Shaping Intelligence As a Profession in Romania
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Heritage, Landscape and Conflict Archaeology
THE EDGE OF EUROPE: HERITAGE, LANDSCAPE AND CONFLICT ARCHAEOLOGY by ROXANA-TALIDA ROMAN A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham May 2019 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The research presented in this thesis addresses the significance of Romanian WWI sites as places of remembrance and heritage, by exploring the case of Maramureș against the standards of national and international heritage standards. The work provided the first ever survey of WWI sites on the Eastern Front, showing that the Prislop Pass conflictual landscape holds undeniable national and international heritage value both in terms of physical preservation and in terms of mapping on the memorial-historical record. The war sites demonstrate heritage and remembrance value by meeting heritage criteria on account of their preservation state, rarity, authenticity, research potential, the embedded war knowledge and their historical-memorial functions. The results of the research established that the war sites not only satisfy heritage legal requirements at various scales but are also endangered. -
Article Intelligence Sector Reforms in Romania: a Scorecard
Intelligence Sector Reforms in Romania: A Article Scorecard Lavinia Stan Marian Zulean St. Francis Xavier University, Canada University of Bucharest, Romania [email protected] Abstract Since 1989, reforms have sought to align the Romanian post-communist intelligence community with its counterparts in established democracies. Enacted reluctantly and belatedly at the pressure of civil society actors eager to curb the mass surveillance of communist times and international partners wishing to rein in Romania’s foreign espionage and cut its ties to intelligence services of non-NATO countries, these reforms have revamped legislation on state security, retrained secret agents, and allowed for participation in NATO operations, but paid less attention to oversight and respect for human rights. Drawing on democratization, transitional justice, and security studies, this article evaluates the capacity of the Romanian post-communist intelligence reforms to break with communist security practices of unchecked surveillance and repression and to adopt democratic values of oversight and respect for human rights. We discuss the presence of communist traits after 1989 (seen as continuity) and their absence (seen as discontinuity) by offering a wealth of examples. The article is the first to evaluate security reforms in post- communist Romania in terms of their capacity to not only overhaul the personnel and operations inherited from the Securitate and strengthen oversight by elected officials, but also make intelligence services respectful of basic human rights. Introduction Since transitioning away from communist dictatorship in 1989, Romania has become a liberal democracy and a member of the European Union (EU) and NATO. As elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe where the communist secret police had conducted repression, in Romania the backbone of democratization was represented by reforms of the intelligence community, understood to comprise all of the intelligence services operating in the country. -
Military Strategy of Romania
MILITARY STRATEGY OF ROMANIA • Foreword • Introduction • Security Environment • National Interests and National Defence Fundamental Objective • Strategic Concepts • Strategic Principles • Strategic Missions • Command and Control of the Forces in the National Defence System • Risk Factors • National Military Objectives • Structural Organization of Project - 2005 • The Armed Forces Concept of Training and Operations • Logistics • Resources of Armed Defence • Conclusion FOREWORD The Military Strategy of Romania is a document, developed for the first time in the Romanian military practice, by which the Ministry of National Defense sets forth the strategic purpose of achieving the fundamental objective established by the President in the National Security Strategy and the provisions of the Defense White Book of the Government. The Armed Forces are and will be a fundamental institution for ensuring national security. This responsibility becomes all the more complex by keeping simultaneously an adequate combat potential and carrying out the restructuring processes considered so necessary. Romania's national security cannot be isolated from that of the rest of Europe. Romania will continue to be a provider of regional stability in a security en-viron-ment characterized by many uncertainties, as well as by predictable risks and those that can be total surprises. Within acceptable limits of risk, the military are capable of protecting and guaranteeing Romania's National Security. In order to implement this strategy, the Armed Forces will undergo a process of modernization aimed at manpower restructuring and providing it with modern combat equipment. The aim of this process is to establish Project Force 2005, which is to be more compact, efficient, effective, flexible and compatible with NATO standards. -
Sectoral Qualifications Framework for the Military Officer Profession
