sign in sign up
<<
Home , Romanian Armed Forces, Romania (train)

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE GENERAL STAFF THE ACADEMY FOR ADVANCED MILITARY STUDIES

Center for Strategic Studies of Security

ROMANIA - NATO

1990 – 2002

THE ACADEMY FOR ADVANCED MILITARY STUDIES PUBLISHING HOUSE , 2002

Co-ordination: Colonel (ret) Constantin MOŞTOFLEI Ph.D., main scientific researcher, deputy director of Center for Strategic Studies of Security

Editor: Colonel (ret) Vasile POPA, scientific researcher

Cover: Sorina RĂDUICĂ

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ...... 5 1. THE CLOSER AND CLOSER TO NATO...... 7 2. NATO, WARRANT OF STABILITY AND SECURITY ...... 14 3. STRATEGIC DIMENSIONS OF EURO-ATLANTIC INTEGRATION ...... 20 4. RESTRUCTURING AND MODERNIZATION ROMANIAN ARMED FORCES ...... 27 GOALS AND STAGE OF ROMANIAN ARMED FORCES RESTRUCTURING AND MODERNIZATION PROCESS...... 27 CIVIL DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OF THE ARMED FORCES ...... 38 JOINT DEFENCE PLANNING ...... 45 FULFILLMENT OF ARMAMENTS REDUCTION REQUIREMENTS ...... 53 ARMED FORCES PROCUREMENT MODERNIZATION PROGRAMS ...... 58 INTEROPERABILITY AND COMPATIBILITY WITH NATO STRUCTURES...... 69 RESTRUCTURING AND MODERNIZATION IN THE HUMAN RESOURCES FIELD ...... 77 5. ’S MILITARY RELATIONS WITH NATO AND PARTNER STATES ...... 84 ROMANIA’S PARTICIPATION IN PROGRAM ...... 84 BILATERAL MILITARY RELATIONS ...... 95 ROMANIA AND THE NATO SOUTH-EAST EUROPEINITIATIVE (SEEI) ...... 108 RELATIONSHIPS IN THE FIELD OF ARMAMENTS AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT...... 111 6. THE ROMANIA’S ROLE IN REGIONAL AND CONTINENTAL SECURITY AND STABILITY ...... 123 DEVELOPMENT FACTOR OF THE SOUTH DIMENSION OF THE ALLIANCE ...... 123 ROMANIAN CAPABILITY ...... 134 7. ROMANIA – NATO CHRONOLOGY 1990-2002 ...... 137 CHRONOLOGY OF ROMANIA-NATO RELATIONS (1990-2002) POLITICAL ACTIVITIES...... 137 CHRONOLOGY OF ROMANIA-NATO RELATIONS (1990-2002) MILITARY ACTIVITIES ...... 150

3

Center for Strategic Studies of Security Panduri Str., no. 68 – 72, sector 5, Bucharest Phone: 410.21.74; Fax: 410.03.64 E-mail:[email protected]

ISBN 973-8317-57-6

B.272/2002

4 FOREWORD

It was a necessity to have such a book that represents a description – in a bilingual edition – of the difficult time that Romania passed especially in the military field since 1990 up to 2002 – the year of the Prague NATO Summit. During this period Romania has followed consequently a very important goal both for our country and for the whole region, the integration into the Alliance. A large group of readers, including those from the NATO member states, could thus learn about the level reached in meeting the joining criteria, about the security and stability vocation of the deeply correlated with the international efforts to create a new security and cooperation model after September 11th, 2001. The Centre for Strategic Studies of Security has rigorously analyzed this approach and has found out that it embodies not only a permanent effort and a justified hope but also much enthusiasm and good-will, a remarkable evolution, especially after 2000, and a very strong conviction. Among all the candidates, Romania has registered the largest percentage with regard to the support of both the civil population and the in the pro - NATO option. The explanation of the firm national adhesion to this political and military alternative is very simple: every citizen of Romania believes that we belong to NATO, together with all the countries to which the Romanian past and present are connected and on which our future mostly depends, because the power of the Alliance, the unity and the security of the European continent are based on a value system in which we also recognise ourselves. The volume in front of you is neither a sentimental book nor a savant or conjunctural demonstration of the exceptional role played by Romania in the European strategic area. This book is a faithful depiction of a hard and long-lasting work made step by step, with correctness and good-sense. It is a book about a great national choice, focussed on the army’s endeavour and perseverance to meet the criteria of interoperability with NATO structures, about the nation’s efforts for making possible the integration into tha Alliance. It is a book about an already reached horizon and about another one to be reached, about an achieved level and an assimilated project. It is an honour and a duty for us to describe our potential, efforts and results in this difficult process, our future contribution to the consolidation of the southern part of the Alliance. By summing up the measures for the reorganization and modernization of the military institution, the participation in peace supporting operations and in numerous humanitarian actions, in the exercises organized within the PfP as well as the nation’s efforts to ensure

5 the necessary conditions to fulfil such engagements, we find out that actually there is a continuity of this process, a Romanian consensus and a very well defined and applied concept. The preparation process of the civil population and of the army for the integration into NATO is a Romanian meticulous construction, based on national solidarity, knowledge and awareness. In this respect we could distinguish the special efforts of the political leadership, of the academic and universitary environment, of the scientific and cultural research, of all personalities of our country, of the ethnic minorities, Diasporas, of the common citizens, of each Romanian taken apart and all together, as a whole. Nothing has happened by chance. Before and after 1993 we have developed a national strategy that configured and conducted the new philosophy of integration. The strategy of Euro-Atlantic integration began with the constitutive protocol of the “Consultative National Council for Euro- Atlantic Integration”, signed on the 3rd of November 1993 by 14 political parties, and therefore by the whole Romanian political society. The first report of this Council, at its very first meeting, was presented by the Minister of National Defence and focussed on the military dimension of the integration. The integration approach in the last two years of government was much more coherent, more consequent and more efficient at all levels. It made Romania a powerful and unitary candidate for the NATO Summit in Prague in November 2002, a candidate that has already met the established Euro-Atlantic standards and started to act not only as a partner but as a real member of the Alliance. In fact, all structures of the Ministry of National Defence have contributed to the realisation of this volume; its authors are personalities and specialists involved effectively at different levels of the military system regarding the leaderships, conception, research and execution, in order to put into practice the strategy of integration into the Alliance. That is why this book is the image of a process in progress, the synthesis of a collective effort, the force of a project, the expression of a solidarity feeling, the configuration of a reality and the reality of a national irreversible choice. The research department of the Centre for Strategic Studies of Security would like to warmly thank all the persons that have been involved in editing this book and is grateful for the support that they gave us so that this book could be finished in time and under very good graphical conditions.

6 THE ROMANIAN ARMED FORCES CLOSER AND CLOSER TO NATO General Mihail POPESCU, Ph.D.

For more than a decade Romania has been conceiving and building her future on a single option – vital for its security – the European and Euro- Atlantic Integration. The end of the Cold War provided to the Euro-Atlantic area and its close proximity the possibility of new geo-political and geostrategic configurations and of building a more ample and stabile security architecture. The absence of the demarcation lines of the bi-polar period opened to the former communist states of the central and southeastern Europe a new perspective to modernize their security and defence structures and to aspire to NATO accession. The continued enlargement of the Alliance together with the new- launched cooperation mechanisms and agreements offered to Romania and the other candidate states the hopes of joining the Euro-Atlantic organization and consolidating the European security and stability. As for our country, the firm policy to joint NATO, supported by more than 80% of our population was assumed and accomplished consistently by the Romanian Armed Forces. Recently, profound transformations occurred in our military structures, accelerating our move towards the full NATO membership. Following the summit in Washington, the aspirant states were provided a more rigorous framework to prepare their candidacies, The Membership Action Plan. It has in view the accomplishment of the objectives and a periodic evaluation of each candidate’s progress. Our participation in the Membership Action Plan provides us with an accomplished restructuring and modernization process of the military body and an armed force constituted at a level similar to that of western quality and effectiveness standards. Few months before the summit in Prague, the Romanian military institution reached an operational and modernization stage in line with the requirements and objectives of the 3rd MAP cycle. The ample process of constituting and developing a modern, supple and flexible armed force with a good operational readiness and interoperable with NATO, ready to act in any missions, including peace-keeping, has reached a pretty advanced stage. It allows the members of the Alliance to see that, by our future integration, the organization will be strengthened and its area of stability and security will be expanded substantially towards the southeast of the continent.

7 Such an image is extremely favorable and encouraging, emphasizing the more and clearer need for strengthening the southern dimension of the Alliance, an area confronted with new risks and security threats, with many tensions, challenges, vulnerabilities and unpredictable evolutions of the regional stability environment. Thus, the following analyze of the available resources, The Ministry of National Defence has decided to focus its efforts on 13 prioritized areas in order to accelerate the reform process of the Armed Forces. This short term military objectives refer to: career management, professional reconversion, the planning integrated system, the Air Space Operational Center, the robust budgeting system, the STAR system, PfP participation, English language training, NCOs training, force restructuring; forces designated for NATO/PfP missions and exercises, the new acquisition concept and the coherent procurement strategy. This paper, which makes a retrospection of the military reform, restructuring and modernization efforts since 1990 up to 2002, proves that the level we reached and the real performance of our institution are neither minimized, nor overbid. Why? Because we want to know and to make known the real level we have reached, which is very important in building a smaller but stronger armed force, more modern and well-trained, no matter of the way it acts: independently or with NATO, in defence or regional security and cooperation missions. Nevertheless, the armed forces restructuring is a need and we do not motivate it with the NATO accession. Its objective is to transform the military institution from a defence force into a security and cooperation one, able to contribute to the stability of the southeastern Europe. That is why we approach every single stage of our reform in a very serious and responsible manner. In full reform process, the Objective Force 2007 we are building will balance our military requirements and commitments with financial realities so we can redirect more of the available resources from personnel, and other overhead costs, to training and modernization. We shall create a supple, flexible and modular force, more compact and able of credible sustainability in the theatre of operations. The new force structure will ensure the national defence of our country and will properly contribute to the collective defence, crises-response operations, and to the regional and European security. The authorizations of this force will be of 75.000 military and 15.000 civilians. We are acting with the same conviction to maintain the combat readiness of the operational units designated for national defence and to keep the operational level of some of our territorial units. We increase the interoperability and the operational capability of the units nominated for NATO-led PfP operations, intensifying their training and improving their endowment.

