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Diplazium Esculentum (Retz.) Sw Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 DIPLAZIUM ESCULENTUM (RETZ.) SW. MULTIPURPOSE FERN: ETHNO-TAXONOMICAL REVIEW SHOBHIT KUMAR SRIVASTAVA AND JONNADA A.V. PRASADA RAO Department of Biotechnology DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Diplazium esculentum Retz. Swartz (Athyriaceae) is one of the top preferred multi used fern in the Himalayas. In many parts of eastern Southeast Asia, people use this mineral- and energy-rich edible species by cooking the upper shoots/fronds (Fiddlehead) as vegetables. It is probably the most commonly consumed fern. It is known as Pucuk paku and Paku tanjung in Malaysia, Pako in the Philippines, Kuware-shida in Japan, dhekia in Assam "Dhenkir Shaak in Bengali", Paloi saag in sylheti and Linguda, Lingru, Kothira, Moikhandol in northern India, referring to the curled fronds. In Thailand it is known as Phak khut khaao. They may have mild amounts of fern toxins but no major toxic effects are recorded. This article reviews the complete details of the morphology, distribution, ethno botanical and economic uses. Key word: Diplazium esculentum, Diversity, Pteridophytes, Ethno botanical. INTRODUCTION The Pteridophytes, consisting of the ferns and ferns –allies are one of the oldest land plant groups on earth and constitute vast groups of vascular Cryptogams. Diplazium Sw. is a genus of 340-400 species generally of wet tropical forests of low to medium elevations. The species of Diplazium are not easy to identify due to the differences in the degree of dissection of the fronds in the same species. In India there are 29 species and few varieties of Diplazium of these nine species and a variety are said to be present in South India (Dixit 1984) and 13 species reported from Sri Lanka (Sledge 1982). Based on the identification of the present status of Diplazium by Dr. W.A. Sledge (Pers. Comm.) nine species Volume VIII Issue IX SEPTEMBER 2019 Page No : 336 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 have been recognized. About 380 species the world over are included under Diplazium. Eight species and a hybrid are recorded from the west Himalaya following Fraser – Jenkins (1997b). Diplazium esculentum (Retz). Sw. leaf is traditionally used in headache, pain, fever, wounds, dysentery, glandular swellings, diarrhea and various skin infections. Diplazium esculentum (Retz). Sw. usually found in places where water is plenty such as near streams, river, waterfalls, canals etc. India is currently thought to have about 1150 species of ferns and fern-allies (Dixit1984, Chandra 2000, Fraser-Jenkins 2008), the great majority being present in the Himalayan region and/or in further south India. Uttar Pradesh, being a low-lying State with many semi dry regions, has far less Pteridophyte species than shortly further north in Nepal and Uttarakhand (Clarke 1880, Beddome 1883, Hope 1899-1904, Chowdhury 1911, Khullar 1994, Singh et al. 2014). D. esculentum is marketed in major parts of the Indian Himalayas, neighboring Nepal, Darjeeling, Skikim, Gangtok and many other countries. A bunch of stout shoots with fronds is sold locally at 8–12 rupees in Sikkim, Darjeeling and Himanchal Pradesh. The pickle eaten with meals or at breakfast is very popular among the native people throughout the Himalayan states where the plant is available, with local market rates of lingri/ningru pickle, in Himanchal Pradesh as well as Sikkim and Darjeeling. TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. In Schrad. L. Bot. 1801 (1): 312 (1803); Beddome, Handb. Fern Br. India, 192 (1883); Mehra & Bir, Pteridophytic flora of Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas 148. 1964; Dixit, A census of Indian Pteridophytes, 132, 1984; Thapa, Pterid. of Nepal, 109, 2002; Singh & Panigrahi, Ferns and ferns-allies of Arunachal Pradesh I: 161. 2005; Fraser- Jenkins, Taxonomic Revi. of Three Hundred Ind. Subcon. Pter. With a Revi. Cen. List, 584, 2008; Fraser- Jenkins, Kandel & Pariyar, Fern and Ferns allies of Nepal I: 25. 2015 Hemionitis esculenta Retz. , Obs Bot. VI: 38 (1791). Asplenium esculentum (Retz.) Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1:45 (1825); Hook., Sp. Fil. 3:268 (1860). Volume VIII Issue IX SEPTEMBER 2019 Page No : 337 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 Anisogonium esculentum (Retz.) C. Presl , Tent. Pterid. 