary Movement in India. movement on the basis of people's religious belief. Thus, Though the Extremists had never preached bloody revolution, Tilak revived the Shivaji festival in 1895 and presented yet their ideals and activities were sufficient to make the Rana Pratap, Shivaji as national heroes. public opinion more aggressive and violent. Hence, produced (ii) Swadeshi. The concept of Swadeshi was based on the use a class of revolutionaries like—Bhagat Singh, Khudiram Bose of home — made products so as to encourage, Indian and Chander Shekhar Azad who later shook the very

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foundation of British authority. political consciousness and intensified the movement of In a way, they made British realise that their days on the Swadeshi and Boycott. He preached radical nationalism Indian soil were numbered. through his own newspaper named the young India. He was 9. Lala Lajpat Rai lived and died for the cause of Swaraj. In fearless and true lover of his country. He followed Tilak. He this context, answer the following questions : boldly and fearlessly supported the Non-cooperation movement with Gandhiji. He was against the policy of (a) Briefly mention his ideas. Moderation. His death caused a great resentment among the (b) Give evidence to show that he was a true patriot. terrorists and they shook the government by their activites. (c) State his contribution to the freedom movement. III. Picture Study. Ans. (a) Lala Lajpat Rai was an Indian author and politician who is 1. chiefly remembered as a leader in the Indian fight for freedom from the British Raj. He became a large believer in the idea that Hinduism, above nationality, was the pivotal point upon which an Indian life-style must be based. Hinduism, he believed, led to practices of peace to humanity, and the idea that when nationalist ideas were added to this peaceful belief system, a non-secular nation could be formed. Lajpat Rai engaged heavily in direct action and protest against British rule. He led the Punjab protests against the Amritsar Massacre (1919), the Non-Cooperation Movement (1919-1922), and the “Simon go back” demonstrations against the Simon A B Commission (1928) India had been able to save herself from total subversion so far only because the spirit of (a) Identify the persons ‘A’ and ‘B’ given above. To which nationalism has surfaced again and again. But that spirit section of the Congress did each belong and what were cannot serve for long unless it evolves and speaks in its their ultimate objectives ? own language. Ans. A-Gopal Krishna Gokhale. He belongs to Early Nationalist (b) In 1928 while leading a procession at Lahore against the phase. Simon Commission he was injured in a lathi charge. He B-Lala Lajpat Rai. He belongs to Assertive Nationalists. succumbed to his injuries a month later on November 17, Ultimate Objectives : 1928. On the day he was wounded he said, ‘Lathi blows The Early Nationalist agitated only for certain administrative inflicted on me would prove some day as nails in the coffin and economic reforms. They wanted that the Indians should of the British empire.’ His prophecy was fulfilled on 15th have some say in the government and administration of the August 1947. country. It was only in 1906 that under the pressure from the (c) Contribution to the freedom movement : Lala Lajpat Rai Aggressives that they talked about ‘Swaraj’ as their goal. The contributed to the country’s freedom much. He sacrificed ‘Swaraj’ as defined by them meant, a system of government his life for his country and became a martyr. He aroused as found in the self-governing British colonies. political consciousness and intensified the movement of The Assertive Nationalists on the other hand, demanded ‘Purna Swaraj’ - self government as it existed in the United Kingdom.