8 The PfP cooperation, be it within NATO, bi-lateral or multi-lateral and the Romanian formations participation in humanitarian or PK missions under the aegis of UN or OSCE have always been opportunities to have our units checked on acting in such missions. In order to achieve the desired interoperability and compatibility we acted and we are still acting to adapt our doctrine to the new requirements of the security environment, to change the training system, and improve personnel training and education. The positions of the structures were restructured and the CJTF augmentation personnel training program was improved. Our participation in PSO was considered a priority for our NATO accession preparations. The Romanian contingents take part in SFOR, KFOR, UNMIK and ISAF 2 and also with a deployed battalion in the strategic SFOR/KFOR reserve. On short term we support the force deployment in , as party to ENDURING FREEDOM. By the 15th of July this year, we will have a battalion in the above-mentioned theatre of operations. The full implementation of other 17 PGs by the end of the year, the 300 military and civilians that were provided English language training and the 2065 NCOs already formed are all factors of getting the right compatibility. As for the air space management, we plan to have the ASOC pilot system finalized and the final ASOC system developed and, as far as the restructuring and force readiness are concerned, we have in view to reorganize and make the following units operational: the 1st Logistic brigade, the 2nd Mountain Troop Brigade, the 93rd Air Base and the 150th Missile Ships Squadron. Appreciated as “good” by NATO evaluators, the stage of the Armed Forces restructuring process brings the confirmation that the PfP Program represented a unique opportunity to mostly value the resources for the cooperation among NATO members and partner states, to get our armed force closer to the Alliance’s armed forces. The Partnership for Peace program stimulated the complex reform process in which both the Romanian Armed Forces and NATO integration partners are engaged and has proved that the Euro-Atlantic initiative was beneficial to re-configuring the military institutions and constituted a catalyst for a better cooperation among the new Central and East-European democracies. The very large number of NATO/PfP actions and exercises Romania has taken part in emphasizes the importance we have granted to the PfP Program. Between 1994 and 2001 our country participated in 2675 PfP activities and 169 PfP exercises. We are the only partner country that has performed the whole range of NATO/PfP exercises involving personnel and valuable means form all the services, both internally and abroad. By now, form the 2001-2006 Partnership Goals Implementation Plan, only one objective of the 84 our country has assumed was not accomplished. 26 of them were already implemented and other 17 are going

9 to be implemented this year. As for the rest of the objectives, they will be implemented by the end of 2007, based on a reviewed plan approved by the North-Atlantic Partnership Council. The most important objectives are: staff officers training according to NATO procedures; military and civilian personnel training for the structures of NATO/PfP exercises; tactical and operational management of the NATO/PfP staff activity; practical cooperation with the international, governmental and non-governmental organizations; command and control elements and the specific rules of engagement; NATO doctrine and the equipment and systems used in PSOs. In order to accomplish the assumed objectives, the Romanian armed forces has, first of all, to provide the military conditions necessary for the accession in the integrated structures of the Alliance and to achieve the provisions of the ANP. It is also a priority for us the use of our air space within the European community, the air space management in crisis situations and the assimilation of the CJTF and OCC concepts and the TEEP. By achieving the objectives of the 3rd PARP cycle, Romania will train its forces designated to take part in NATO-led PfP missions in a more efficient way and would comply better with its defence collective obligations. On the occasion of the meeting in Bucharest, all the 10 candidate states manifested their decision to act together for NATO integration. It is a new sense of the enlargement, NATO representing not only a powerful military alliance, but also a new philosophy of the Euro-Atlantic collective security concept. The progress of the candidate states in accomplishing the provisions of the 3rd MAP cycle were emphasized at the meeting of the foreign affairs ministers in Reykjavik, May 14-15, 2002. On this occasion the request on transforming the institution for collective defence was restated. We are convinced that the restructuring process of the Romanian Armed Forces is synchronized with the adaptation and transformation process of the Alliance. In the period left untill the summit in Prague, and even after it, we will act to improve our troops training, according to the modern combat requirements, and the Euro-Atlantic standards. The informational and decision-making activities will be also improved. A good interoperability with NATO compels us to deepen the basic doctrine knowledge on staff organization and responsibilities at various levels and the way the Alliance operates its forces. The complexity of the future missions requests us to focus especially on applying the staff procedures and standards in order to get the common operational terminology. It will allow to our military formations to participate efficiently in multinational exercises and operations. Based on the new strategic concept, NATO pays attention to the operational dimension of the military cooperation with partners, within the framework of the PfP Operational and supports Romanian and the other central and East-European states to size capabilities for the participation in common actions, to provide military strength for the regional multinational

10 formations. Thus, we do intensify our current training programs of the units participating to MPFSEE, RO-HU Battalion, SHIRBRIG and BLACKSEAFOR. As for the MPFSEE, our country has undertaken the presidency of the PMSC and the SEDM-CC. Between 1990 and 2002 practically there were adopted the main laws and norms which ensure the optimum functioning of our armed force under the new conditions of the rule of law, market economy and military reform. They guarantee the security of our state and the accomplishment of the armed forces’ missions. They enable the implementation of the new organizational structure, the integrated planning, requisitions, the siege and emergency status and external missions funding. A new conceptual and doctrinaire system was created, referring to the organization, development, training and use of armed forces to protect our national interests. An increased crisis management capability was developed, together with the ability to prevent and deter the threats against Romania’s security. The peace-to-war transit system was improved and the military cooperation relations with NATO members and partners were amplified. They have in view the defence planning and programming, logistics, C4I, common training and education, leadership and military acquisitions. The new trend recently imprinted upon the modernization and operational status of the armed forces has a solid background in the large number of Romanian officers and NCOs trained at prestigious military institutions from of America, Great Britain, , , The , , , and Canada. But the restructuring and modernization of all the armed forces’ fields is very much indebted to the new and unitary Euro-Atlantic concept of human resources management. That led to the rehabilitation of the military career, the rank-position correlation and positions restructuring in accordance with the personnel categories. The military professionalization was increased, the NCOs statute was rehabilitated and the new recruiting and selection system was implemented. Professional reconversion and personnel information management systems complete the image of the new human resources management. In this field United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, and Turkey gave us precious advice. Today, the Romanian Armed Forces is so intimately bound to the Alliance also for the fact that the main member states (USA, Great Britain, France and Germany) conducted support and assistance programs in the field of military training. These programs greatly helped at increasing the interoperability with NATO and the preparation of our forces for collective defence. The military advisers from NATO states have provided expertise and advice on issues such as the restructuring process, compatibility and interoperability and have undoubtful merits for building the current armed force and preparing our Euro-Atlantic integration.

11 The 1990-2002 overall effort is impressive and made under budgetary austerity and often-insufficient allocations. Much of what we did not accomplish is rooted in the lack of necessary funds, which affected some key-issues of the reform. But the resized budgetary allocation (every year till 2005, 2.4-2.4 of the GDP goes to defence) and the serious analyze of the priorities and financial resources determined the revival of the key- integration issues The political leadership of our country is bravely assuming the integration costs figuring out and explaining to the people that, in long run, such an investment in our armed force as a member of a collective defence system is costly effective and beneficial to our economic and social development. Positively, the most important costs are the procurement costs. Procurement will reach its highest stage between 2004 and 2007 when major programs will be finalized to modernize the combat technique and equipment specific to the combat environment of the new century. Thus, we’ll be provided a digital command system, at the level of NATO standards. We’ll continue to develop the STAR 2000 system and the C4I systems will be implemented at the level of large units. The program also foresees modern air control operational systems, early warning systems, force protection and friend-or-foe systems for the main combat technique, improved armament precision and performing ammunition. The performance of the aircraft and ships will be increased and individual and protection means will be acquired. Romania, ready to assume accession responsibility has already proved her ability to act as a “de facto” ally. Her infrastructure and facilities put at the Alliance’s disposal all over the national territory are very valuable: harbors, airfields, railway, terminals, depots and medical, logistics and communications facilities. Some of them were put at the US troop’s disposal, as they transit Romania conducting the troop rotation in . As for the rest of the facilities, much intense work is done to have them modernized. Enjoying them, NATO can successfully meet the new threats against the regional and global security and stability. The “Prague” moment is for our country an important landmark in our way to NATO. The Romanian Armed forces, on its way towards accession, present itself as a credible institution, with features similar to the allied armed forces. Its current structure means almost a decade of hard work and striving efforts, to assume the democratic and political-military values of the Alliance, to accomplish the objectives which transform it into a powerful and modern institution, into a serious partner for the post-enlargement security guarantees of the regional and European area. As a country that, never in her existence, generated conflicts and tensions around, but proved she was a security – generating factor in the region, Romania is, through her armed force, a peace and stability

12 guarantor. The excellent bi-lateral relations maintained with the Central and East-European states strengthen her unique position as a candidate with a decisive contribution to the consolidation of the southern dimension of the Alliance. As the range of security risks and threats against the Alliance and Europe is more and more expanded in the south, Romania and her armed forces’ presence among NATO members and armed forces is necessary and credible. On the background of a closer and more effective cooperation among the democracies of North America, Europe and, through Caucasian area, the Central Asia, invoked in Reykjavik by Lord Robertson, the NATO Secretary General, Romania has the ability to build not only a “security” bridge between the Central and South-Eastern allied states but also to support the safe power corridor towards Caucasus and to keep being a stability factor in the Balkans. With her armed forces in a full modernization process our country can demonstrate any time that she has the capacity to contribute to the collective defence and alliance’s missions, and is able to assume the responsibilities of a future membership.

13 NATO, WARRANT OF STABILITY AND SECURITY Colonel Ioan COSCODARU, Ph.D,

Historical background

Since the end of World War II, the security environment has known major changes, being in a permanent evolution. These changes produced positive effects on the security and stability, and, at the same time, exposed the world to new challenges, risks and threats. As a result, Europe has been separated upon ideological criteria, the political influences being shared among the winners of the world war. In order to maintain a strategic balance in the area of security and defense, the main powers have decided to create some strong military tools, able to ensure the promotion of their interests. The signature of the Brussels Treaty (1948) showed the world, the determination of five European countries (, France, , The Netherlands and The ) to develop a defence system which would enable them to face ideological, political and military threats to their security, especially coming from the . This way, after negotiations with the U.S. and Canada, the North- Atlantic Alliance was created, based on security and mutual commitments between Europe and North America. As a response, the countries under communist control, which was spread out by the USSR, have decided to create a similar military body, known as the Warsaw Treaty. We may say the separation between East and West got, in these circumstances, judicial and institutional recognition, leading to the beginning of the Cold War. Ideological, political, economical and diplomatic clashes of opinions and last but not least military ones characterized the entire post-war period. While the countries which signed the Warsaw Treaty adopted the communist way, those belonging to the North Atlantic Alliance, based on democratic principles and market economy, have known a flourishing development, having a proficient economy, which ensured to their own citizens a high standard of life. Ever since its creation, NATO’s essential purpose was that of safeguarding the freedom and security of all its members by political and military means in accordance with the and the principles of the UN Charter. Based on the common values of democracy,

14 human rights and the rule of law, the Alliance has worked for establishing peaceful order in the Euro-Atlantic area, as well as for ensuring and supporting social and economic development of the member states. The end of a bi-polar order has had both negative and positive effects. While the integrated European area, corresponding to NATO countries, continued to develop, in safe conditions, the countries in the South East of Europe, passing through a prolonged period of transition towards democracy and market economy, have known its negative effects, including major crises, generated by the separating trends, based on ethnic and religious criteria. However, the positive, dominant element of this period was represented by the openness to political dialogue and cooperation among democratic countries, international security bodies, including NATO, and the old ideological adversaries, so as to strengthen and maintain sub-regional, regional and global security. Under these circumstances, NATO’s central objective gained a new meaning and dimension.