Sectoral Qualifications Framework for the Military Officer Profession SQF-MILOF VOL 01 We inspire, we train, we challenge! This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the European Security and Defence College (ESDC) and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. Edited by Col (RO A) Alin BODESCU, PhD, ESDC Training Manager Reviewed by: Dr Sylvain PAILE-CALVO: Senior Researcher in European Studies, University of Liège, Belgium Mrs. Joana CALDEIRA: Higher Education Expert, Ministry of Defence, Portugal Mr. Nelson Davide SILVA REIS: Higher Education Expert, Ministry of Defence, Portugal Col (IT A) Gianluca CARRIERO: Joint Education Coordination Officer, Centre for Defence Higher How to use this publication? Studies, Italy The Sectoral Qualifications Framework for the Military Officer Profession - SQF-MILOF package is published in two volumes. Volume 1 describes the SQF-MILOF rationale and context and the development, validation and roadmaps for implementation. It has both historical and documentary value. Volume 2 is more technical, where interested practitioners can find useful information such as the Competence Profile or the taxonomy of learning outcomes in the tabular format of the SQF-MILOF and MILOF-CORE. Neither the European Security and Defence College nor any person acting on behalf of the European Security and Defence College is responsible for the use that might be made of the following information. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2021 © European Security and Defence College, 2021 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. -
Post-Communist Romania
Political Science • Eastern Europe Carey Edited by Henry F. Carey Foreword by Norman Manea “Henry Carey’s collection captures with great precision the complex, contradic- tory reality of contemporary Romania. Bringing together Romanian, West European, and American authors from fields as diverse as anthropology, politi- Romania cal science, economics, law, print and broadcast journalism, social work, and lit- ROMANIA SINCE 1989 erature, the volume covers vast ground, but with striking detail and scholarship and a common core approach. Romania since 1989 provides perhaps the most comprehensive view of the continuing, murky, contested reality that is Romania today and is a must read for any scholar of modern Romania, of East-Central Europe, and of the uncertain, troubled, post-socialist era.” since 1989 —David A. Kideckel, Central Connecticut State University Sorin Antohi “The wealth of detail and quality of insights will make this an excellent source- Wally Bacon book for students of political change after the Cold War. It should be taken seri- Gabriel Ba˘ descu ously by policy practitioners increasingly involved with Romania’s problems.” Zoltan Barany —Tom Gallagher, Professor of Peace Studies, Bradford University, U.K. Politics, Jóhanna Kristín Birnir Larry S. Bush Those who study Romania must confront the theoretical challenges posed by a Economics, Pavel Câmpeanu country that is undergoing a profound transformation from a repressive totali- Henry F. Carey tarian regime to a hazy and as yet unrealized democratic government. The most and Society Daniel Da˘ ianu comprehensive survey of Romanian politics and society ever published abroad, Dennis Deletant this volume represents an effort to collect and analyze data on the complex prob- Christopher Eisterhold lems of Romania’s past and its transition into an uncertain future. -
The German Military Mission to Romania, 1940-1941 by Richard L. Dinardo
The German Military Mission to Romania, 1940–1941 By RICHARD L. Di NARDO hen one thinks of security assistance and the train- ing of foreign troops, W Adolf Hitler’s Germany is not a country that typically comes to mind. Yet there were two instances in World War II when Germany did indeed deploy troops to other countries that were in noncombat cir- cumstances. The countries in question were Finland and Romania, and the German mili- tary mission to Romania is the subject of this article. The activities of the German mission to Romania are discussed and analyzed, and some conclusions and hopefully a few take- aways are offered that could be relevant for military professionals today. Creation of the Mission The matter of how the German military mission to Romania came into being can be covered relatively quickly. In late June 1940, the Soviet Union demanded from Romania the cession of both Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. The only advice Germany could give to the Romanian government was to agree to surrender the territory.1 Fearful of further Soviet encroachments, the Roma- nian government made a series of pleas to Germany including a personal appeal from Wikimedia Commons King Carol II to Hitler for German military assistance in the summer of 1940. Hitler, Finnish Volunteer Battalion of German Waffen-SS return home from front in 1943 however, was not yet willing to undertake such a step. Thus, all Romanian requests were rebuffed with Hitler telling Carol that Romania brought its own problems upon itself by its prior pro-Allied policy. -
New Evidence for Romania Regarding Dynamic Causality Between Military Expenditure and Sustainable Economic Growth