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(b) Highlight three different methods of struggles adopted (iii) He went to America in 1914 and joined the Ghadar Party. by each section of the Congress. During his stay he was able to win many people to the Ans. Early Nationalist agitated cause of Indian nationalism and freedom struggle. (i) The Early Nationalist believed in petitions, constitutionalism, (iv) He supported Gandhiji’s proposal and spread the message prayers, passive resistance, resolutions and meetings. All these of Non-co-operation throughout India. were peaceful methods. 2. “...... the Indians who actively worked for the creation of an (ii) The Early Nationalist had full faith in the British Government and all-India political organisation represented new social forces wanted to follow the policy of cooperation. Though in the later that were increasingly opposed to the exploitation of India for years, (during the agitation against the Partition of Bengal), they British interests. They needed an organization that would fight supported the ‘Swadeshi and Boycott’ movements. But they for India’s political and economic advancement.” wanted to confine this movement only for special circumstances. (iii) The Early Nationalist agitated only for certain administrative and economic reforms. They wanted that the Indians should have some say in the Government and administration of the country. It was only in 1906 that under the pressure from the Assertive that they talked about ‘Swaraj’ as their goal. The ‘Swaraj’ as defined by them meant a system of Government as found in the self-governing British colonies. Assertive Nationalists (i) The Assertive Nationalists, on the other hand, supported and followed revolutionary methods by launching vigorous political agitations making people self-reliant and bringing national (A) (B) awakening. (ii) The Assertive Nationalists believed in non-cooperation and adopted (a) (i) In the context of the above, indentify the two the programme of boycott against foreign goods, propagation individuals in Pictures A and B, who were the early leaders of the of Swadeshi, a system of national education, etc. The Assertive organisation to be formed. believed that it was necessary to extend the scope of boycott. (ii) How did the person in Picture B explain the economic exploitation of India for British interest ? (iii) The Assertive Nationalists on the other hand , demanded ‘Purna Swaraj’ -self Government as it existed in the United Kingdom. (b) Name the organisation which was to be formed. What were the objectives behind the formation of this political body ? (c) State the contribution of the person ‘B’ in the freedom struggle. (c) Explain the major ideological differences which emerged amongst the leaders within the first twenty years of the Ans. (i) Through his writings he preached Assertive Nationalism, foundation of this organisation. inspired the Indian youth and kindled the fire of Answer patriotism in them. (a) (i) (A) Gopal Krishna Gokhale. (B) Dadabhai Naoroji. (ii) He transformed the freedom struggle into the agitation of the millions and the common masses. He, through (ii) Through his famous ‘Drain Theory’ Dadabhai Naoroji explained India’s wealth which exploit was for British his speeches and writings, accelerated its pace and interest in these forms : widened its base.

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(a) Salaries payable to the members of the India Council, (b) Dispatch of savings to England by British personnel posted in India. (c) Pensions to British Officers. (d) Payments to the war of office for the maintenance of British troops in India. (b) The Indian National Congress was formed. The objective were as follows : (i) To enable national workers from all parts of India to become personally known to each other. (ii) To end all racial, religious and provincial prejudices and to promote a feeling of national unity among all lovers of the country. Ans. (a) (i) National Education : Bipin Chandra Pal wanted (iii) The formulation of popular demands on vital Indian education to be organised on nationalistic lines. He was of the problems and their presentation before the government. opinion that education should not glorify and idealise the (iv) To train and organise public opinion in the country. British rule. (ii) He was of the opinion that education should become an (c) The liberal nationalists did not believe in agitation or effective instrument for social progress. unconstitutional means. The Early Nationalist carried their agitation through : (iii) He considered it a key which opens the great treasures of Indian philosophy. (i) Petitions to high Government officials. (b) Bipin Chandra Pal wanted to remove social and economic (ii) Resolutions. evils from the society. For this he made the following efforts. (iii) Meetings in towns, cities and the countryside. (i) He opposed the caste system and other rigid rules concerning (iv) Distribution of leaflets and pamphlets. inter-dining and inter mixing. (v) Preparing memorandum for the Government Committees, and (ii) He advocated widow remarriage. (vi) Delegations of leading politicians to England. The memorandum (iii) Educating women, he believed, was the most effective way or petitions were nominally addressed to the government. of elevating their position. (c) He stressed the need to develop indigenous industries in the They merely wanted to mitigate the evils of British rule and not country ; he preached the use of Swadeshi and the Boycott of to terminate it. foreign goods to eradicate poverty and unemployment. 3. Identify the person in the picture and answer the following question : (a) His views on national education. (b) His beliefs about social evils (c) His suggestions for eradicating poverty and unemployment in India.