Regional Security and Stability - the Alliance’s Priority

Ever since the beginning of the 90’s, the Alliance has adjusted itself to the political changes occurred in the international environment and has asserted itself as the main factor for building up a new security and stability architecture in Europe. The South-Eastern and Central European former communist countries have begun to consider NATO a source of stability in a new global order and a credible representative of democratic values and principles, which are essential conditions for economic development and social welfare. The inception of the Partnership for Peace allowed the former communist countries to participate to common training activities, together with the armed forces of NATO member countries and to contribute to the building-up of a new dimension of the security in Europe. This continues to be efficient and beneficial for the conceptual and operational harmonization of the defense capabilities made available, so as to ensure stability and security, in an integrated and extended framework. While amplifying and developing international cooperation and collaboration in the security area, the political decision concerning the enlargement of the Alliance and the receiving of new members coming from the former Warsaw-Treaty countries represents the main event at the beginning of millennium. The acceptance of three new members (, and ) demonstrates that Europe’s splitting up phase has come to an end, and a new phase starts, that of cooperation and collaboration. The Washington Summit, in April 1999, established a new NATO strategy, which set up the guidelines for NATO’s future political and military

15 development. For this purpose, the military allied forces have been organized and shaped to meet the new requirements. Thus, the adopted a new military concept (CJTF-Combined Joint Task Force) which has become the essential concept of the operations conducted by NATO member countries and partners under UN and OSCE mandate. This would allow the Alliance to respond in a flexible way to the new missions, ensuring, at the same time, the necessary framework for the participation and the integration of partners’ military effort in NATO-led peace support operations. NATO’s importance and credibility re-asserted itself by the efficient and constant participation in crisis management and in stabilizing different conflict areas in the world, especially in the Balkan area, as well as by developing and implementing initiatives meant to enhance confidence and cooperation, at a regional and sub-regional level. The tragic events on September eleventh 2001 highlighted the vulnerabilities of the security institutions, in democratic countries, in front of the new threats and risks. Among these, the neo-terrorism and organized crime require new means of evaluation, new ways of acting against, and of course, suitable capabilities for countering them. The global character of the terrorist phenomenon, the attack against the values which represent the symbols of democracy and humankind determined a new view on the international relations and the creation of a general political consensus, so as to act collectively against terrorism. Fight against terrorism requires a re-shaping of the military effort, of the battle space, as well as a new way of approaching it. For the first time, ever since its creation, NATO has claimed the application of the article V, in order to counter the attacks against its members. The North Atlantic Alliance finds itself within the process of identifying and developing new strategies, concepts and capabilities, which would allow timely and efficient reaction in countering the threats at the beginning of this millenium. The Alliance’s demarches will also be supported and enhanced through the efforts made by the Central and South Eastern countries, which connect to the European democratic system of values and choose to integrate into the political, economic and security European and Euro- Atlantic structures. NATO’s enlargement, by inviting new members, at the Prague Summit, this fall, will enhance the Alliance’s credibility and the role it has to play. Increasingly official sources of information, inside the organization, as well as outside it, assert the fact that the majority of the member countries would choose “a sound enlargement” of the Alliance, although a final decision in this respect has not been made yet. This alternative includes a number of seven states, which could be invited to become NATO members.

16 Under these circumstances, NATO is interested in concluding new ways of developing dialogue and cooperation, mainly with the Russian Federation and Ukraine, which are essential for the European stability and security. On the one hand, the new relation with Russia is more constructive and more practical and will ensure, perhaps, the solution for certain disputes, which previously have characterized mutual relations. On the other hand, the Russian officials are more open and responsive to the idea of NATO enlargement, and stopped to be so unfavorable to this process. The essence of this new relationship relies on the creation of a new NATO – Russia Council, where Russia would detain full rights in certain political areas, previously dominated by NATO, such as peace keeping, crisis management and search and rescue missions. As for Ukraine, NATO sees it as an important state, which participates at the stability and security of Europe. Thus, a new impulse has been given to the Special Partnership, signed in Madrid in July 1997; NATO and Ukraine agreed on common consultations about the development of Euro-Atlantic security and stability as well as about areas such as conflict prevention, crisis management and peace support operations.

Romania and its NATO integration

NATO’s future evolution, particularly, its enlargement, will have an important influence on the regional stability in the Balkans and especially on the entire South -Eastern Europe. The enlargement of NATO and the strengthening of its Southern dimension to in an area which is still insecure from the political point of view would certify NATO’s mobility and flexibility, as well as its availability to efficiently and timely manage crisis situations. At the same time, the transgression of the interest from the Mediterranean Sea towards the Black Sea will have as consequence not only the enlargement of the security area but also an effective strengthening of NATO’s role in the area. Based on that, the Black Sea will become more important, being the main route for trade, particularly from the energy resources point of view, between East and West. As a result, the integrated security area would grow, and The Black Sea would not be “an isolated sea” anymore, becoming a prolonguement of Mediterranean area towards the Caspian area and the energy resources in the Caucasus and Middle East. Under these circumstances, in order to ensure the security and stability, necessary for the enhancement of democracy and economic prosperity, the best choice for Romania remains NATO and EU integration. A common regional and European security area is the best way to protect our national interests. In order to be able to accomplish its national security interests, Romania must adhere to the Euro-Atlantic organizations

17 and strengthen its role within other security structures. NATO integration represents the best option for the accession into a collective security environment. NATO and EU membership would offer Romania security guarantees, in European and international political area, defined by the existence of some instability factors and by the expansion of new risks and threats. NATO and EU integration are not only purposes but also ways through which Romania is capable to ensure its own security. Romania’s strategic option for NATO integration is greatly supported by all political parties and the Romanian public. If the adhesion perspective materializes at the Prague Summit in 2002, we may state that Romania has definitely gone forward on its way to integration. Having political support from most of the Allies, in what concerns the efforts made for integration, and being constantly appreciated for its instant and great contribution to countering terrorism and also for its participation in crisis management in different parts of the world, Romania appears as a credible candidate for the second round of the enlargement. According to the engagements assumed, Romania committed itself, in an open and practical way, to the implementation of the Annual National Training Program for NATO adhesion, elaborated according to MAP. Taking into account the importance and particularities of this Program, Romania pays attention to its implementation, ensuring this way: • materialization of its political will to integrate into NATO; • an additional way to show the Alliance that its admission serves the Alliance’s objectives and tasks and also contributes to the enhancement of the Euro-Atlantic security; • a more coherent dialogue with the Alliance and the allied countries to confer more substance to the moment of the adhesion. Consistent to its principles for maintaining contacts, a permanent political and military dialogue with NATO, for continual adjustment to the changes that occurred within it and its new requirements and according to its national interests, Romania has in view the following issues: • to support the involvement of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) in conflict prevention activities, crisis management, peace enhancement, in cooperation with OSCE and other organizations having responsibilities in the security area; • to adjust to the requirements of the Individual Partnership Program (IPP), according to the interoperability objectives established by the Alliance; • to continue to participate at the Enhanced Partnership for Peace, so as to attain the competence criteria required by NATO membership; • to employ the Enhanced Individual Dialogue as a principal means for mutual informing and training;

18 • to actively involve in the activities performed by the Political Co- ordination Council (PCC) destined to establish political guidelines for the operations under NATO aegis; • to analyze and evaluate through the representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and of the MoD, in the IPP and to go through the 3rd PARP cycle; • to elaborate concrete projects, according to the integration requirements, for planning the resources allocated through PINS; • to amplify the collaboration with the Directorate for Crisis and Operations Management, in the perspective of creating, in Romania, of one Regional Crisis Management Center. Romania participates, within EAPC, in several areas such as: South- Eastern European security; crisis management; arms control; stopping the mass-destruction arms dissemination; fighting the international terrorism; planning for the defense budgets; democratic and civil control over the Armed Forces; training and education (in that respect, the Regional Center for Resource Management was established in Brasov and the Romanian - British Staff Training Center was accepted as PfP Regional Training Center). In this context, we had in view the enhancement of the Romanian presence within the military structures of the Alliance. According to the evaluation and the appreciation of the NATO political and military authorities, as well as of the majority member countries’ leaders, Romania is currently considered as being a real security provider at regional and even global level. Through the way in which it participated in crisis management, particularly in the Balkans, and the way in which it ensured last year the OSCE leadership, through its involvement in the fight against terrorism and organized crime, through the way in which it builds up good neighborly relationships, Romania proves that it is a mature and responsible country, when dealing with domestic as well as international issues, and that it is able to contribute to the enhancement of peace and stability

19 STRATEGIC DIMENSIONS OF EURO- ATLANTIC INTEGRATION

Colonel Nicolae NABÂRJOIU, Ph.D.

Following the signing, on 26 January 1994, of the frame-document of the PfP, Romania has made a first step but very important for her inclusion, in perspective, as a member with full rights of the North-Atlantic Alliance. This moment, corroborated with the conclusion of the 1993 European Agreement, has been a real turning point in the Romanian foreign policy and an irrefutable proof of Romania’s attachment to Western values. The preparation for accession has meant a coordinated action, on multiple planes, in the hope of our country’s entry into NATO through its permanently opened “doors”. Romania’s accession did not occur in 1997 in Madrid when the countries invited were Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary; nor did it take place in 1999, when in Washington it was celebrated the 50th Anniversary of the Alliance which took place without inviting new members. In return, it was launched a novel programme of preparation for membership and it was announced the prospect of a new evaluation of the progress made by candidates in 2002. 2001 was, for Romania, a period of time during which a real progress in the area of politics, economics and restructuring has been made, which have contributed to regaining our credibility concerning the seriousness of our moves pertaining to the irreversible decision of acceding to NATO and has enhanced her chances of being invited to accede on the occasion of the Prague summit. 2002 is the decisive year for Romania’s accession to the Euro-Atlantic structures and it depends mainly on the developments in the political, economic and social life of Romania. To a great extent, accession depends on what is achieved in the area of foreign policy and reform of the armed forces, as well as on the way in which we make known to the NATO member states the progress achieved by our country. Romania’s integration into NATO will stem from a political decision materialized from adding together the internal and external strategic dimensions of Euro-Atlantic integration. It is, categorically, influenced by its own achievements, by the way of fulfilling the Membership Action Plan, the chapters of this Plan: political and economic, defence, resources, security of information and legislative matters. Already established are the NATO

20 requirements to the applicant Romanian state and are known the objectives expected at the time of accession, materialized in documents or in activities. The political and economic dimension entails the fulfillment by the Romanian state of several more important activities: • pursuing Romania’s candidature to acceding to the North- Atlantic Alliance and the creation of the internal and external conditions necessary for that to happen; • setting the ways of making known Romania’s arguments and achievements amongst Western circles by making use of her embassies, parliamentary and ministerial delegations, seminars, conferences, journals, brochures, lectures etc.; • identifying the official positions of the NATO member states concerning the expansion of the Alliance and, as far as Romania is concerned, of the sensitive problems presented by them regarding our country and establishing the measures in a differentiated way, for determining, on the basis of arguments, a favourable vote; • the implementation of a genuine democracy, eliminating the tendencies of violating the principle of the separation of state powers, respect for human rights etc.; • sustained economic development for reducing the gap with the NATO countries; speeding up the privatization rate and restructuring of the economy without stirring social tension, a coherent fiscal policy related to investments, bettering the business environment, issuing regulations in favour of foreign investors and small and middle enterprises; • fighting corruption and organized crime, control over this phenomenon and the formulation of an anti-corruption strategy for limiting its evolution, making public the wealth of high officials, the reform of public administration, diminishing bureaucracy, promoting people only on criteria of competence; • fighting terrorism through domestic measures and by participating in anti-terrorist missions abroad (ISAF/Afghanistan), and by applying the new legislation in this respect (Emergency Ordinance 141 / 2001); • the rigid and severe application of laws vis-à-vis all citizens and in all circumstances in the spirit and the letter of the Constitution, achieving social cohesion, gaining the trust of citizens in public authorities and achieving national solidarity. Another strategic dimension of integration is the issues of defence which entails the implementation of the following activities:

21 • mapping out NATO compatible strategies, doctrines and regulations: the Strategy of National Security, the White Book of the Government, Romania’s military strategy, the doctrine of joint actions of the armed forces and the doctrine of joint multinational actions, the doctrines of operations of categories of forces, training handbooks, general military regulations; • continuing the process of restructuring and making operational the armed forces depending on allocated resources: dismantling, transformations and establishment of military structures, making operational large units, units and subunits, the continuation of level two and level three of the Membership Action Plan, implementing the reform of the military education (the creation of the National University of Defence) the restructuring of personnel, slashing the number of officers until a pyramidal NATO-type model is realised, achieving structural, operational and technical inter-operability with the armed forces of the NATO member states; • compatibility with the NATO structures, participation in the operations of the Alliance, supplementing the participation in NATO/PfP exercises and in peacekeeping operations led by NATO (KFOR, ISAF); • budgetary execution on the basis of programmes, implementing programmes for upgrading the equipment of the army, applying NATO-type war standards; • implementing a novel logistical conception: NATO standard infrastructure, redistribution of spaces, liquidation of atypical stocks etc. The dimension generated by legislative issues consists in restructuring the Magistrates’ Council, making uniform and simplifying the legislation concerning foreign investments, finalizing by the Romanian justice of the cases and litigations that were started by the Court of Justice of the Council of Europe, unitary and coherent legislative action, fully compatible with NATO legislation and the principles of the Acquis Communautaire. The security issue represents another important dimension for accession and consists in: • adopting the Law on the protection of classified information; • drawing up regulations on the issue of security for the government organizations; • the training on the basis of a programme of the personnel who is to work with classified information;

22 • continuing the vetting of the persons who are to take up posts in the public administration or are going to work in the area of NATO classified information.

