Missiles for the Fatherland: Peenemunde, National Socialism, and the V-2 Missile Michael B

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88270-5 - Missiles for the Fatherland: Peenemunde, National Socialism, and the V-2 Missile Michael B. Petersen Index More information

Index

A.G. fur¨ Industriegasverwertung, 37. See Peenemunde¨ relocation, and, 166 also Heylandt Works Armed Forces High Command, German A-10 missile, 91 (OKW), 178, 221 A-2 rocket, 52, 58 foreign labor, and, 145 A-3 rocket, 52, 77, 120, 227 Army Acceptance Office, German, 198, 203 A-4 missile, 7, 59, 63, 64, 91, 97, 98, 168, Army Counterintelligence, German 190, 213, 242. See also Dornberger, (Abwehr), 68, 82–83 Walter; Hermann, Rudolf; Huzel, Army High Command, German (OKH), Dieter; Rees, Eberhard; Rudolph, 166, 221 Arthur; Riedel, Walter J.H.; Thiel, Army Ordnance, German, 59, 131, 214, Walter; von Braun, Wernher 227. See also Becker, Karl deployment of with Me-323, 232 Ballistic and Munitions Section of, 38 development aspects of, 98, 220–221, concept for missile base, 58–59 224–230 cooperation with the Air Force, 57, 60 development delays of, 115–117, 118 foreign competition, and, 40, 53–54, 58 development pressure, and, 115–119, 127, rhetoric about rockets, 40 138–139, 151 secrecy, and, 42, 54, 57–58 euphemisms for, 74 suppression of rocket groups, 44, 47 first successful flight of, 1–2, 132 Army Ordnance, United States, 254 initial design of, 61 Army, German, 8, 146, 173, 203, 213, 215, launch failures of, 117 226, 248 military potential of, 103–104 Auschwitz Concentration Camp, 243 military purpose of, 2 Auschwitz-Birkenau (extermination camp), operations, 223–224, 236–237 168, 171 priority of, 116 Axster, Herbert, 112–113 production of, 173, 187, 224, 243, 244 Axster, Ilse, 112–113 production planning for, 139, 159 submarine-launched ballistic missile, as, Baader, Paul, 156 232–234 Baer, Richard, 244 A-4 Special Committee, 78, 136–137, 148, Ball, Erich, 183, 185 150, 173, 214, 215 Bannasch, Hannelore, 202 A-4b missile, 230 Battle of Britain, 116 Anti-Semitism, 13, 29, 112 Baugruppe Schlempp, 83, 145 Apollo program, 255 foreign and forced labor, and, 154–156 Ardelt Werke (subsidiary production firm), Becker, Karl, 38–40, 41, 43, 44, 49, 59, 62. 147 See also Army Ordnance, German Armaments Ministry, 11, 78, 83, 134, 135, Beier, Anton, 109–110 146, 147, 153, 166, 174, 178, 179, 213, Beon,´ Yves, 169, 192 214 Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp, 171 A-4 production, and, 137, 168 Berger, Gottlob, 141

269

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88270-5 - Missiles for the Fatherland: Peenemunde, National Socialism, and the V-2 Missile Michael B. Petersen Index More information