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Chapter - 5 Ans. Lord Minto committed himself to give separate electorates to the Muslims and to safeguard their political rights and interests. This The Muslim League was done by Lord Minto to the deputation which met him in 1906 under the leadership of Agha Khan. EXERCISES The British imperialists encourage the foundation of the Muslim I. Short Answer Questions League because they thought that it would keep the Muslims 1. Why did the British treat the Muslims harshly immediately away from the Congress. after the uprising of 1857? Why did the British attitude 5. What is meant by Separate (Communal) Electorates? towards the Muslims change in the later part of the 19th Ans. Separate (Communal) electorate means that the Muslims would century? vote for Muslim candidates and the Hindus for the Hindu Ans. The British treat the Muslims harshly immediately after the candidates. Hence, communities were to serve as the basis for uprising of 1857 because they held them guilty of Revolt of representations. 1857. 6. What was the Lucknow Pact? The Congress, which started as an All-India Organisation to Ans. The joint scheme of political reforms agreed to by both the create a broad based freedom struggle, twined into major force Congress and the Muslim League in 1916 is known as the in the struggle for independence. Thus, the British tried to Lucknow Pact. appease Muslims in order to counter Congress. They began to 7. Why did Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan advise the Muslims not to follow the policy of Divide and Rule to sustain their rule in join the Congress? India. Ans. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advised the Muslims not to join Congress 2. How did the Hindi-Urdu controversy become an important because he feared that after independence, the Hindus would factor in the formation of the Muslim League ? play a dominant role in political, economic and social affairs of Ans. The Hindi-Urdu Controversy : The controversy relating the land. to use of Hindi as a court language in the United Provinces 8. Give a reason for the establishment of the Mohammedan also widened the gap between the Hindus and the Muslims. Anglo-Oriental Defence Association in 1893. 3. How did the relative economic backwardness of the Muslims Ans. The main objectives of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence foster communal feelings in India? Association was : Ans. General economic backwardness of the country led to intense (i) To promote loyalty towards the British. competition for jobs. While, far–sighted Indians knew that (ii) To prevent Muslims from participating in any political Movement. only independence could liberate them from economic 10. With what aim did the British imperialists encourage the ailments. However, others talked of reservation of jobs for formation of the Muslim League? various communities or castes, creed or religion. The British Ans. The British imperialists encourage the foundation of the Muslim used this opportunity to push further their policy of divide League because they thought that it would keep the Muslims and rule. away from the Congress. 4. What promises were made by Lord Minto to the deputation 11. Mention the international event in the first half of the led by Agha Khan in 1906 ? Why did the British imperialists 20th century which brought the Muslim League and the encourage the formation of the Muslim League ? Congress closer.

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Ans. In the First World War, Turkey had to fight against the Great 20. When was the Muslim League formally formed ? Who Britain. The Turkish ruler was a Caliph or religious head of the presided over its session at Dhaka ? Muslims. Therefore, Muslims all over the World made a common Ans. Muslim League was formed on December 30, 1906. Its first cause for encouraging Anti-British feelings. session at Dhaka, was presided over by Nawab Salimullah Khan. 21. Name two Muslim leaders associated with the Muslim League. This was the International event which brought the Muslim Ans. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and Waqar-ul-Mulk (Vikar-ul-Malik) of League and the Congress closer. Muslim leaders were linked with Muslim League. 12. Name the leaders of the Congress who played a significant 22. State any two objectives of the Muslim League. role in bringing the Congress and the Muslim League together. Ans. The objectives of the league were laid down as follows : Ans. Annie Besant, Bal Gangadhar Tilak played a significant role (a) To promote among Indian Muslims feeling of loyally towards in bringing the Congress and the Muslim League together. the British Government. (b) To protect the political and other rights of the Muslims and to present 13. How far were the Assertive Nationalists responsible for the before the government their aspirations in Early Nationalists language. communal tension in India? II. Structured Questions Ans. The speeches and actions of some of the Assertive Nationalists 1. The reasons for the formation of the Muslim League were annoyed some sections of Indians and are responsible for the many. In this context explain: communal tension in India for example, the propagation of Shivaji (a) Any three factors that led to the formation of the Muslim and Ganpati festivals by Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh’s concept of League in India. India as mother and nationalism as religion etc. did not appeal (b) Any three demands made by the Muslim Deputation in 1906 to some of the Muslims. to the Viceroy Lord Minto. (c) What were the aims and objectives of the Muslim League ? 14. Mention any two demands made by the Muslim Deputation Answer : (a) (i) Loss of Sovereignty by Mughal Rulers : The British in 1906. established their supremacy in India after dethroning the Mughal Ans. (a) Separate Electorates rulers who were the followers of Islam. Therefore the Muslims (b) Greater Representation in Civil, Military and Judicial Services. became bitter enemies of the British. The British Government 15. What was the impact of the formation of Muslim League consciously discriminated against the Muslims holding them on the National Movement? responsible for the uprising of 1857. However the British sowed the seeds of dissensions between the two communities. Ans. The Muslim League raised the demand for Pakistan in 1930 and (ii) British Policy of Divide and Rule : To check the growth of a in the 1940 session of the League at Lahore, Jinnah put forward United National feelings in India and to encourage communal and his two-nation theory. Ultimately the activities of the League separatist tendencies in Indian politics they decided to follow the brought about the creation of Pakistan in 1947. policy of Divide and Rule. To make this policy successful they 16. List two important events that led to the formation of the tried to spread communal hatred through the press, posters, Muslim League. literature and public platform. Ans. (i) Bengal was partitioned in 1905 to create a wedge between (iii) Rise of Radical Nationalism : Some of the actions of the Radical the Hindus and the Muslims. Nationalists marked a step back in respect of the growth of (ii) Lord Minto, the Viceroy received a deputation of Muslims at National Unity. For example, the propagation of Shivaji and Ganpati Shimla in October 1906, and assured the Muslims that their festivals by Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh’s concept of India as mother political rights would be safeguarded. and nationalism as religion and initiation of the Anti-Partition agitation with the dips in Ganga did not appeal to the Muslims.