The human dimension of integration includes: • combating the trafficking in human flesh; • protection of the child, combating any sort of discriminations. Allocating sufficient budgetary resources for accession to the Alliance represents a new dimension of integration and includes: • securing the compatibility of the national structures in terms of resources, necessary procedures and mechanisms to those of NATO; • the training of the personnel necessary for carrying out activities within NATO, as well as along with NATO; • the systematic confirmation with the NATO experts group of the efficient use of the defence budget; • consolidating the defence budget up to 2.43 % of the total state budget and its rise by 10% every year calculated in USD.

Promoting Romania’s image and countering the attacks on Romania’s image entails intelligent, argumentative and coherent presentation to all NATO partners, of the progress made by Romania in priority fields: political and economic, military, financial, security of intelligence and the legislative. It shall be pointed out the efficiency of the management of the economic, social and administrative reform, the jumpstarting of the economy, the combating of corruption in the administration, the privatization of the economy, the independence of justice, the legislative framework of foreign investments, the reform of public administration. Having in view, here, at the same time, the foreign policy actions of Romania’s President, the representatives of Parliament and the Government in order to increase the awareness of the Allied states so as they should not oppose to Romania’s accession: contacts with foreign partners, visits, seminars, international conferences, etc. Making up for the image deficit produced by foreign and domestic causes will consolidate the slight improvement which Romania has experienced lately, thus determining both the centers of influence and the public opinion in some NATO member states to perceive more correctly our country’s present realities. In this sense, it is very important to ensure the systematic information of the embassies of the NATO member states to Bucharest regarding the evolutions in the economic, political, social and cultural areas, through: • press releases made in international languages;

23 • meetings with ambassadors or their representatives on various issues; • dispatching letters from ministers in order to signal evolutions in concrete issues of interest for the respective country in its relationship with Romania; • conducting joint press conferences or briefings on the occasion of bilateral events. At the same time it is also needed the permanent correlation of the results and efforts made for NATO and EU membership with a view to ensuring a convergence of actions.

Also important are the following: • inviting the representatives of embassies to various actions organized by governmental organizations, including visits throughout the country, thus allowing for an objective evaluation of the situation and a better mutual knowledge; • supporting the Romanian communities living outside of national borders so as to help them to preserve their national, cultural and spiritual identity and to identify their capacity of supporting the objectives of the Romanian diplomacy; • the constant concern for improving the juridical status and treatment of Romanian minorities in other states, in keeping with international provisions regarding human rights and minorities rights. Romania’ s integration into NATO will also be decided as a result of geostrategical analysis that target the zone of military political actions in the Balkans and in the Middle-East, outside Romania, but within the Alliance conducted by experts of the member states. The present realities point out the fact that irrespective of the option for extension in Prague, from a geostrategical point of view, therefore of continental security, it is needed: - building up the northern flank, by including the Baltic states, thereby achieving the connection to and its superimposition with the alignment of the EU extension; - securing the flank of Poland and Hungary, by taking into the Alliance; - connecting Turkey and Greece to the NATO central European space by including Romania and , carrying out the centralized monitoring of the continental air space in view of the ballistic approach of Europe, building up the control over the Black Sea space for fighting organized crime and illegal migration, projecting power in the Caucasian – Caspian area and in the Middle East.

24

The following other aspects can also be taken into consideration: • by including , it could be insulated the crisis area of the former FRY and it would be realised a double coupling of Hungary to Western Europe, thus also implicitly consolidating the security of the neutral states of Europe; • in the Balkans it would continue the gradual limitation and the liquidation of the crisis zones; • in the Caspian – Caucasian zone, by including Georgia and possibly Azerbaijan into the Alliance, it would be ensured the control over the corridors of energy resources; • in the Middle East, by means of strategic partnership with and special partnership with some Arab states, it will be achieved the pursuit of NATO interests in this area and in Northern Africa; • in Central Asia, through special agreements with some countries in this area, particularly Uzbekistan and Kirgistan it would be achieved a projection of the power of the Alliance. In this way, we can presume that in the next 10 to 15 years, the Alliance could have its eastern limit along the Baltic - Black Sea axis, and the southern one, along the Caspian – the North Eastern borders of Turkey – the Mediterranean, thus ensuring optimum conditions for defence planning, including for coping with asymmetric threats. If it is achieved the projection of interests in extra-continental zones (Central Asia, the Middle East, Northern Africa), the Alliance will go beyond its status of Euro-Atlantic power wielder, thus becoming a global power broker, which entails a fundamental redefinition of responsibilities and structures in terms of its new role. Three centers of influence will converge to a greater or smaller extent for resolving each situation in part; they are, respectively, the American component, the European one and the Russian Federation which, even if it does not become a member of the Alliance, it will be involved in the decision-making process in the area of continental and global security by means of the NATO-Russia Council. One can conclude that NATO will remain the only transatlantic security structure adaptable to geopolitical conditions in perspective, credible as a key element of the future transcontinental security architecture, a factor of European integration, and might be counted among the main players of global security. NATO future is directly linked to the Prague summit, a summit of redefining the objectives of the organization of its adjustment to the new changes.

25 Romania expects with much interest this summit because it wishes to contribute further, along with the other NATO and PfP members, to consolidating peace and cooperation in the Euro-Atlantic space, including through fighting terrorism. On the other hand, Romania expects that this summit will confirm a new enlargement, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, which represents a unanimously accepted goal of all the political forces and the public opinion. As is known, the National Security Strategy, adopted on 18 December 2001 by Romania’s Parliament has confirmed, through our national will, the essential goal of NATO and EU integration. For us, it does not represent a conjecture related option but one in favour of common values, for modernization and against marginalization. From the economic point of view, we seek to carry out the objectives assumed by Romania through its medium-term development strategy, accepted by the EU. From the social point of view, a significant emphasis is placed on combating individual insecurity. In the area of national security and public order, the actions will aim to prevent and combat the infractional phenomenon, protecting citizens, private and public property and the infrastructure having a strategic interest. In the area of defence, Romania will build a credible modern and efficient capability, thus consolidating its status of security provider in the area. Remarkable actions have been taking place internally: dialogue among all political forces, consultations between the fundamental institutions of the state, adopting a wide array of legislative, economic measures meant to strengthen financial-banking discipline and combat money laundering, crisis management and the development of some capabilities regarding special forces for combating this phenomenon, as well as the priority action plan of Romania’s government for preparing the country’s accession to NATO. All these efforts underlie the membership action plan. Externally, Romania aims to adjust to all the changes within NATO, the EU and other international organizations that have proposed new forms of international cooperation in this field. Romania is interested and has proven that it can participate in building an European and Euro-Atlantic security architecture, which should not only provide security guarantees, but also opportunities for the development of other areas of cooperation. We play an active part in various forms of regional cooperation in Central Europe, South- East Europe, the Basin, the Black Sea area and in the Caucasus. We consider that these projects cannot be an alternative to European and Euro-Atlantic integration, but it is obvious that they can contribute, to the extent that they are turned to account, as a set of prerequisites to moving us forward along the path of our readiness for integration.

26 RESTRUCTURING AND MODERNIZATION ROMANIAN ARMED FORCES

GOALS AND STAGE OF ROMANIAN ARMED FORCES RESTRUCTURING AND MODERNIZATION PROCESS Lieutenant-colonel Gheorghe BADEA

Contemporary society gives us the image of fluid systems, surprisingly changing sometimes, which restructures, in order to survive, redefine their own interests, and reconsider their laws / relationships and principles thus creating the impression of a world- wide chaos, but being in an organic state, in fact. Era of relative stability has become history, “a new world order is not a certain fact, but an attempt and an opportunity (…) to build a new international system, according to new values and ideals, as the old secure things fall apart around us”1. The closer we are to a fair analysis of the international environment, the more we see it becoming non- – linear, meaning “playing some how involves changing rules”2. This Brownian move inside the global social system leads to repositioning its interests, its ways and means and happens along with tehnological, social, economical, political and mental changes “in an opened– out world. The one you consider to be thousand kilometers away is near – by, now”3. The context and the world evolution have determined to endorse measures of restructuring and modernizing Romanian Armed Forces. There is no point in considers ourselves to be strong with an army of “barracks”, anymore. We need to adjust reality. Restructuring process is painful, especially when individuals are involved, but absolutely necessary in order to stay tuned with history.

1 George Bush, “Introduction to US National Security Strategy (translation)”, Training and Operation Directorate 2 Gleick J, Chaos, Penguin Books, New York, 1987 3 Philippe Labarde, Bernard Moris, “God, how nice is economic warfare”, Antet Publishing House

27 The top priority is to look – up into the future leaving the past, even the present maybe, behind us. History has demonstrated it can be hard on the weak and undecided. Geostrategic and geopolitical context of the future deals with power, action, and intelligence. The fittest face challenge, the weak, and hesitating loose. Foresight and anticipation represent two factors of our real world.

Factors of Restructuring and Modernization

The new organizational architecture and the amount of forces foundation which support defence and security resources has started from identifying and analyzing the main factors to establish the amount of best resources. They have been analyzed and reasoned on, in a complementary context: • Romania's national interest; • security environment; • increasing of risk factors and political and military evolution in the South Eastern Europe; • conventional force level restricted by CFE treaty; • allocated budgetary resources; • request of the military modernization in accordance with world tendencies; • requirement of interoperability, compatibility and standardization of our own military structures ones; • physiognomy, typology and tendencies of military conflicts; • accomplishment of a distinct delimitation between management and operational leadership; • adjusting battlefield to the future: modular structure, sizing and implementing new forces, according to new spectrum of armament. • Formations and units have become "supple, easy to maneuver and command, capable of joint operations”4.

During peacetime, the military organization evaluates the nature of future conflict and adapts its own structures to it. The analysis has consisted in examining simulation patterns and has determined the reason for the amount of best resources in order to obtain a security defence army.