270 Index

Bersch, Otto, 174 BzbV Heer, as, 213 Bischoff, Helmut, 179 collaboration with the Luftwaffe, and, 61 Bleicherode, 241–244 concept for missile facility, 58–59 Bliszna, 165, 166, 203 conditions at Peenemunde,¨ and, 102 Blitzkrieg, 145 cooperation of with German Navy, 233 Bok, Sissela, 65 cooperation with the Armaments Ministry, Brahne,¨ Werner, 79, 205 and, 140–141, 213 Broszat (fnu), 186 demands for secrecy, and, 79, 86 Buchenwald Concentration Camp, 61, 158, evacuation to Bavaria, and, 244 169, 171, 218 ﬁrst successful A-4 ﬂight, and, 132 labor supplier for Peenemunde,¨ as, Gerhard Degenkolb, and, 137, 139 159 Nazi sympathies of, 79, 101–102, 103 Busselt (fnu), 185 prisoner of the United States, as, 106 Busta, Erwin, 197–198 professional collaboration, and, 125, 213 relationship with Wernher von Braun, 43 Central Construction Development relocation of Peenemunde¨ production, Cooperative (Entwicklungsgemeinschaft and, 166, 168 Mittelbau), 241 slave labor, and, 149–150, 152, 158 concentration camp labor. See slave labor speech of before Peenemunders,¨ 78–79, 101–103, 180 Dachau Concentration Camp, 61, 147 surrender of Peenemunders,¨ and, 245 Dahm, Werner, 90, 230 the Armaments Ministry, and, 63–64 Dannenberg, Konrad, 96, 228–229, the SS, and, 141–142, 143, 212–217 236 use of foreign and forced labor, and, A-4 development pressure, and, 118 145 Debus, Kurt, 108, 234 Durre,¨ Friedrich Wilhelm, 228, 236 director of Kennedy Space Center, as, Dutzmann, Ernst, 198 255 Degenkolb, Gerhard, 153, 166, 168, 185, Ebensee Concentration Camp, 172 217 Elektromechanische Werk GmbH, 214–215, head of the A-4 Special Committee, as, 216, 234, 242 136–139 Enzian missile, 231 Mittelwerk GmbH, and, 173–174, Erdmann, Gerda, 93 180–182 Esnault-Pelterie, Robert, 20 personality and politics of, 136, 137 DEMAG Fahrzeugwerke, 150, 176 Feier, Willibald, 196, 203 Doenitz, Karl, 233 Figge, Paul, 220 Dora Concentration Camp; See Final Solution, 6 Mittelbau-Dora Firnrohr (fnu), 185 Dora war crimes trial, 176, 191 Fliecx, Michel, 158 Dornberger, Walter, 31, 38, 41, 49, 62, 64, foreign labor; See slave labor; Peenemunde¨ , 71, 78, 94, 107, 112, 185, 197, 226, foreign and forced labor at 242 Forschner,¨ Otto, 174, 177, 191, 195, 199, A-4 development, and, 61 201 A-4 development pressure, and, 115–118 Four-Year Plan Institute for Transportation A-4 operations, and, 224 (Vierjahrsplaninstitut fur¨ accusations against Zanssen, and; See Kraftfahrzeuge), 85 Zanssen, Leo Frau im Mond, 21, 23, 31 American captivity, in, 245, 248 Army support for, 39 arrest of W. von Braun, and, 212 Frei, Norbert, 11, 113 award of Knight’s Cross to, 130, 188 Freikorps, 168 background and training of, 43 Friede, Auguste-Elfriede, 237

Index 271

Friederichs and Company (subsidiary Hitler, Adolf, 44, 60, 63, 109, 110, 113, production ﬁrm), 147 116, 129, 213, 225, 231, 252, 253 Fromm, Friederich, 64, 117, 142, 166, 214, A-4 program, and the, 151, 165 215 assassination attempt on, effect of, 214 German rearmament, and, 48–49 Garmisch, 106 involvement of in the A-4 program, 136 Gema Blucherwerk, 240 Hobert, Gerhard, 191 General Government, 165, 171 Hoelzer, Helmut, 129 German Academy for Aeronautical Research Hohmann, Walter, 17 (Deutsch Akademie fur¨ Holz, Inge, 162 Luftfahrtforschung), 86 Horbiger,¨ Hans, 17 Gestapo, 68, 143, 175, 212 Hufer, Gerhard, 131 presence of at Peenemunde,¨ 82–84 Huntsville, 254 presence of in Mittelwerk, 179–180, Huter,¨ Hans, 234 206 Huzel, Dieter, 80, 96, 105, 119, 161, 237, role of in von Braun arrest, 211–212 242, 243, 245 Goddard, Robert, 14, 53 A-4 development pressure, and, 119 Goebbels, Josef, 107, 224, 248 A-4 operations, and, 236 Goring,¨ Hermann, 86, 117 British air raid, and, 164 Greifswald, 157 Versuchskommando Nord (VkN), and the, Greifswalder Oie, 93 123 Groner,¨ Wilhelm, 38 Gross-Rosen Concentration Camp, 243 I.G. Farben, 168 Grottrup,¨ Helmut, 211 Ilfeld, 179, 187 Groves, Leslie, 250 Gusterson, Hugh, 104 Jakob (fnu), 191 Jessel, Walter, 106–108 Haberer,¨ Georg, 112 Junkers Aircraft Company, 22, 54, 57 Halle, 205 Jupiter missile, 254 Hauesserman, Walter, 121 Juttner,¨ Hans, 215 Haukohl, Gunther,¨ 184, 185 Heidelager, 225 Kahr, Karl, 192 Heimburg, Karl, 119, 236 Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft, 37 Hein, Wincenty, 170, 195 Kammler, Hans, 177, 179, 214, 220, 226, Heinkel Aircraft Company, 57, 165, 223 238, 240 slave labor, and, 148–149 background and politics of, 167–168 Helm, Bruno, 129, 236 control of the A-4 program, and, 213, Hermann, Rudolf, 93, 95, 98, 119 214, 215–217 academic career of, 120 evacuation to Thuringia and Bavaria, and, Nazi Party membership of, 108 241, 244 on use of A-4 in war, 105 slave labor, and, 173 Heylandt Works, 44, 128. See also A.G. fur¨ Karlshagen, 70, 90, 95 Industriegasverwertung Keitel, Wilhelm, 212 Heylandt, Paul, 22, 29, 35, 36. See also Kennedy Space Center, 255 A.G. fur¨ Industriegasverwertung Kettler, Kurt, 174, 202 Himmler, Heinrich, 134, 141, 151, 157, King, L.D.P., 250 165, 168, 214 Klein, Schanzlin, and Becker (subsidiary A-4 missile, and the, 141–142 production ﬁrm), 147 A-4 program, and the, 212–213, 214 Klein-Bodungen, 200 role of in von Braun arrest, 211 Kraft, Ruth, 93 Hirschler, Otto, 79 Kruger,¨ Karl, 156 Hitler Youth, 108 Kruger,¨ Reinhold, 90

