Prophecy Fulfilled: Toward New Horizons and Its Legacy
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Prophecy Fulfilled: "Toward New Horizons" and Its Legacy Edited and with an Introduction by Dr. Michael H. Gorn Air Force History and Museums Program 1994 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Prophecy fulfilled: "Toward new horizons and its legacy" / edited and with an introduction by Michael H. Gorn p. ca. Includes text of Where We Stand and Science, the Key to Air Supremacy. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Aeronautics, Military-Research-United States. 2. Aeronautics. Military-United States-Forecasting. 3. Air power- United States. I. Gorn, Michael H. 11. Where we stand. 111. Science, the key to air supremacy. UG643.P76 1994 358.4'00973-dc20 94-4 1410 CIP Where We Stand was written in 1945 and issued as an AAF Report in 1946. Science, the Key to Air Supremacy, originally published in 1945 as part of the multi-volume Toward New Horizons, was reprinted by the Air Force Systems Command History Office in 1992. Many of the illustra- tions in this version of Science, the Key to Air Supremacy were adapted from the 1992 edition. Foreword Since the days of ancient warfare, commanders have relied on science and technology for success in war. Their use in military affairs increased dramatically after the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions, particularly in the nineteenth century. For example, chemists and metallurgists contributed greatly to World War I, while World War I1 is sometimes referred to as the physicists' war. During the fifty-year conflict known as the Cold War, scientists from diverse disciplines collaborated to multiply the effectiveness of military force and meet national security needs. Of all the federal organizations devoted to science and technology, none has been more important or influential than the U.S. Air Force's Scientific Advisory Board. In the midst of World War I1 the Com- manding General of the Army Air Forces, Henry H. "Hap" Arnold grasped the absolutely essential relationship between post-war science and national security. To realize his objective of inextricably linking science to air power, he called upon his friend, the brilliant Hungarian physicist Theodore von Khrmhn, to assess and predict the future of military aero- nautics. In Where We Stand and in Science, the Key to Air Supremacy, Khrmhn and his hand-picked staff devised a multi-disciplinary approach to preserving the technical advantage gained by U.S. air power during the war. Both of these seminal reports are herein reprinted. Although the Cold War has ended and the imperatives of national security have changed radically, the basic technological conditions which informed both Arnold and K6rmin remain the same. Now as then, the capacity exists for sudden and devastating attack on the American continent. Now as then, a large commitment must be made to research which renders the skies safe from aggressors and enables the national command structure to project air power at great distances. Now as then, the boldness and imagination of the nation's scientists and engineers must be harnessed to defend American security. The history of the Scientific Advisory Board's first half century offers the encouragement and example that such needs can be met and that the future of democracy can be secured in large measure by the mobilization of American science and technology in service to the global air and space power of the United States Air Force. DR. RICHARD P. HALLION Air Force Historian Contents ... Foreword 111 Introduction 1 Dr. Michael H. Gorn Where We Stand 17 Dr. Theodore von KhBn Science, the Key to Air Supremacy 83 Toward New Horizons and Its Contributors 187 Suggested Readings 191 Illustrations Where We Stand Figures 1. German Supersonic Wind Tunnels (Operation 1945) 21 2. German Supersonic Wind Tunnels (Construction 1945) 22 3. Optimum Lift-Drag Ratios 24 4. Sweepback Effect on Shock Waves 25 5. Supersonic Airplane: Take-off and Landing 27 6. German "Feuerlilie" Rocket 31 7. Rocket Models for Supersonic Wing-Tunnel Tests 32 8.6000-Mile Rocket 34 9. Supersonic and Subsonic Airplanes 36 1OA. Various Propulsion Systems 39 10B. Various Propulsion Systems 40 1 1. German Engine and Propeller Developme.nts 43 12. Timetable of Turbojet Development 46 13. Characteristics of Turbojets 47 14. Ramjets 52 15. High-speed Airflow Photographs 68 Tables I. Turbopropeller and Turbofan Development 45 11. Gas Turbine Propulsion Research Problems 48 111. Ramjet Development 53 IV. Pulsojet Development 54 V. Development of Rockets 58 VI. Characteristics of German Jet Airplanes 63 VII. Flow Measurement Techniques 68 Science, The Key to Air Supremacy General of the Army Henry H. "Hap" Arnold 84 Dr. Theodore von Khhn 88 B-52 Stratofortress 107 The Matador and Snark missile 109 Gen. Bernard A. Schriever with models of missiles