4 Vasile Paul, “The XXIst Century Conflicts”, Military Publishing House, Bucureşti, 1999, pg. 44

28 The Goals of the Restructuring and Modernization Process

The main objective of restructuring and modernization process is to build a small size flexible, mobile, professional army, well-modern equipped, able to fulfill its goals: warrant "of sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and constitutional democracy"5 and act toward strengthening and maintaining security and peace in Europe and worldwide. In order to have force structure interoperable and compatible with NATO, the following objectives are to accomplish: • elaborate a new legal framework, for the Armed Forces; • separate military and political competencies and ensure democratic civilian controlling over the Romanian Armed Forces; • increase professional level and downsize forces, at the same time; • increase capacity of managing crisis; • achieve interoperability with NATO military system and membership in order to participate in Article V operations (collective defence) and CROP; • simplify the commanding and controlling procedures; • improve force structure transition from peacetime to wartime; - restructure and modernize Military Education System and training system; • assure transparency of military organism; • provide and manage the resources efficiently; • elaborate the Doctrine and Concept System (structure, endowment, training development, peace and war time, crisis operations).

Force Construction

The restructuring and modernization process of the Romanian Armed Forces has been ongoing since 1990, through more stages.

The first stage (1990-1995). Its main objective was to downsize Armed Forces’ structures quickly and to eliminate political element. In order to do that, the following steps have been taken: • eliminating political structures and security controlling; • eliminating economical structures;

5

29 • creating a new legal environment for the Armed Forces, on a democratic, rule of law bases; • eliminating the Warsaw Treaty assistant structures; • structuring the Romanian Armed Forces and standardizing the civilian democratic controlling; • applying measures for diminishing armament and conventional forces, according to Paris Treaty stipulations; • creating the legal environment and the force structure for PSO and humanitarian missions under UN aegis, reorganizing Army Corps and Brigade Force structure by giving-up division and regiment structure; • start programs for equipment modernization.

Second stage (1995-1997) aimed at: • operating the first stage created structures; • starting the NATO membership forces interoperability process, according with MAP cycle settling; • reorganizing Military Education System; • bringing SO earmarked structures reorganizing to end.

Time frame stage (1997-2000). First year, 1997, has been accom- plished the following activities: • finishing the analysis and studies which "Program Force 2000" is based upon; • promoting the suggestions on restructuring the formations and units, toward Romanian Supreme Council of National Defence (Supreme Council of National Defence Resolution, no. 0103/1997); • reorganizing MOD and General Staff, according to Romanian Government Resolution, no. 110/14.04.1997. The new structure outlook is to assure interoperability with the similar Euro-Atlantic structures. Mainly, the measures aimed at a module system with directorates J1- J8, sections, offices, and independent compartments. The unnecessary structures have been eliminated from the peacetime structure, according to Supreme Council of National Defence Resolution, no. 0103/1997, as it follows: 3 combat brigades, 2 signal brigade HQ, one artillery regiment HQ, 13 battalions (similar): artillery, rockets, pontoons, NBC protection, railways, engineers, 11 logistic formations (POL, dumps, maintenance, ammunition, mixed supplies), 9 independent company (battery) and platoon subunits 27 "personnel" units from combat formations. Some formations and units have been converted to recruiting centers; in order to reduce army costs; • Air Force Groups have been restructured;

30 • Land, Air and Naval Forces HQ have been reorganized on modules, in order to accomplish the interoperability of the General Staff with the similar NATO; • a new organizing structure for mechanized brigade of CROP forces has been experimented. Training and improving centers have been reorganized into Application Schools; as a result, two of the existing education institutions have been eliminated. On 18.06.1999, Supreme Defence Council decided the end-strength is 112,000 military and 28,000 civilians and a multi-year budgetary direction of 1,190 misleads for year 2007. In order to accomplish these goals on budgetary limitations, the decision was to go on with restructuring first, than with equipment modernization. However, in this process, some operational components are partly modernized by the time the ongoing programs are completed.

Timeframe (2000 – 2007) there are two stages for the "Force structure" accomplishment: First stage (2000-2003) aims at restructuring and operationalizing force structure at minimum requested level, in order to assume a credible defensive capability and the interoperability planned level, as assumed by Romania in PARP program. Second stage (2004-2007) aims at equipment modernization and goes on with the accomplishment of Armed Forces operational capability.

This stage goal is: • accomplishment of a more compact, module, supple and flexible security force, capable to deploy and self/sustainable in the combat zone, to ensure the fulfillment of the Romania’s military strategy requirements and to respond the new security environment; • streamlined command and control structures which are equipped with modern C4I systems and capable of rapidly transition from peace to war, to synchronies al military actions necessary to mitigate the risks or threats to national security; • establishment of a flexible mobilization system; • achievement of the forces capability and combat readiness, based on available financial resources.

The new force structure has to provide: - Romania’s national defence; collective defence, according to Article V, Washington Treaty; - contribution to regional and European security; - active involvement in non-Article V actions and CRO;

31 - generating savings, in order to increase training level, modernize equipment, improve the quality of life for a professional force. The Armed forces restructuring process and NATO endorsement are complementary. The authorized Romanian Armed Forces strength is 112,000 military and 28,000 civilians. The last 8 years, the Armed Forces have been downsized from 320,000 personnel to 101,000 by the end of 2001. About 50% of the difference came from position reduction and disbanding units. The Armed Forces have been downsized its wartime force structure from 850,000 to 230,0000 and the enlisted personnel from 280,000 to 112,000, since 1989.

900 850 (thousands) Legend 800 Reserves Active&Territorial Civilians 700

600 561 627 500 438 Programme Force 400 364 2003 358

300 294 230 230 224 200 200 90 101 110 191 163 ? 100 191 163 112 106 104 99 75 32 40 37 36 30 28 15 0 1989 1997 2000 2001 2002 2003 2007 Programme Force 2003 is organized as it follows General Staff and 3 Departments, units reporting directly to Central Structures and 3 Services. Programme Force 2003, as depicted below, is divided into four elements: the General Staff and units (Central Structures) reporting directly to the Chief of General Staff, and the three Services.

The service units are sub-divided by readiness levels in accordance with the NMS force categories. Each unit's mission and composition (i.e., active, and territorial) determine the level of resources allocated to support its readiness.

32 General Staff Central Structures 1 Operational Corops HQ’s • 1Operational Division HQ’s • 1 OperationalDivision HQ’s Signal Comand Logistic Brigade Guard and Protocol Regiment

Land Forces Air Forces Naval Forces Logistic Command Main Operational Air Maritime Fleet HQ’s High Readiness (Active) Command-ASOC River Flotilla HQ’s 6 Combat Brigades High Readiness (Active) High Readiness (Active) 3 Combat Support 6 Fighter Squadrons 1 Figate Brigades 6 Helo Squadrons 5 Combat Vessels 1 Logistic Brigade 1 Air Transport Flotilla Squadrons 1 SAM Brigade 1 EW & Surveillance 1 SAM Regiment Center Lower Readiness 5 Air/Helo Bases 1 Diver Center (Territorial ) 1 Radar Center 1 Marine Battalion 2 Corps HQ’s 3 Signal Regiments/Battalions 1 Signal Regiment 9 Combat Brigades 1 Radioelectronic Center Lower Readiness 5 combat Support Lower Readiness (Territorial) (Teritorial) Brigades 2 Air Division HQ’s 1 Coastal Missile 1 SAM Regiment Squadrons (67,000 Mil & 8,000 Civ 1 Engineer Regiment 1 Patrol Boat Squadrons 2 Training Squadrons 1 Maritime Base 2 Air Training Bases ! River Base

(19,160 Mil & 3,640 Civ) (7,540 Mil & 1, 910 Civ)

Programme Force 2003 has different readiness levels:

Active Forces. The readiness Forces-FRF, capable to fulfill, if needed, a large spectrum of tasks. Readiness rate is 7 days after notification on national territory and up to 30 days after notification, outside the national territory. Manning at a minimum of 80% (of that 90% professional and 10% conscripts), fully equipped with major equipment. At least 30% of their training is dedicated to specific PSO and Article-V related missions, inclusively force protection tasks;

Teritorial Forces. The Forces at Low Readiness-FLR is designed to enforce the first level and to ensure rotation and replacement in CRO up to 90-360 days after combat capability is suspended. Manning between 10- 70%. Each unit’s mission and composition (i.e., active, territorial, or reserve) determine the level of resources allocated to support its readiness.

33 In order to accomplish the Programme Force 2003 end-strength, 186 formations and units will be or already have been disbanded, 162 converted and 270 restructured. In the general armed structure, HRF prevail. These forces cost more, because they need top equipment.

250

200 operationalisationzare restructuring

150 transformation disbanded

100

50

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 We need to agree that "cheap and expensive have relative meanings; everything depend on time and price you put on the future of your country, of your nation. What you call today cheap, tomorrow may be nor cheap or expensive, but fatal"6. The emphasis is on the traditional region role of Romania’s Armed Forces and on balanced mixed forces, capable to deal more and more with crisis situations and lowintensity military conflicts. This process is two requests: first, functional-which establishes the nature of force as a component of social system and second, social- acting- establishes the defence force usability degree and usage concept.

Objective Force Concept

The Objective Force structure seeks to ensure that the Romanian Armed Forces are able to meet their national and international security obligations and make additional funds available for modernization, training, operations and maintenance. It builds on the plans and achievements of Programme Force 2003, but will be implemented over an extended period (2003-2007) to minimize personnel turmoil. It will maintain all of the units and

6 Mihai Cioc,” Pages from Romanian Military Thinking”, Military Publishing House, Bucureşti, 1983, pg.24-25

34 systems that Romania has already invested in and will focus on streamlining the forces and improving their capabilities. Detail analysis and planning, so that implementation of the new force structure can begin early next year, is underway and will be completed by the end of this year. Objective Force seeks to balance Romania’s military requirements and commitments with the fiscal realities so more resources can be directed to modernization, operations and training. • Major goals: - Develop a leaner, more capable force that can be deployed and sustained with national resources. - Ensure capabilities to meet national security needs and contribute to Regional security and International operations. - Maintain readiness levels that will provide an immediate reaction to crisis situations and the quick build-up of additional forces when necessary. - Provide the special operational capabilities needed to respond to the new security environment.

FACTS: • Supreme Defence Council approved the Objective Force concept on 5 April. Detailed structure and plans will be developed over the summer months and presented to the SPC in September. (See Objective Force Implementation Fact Sheet) • Overall Force concept: -Peacetime authorized strength: 90,000 (75,000 military & 15,000 civilians); wartime authorized strength: 200,000. - It will consist of Active and Territorial Forces. Reserve Forces and Mobilizations Centres will be disestablished. - The basic manoeuvre element will be the brigade. • Service and unit logistical elements will be backed-up by two multifunctional, fully automated Logistical Support Bases (North and South), and a brigade sized logistical. • Active Forces strength will be approximately 50,000 military & 10,000 civilians. -Primary missions will be immediate defence of Romanian territory, peace support and Article 5 operations, and participation in regional and multinational formations. - Units will be fully equipped and manned, and 90% will be professional soldiers. - Unit readiness will depend on unit mission and will range between 7 & 30 days. • Territorial Forces strength will be approximately 25,000 military & 5,000 civilians.

35 - Peacetime mission will be the training of conscripts, professional soldiers and officers, and management of mobilization plans. - Wartime mission will be the mobilization and build up of forces to contribute to the defence of Romanian territory. - Units will be fully equipped but manned at between 5%-70% with professional cadre and conscript soldiers. - Unit readiness will depend on unit mission and will range between 90 & 360 days.