272 Index

Kuhlmann (fnu), 186 security measures at, 179 Kummersdorf Proving Ground, 41, 58, 60, Mittelwerk factory, 10, 168, 176, 178, 182, 68 197, 199, 200, 216, 217, 221, 222, 223, conditions at, 44, 50 228, 240, 243 development work at, 52, 98 civilian motivation in, 204–208 expansion of, 53 influence of National Socialist ideology in, secrecy at, 50–51 207 Kunze, Heinz, 78, 138, 174, 188, 235 Labor Operations division in, 185–186, Kurzweg, Hermann, 126 200, 202–203 Kutbach,¨ Ernst, 126 Peenemunde¨ personnel in, 177–178, 185–187 Lawrence Livermore Nuclear Laboratory, prisoner executions in, 244 104 Production Quality Control division in, Lehesten, 172 186–187 slave labor at, 217 sabotage in, 200–204 Levi, Primo, 195 secrecy and security measures in, 179–180, Ley, Willy, 20, 24, 31, 33, 45, 57 204–205 Lindenberg, Hans, 108, 187 slave labor in, 178–179, 187, 191–193, Lochman, Richard, 236 194, 217–218 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 250–251 Mittelwerk GmbH, 173–175, 177, 179, Lubke,¨ Heinrich, 82 214 foreign and forced labor, and, 145 employee salaries and benefits, 182–185 Lucht, Herbert, 79, 126 Mittweida Technical College, 109 Luckmann, Kiddy, 96 Moscow, 145 Lucks, Walter, 112 Mrosek, Johannes, 206 Ludtke,¨ Alf, 5 Mrugowsky, Joachim, 194 Ludwig, Karl-Heinz, 11, 253 Muller,¨ Heinrich, 212 Luftwaffe, 49, 54, 59, 232, 243. See also Peenemunde¨ West National Aeronautics and Space Peenemunde¨ construction, and, 60 Administration (NASA), 255 slave labor, and, 150 National Socialist Party, 108, 110, 111, 168, 181, 234 Magdeburg Pilot Rocket, 45 Peenemunders’¨ membership in, 69–70, Mahs, Erwin, 82, 155 108–111 Majdanek Concentration Camp, 168, propaganda success of, 113–114, 252 171 National Socialist regime, 3, 61–62, 111, Manhattan Engineering District, 250 252, 255 Manhattan Project; See Los Alamos Navy, German, 233 National Laboratory Nebel, Rudolf, 23, 68, 227 Martin (fnu), 236 arrest of, 46 Maurer, Gerhard, 159 embezzlement from and, VfR, 45 Mauthausen Concentration Camp, 172 propagandist, as, 27 McKibben, Karan, 251 Raketenflugplatz, and the, 24, 25 Mein Kampf, 226 relationship with the Army, 40–42 Messerschmidt 323 “Gigant,” 232 Neubauer, Karl, 228 Michel, Jean, 170 Neuengamme Concentration Camp, 156 Milch, Erhard, 117 Neufeld, Michael, 7, 172, 252 Mittelbau-Dora, 2, 10, 144, 168–169, 186 Niedersachswerfen, 179, 206 attitudes toward slave labor in, 188–189, Night of the Long Knives, 46 190–204 Noordung, Hermann, 17 conditions in, 169–172, 193–195, Nordhausen, 168, 179, 206 243–244 Nuremberg Laws, 61