sustainability Article New Evidence for Romania Regarding Dynamic Causality between Military Expenditure and Sustainable Economic Growth 1 2 3, 4 Ran Tao , Oana Ramona Glont, , Zheng-Zheng Li *, Oana Ramona Lobont, and Adina Alexandra Guzun 2 1 Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao 266000, China; [email protected] 2 Doctoral School of Economics and Business Administration, West University of Timisoara, Timis, oara 300223, Romania; [email protected] (O.R.G.); [email protected] (A.A.G.) 3 Department of Finance, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Rd, Qingdao 266100, China 4 Finance Department, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, West University of Timisoara, Timisoara 300223, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 May 2020; Accepted: 19 June 2020; Published: 21 June 2020 Abstract: Military spending and sustainable economic development have been widely discussed in recent decades. Especially in Romania, the defense budget is valued at $4.8 billion, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 23.57%. It is also expected to reach $7.6 billion in 2023, according to a report by Strategic Defense Intelligence. There is no consensus in current research and less attention is paid to Eastern European countries. Considering the significant increase in military spending in Romania in recent years, as well as the occurrence of political events, this paper focuses on the dynamic causal relationship between military spending and sustainable economic growth in Romania. The bootstrap rolling window causality test takes into account the structural changes, and therefore, provides more convincing results. The results indicate negative effects of military expenditure on sustainable economic growth between 1996–1999 and 2002–2004. -
Democratic Transition Guide
MEMORY OF NATIONS Democratic Transition Guide [ The Argentine Experience ] DISMANTLING THE STATE SECURITY APPARATUS SERGIO GABRIEL EISSA INTRODUCTION the tradition of using the military in tasks of “internal security.” For example, during the imposition of the political and economic In Argentina, there were six (6) coups d’état between 1930 and model of Buenos Aires on the rest of the provinces (1820–1862); 1976. However, the use of violence to resolve political conflicts the struggle against the native peoples (1878–1919); in the re- in the country can be traced back to the years after the War of pression of social protests such as the Tragic Week (1919) and Independence (1810–1824). Indeed, the constitutive process the Rebel Patagonia (1920–1921); and the protests of radicals, of a “violent normality”1 has its roots in a way of doing politics anarchists, socialists and trade unionists between 1890–1955. legitimized by the social and political actors, military and civil, The practices listed in the preceding paragraph were fuelled during the process of building the National State. by the incorporation of the French and American counterin- The use of violence to modify a correlation of political forces surgency doctrines in the context of Argentina’s accession to continued beyond the approval of the National Constitution in the Western bloc during the Cold War (1947–1991).5 In fact, in 1853. In the following years, Bartolomé Mitre carried out “the first that country this doctrine was first reflected in the “Plan Con- coup d’état” against the government of President Santiago Derqui intes” (1959), which consisted of using the Armed Forces6 and (1860–1861) in 1861, the same politician took up arms in 1874 the security forces to repress the “internal ideological enemy”: when he considered that he had lost the presidential elections mainly Peronist and leftist militants, but also any opponent of fraudulently. -
Microsoft the Guardian Angel Vol 2
PREFACE There is no way I can begin my second volume of the trilogy “MICROSOFT – the Guardian Angel” without firstly focusing on one of the most serious allegations in my first book, issued in June, an allegation that was also printed on cover IV of the volume. I quote accurately: As a result of five years of reporter investigations, I have the feeling that the IT giant was imposed on the market using heavy political police instruments. Even if no blame can be brought – for now – on Bill Gates’ company, the mega-business has only one beneficiary: the MICROSOFT COMPANY. Consequently we will have to shed some light on my legitimate interest in this trilogy. I have also taken to make the case public to meet the directions and recommendations of the European Union, which call for such situations be made public, throughout the entire community territory, precisely for a broader acknowledgement of the criminal phenomenon and of high level corruption. In other words, to quote Monica Macovei a Romanian EP: “let’s not pretend we’re unaware” of what this is about and how we should go about the generalized corruption in Romania. This is because Europe considers software and IT&C development as a strategic field, 8 MICROSOFT THE GUARDIAN ANGEL - UM 0666 9 of major importance for innovations in information categories as “ok”, “uncertain” and “action needed” technology, so that the old continent should be in the (see Appendix 1). position to enter an equal competition with the USA, Likewise, the ECIS Report speaks about on legal grounds, mutually agreed by the two parties. -
The Institution of Presidential Impeachmnet In