Objective Force Implementation

• In accordance with the Supreme Defence Council’s decision, the MoND will use the next eight months to: -detail plans for the new force structure, including the types of brigades and units in the Active and Territorial Forces; and -develop an Objective Force implementation plan for the period 2003- 2007. • The following steps will be followed: April-June. -Validate operational concepts and international commitments, and determine the number and types of units need to meet these needs. -Assess training needs and current capabilities. -Assess unit level logistical requirements and further define the new logistical concept. -Assess current the infrastructure plans against Objective Force requirements. -Begin a military and public information programme. July-September: -Validate unit TO&Es. -Identify and begin to address issues such as handling of redundant personnel, conscript policy, infrastructure drawdown and modernization. -Detail the Territorial Forces training and mobilization missions. -Detail the logistical concept plans. -Begin implementation of the personnel, logistics and movement control automation programmes. -Begin to develop plans to implement Objective Force over the period 2003-2007. October-December: -Continue to develop plans to address the issues identified over the summer months. -Develop a master-stationing plan for units, logistics infrastructure, training and education facilities. -Develop an infrastructure and facilities decommissioning plan. -Refine the multi-year procurement plan.

36 -Refine plans to implement Objective Force.

Restructuring Process between Necessity and Modernism

Reviewing and downsizing military structures take place in the neighbourhood of democracy and industrial societies of the Third Wave, in a tehnological, socio - political and cultural changing environment. Building a new force structure for the Romanian Armed forces has started from analysing the relationship between goals and means and from the necessity of creating a security army during peacetime, capable to convert itself into a defence army during wartime, meeting the national needs and the North - Atlantic Alliance requests. The concept of security army requires a “levelled” force structure according with operational combat and deployability capability during peacetime, wartime and crisis situations, in order to maintain normality, affirmation and enhancing environment for the Romanian people and to promote and guarantee national interest in international relations. The issue is on the modernisation - cost - efficiency ratio. In view of restructuring is planned to end by 2003 and modernization process to start in 2004, the costs are not high, if we consider the defence of national interest. We fully recognise the significant challenges of modernizing our forces. Starting with year 2004, the procurement programs need costly financial efforts, but they are repayed by long maintenance and increasing of the Armed Forces efficiency. Modernization aims at last generation equipments. In the international relations hierarchy, military alliances will occupy the third position, after political – diplomatic and economical ones. The force structure has to respond to the following requests: - intelligent, skillful, determined and highly engaged force; - assure a minimum security requirement ; - accomplishing interoperability and Partnership goals; - encreased capability for PSOs designated forces; - accomplish the level of readiness according to NATO requests. EU and NATO membership would confirm that Romania belongs to democracy, individual freedom, and principles governing the rule of low. Romania’s security expenses would be lower inside NATO than outside NATO.

37 CIVIL DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OF THE ARMED FORCES Major Nelu PETRE Alina MACOVEI

The armed forces are equally part of the political society and the society which, if needed, they defend. For quite some time now, we witness more and more challenging debates on the civil-military relations. Civil democratic control of the military can be defined as all the prerogatives the Constitution and the Law confer to the authorities of the political society – democratically elected or legally established – necessary to set the legal frame for the organisation, functioning and responsibilities of the military body. They are also necessary in order to establish the limit of action and to check the extent to which the activity of the military body observes the legal provisions and the decisions of the competent authorities. Different phrases were used to name this type of control: democratic control, political control, parliamentary control and civil control. Though the area of these concepts partially inter-act, they are not identical entities, they rather express the types of control provisioned by the law and put to execution by various public authorities. Still, there are authors that say that certain terms are identical: “Currently, in the specific literature, the phrases civil control and political control are interchangeable.1 Here, the concept civil means the prevalence of the civil structures, grounded on the people’s sovereignty, in the defence and security decision-making process.

Forms of civil democratic control of the military

Subjective civil control means the maximization of the civil power, namely of one or more civil groups, in the absence of a professional officers’ corps. Due to the large number of civil groups in a society, it is impossible to maximize their power as a whole in matters referring to the armed forces. The subjective civil control involves the power relations between civil groups; some of them invoke it as a means of increasing their power to the prejudice of the others. The groups that lack any power in defence matters in their argument with other groups that do posses such a power can also use this type of control.

1 Rudolf Joo, Le controle democratique des forces armees. Cahiers de Chaillot. L’Institutute des Etudes de Securite, L’Union de l’Europe Occidentalle, Paris, 1996

38 Civil control through the social class was specific to the 18th and 19th centuries, when the European aristocracy and bourgeoisie were struggling to get the control of the military. In this way, the military institutions provided the “battlefield” for the conflicts between the aristocracy, which prevailed over the armed forces, and the liberal bourgeoisie, that started to increasingly use the concept of civil control in its favour. At present, this concept is no longer relevant. Objective civil control involves the maximization of military professionalism, as well as an understanding of the civil control as an analytical concept, independent as to the evolution of the group. The political power is divided among military and civil groups, the latter having an ever- greater influence on the emergence of the professional attitudes and behaviour within the officers’ corps. Unlike the subjective civil control that denies the existence of an independent military field, the essence of this type of control is the recognition of an autonomous military professionalism. By co-relating the high degree of professionalisation of the military institution with its degree of political power and with the prevailing ideology of the state, three patterns of the civil-military relations can be defined: low economic power and anti-military ideology (liberalism, fascism or Marxism); high political power and pro-military ideology (conservationism); low political power and pro-military ideology (a society that is not threatened by clear, immediate dangers, dominated by conservatorism or another ideology compatible with the military view). The combination high political power and anti-military ideology is not possible. The typical objective civil control is characterised by the “political” sterility of the armed forces. It is the lowest possible level of the military body’s political power as related to all civil groups. Thus, the essential element of power, necessary to the very existence of the military profession, is preserved. A true control can only be exerted through legally established competences. To this end, the political society has prerogatives that allow it to set up legal norms, implement them, check the way they are observed and take the required steps in case they are violated. The legal means to exert this are different in each country, as stipulated by their Constitution. As to the control exerted by the political society in post-December 1989 Romania, we think that the most important means belong to the public authorities stipulated by the Constitution. In the recent years, special attention was given, in Romania, as well as in all democratic countries, to the Parliament control of the security services and the intelligence policy. An important fact was the establishment, in 2000, of the National Security Authority whose aim is to ensure the liaison with the UN Security Office. Mention should be made on the fact that, besides the control exerted by the political society, there is also an indirect, “atypical” control, exerted by

39 the civil society, through its various components. It is “atypical” because, although provisioned by the law, some dimensions are more particularly applied. Like the control exerted by the political society, this type of control is a guarantee that the armed forces will preserve, in all circumstances, their constitutional place and role in ensuring national security and defence.

Democratic control of the armed forces exerted by the political society

President of Romania The has no absolute power in exerting his attributes, especially with reference to the military field; such attributes are strictly stipulated by the Constitution (they are mostly submitted to the Government/Parliament’s approval or to the Parliament’s a posteriori control). Still, there is a number of constitutional and legal ways in which the President of Romania can exert the control of the armed forces. In compliance with Article 77 of the Constitution, the President promulgates the laws on the military institution adopted by the Parliament; appoints the Prime Minister and the Cabinet; declares, by decree and with the previous approval by the Parliament, the partial or general mobilisation of the armed forces in case of an armed aggression against Romania; takes the necessary measures to repel the aggression and timely informs the Parliament; sets up the state of siege or emergency.

Parliament of Romania As stipulated by Article 58, Paragraph (1) of the Constitution of Romania, the Parliament is not only the Romanian people’s supreme representative body, but also the sole authority that makes the laws of the country. As regards the present issue, the Parliament’s crucial role is manifested in the legal framework it creates for the armed forces. It refers to: the role of the military body; the budget, its size and structure; Romania’s National Security Strategy; ratification of international military treaties and agreements; preparing the population, economy and territory for defence; the conditions of the state of siege or emergency; other legal documents that have an impact on the armed forces activity; the strategic requirements and priorities incumbent to the military institution at certain periods. The Parliament gives its vote of confidence for the Cabinet’s Programme and List, which includes the Minister of National Defence. Other forms of the Parliament’s control are: accounts, reports, information, documentation, messages, and programmes etc., which often refer to the armed forces tasks.

40 The Parliament’s Defence, Public Order and National Security Commissions are mainly responsible of the thorough analysis of all draft laws, emergency ordinances and Government ordinances, of all legislative propositions submitted to the Parliament, that refer to matters of interest to the armed forces. The Parliament also exerts its control by means of questions and interpellations which, as stipulated by Article 111, Para (1) of the Constitution, must be answered by the “Cabinet and each of its members”. Government As part of the executive power, the Government has important attributes in the democratic control of the military institution, resulting from its role as stipulated by the Constitution. Its functions are: to ensure the internal/foreign policy and to exert the general management of the public administration. By exerting its right to have the legislative initiative, the Government includes its own requirements related to the armed forces activity in the draft projects of the norms. Such projects refer to the armed forces activity not only within the borders of the country, but also abroad. Thus, the Government approves or negotiates the international treaties prior to their conclusion at department/state level. The Prime Minister, who, in compliance with the provisions of the law, is also the Vice Chairman of the Supreme Defence Council, plays a special part in the control exerted by the Government. Supreme Defence Council The Supreme Defence Council analyses and proposes to the Parliament’s approval: the basic concept of Romania’s defence; the structure of the national defence system; the declaration of the state of war; the halting of hostilities in time of war; the conclusion of a truce or the cessation of the conflict. The Council’s attributes are not only to analyse and submit solutions to the responsible structures, but also to approve the measures that impose severe limitations to the armed forces activity. Subsequently, the Council will approve: the general organisation of the armed forces and of other components belonging to the national defence system; the plan of national economy mobilisation for war; the basic guidelines of international military relations and the mandate of the delegations participating in the negotiation and conclusion of treaties and agreements related to defence matters; the draft projects of international treaties and agreements on the national defence; reports submitted by leaders of the state administration structures with attributions in the field of national defence and security.

41 Ministry of National Defence The Minister of National Defence is a civil personality, which fulfills both a political (member of Parliament) and a command task (coordinator of the MoD activity, whose consultative body in exerting its command task is the MoD College). MoD legislative initiatives during 1990-2001: laws, Government decisions, Government ordinances, emergency ordinances etc., by years:

Year

Types

of 1994 1991 1991 1992 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1990 1990 legislation 2001 Total Legislativ 1 2 3 1 1 1 3 2 5 3 8 Actions 0 1 9 Parliament Decision

Drafts 6 Laws 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 4 Government

Ordinance Drafts 1 3 2 Government

Emergency 3 4 3 Ordinance Drafts

Government 1 2 Decision Drafts 1 1 3 1 4 6 3 6

Legal authority In compliance with the provisions of the Romanian Law, the military and civil personnel of the Romanian Armed Forces are as accountant to the Law as all the other citizens of the country for actions committed both during the service hours and beyond. Through their legal filters, the courts control the activity of all the members of the armed forces in case they infringe the Law. In criminal cases, the control of the law is exerted on the military by the military prosecutor’s office and courts. In civil cases, the control is exerted by the civil prosecutor’s offices and courts that pass sentences on the military personnel involved.

Democratic control of the armed forces exerted by the public authority

• Constitutional Court ensures the control of the laws from the point of view of their compliance to the Constitution – based on the provisions of the 1991 basic law -, decides upon the exceptions brought to the courts in matters of non-constitutional aspects of the laws and ordinances. It may also make proposals to settle or solve aspects considered as non-constitutional in draft-projects of legal documents referring to the defence field.