Index 273

Oberammergau, 244 Settlement at, 9, 62, 90, 161, 163–164, Oberth, Hermann, 20, 23, 24 165 Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen¨ , slave labor at, 154, 156–159, 169 14–15, 16 social activities in, 93–95 Wege zur Raumschiffahrt, 16 technical archive at, 130 Operation Hydra; See Peenemunde¨ , British working conditions at, 114–115, 118 bombing of Peenemunde¨ East, 62, 66, 231 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 250 Aerodynamics Institute at, 120, 124, 126, Ordnance, German Army, 62, 70, 120, 216, 164 224, 226, 239 patenting activity in, 226–229 Zeppelin Airship Company, and, 146 physical description of, 90–91 Organization Todt, 60 privatization of, 214–215 Oslo Report, 162–163 relocation of, 165, 172 slave labor at, 150, 159 Patent Office, Reich, 227, 228, 229 Peenemunde¨ Production Plant, 164 Peenemunde,¨ 2, 5, 60 construction of, 62, 82, 144 absence of food shortages at, 96 physical description of, 91–93 air-raid protection measures at, 162 relocation of, 168–169, 170 American bombing of, 210, 219 Peenemunde¨ West, 164 British bombing of, 163–165, 186, 217, Peenemunde¨ West (Luftwaffe base), 231 219 foreign and forced labor at, 144, 145 camaraderie at, 96–98, 126–127 slave labor at, 150 civilian draft exemptions at, 120–122 Pietsch, Alfons, 37 construction at, 60, 62–63, 145 Pohl, Oswald, 168 contract work with universities, 131 Prisoners of war, 145, 147, 148, 154, 162, demographics of, 110–111 238 development workshops at; See Project “Swimming Vest,” 232–234 Peenemunde¨ East Project Hermes, 254 discovery of by British intelligence, 162–163; See also Oslo Report Raderach test site, 216 employee dissent in, 152–154 Raithel, Wilhelm, 85 evacuation of, 238–240, 241–242 Raketenflugplatz Berlin, 8, 24, 45, 100, 119 family life at, 95–96 conditions in, 24–25 foreign and forced labor at, 144–146, 149, motivation of members, 27 155–156, 238 nature of work at, 32–33 hiring practices at, 67–70 politics at, 31 Hitler Youth in, 108 restrictions on experiments, 34–35 importance of spaceflight at, 100–101, Ramm, Heinrich, 95 229 Raschdorf (fnu), 186 influence of National Socialist ideology in, Rax Werke, 140, 150, 203, 206 3, 106–114, 244–245, 253 A-4 production site, as, 137, 170 influence of National Socialist Party at, 69 Redl-Zipf, 172 influence of National Socialist Party in, slave labor at, 217 108 Redstone Arsenal, 254 living conditions in, 93 Redstone missile, 254 location and geography of, 66 Rees, Eberhard, 119, 229 physical description of, 89–90 A-4 production planning at Peenemunde,¨ professional cooperation in, 127 and, 140 professional satisfaction at, 120 Reich Air Ministry, 54, 55, 69, 117, 230. See rumors of Soviet troops at, 240 also Luftwaffe security measures at, 70–78 Reich Labor Service, 60 separation allowance at, 239–240 Reich Patent Code, 226