116 (1836); Beddome, Handb. Ferns Br .India, 192 (1883). Athyrium esculentum (Retz.) Copel. In Philipp. Journ. Sci. Sect. C, 3: 295 (1908); Holttum, Rev. F1. Mal. 2: 562 (1954). Rhizome erect, (Fig. a,b) up to 4 cm thick, densely scaly at the apex; scales linear lanceolate, 8 x 1 mm, apex long acuminate, margin with short, simple or bipartite teeth. Stipes tufted, up to 62 cm long, 8 mm thick, dark brown or black at the, pale or grey – brown or stramineous above, sparsely scaly at the base, glabrous above; purplish bands scattered throughout the stipe and rachis. (Fig. c) Lamina deltoid, up to 110 × 60 cm apex acuminate, base truncate, bipinnate with simply pinnate apex; Pinnae up to seven pairs, basal one to two pairs opposite or sub opposite, rest of the pairs alternate, up to 18 cm apart with up to 3 cm long stalk, narrowly deltoid with a deeply lobed terminal pinna, up to 40 x 30 cm, apex acuminate, base truncate; pinnules up to 15 pairs, alternate, basal few pairs sessile, up to3 cm apart, oblong lanceolate, up to 11 × 1.5 cm apex acuminate, base truncate, margin serrate at the apex, shallowly lobed or crenate in the rest; lobes broadly deltoid, oblique, margin groved above, flattened below with a narrow wing on either side of the costa both above and below ; (Fig. d, e) veins up to seven pairs, pinnate, veins in the unlobed part of the adjacent groups joining to form an irregular excurrent vein reaching the base of the sinus or the side of the margin of the lobe. Pinnae dark green, glabrous above and below; texture herbaceous. Sori (Fig. f ) up to 1.5 mm wide, linear, all along the veins except the base and apex; indusial pale brown with margin; spores 50 × 25 µm, exine densely, finely granulose. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Vietnam. Volume VIII Issue IX SEPTEMBER 2019 Page No : 338 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 SPORE f a. Rhizome, b. Rhizome Scale, c. Frond, d. Pinna enlarged showing venation, e. Pinna enlarged showing anastomosing of veins and Sori Volume VIII Issue IX SEPTEMBER 2019 Page No : 339 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 VERNACULAR/COMMON NAMES: Dhenkir shaak (Bengali), Guo gou cai jue (Chinese), Fougere a legume (French), Pako (Philippines), Kuware shida (Japan), Linguda, Linguru, Kothira (Assam and Darjeeling) etc. ETHNO-BOTANICAL USES: Critically coiled young fresh frond is boiled with salt and taken internally for maintaining all round health. (Shil and Dutta Chaudhary, 2009). The Rhizomes are kept in the granaries to check insects and pests. (Augustin and Thomas, 2015). Boiled young fresh fronds preferably with circinate venation are used as vegetables for improving digestion, appetite and are also useful in constipation. (Rawat and Chaudhary, Kaushik and Dhiman 1995). Decoction prepared form rhizome and young are used for haemoptysis and cough. ( Borthakur, 2001). Used as laxative (Manickam and Benjamin, 2005). Rich in Micronutrients, beta carotene, folic acid & minerals (Ca, Fe & P) anti nutritional factors like Phytic acids, trypsin and tannins are present but in safe quantities. Mature fronds used as fodder. Diplazium esculentum is an indigenous edible fern in the world and it is concluded that its properties would be helpful in treating different kinds of diseases and other economic uses. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to SERB New Delhi, India (Sanction No.PDF/2017/000407) for the financial assistance and are grateful to the Vice Chancellor, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh for the facilities and the encouragement. Volume VIII Issue IX SEPTEMBER 2019 Page No : 340 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 REFERENCE: Augustin N. and Thomas, B. 2015: Medico- Potential ferns of Anagamaly Region, Ernakulam District, Kerala, India. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical & Clinical Research. 5, (4), 207-211. BORTHAKUR, S.K., DEKA, P. AND NATH, K.K. 2001 Illustrated manual of ferns of Assam. Bishen Sing Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun. Beddome R.H. 1883: A Handbook to the ferns of British India, Ceylon and Malaya Peninsula with supplement, Thacker Spink and Co. Calcutta. Clarke C.B. 1880: A review of ferns of Northern India, Trans Linn Soc ser.2 (Bot). vol. 1 pp 425-611. Chandra, S. 2000. The ferns of India (Enumeration, Synonyms & Distribution). International Book Distributors, Dehradun DIXIT, R.D. 1984 A Census of the Indian Pteridopytes. Bot. Surv. India., Dept. of Environment, Howrah . Jenkins Fraser, C.R. 1997. New species syndrome in Indian Pteridology and the Ferns of Nepal. International book distributors, Dehra Dun, India G. Nair Archana, S. Pradeesh, M. Devi Chinmayee, I. Mini, T.S. Swapna 2012: Diplazium esculentum: A wild Nutrient –Rich Leafy vegetable from Western Ghats. Prospects in Bioscience: Addressing the issues 12 pp 239-301. Hope C.W. 1899: The ferns of North Western India, including Afganistan, the trans India protected state and Kashmir, Journal of Bombay natural History society, Vol-12 pp 315- 325, 527-538, 621-633. Volume VIII Issue IX SEPTEMBER 2019 Page No : 341 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 Hope C.W. 1900: The ferns of North Western India Journal of Bombay natural History society, Vol-13 pp 25-36, 236-251. Hope C.W. 1901: The ferns of North Western India Journal of Bombay natural History society, Vol-13 pp 443-461, 657-671. Hope C.W. 1902: The ferns of North Western India Journal of Bombay natural History society, Vol-14 pp 252-266, 458-480. Hope C.W. 1903a: The ferns of North Western India Journal of Bombay natural History society, Vol-14 pp 720-749.
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