42 • Accounts Court, as an autonomous public authority that exercises the control of the state and public financial resources’ making, management and use, has significant responsibilities in the democratic control of the armed forces. Its attributes in the fields of preventive control, subsequent control and specific activity are elements that control the financial aspects of the armed forces. • Ombudsman. This institution is meant to protect the physical persons against possible abuses by the authorities of the public administration, represented by ministries, departments, independent public authorities, prefect’s offices, decentralised public services of ministries and other central bodies, local public administration etc., as well as civil servants or other representatives of these bodies. The control exerted by the Ombudsman results in a better knowledge and solution of the negative aspects of the armed forces activity and increases the trust in the rights and freedoms of the Romanian Armed Forces’ military and civil personnel.

Democratic control of the armed forces exerted by civil society

As a structural element of the military-society relation, the indirect control of the armed forces exerted by the civil society is a modern field in all post-Cold War European countries. The expertise of these years shows that this issue will continue to be dealt with not only because it is an on-going process, but also because the control methods and procedures can be further improved and adjusted to the new changes of the society.2 In Romania, like in all East-European countries, elements of the civil society have emerged in this period, such as: unions, leagues, fronts, employee/professional/agreement/religious associations, organisations, groups, foundations, interest/neighbour groups, NGOs etc. The media, which include many elements of the civil society, have increased both in number and in scope. In the recent years, significant changes have occurred in the civil society-military relation. While before 1989 the military body was a closed, non-transparent structure, today most problems that the armed forces are facing, except for the special ones, are known by the society and discussed within NGOs, as the military decision-makers are willing to build the environment of trust necessary to prevail in the military-civil relation.

2 Karl W. Haltiner, Democratic Control of Armed Forces: Renaissance of an Issue? Paper presented at the 4th International Security Symposium of the ERGOMAS Special Programme, Geneve, Nov.14-19, 2002

43 In order to achieve the communication, the military structures have established and developed specialised public relations structures, whose task is to provide the military-civil interface. Relations between the military institution and the union organisations within the armed forces and outside it have been set up and deepened. The union organisations are consulted in the drafting of norms referring to their activity. They also have the right of being informed with the data required to negotiate the collective work contract, the work protection conditions, with the data referring to the funds for improving the working conditions. The suggestions, requirements and claims of the unions established in the defence sector are dealt with in an organised framework, in compliance with the provisions of the Government Decision No 314/2001 on the social dialogue boards’ establishment, organisation and functioning within ministries and prefect’s offices. It stipulates that the activity has a consultative character and aims at: ensuring the relations that allow for the permanent information on their needs and an easier solution of their requirements in the field under the MoD authority; consultations with the social partners on legislative or various initiatives; consultations with social partners on measures related to the restructuring of autonomous administration enterprises under various ministries’ authority; other issues related to the activity of the ministry. Another form of control of the military institution exerted by the civil society is made through NGOs (non-government organizations). They often inform the military structures’ leadership on aspects that infringe the law in the routine activity; they request information on the mentioned cases or on their positive solution. The NGOs may also promote amendments and/or legislative propositions on military matters. A significant role in the indirect control of the armed forces is played by the Church, especially by the military spiritual assistance service whose main task is to meet the soldier’s right to moral and religious support, as a basic right of any citizen to his own freedom. Obviously, the Romanian civil society is very young, has not much experience in the exercise of the democratic methods and is not clearly defined, but we think that, as the legal basis of this type of control are already established, a good practice will be achieve in this field too, in a reasonable period of time.

44 JOINT DEFENCE PLANNING Şerban LUNGU

In Romania, the weight of defence planning against the overall background has been noted quite early in the process of democratic civilian control of the armed forces. Jeffrey Simon has identified four conditions critical to the effectiveness of democratic oversight and management of the military. These are as follows: 1. A clear division of authority between president and the Government (Prime Minister and defence/interior minister) in Constitution or through public law. 2. Parliamentary oversight of the military through public law. 3. Peacetime government oversight of General Staff and military commanders through civilian defence ministers. Defence ministry management includes preparation of the defence budget, access to intelligence and involvement in strategic planning, force structure development, arms acquisition and developments, and military promotions. 4. Restoring of military prestige, trustworthiness and accountability for the armed forces to be effective.7

THE ROMANIAN DEFENCE PLANNING SYSTEM

The Romanian Armed Forces’ PPBS reflects the classical approach to planning, programming and budgeting and has the endorsement and encouragement of NATO Staff. The principles of Romania’s defence policy are derived from the National Security Strategy and are laid down in the White Paper on National Security and Defence by the Government and elaborated in further detail in the Romanian Military Strategy, issued by the Minister of Defence. Achieving the objectives of the main defence planning documents shall lead to a realistic correlation between goals and available resources. The most important document issued to establish the political requirements, regarding national security and defence, is the National Security Strategy (NSS). The NSS has as its main purpose the substantiation of defence planning at national level. To accomplish its role, the NSS: defines the national security interests and objectives; evaluates

7 Jeffrey Simon, NATO Enlargement & Central Europe: A Study in Civil-Military Relations (Fort McNair: The National Defence University Press, 1996), pp. 26-27.

45 the international security environment; identifies domestic and international risks and threats; establishes guidelines for ensuring national security, and specifies the main tools and means of ensuring national security. The validity period of the NSS equals the term of the presidential mandate. The timeframe is for the medium term (4 years), with an extended perspective up to 8 years. By issuing the National Security Strategy, the President of Romania establishes in the field of national defence: the defence policy; the missions of the Armed Forces; the defence resources; the ways to build up and use the forces in order to accomplish the proposed security goals. The Government issues The White Paper of Security and National Defence in order to enforce the provisions of the National Security Strategy, using also inputs provided by the Government Program (that is the national objectives of the Government for its mandate). In order to achieve its goal, the White Paper of the Government sets out: the main objectives and tasks of the public institutions involved in providing national security and defence; measures and actions to be taken by these institutions, in order to ensure national security and defence; the necessary resources (human, financial and material) to be provided annually, for the building up and training of the forces engaged in national security and defence. The timeframe is 4 years for the medium term, with an extended perspective up to 8 years. Being one of the key documents within the planning of the defence, the White Paper of Security and National Defence, issued by the Government becomes operative concurrently with its endorsement by the Parliament. The Parliament, by endorsing the White Paper, oversees the evolution of the Military in accordance with the general security interests of society, determines how the resources should be used to provide security and oversees the defence for the country. The National Military Strategy (NMS), developed by the Ministry of National Defence, expresses the Romanian objectives and fundamental options to military policy, within the validity period of the National Security Strategy. The NMS: evaluates the impact on defence of national security risks and threats both from a military viewpoint, and a civil perspective that involves the use of military resources; defines the quantity, structure and ways to allocate the resources necessary to the national defence; establishes force structure, missions, organisation, equipment, training level, operational level, logistics and infrastructure needs to be covered, as well as the force training plans and rules of engagement for military actions to be performed by the Romanian military, and stipulates the military measures to be concluded as regards the co-operation, partnership and alliance commitments undertaken by Romania, at the international level.

46 The National Military Strategy is approved by the Government, and is subject to renewal every 4 years. The pinnacle of the planning process is the Defence Planning Guidance (DPG), issued by the Minister of National Defence. DIPD is responsible for drafting the documents, based on inputs from the General Staff, the Services and other structures involved in the defence planning area. DPG constitutes the legal and policy grounds for the MoD specialised structures, plans the force structure and capability, matches resources to objectives, and sets out policies and sectorial programs. The timeframe is 4 years for medium term, with an extended perspective on midterm. In order to achieve interoperability, in January 2002, the decision was adopted to employ a 6 year planning cycle. Activity in the defence field is established under a legislative framework, setting out the legal basis for all areas including national defence planning, which: • establishes the rights and responsibilities of public authorities in the field of security and national defence; • ensures co-ordination of security objectives and policy together with the resources that can be provided to achieve the objectives; • defines the responsibilities, the place and the role of each ministry and public institution with specific responsibilities for the Romanian internal system of security; • ensures the compatibility between the Romanian defence planning system and those of the NATO members.

The Law of Public Finance establishes the procedures of building, management, use and control of the state financial resources, of the public institutions and organisations. These procedures are related to the time frame, responsibilities and authorities involved in public finance administration.

The Budget Law has directed 13 ministries and executive agencies to develop an experimental budgeting program, during fiscal year 2001; for 2002, all ministries and agencies are required to adopt the new system. In order to match defence policy issued by the Department for Defence Policy and the force structure as designed by the General Staff, against the projection of available resources, the decision to implement a PPBES within the MoD and to have a single structure (DIPD) to run the process was adopted. So far, most of the organisational structures needed for the proper operation of the system have been created. There have been established:

47 • The Defence Planning Council – the foremost body within the MoD, that joins together the state secretaries, the chief of the General Staff, the secretary General, being chaired by the minister. By its members, it creates the most representative picture of the integrated approach existing at MoD level; • The Committee for the Co-ordination of the Armed Forces Reform and NATO Membership Action – an inter-departmental body established to insure the unitary, coherent and strong ruling of the Romanian Military reform as well as the NATO membership effort. Also, the following documents have been issued: • The National Military Strategy; • The Defence Planning Guidance no. 02/2002-2005; • Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Evaluation Regulations. In the planning phase, national as well as military strategies and MoD interests are described; the main goals, objectives and priorities are established and the resource are settled up. This phase has as output the issuing of long-term strategies and plans. Within the programming phase, programs and the necessary resources to carry out the goals and objectives are specified. This phase has as output the issuing of defence programs. According to the PPBES regulations in place, a program will be structured as shown below:

THE MAIN PROGRAMS

1. Land Forces 2. Air Forces 3. Navy 4. Communication and Automated Data Processing 5. Central administration 6. Logistics 7. Defense Intelligence 8. International activities

48 Very briefly, a program development sequence is presented here.

DefencePlanning Guidance Program

development Program Drafts PPBS PROGRAM MANAGERS Regulations

Integration of Program Drafts DIPD Drafts Optimisation Drafts Optimisation

Programs Programs

Inputs for the Defence Budget Bid

Based on DPG provisions and according to the procedures established through PPBS Regulations, program managers elaborate the defence program drafts, which are the subjects to analysis, integration and optimisation. After their approval by DPC, these programs will constitute the inputs for the defence budget bid. Within the budgeting phase, the first programmed year is specified in financial details. Certain steps in this process are followed each year starting with May 1, when MoD forwards to the Ministry of Public Finance the draft proposed budget detailing expenditure and income for the next financial year, comparing it to expenditure incurred during the current year with accompanying explanatory notes covering any variations. This ends on October 10, when the Government submits for Parliament approval the bids of the aforementioned budgets, accompanied by the Budgetary Law bids. The primary evaluation accompanies the first three phases of the PPBS. The recurrent evaluation represents the final evaluation stage – integrated part of the PPBS – wherein the accuracy of the planning process is finally assessed.

49 The multi-annual planning cycle represents the quintessence of the PPBS, and the basic instrument to ensure the viability of the financial structures. There are three approaches to this cycle: on short-term, mid-term and long-term. Most likely shortfalls in the proceedings during one year can be corrected through the Defence Planning Guidance. The DPG is the document enabling the review of programs’ priority, the adjustment of appropriations, and the rearrangement of deadlines as necessary. Here is displayed the approach of resources redistribution on a time- budget scale.

L o n g - T e r m P l a n 2 0 0 2 - 2 0 0 7 L o n g - T e r m P l a n 2 0 0 5 - 2 0 1 2

Budget P r o g r a m s 2 0 0 2 - 2 0 0 7 Budget P r o g r a m s 2 0 0 3 - 2 0 0 8 Budget P r o g r a m s 2 0 0 4 - 2 0 0 9

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

The resources are reallocated in the next 6 years using the present year resource allocation. In the same time the deadlines can be shifted to one of the future years. In order to ensure a properly co-ordinated approach to achieve the most efficient balance between advancing national security goals and resource allocation, MoD recognised the importance of maintaining a dialogue with other Government Departments. To this end, we have developed a network of connections with civil Ministries (e.g. the Ministry of Finance, for Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Development and Prognosis).