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(b) (i) Representation of the Muslims in elected bodies on the basis effect on the English, out of desperation they took to of their political importance and not in their numerical strength. terrorism. They took the path of show and shell. The (ii) Reservation of seats for Muslims in the State Services. Partition of Bengal and the atrocities committed by the (iii) More state and for promoting new Muslim Universities. Government on the anti-partition agitations further added (iv) Separate electoral constituencies for the Muslims. fuel to the fire. The terrorists remained more active from (c) Aims and objective of the Muslim league were laid down as under: 1907 to 1914, though their movement continued till the (i) To promote, among the Muslims, support for the British independence of the country. Militant Nationalists ignored Government and to remove any misconceptions regarding the achievements of Akbar and Sher Shah Suri while singing the praise of Shivaji and Rana Partap. the intention of the Government in relation to Indian Muslims. (c) The manner in which Indian History was interpreted in (ii) To protect and advance the political rights and interests of those days contributed to the growth of communal thinking the Muslims and to represent their needs and aspirations to among the Hindus and the Muslims. the government in mild and moderate language. (i) Some British and communal Historians divided Indian history (iii) To prevent the rise of feelings of hostility between the into the Hindu and the Muslim periods. The rule of Turks, Muslims of India and other communities. Afghans and Mughals was called the Muslim rule, where 2. The growth of communalism in India was encouraged by the rulers were said to be the followers of Islam and their the British authorities as well as certain trends in Indian subjects, the followers of other religions. In the so-called society. In the light of this observation, explain : Hindu period, Muslim rulers were dubbed as foreign invaders (a) The Divide and Rule Policy of the British. who had settled in India. They portrayed Rana Pratap and (b) The writings and speeches of the Assertive Nationalists. Shivaji as national heroes and Akbar and Aurangzeb as (c) The erroneous interpretation of Indian History. foreigners and infused communal feelings. Ans. (a) The Divide and Rule Policy of the British : During the (ii) The British and communal Historians ignored the notion of a Revolt of 1857, Hindus and Muslims had fought shoulder composite culture in India and tried to create a rift between the to shoulder against the British. The British rulers believed two communities. They failed to interpret that the diversity was that the revolt was inspired by Muslims who wanted to primarily class-wise and region-wise and not religion-wise. revive the Mughal empire. Thus, British suppressed Muslims (iii) Some communal Historians highlighted the myth the Indian by denying them recruitment in the civilian offices and society and culture had reached great heights during the army. After 1870, British changed their attitude towards ancient period but was declining during the medieval period Muslims, when Congress gained force. which was dominated by Mughal rulers. They did not give Henceforth, they started the policy of Divide and Rule with much importance to the contribution of the medieval period a twin aim to keep Muslims aloof from the Congress and to the development of Indian economy, religion, art, literature, to sustain their own rule in India. Britishers took upon culture and society. themselves the role of the champions of the Muslims cause. (iv) The communal bias was propagated through poetry, drama, Thus, more and more Muslim young men looked to the novels, short stories, newspapers, etc. British for the protection of their interests against the Hindu 2. With reference to the Lucknow Pact, answer the following majority. Consequently, it paved the way for All India Muslim questions : League to counter Hindu majority Congress. (a) Mention two factors that led to the signing of the (b) The writings and speeches of the Assertive Nationalists. Lucknow Pact in 1916. When the Indian youth saw that the strategy of making (b) Mention two main clauses of the Pact. public speeches, holding processions and agitations had no (c) What was the impact of the Pact? 77 Arundeep’s Total History & Civics-10th Arundeep’s Total History & Civics-10th 78 https://www.arundeepselfhelp.info