274 Index

Reichswehr, 29 Sawatzki, Albin, 140, 175, 177, 178, 186, Reisig, Gerhard, 95, 119, 126 188, 197, 202, 213, 218 Rheintochter missile, 231 abuse of prisoners by, 191 Rickhey, Georg, 175–177, 188, 195, 197, Scheufelen, Klaus, 242 204, 213, 254. See also Dora war Schlidt, Rudolf, 184 crimes trial Schmetterling missile, 231, 243 duties at Mittelwerk, 177 Schmid-Lossburg, Heinz, 182 Riedel, Klaus (Riedel II), 41, 47, 211, 227 Schonleben,¨ Eduard, 63 Riedel, Walter J.H. “Papa” (Riedel I), 22, Schubert, Godomar, 63, 172 35–36, 52, 64, 111, 172 conflict with the Armaments Ministry, 64 A-4 development, and, 61 Schumann, Erich, 41, 42 Design Bureau Chief, as, 127 Schweinburger, Fritz, 206 at Kummersdorf, 44 SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 179, 182, 202, 205 Nazi Party membership of, 36, 109 Seidenstucker, Karl, 191 personality and abilities of, 128 Siegel (fnu), 191 removal of from Design Bureau, 127 Siemens Halske, A.G., 25 Riedel, Walther (Riedel III), 85, 106, 178, Simon, Hellmut, 186 188, 228, 233, 234 slave labor, 6, 7, 10, 144, 148 Anti-Semitism of, 111–112 at Lehesten and Redl-Zipf, 217 Design Bureau Chief, as, 128 at Mittelwerk factory, 187, 191–193, 194, Rogerie, Andre,´ 170 217–218 Rosinski, Werner, 93, 132 at Peenemunde,¨ 141, 149–154, 156–159 Rossler¨ (fnu), 231 at Peenemunde¨ East, 157–159 Rossmann, Josef, 239, 240, 242 Soubirous, Georg, 199 Rottgart, Karl, 241 Soviet Union, 39, 53, 102, 103, 107, 151, Rottleb, Werner, 156 245, 254 Royal Air Force, 162. See also Peenemunde¨ , German missile specialists in (fn), 254 British bombing of spaceflight fad in, 18 Rudolph, Arthur, 22, 35, 36, 52, 60, 71, Speer, Albert, 64, 116, 117, 129, 134, 135, 163, 165, 184, 195, 197 153, 178, 225 early work for the army, 37–38 A-4 program, and the, 213–214 foreign and forced labor, and use of, 146 establishment of the A-4 Special Nazi Party membership of, 36–37, 108 Committee, and, 136 production director at Mittelwerk, as, SS (Schutzstaffel), 10, 82, 108, 109, 110, 177, 186 134, 135, 148, 151, 153, 200, 213, 221, relocation of Peenemunde¨ production, 249, 252, 254 and, 167 A-4 production, and, 168 sabotage reporting, and, 202 Economic and Administrative Main Office Saturn V Project Manager, as, 255 of, 159, 167 secrecy practices, and, 79 Peenemunde,¨ at, 150 slave labor, and, 148–149, 159, 218 presence and influence of at Peenemunde,¨ U.S. Justice Department investigation of, 141–143 6 treatment of prisoners at Mittelbau-Dora, Ruhr,¨ Gerhard, 97 169–171, 191, 193–194, 197–198 treatment of prisoners at Peenemunde,¨ Sachsenberg (fnu), 233 157–159 Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp, 61, Stahlknecht, Detmar, 137, 147 148 Stalingrad, 1, 101, 136 Sadron, Charles, 218 Stegmaier, Gerhard, 142 Saturn V rocket, 255 Leo Zanssen, and; See Zanssen, Leo Sauckel, Fritz, 147 the SS, and, 141 Saur, Karl Otto, 168, 183 Steimel, Willy, 158–159, 206