developed by AFSC and its predecessors 110 The X-21 and its laminar wing; an E-3A model undergoing wind tests at AEDC 114 AEDC engineers check on an engine undergoing testing 118 Five U-2s on the ramp at Edwards AFB 129 The Ryan X- 13 154 The rocket-powered Bell X-1 in flight 157 The FPS-85 Spacetrack Radar and CPS-5 Surveillance Radar 166 Figures Ranges Attainable at 1,000 MPH at Various Altitudes 112 Ranges Attainable at Various Speeds 119 Introduction The Marriage of Science to Air Power Dr. Michael H. Gorn The scene repeated itself countless times. An elderly man, slowed by arthritis, painfully descended the mobile stairway connecting the airliner to the ground. When he finally reached the tarmac, a small knot of people pushed forward and surrounded him, offering warm greetings, hugs, and handshakes. As the old visitor turned to face the well-wishers, they heard the heavily accented baritone and saw the familiar graces: a flash of smile, the grey eyes, a black beret, and an ill-concealed hearing aid. Whether in Montevideo or Moscow, they gathered to see their old profes- sor, colleague, and friend. Indeed, the Hungarian Dr. Theodore von Kh- man, perhaps the world’s leading theorist of flight and certainly its leading personality, always attracted attention. Priests, actresses, baseball players, and, of course, scientists, found themselves captivated by his Rabelaisian wit and gallant charms. Strangely, many military figures also entered his circle, attracted first by his professional eminence; later, by his charismatic manner; and fi- nally, by his success as a science administrator. None of his friends in uniform understood and valued the physicist quite like Commanding General of the Army Air Forces Henry H. Arnold. At the end of the Sec- ond World War Arnold faced a dilemma: how to introduce the most ad- vanced scientific ideas into peacetime long-range planning. During the war many of the finest researchers from industry and academia rallied to the nation’s defense, working for the government directly or undertaking research in university laboratories. Their discoveries had proven invalu- able to U.S. air power, adding to the speed, range, payload, and accuracy of strategic bombing, and multiplying the destructiveness of armament. Advances in propulsion, materials, fuels, radar, and explosives trans- formed the air war. After Allied victory appeared certain, however, Arnold realized these men and women would soon return to civilian life. At the same time, the postwar peace in no way guaranteed that the new weapons of sudden and 2 INTRODUCTION mass destruction would not be aimed by hostile powers at U.S. targets. Only technological superiority in the skies could prevent surprise attack. To do so, some method had to be found to tap at least part of the enor- mous reservoir of civilian talent, persuading them to continue to serve the Army Air Forces. The answer suggested itself piecemeal. Before the war ended and the scientists returned to civilian pursuits, Arnold decided to assemble some of the leading figures and initiate a comprehensive review of future technologies useful to the Army Air Forces. *** The process of predicting scientific and technical developments for the Air Force began on a cloudless, breezy day early in September 1944, when two men sat alone in an automobile parked at the end of a runway at La Guardia Field, New York. The older man, in his mid 60s, appeared small in stature and pale from recent surgery. The younger, by just a few years, was stocky and broad shouldered, but tired-looking. They con- ferred for some time, discussing the course of the war, the role of air power in it, and the future of the Army Air Forces in the postwar world. As aircraft roared overhead and cool winds rocked the car, they chatted about a preoccupation of the younger man: harnessing science to assure technological superiority in the skies in the decades to come. Before this talk between KhBn and Arnold ended, an informal understanding had been reached which would exert a profound influence on American mili- tary aviation. The friendship and trust they had developed over a decade stood them in good stead: the general asked the scientist to assemble a group of his most eminent colleagues in the Pentagon, study such things as jet propulsion, atomic energy, and electronics, and “make me a report.” KhBn raised some objections. A gentle, warm-hearted man, he had no desire to give, or take, orders in a military hierarchy. He did not really want to work in the Pentagon. But Arnold assured him he would be his only boss, and that he would give all the necessary commands. Moreover, the general set no time limit for completing the report. KSlrmBn would un- dertake the study at his own pace, using his own methods. Arnold asked him to consider not merely the next generation of air power, or the one after that; but project years into the future.