Ans. (a) The greatest achievement of the World War I period was 4. Half of the members of the Viceroy's Executive Council the Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the Muslim should be Indians, elected by the elected members of the League. Following factors can be attributed for the pact : Imperial Legislative Council. 1. New Objectives of the Muslim League. Initially the league 5. Provinces should be given a large measure of autonomy in aimed at promoting loyalty towards the British. But, in 1913, their respective spheres. it amended its constitution, and agreed with Congress on 6. No Legislative Council, Imperial or Provincial shall proceed the goal of self-government. bill concerning , any community if 3/4th of the members of 2. International Events. International Events also distanced the League from the Government. In the First World War, that community oppose on the ground that it would adversely Turkey had to fight against the Great Britain. The Turkish affect their interests. ruler was a Caliph or religious head of the Muslims. 7. The Council of the Secretary of State for India operating Therefore, Muslims all over the World made a common from England, should be abolished. cause for encouraging Anti-British feelings. 8. Executive officers should have no judicial powers entrusted 3. A Compromise between the two factions of the to them. Congress. Mrs. Annie Besant made efforts to reunite the (c) The Lucknow Pact was an important step on the road to two wings of Congress viz. the Early Nationalists and the Hindu-Muslim unity. Secondly, it led to the gradual Aggressive Nationalists. Thus, Tilak and his followers development of self-governing institutions. rejoined the Congress in 1914. Or Lucknow Pact is considered important in the history of the 4. Efforts to bring settlement between the Congress and Indian National Congress because of the following : the Muslims League. By 1913, the League had become (i) Unity : It brought the Hindu and the Muslim unity which more liberal under the leadership of Abul Kalam Azad and was the need of the hour. It also brought Aggressive and Muhammad Ali, who favoured cooperation with the Moderate leaders at the same platform. Congress. This change was further accelerated by leaders like—Dr. Ansari, Maulana Shibli and others. (ii) Strengthening of the National Movement : The unity 5. Lucknow Session of 1916. In December 1916, the Congress between the Congress, the League and between the Moderates and the League held their session at Lucknow. The and the Aggressives demoralised the Government of India. significance of the Lucknow session was that a joint scheme Now, the Government was under pressure for constitutional of Reforms later known as the Lucknow Pact, was formally reforms. This helped in strengthening the National movement. adopted at Lucknow. 4. Describe briefly the important factors which led to the (b) The main features of the Lucknow Pact were as follows :- formation of the Muslim League using the following points: 1. Four-fifths of the members of the Provincial legislatures (a) The British policy of divide and rule. were to be elected and one-fifth nominated. The Proportion (b) The Partition of Bengal. of Muslim members in the provinces was large like 50% in (c) The efforts of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan. Punjab and 40% in Bengal. Ans. (a) During the Revolt of 1857, Hindus and Muslims had fought 2. The Imperial Legislative Council should consist of 150 shoulder to shoulder against the British. The British rulers members. Out of these, four-fifths to be elected and 1/5th nominated. believed that the revolt was inspired by Muslims who wanted 3. Making of war and peace treaty, were excluded from the to revive the Mughal empire. Thus, British suppressed control of the Imperial Legislature. Muslims by denying them recruitment in the civilian offices

79 Arundeep’s Total History & Civics-10th Arundeep’s Total History & Civics-10th 80 https://www.arundeepselfhelp.info and army. After 1870, British changed their attitude towards Muslims, Muslims. In 1893, he took the lead in the establishment of when Congress gained force. the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association. The Henceforth, they started the policy of Divide and Rule with Associated aimed at preventing Muslims from participating in a twin aim to keep Muslims aloof from the Congress and any political movement. Thus, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was to sustain their own rule in India. Britishers took upon successful to a great extent in keeping Muslims away from themselves the role of the champions of the Muslims cause. the Hindus, the Congress and the National Movement and in Thus, more and more Muslim young men looked to the this way, he incited communalism in India. British for the protection of their interests against the Hindu (b) Indian history was presented by the British Historians in majority. Consequently, it paved the way for All India Muslim such a way as to arouse and foster communal feelings League to counter Hindu majority Congress. among the Indians. The British divided the Indian history (b) The Anti-Partition Movement witnessed a united front against into Hindu and the Muslim periods. In the Hindu period, the Government. However, the British was eager to prevent they dubbed the Muslims as foreign invaders who settled as the Muslim from joining the national struggle. It soon won conqueror. In the Muslim period they identified the Muslims over Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka, and as days passed by, as rulers and the Hindu as subjugated people. By exposing more and more persons from the Muslim upper class came and playing aloud, the cruelties of individual rulers, the under the influence of the British. On the whole, Government English historians tried to create hatred between the two tried to secure the support of