THE INSTITUTION OF PRESIDENTIAL IMPEACHMENT IN SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS -CASE STUDY OF ROMANIA- By Valentina-Andreea Dimulescu Submitted to Central European University Department of Political Science In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Political Science Supervisor: Professor Nenad Dimitrijevic CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2009 i ABSTRACT The present paper examines the institution of presidential impeachment in countries displaying a semi-presidential institutional design. More specifically, it addresses the question whether the functioning of impeachment can be attributed to the particular institutional arrangement mirrored in the specific interactions between the state actors involved – the president, parliament and PM – or by non-institutional factors such as the president’s actions throughout his/her tenure which can be considered as having violated the constitutional text. The methodology used is the case study of the 2007 Romanian presidential impeachment against Traian Băsescu. The principal finding is that it is difficult to point to a clear, mono- causal relationship between the tensions caused by semi-presidentialism and the practice of impeachment since the impeachment of the head of state is not a common practice in countries that display semi-presidential features. The Romanian case represents a situation where the ambiguity of the constitutional text permitted the parliamentary majority to sanction the President, whose self-proclaimed active role in the political system was supported by the Romanian Constitutional Court and by the citizens who participated in the referendum on his dismissal. CEU eTD Collection ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank Professor Nenad Dimitrijevic for the valuable guidance offered throughout the elaboration of the present paper. -
Czech Armed Forces
CZECH ARMED FORCES 2019 © The Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic − MHI Prague, 2020 ISBN 978-80-7278-791-3 CZECH ARMED FORCES 2019 2 INTRODUCTION Dear citizens, soldiers, airmen and defence civilians, for the Czech Armed Forces, the year 2019 saw changes associated with meeting the Armed Forces’ missions and its key development priorities. Those were defined in two key policies authorised by the Government in the last year – the Longterm Perspective for Defence 2035, which provides the primary guidance for defence planning and for subordinate policies, and the Czech Armed Forces Development Concept 2030 that builds on the Longterm Perspective for Defence. After thirty years from the victory of democracy and twenty years in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the Czech Armed Forces finds itself at yet another turning point. The changes have been primarily relative to the structure of the Armed Forces, which transformed to ensure an optimal system of command and control. In addition, we are developing new capabilities and besides the Land Forces, the Air Force and the Special Forces, the Cyber Forces and Territorial Forces were formed. We have preparations underway for the largest armaments replacement programs in the history of the Czech Armed Forces. Those steps would however be futile without committed personnel on high quality training standards. That is why we pay a high attention to the recruitment of new soldiers, airmen and members of the Active Reserve Component. We are delivering on the Armed Forces’ primary mission, which is to ensure the defence of the state and the Czech citizens and consistently perform our commitments to NATO, EU and the UN, which entail new challenges for us. -
Romania's Transition to Democracy
RESEARCH PAPER No. 121 MAY 2008 ROMANIA’S TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY: PRESS’S ROLE IN INTELLIGENCE REFORM Florina Cristiana (Cris) Matei (Research Associate, Center for Civil-Military Relations (CCMR), Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), Monterey, CA, USA) RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN STUDIES (RIEAS) # 1, Kalavryton Street, Ano-Kalamaki, Athens, 17456, Greece RIEAS URL:http://www.rieas.gr 1 RIEAS MISSION STATEMENT Objective The objective of the Research Institute for European and American Studies (RIEAS) is to promote the understanding of international affairs. Special attention is devoted to transatlantic relations, intelligence studies and terrorism, European integration, international security, Balkan and Mediterranean studies, Russian foreign policy as well as policy making on national and international markets. Activities The Research Institute for European and American Studies seeks to achieve this objective through research, by publishing its research papers on international politics and intelligence studies, organizing seminars, as well as providing analyses via its web site. The Institute maintains a library and documentation center. RIEAS is an institute with an international focus. Young analysts, journalists, military personnel as well as academicians are frequently invited to give lectures and to take part in seminars. RIEAS maintains regular contact with other major research institutes throughout Europe and the United States and, together with similar institutes in Western Europe, Middle East, Russia and Southeast Asia. Status The Research Institute for European and American Studies is a non-profit research institute established under Greek law. RIEAS’s budget is generated by membership subscriptions, donations from individuals and foundations, as well as from various research projects. The Institute is autonomous organization.