Index 275

Steinhoff, Ernst, 69–70, 98, 121, 211, 214 daily routines in, 123–124 Steuding, Hermann, 69, 245 salaries in, 122 Storch, Paul, 215, 223, 236, 238, 239–240 working conditions in, 124 Stresemann, Gustav, 38 Volkssturm, 121, 226, 230, 240 Stuhlfauth (fnu), 186 von Brauchitsch, Walther, 62, 115, 127 von Braun, Magnus (brother of Wernher), Taifun missile, 231, 242 211 Technical University of Aachen, 120 surrender of Peenemunders,¨ and, 245 Technical University of Berlin, 31, 38, 41, von Braun, Magnus Freiherr (father of 42, 43, 51, 85 Wernher), 30 Technical University of Braunschweig, 120 von Braun, Wernher, 59, 64, 71, 91, 93, Technical University of Darmstadt, 69, 121 110, 178, 197, 213, 214, 229, 234, 236, Telefunken, 241 240–241 Terboven, Josef, 176 A-4 as a weapon, and use of, 105–106 Tessmann, Bernhard, 68, 236, 245 A-4 development, and, 61 Test Stand VII, 91, 108, 119 A-4 production, and, 222–223, 243 Test Stand XII; See Project “Swimming Vest” A-4 production planning, and, 139 Thiel, Walter, 98, 108 attitudes toward secrecy of, 85–86 A-4 development pressure, and, 118, 138 arrest of, 211–212 death of, 164 awards won by, 129–130, 188 Thom, Georg, 103–104, 107, 165 collaboration with the Air Force, and, 61 Tiesenhausen, Georg, 96, 118, 138 collaboration with the Luftwaffe, and, Todt, Fritz, 63, 89, 134, 135 54–55 efforts of to limit Peenemunde¨ cooperation of with German Navy, 233 construction, 63–64 Director of Marshall Space Center, as, Trassenheide labor camp, 146, 164 255 effect of bombing on, 163 education of, 42, 51 Treaty of Locarno, 38, 60 evacuation to Bavaria, and, 244–245 Treaty of Versailles, 38, 39, 60, 103 family of, 30 Tschinkel (fnu), 231 forced and foreign labor, and, 147 Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 14 Gerhard Degenkolb, and, 137, 139 introduction to Dornberger, 42 United States Army, 106, 244, 245, 248, 254 Kummersdorf, at, 51–52 University of Heidelberg, 16 leadership qualities of, 80, 140 University of Leipzig, 126 management style of, 128–130, 187–188, Usedom, 60, 62, 70, 82, 88, 89, 93, 96, 108, 234–235 152 Nazi Party membership and political location and geography of, 66 attitudes of, 30, 57, 105–106, 108, 111 presence of forced laborers on, 113 prisoner of the United States, as, 106, 245, 248 V-1, 54, 131, 213, 224 production quality control, and, 186–187 V-2 missile; See A-4 missile professionalism, and, 56, 125–126, 128 Valier, Max, 17, 35 Raketenflugplatz, at the, 31, 41 conservative political ideas of, 19–20 recruitment by Army, 43 death of, 22–23 relationship with Walter Dornberger, 43 popularizer of spaceflight, as, 17–18 relocation of Peenemunde¨ development, van Hamme, Clement, 193 and, 166 Verein fur¨ Raumschiffahrt, 20–21, 24 role of in establishing Peenemunde,¨ 54–55 Verheyn, Eddie, 191 slave labor, and, 217–218 Versuchskommando Nord (Experimental social life of, 96 Command North), 122–124, 146, 162, spaceflight, and, 31, 52, 212 203, 224, 239 SS membership of, 142

276 Index

von Braun, Wernher (cont.) Weimar Republic, 8, 13, 24, 38, 44 Taifun missile, and the, 243 rocket fad, 21, 23 Wasserfall missile, and, 231 Wiessner, Horst, 96 Zeppelin Airship Company, and, 146–147 Winkler, Johannes, 20, 22 von Dickhuth-Harrach, Hans-Wolf, 45–46 Winter, Siegfried, 164 von Fritsch, Werner, 60 Wirtschaftliche Forschungsgesellschaft von Horstig, Ernst Ritter, 39, 54 (Wifo), 168, 170 von Opel, Fritz, 21 Wolgast, 146 von Papen, Franz, 30 von Richtofen, Manfred, 54 Zanssen, Leo, 54, 71, 91, 94, 140 Vulkan Docks, 234 A-4 development pressure, and, 115 Wagner, Jens, 199, 208 accusation of treason against, 142–143 Wasserfall anti-aircraft missile, 122 Zempin, 70 Wasserfall missile, 231, 243 Zeppelin Airship Construction Company, Weckbrodt (fnu), 186 150, 203, 216 Wegener, Peter, 89, 91, 93, 100, 105, 126, A-4 production site, as, 137 161 foreign and forced labor at, 146–147 the Versuchskommando Nord (VkN), and, Zinnowitz, 70, 93, 95, 96, 212 123 Zoike, Helmut, 126