Muslims on the ground that communities. The fact that Muslims had enjoyed complete the new province would be Muslim majority region. Thus, religious freedom in the non-Muslim states of the Rajputs, this new factor was to have a drastic effect on relations Marathas and Sikhs was not emphasied. between the two communities. (c) The economic backwardness of the country also contributed (c) Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan who once was the supporter of Hindu- to the growth of communalism. The economic conditions Muslim unity and called them two eyes of the beautiful bride in India were marked by slow industrial progress, acute (India) now began to arouse a communal feeling. Economically, poverty and unemployment. Hence, there was intense Politically and educationally backwardness in Muslims made competition for the existing jobs. Far—sighted Indians knew Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan think of a separatist body for Muslims the solution for economic ailments lay in the independence to protect their rights and interests and to remove economic while others thought of the policy of Reservation. In other backwardness. So Mohamedan Civil Rights Association was words, they wanted reservation in jobs on the basis of set up to demand for nomination of higher posts for Muslims, various communities and castes. Muslims wanted greater to minimise the entry of Muslims into national movement and representation in civil, military and judicial services. Thus, to keep away from Congress and Hindus and also to preach the communal sentiments grew out of economic distress. them to remain loyal to British Government. Indian Patriotic 6. A Muslim deputation led by Agha Khan waited upon the Association was also based on the above lines. Viceroy on October 1, 1906. In this context, describe : 5. The end of the 19th century saw the growth of communalism. (a) The demands made by the deputation. In this context, state the contribution of each of the following: (b) The formation of the Muslim League. (a) Founding of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Defence (c) The aims and objectives of the Muslim League. Association in 1893. Ans. (a) A Muslim deputation led by Aga Khan firstly demanded that (b) Communal viewpoint in History textbooks. Muslims must get due representation in the Provincial as (c) Economic backwardness of India. well as Imperial Legislative Councils through separate Ans. (a) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, wanted to strengthen the British rule electorates. Secondly, the representation should be based on in India and check the rise of National Movement among the their position in India rather than on numerical strength.

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Thirdly, they demanded due representation of Muslims in the Hindus, the Government passed an order on 8th April, Municipal and District boards along with senate and the 1900 that Government offices and law-courts should also syndicates of Indian universities. Fourthly, they demanded entertain petitions written in Hindi i.e., Devanagri script. for greater representation in Civil, Military and Judicial This angered the Muslims, who called the protest meetings services. Lastly, they asked for help in founding a Muslim in different parts of the country. The Hindus, too held University which would be a centre of religious, cultural meetings to meet the challenge. However, the controversy, and intellectual life. which continued for months worsened relations between (b) The formation of Muslim League : The success of the the two communities. Muslim deputation to the Viceroy motivated the Muslims to (b) The Anti-Partition Movement witnessed a united front against start a separate political organisation. Nawab Salimullah of Dacca the Government. However, the British was eager to prevent (Dhaka) took the initiative. In December 1906, when eminent the Muslim from joining the national struggle. It soon won Muslim leaders assembled at Dacca (Dhaka) in connection over Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka, and as days passed by, with the Mohamedan Educational conference, he arranged a more and more persons from the Muslim upper class came meeting to consider such a proposal. The proposal to form a under the influence of the British. On the whole, government central organisation for Muslims was accepted and a political tried to secure the support of Muslims on the ground that association All India Muslim League was set up on December the new province would be Muslim majority region. Thus, 30, 1906 under the Presidentship of Nawab Salimullah. this new factor was to have a drastic effect on relations (c) The Muslim League, a central organisation of Muslim was between the two communities. founded with these objective : (c) Archibald, the new principal of M.A.O. College, made the (i) To promote feeling of loyalty among the Muslims towards following suggestions on content of the Address : the British Government. Also, to dissipate the misconception (i) The Address should begin with a proclamation of loyalty to hatched by the British for the Indian Muslims. the British rulers. (ii) There should be an expression of fear that the general system (ii) To protect the political and other rights of the Muslims and of elections would harm the interests of the Muslims, as to place their needs and aspiration before the Government they were in minority in the country. in mild and Early Nationalists language. (iii)They should ask for some system of ‘nomination’ or (iii) To prevent the rise of any feeling of hostility between ‘representation on the basis of religious belief. Muslims and other communities, without affecting the 8. What role did each of the following play in the formation aforesaid objectives of the league. of the Muslim League? 7. Many events contributed to the formation of the Muslim (a) Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan. (b) Principal Beck. (c) Lord Minto. League in 1906. In this context, describe : Ans. (a) Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan : Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan who (a) The rift caused by the Hindi-Urdu controversy, 1900. once was the supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity and called (b) The movement against the Partition of Bengal, 1905. them two eyes of the beautiful bride (India) now began to (c) The suggestions made by Archibald on the content of arouse a communal feeling. Economically, Politically and the Address to be presented to the Viceroy. Educationally backwardness in Muslims made . Sir Sayyid Ans. (a) The seeds of communalism had been sowed by the British Ahmad Khan think of a separatist body for Muslims to through the ‘policy of Divide and Rule’. The Hindu-Urdu protect their rights and interests and to remove economic Controversy in 1900, added fuel to the fire. In UP, then backwardness. So Mohamedan Civil Rights Association was known as United Province, all the petitions to the court had set up to demand for nomination of higher posts for Muslims, been written in Urdu. However, responding to the protest of to minimise the entry of Muslims into National movement

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and to keep away from Congress and Hindus and also to (b) Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan think of a separatist body for Muslims preach them to remain loyal to British Government. Indian to protect their rights and interests and to remove economic Patriotic Association was also based on the above lines. backwardness. So Mohamedan Civil Rights Association was (b) Principal Beck : Mr. Beck, the Principal of M.A.O. College set up to demand for nomination of higher posts for Muslims, brought about a great change in Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan. He to minimise the entry of Muslims into national movement tried to instigate the communal sentiments among the and to keep away from Congress and Hindus and also to Muslims. He advised the Muslims to remain away from the preach them to remain loyal to British government. In this Hindus, the Congress and the National Movement. He also way, the influence of Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan ultimately led advised them to support the British Rule in India and receive to the formation of the Muslim League in 1906. Western education. He began to support communalism and (c) Impact of the Muslim League on the national movement: Aligarh became the centre of communalism. He also made The impact of Muslim League on the National Movement Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan think on communal lines. was very much discouraging. The policy of Muslim League (c) Lord Minto — Lord Minto, the then Viceroy of India, weakened the National Movement as it differed from that of planned to detach an important section of the Muslim Hindus. The Muslim League did not support the Swadeshi Community from the danger of joining the Congress. He and Boycott movements. It was a great supporter of British made the best use of the fear of the Muslims and kept them policies as these policies would improve the lot of Muslims away from the Congress by promising concessions to them. by giving them a few concessions. In spite of Gandhiji’s Lord Minto gave a favourable reply to the demands of Agha opposition, the Muslim League got India divided into Khan and the Indian Council’s Act of 1909 popularly known Hindustan and Pakistan. as the Minto-Morley Reforms was passed. The system of separate electorates sowed the seeds of communalism in the country between the two community. III. Picture Study Identify the person in the picture and answer the following questions : (a) What were his views regarding Hindu-Muslim unity ? (b) What role did he play in the formation of the Muslim League ? (c) State the impact of the Muslim League on the National Movement. Ans. (a) Sir Sayyid Ahmad believed that since the Hindus formed the majority of the Indian population, they would dominate the Muslims in case of a withdrawal of the British rule. He felt that the continuance of British rule was a “guarantee for the welfare and progress of the community.” Therefore, he declared that if the educated Muslims support the British, the latter would reward them with Government jobs and other special favours.

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