PPBS PROCEDURES

The PPBS in operation with the Romanian Ministry of National Defence is patterned after Western models and reflects the classical approach to planning, programming and budgeting. In this process both the “top-down”

50 and “bottom -up” approaches are employed, that is: centralized planning & programming development process, de-centralized budget development (execution), competition for resources, and transparency. At MoD level, the organization established to manage this process is the Defence Integrated Planning Directorate (DIPD). The key players are the program managers (the chiefs of single services staff, chiefs of logistics and signal commands, the Secretary General, the director general for defence intelligence, the director for Euro- Atlantic Integration and International Military Relations). The chief of the General Staff issues mandatory regulations as far as manning levels, training levels, stocks, and overall readiness. Also, the draft programs for the services, the logistics and signal commands are revised by the chief of the General Staff from the standpoint of meetings his regulations. Currently, the program managers have considerable leverage (as well as responsibilities) in allocating resources in accordance with the strategic priorities. Most of the expenditures, which were centrally planned on behalf of the program managers, have now been decentralized and programmed accordingly. The system has incorporated the planning for major procurements (which is operating in accordance with NATO standards since the second MAP cycle), and the infrastructure development, and to a large extent, the human resource dynamics. Also incorporated is the management of FMF assistance, which is subject to same competition and adjudication process as the budget funds. Narrowing the scope, one could say that, although the Minister, as head of the institution, had always the overall responsibility for the MoD budget, there has been an imbalance between the planning inputs of the General Staff and the ministerial level. The defence planning cycle had been budget based with the GS formulating their resource requirement according to their perception of the national defence and security needs. While the planning process was conducted under ministerial supervision, the impetus was driven form below rather than led from above. In order to solve this imbalance, during the 2nd MAP cycle, a single structure was created under the State Secretary for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Defence Policy in order to integrate defence planning (the budget section/J8 became the budget service with the DIPD). We consider that, although the current budgeting process is still burdensome (it is currently addressed in order to align it to EU regulations) and programming is not a panacea, it can at least help to highlight the future costs of military capabilities and the rationale for requested budget levels. Shifting from a traditional request-budgeting system to PPBS, which is based on clear objectives and priorities require changes in the institutional culture. In the same time, PPBS is one of the foremost vectors of change. Among the lessons of the 2000 pilot implementation, one has to mention the functional realignment of programs, to enhance decisional

51 power (and the accountability) of the users (services, especially) regarding funds allocation for specific requirements. Organizations that previously played both a supervising and execution role (J6 – at tactical level, the Department for Armaments, the Directorate for Domains and Infrastructure) have now more room to exert their supervision responsibilities. Already in 2001, the operation of the system has brought momentous changes as far as matching objectives with resources is concerned. For instance, although the increase of the defence budget in 2001 was 5.1% in net terms, the increase in operation and maintenance expenditures was 44.5%. The significant increase in PGs implementation tempo (from 5 in 2000 to 20 in 2001) can be at least partly credited to the operation of PPBS. The PPBS implementation enjoys considerable support from civilian authorities. It is considered that this process will increase transparency in employing public funds. The cooperation with the Ministry of Public Finance has witnessed significant improvements, and a “task-force” has been established to deal with issues related to defence budgeting (among others, a conversion matrix between NATO and Romanian cost categories has been jointly developed). With the Ministry of National Defence, this year is dedicated to the improvement of the planning structures at the level of program managers, and to the full integration of budget execution in the process. From the perspective of cooperation with NATO members, the new Romanian defence planning system is designed to achieve interoperability with euro-atlantic structures and to facilitate the process of evaluating Romanian performance in the security area and of the real capacity to participate in NATO missions.

Conclusions

• The Romanian Armed Forces is in the process of implementing a PPBS; the program is patterned after Western models and the initiative has the endorsement and encouragement of NATO Staff, fact confirmed by last evaluation in 2002; • With the MoD, DIPD was established to manage the PPBS; in 2000 an excellent training facility in resource management (Regional Defence Resources Management Training Centre), in BRAŞOV was opened, with US assistance, to cover the stringent need for experts; • The programmatic framework of RoAF has been established through 8 programs for the defence planning cycle 2002-2007; • A test PPBS effort was completed in 2000 and continued in 2001; • It will be refined as experience is gained.

52

FULFILLMENT OF ARMAMENTS REDUCTION REQUIREMENTS Commander engineer. Ion-Eftimie SANDU

Political considerations

In the aftermath of the ‘cold war’ it is impossible to approach the international security issue without reference to the term ‘armaments control’, which may be used with three distinct meanings: disarmament, armaments control, and arms limitation. Disarmament can be described as a reduction of the armaments levels in compliance with international arrangements and treaties or as a result of unilateral decisions. The political context within which conventional arms control occurred i.e. reduction and limitation of armaments, is closely related to CFE (Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe), concluded at the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (the present Organisation on Security and Cooperation in Europe) among the thirty participant states18, NATO29 and the states of the former Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO310), signed in Paris on 17 November 1990 and in force since 17 July 1992. Romania, as a Party State, ratified this treaty by Act 18 of 4 March 1992 “on ratification of the Treaty on conventional armed forces in Europe, signed in Paris on 19 November 1990, of Romania’s Declaration at the Vienna Extraordinary Conference of 14 June 1991, as well as of the Convention on Maximal Levels for the Quantities of Conventional Armaments and Technique, signed in Budapest on 3 November, 1990.” CFE treaty is a complex legal tool with unlimited length which pursues the achievement of a secure and steady balance of the conventional armed forces in Europe, elimination of disparities capable of prejudicing stability and security and the elimination, as a top priority measure, of a surprise

8 Party states: Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, The Czech Republic, , The Russian Federation, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Kazahstan, Luxemburg, , , Holland, Poland, The United Kingdom of Graet Britain and Northen Ireland, , Romania, Slovakia, Spain, the United States of America, Turkey, Ukraine, Hungary,. 9 North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington on 4 April 1949. 10 Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Treaty, signed in Warsaw on 9 May 1955.

53 attack launching capability as well as the initiation of a wide scale offensive in Europe.

General requirements

The general goal is to make sure that without affecting in any way the security interests of any of the states within the treaty implementation area, the total quantities of armaments and conventional equipment limited by the treaty will not exceede, for the following items, the quantities listed for each: • Main battle tanks – 40,000 • Combat armored vehicles – 60,000 • Artillery equipment – 40,000 • Combat aircrafts – 13,000 • Attack helicopters – 4,000

Observing parity, in the end, each treaty (NATO and former WTO) will have equal quantities of the conventional armaments stipulated in the treaty and subject to limitation. According to Treaty provisions, the reductions will be effected in three phases and will be terminated in 40 months at the latest since its becoming effective (from July 1992 until November 1995) so that: 1. at the end of the first reduction phase, i.e. 16 months since the Treaty became effective, at the latest, each Party State will make sure that least 25% of its total requirement of reduction, for each

54 armament and conventional equipment item limited by the Treaty, has been reduced; 2. by the end of the second reduction phase, i.e. 28 months since the Treaty became effective, at the latest, each Party State will make sure that least 60% of its total requirement of reduction, for each armament and conventional equipment item limited by the Treaty, has been reduced; 3. by the end of the third reduction phase, i.e. 40 months since the Treaty became effective, at the latest, each Party State, would have met its total requirement of reduction for each armament and conventional equipment item limited by the Treaty. The treaty also stipulates that: • Party States should mutually notify 30 days since the Treaty became effective, their own requirements of reduction according to the maximum levels of endowment established by the Treaty; • Each Party State should establish as many reduction locations as it wishes (20 maximum), should revise without restriction the selection of such locations provided they notify the other Party States about such locations; • A regime of checking through inspections denied refusal should be instituded during the reduction period, as well as during the 24 months following this; • Party States should mutually notify, at the beginning of each calendar year, the endowment level of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty, according to the protocol on the exchange of information; • Any subsequent revision of the endowments of a Party State, notified in conformity with the protocol on the exchange of information, should be followed by notification of the modification corresponding to the reduction requirement.

Exceptions In conformity with the provisions of the same treaty, the following are not subject to numeric limitations: main battle tanks combat armored vehicles, artillery systems, combat aircraft and attack helicopters which: • are being manufactured, including production trials; • are used only for research and development needs: • belong to historical collections • are pending reorientation after being disused; • are waiting for or are being renovated for export or re-export purposes and are temporarily kept in the area of application; • are possessed, in the case of infantry armored carriers, infantry combat armored vehicles, heavy armament combat vehicles or

55 multifunctional attack helicopters, by organizations designed and structured to carry out internal security functions in peace time; • are in transit through the area of application

Obligations of Romania

In conformity with the provisions of the CFE Treaty and the convention on maximum levels of the quantities of conventional armaments and technique (Budapest, 3 November 1990), Romania has the right to possess the following:

Technical item Quantity Tanks not more than 1,375 Combat armored vehicles not more than 2,100 Artillery equipment not more than 1,475 Combat aircraft not more than 430 Attack helicopters not more than 120

Implementation of the Treaty provisions

In order to fulfil the provisions of the CFE Treaty, between July 1992 and November 1995, Romania carried out the following conventional armaments reductions:

Technical item Quantity Location Tanks 1,591 Mizil Mechanical Plant Moreni Automecanica Plant Combat armored vehicles 973 Bucharest Mechanical Plant (Mihai Bravu Section) Artillery equipment 2,423 Resita Mechanical Plant Combat aircraft 78

Reductions were effected in accordance with the provisions of the protocol on the procedures regulating the reduction of conventional armaments limited by the Treaty on the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, applying, mainly, the procedure of demolition by cutting and the procedure of reduction by static exposure. The sums appropriated from the state budget and spent on transportation to the locations for reduction, disuse and dismantling of the equipment subjected to reduction, were significantly large (tens of billions of ROLs), which were only to a very low extent recovered by canibalizing or by turning to account the materials resulting from dismantling.

56 The budget and human efforts were rewarded in the context of foreign policy, the inspections carried out by international teams (cf. The Protocol on Inspections) appreciating that Romania fully met, within the established deadlines and observing the reduction percentages for each phase, the obligations incumbent as signatory country to the CFE Treaty. Although the gain may appear insignificant at first sight, the adherence to the provisions of the CFE Treaty and the implementation of its provisions signifies the acknowledgement by the other party states to the Treaty of Romania as a country that: • restrains in the relationship among Party States as well as in the international relations in general, from the threat with force or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state or in any other way incompatible with the aims and principles of the United Nations Chart; • is aware of the necessity to prevent any armed conflict in Europe; • is aware of the mutual responsibility incumbent on Party States to achieve a greater stability and security in Europe; • endeavours to replace the military confrontation with a new model of security relations among all Party States, based on peaceful cooperation, and consequently contribute to overcoming the division of Europe; • is committed to the objectives of striking a secure and steady balance of the conventional armed forces in Europe, at ever decreasing levels, of eliminating the disparities prejudicing stability and security and of eliminating, as a top priority measure, the capability to launch a surprise attack and to initiate a large scale offensive in Europe. This recognition represents one of the top requirements to be met in the perspective of our country’s joining the and the North Atlantic Alliance undertaken by Romania as the responsibility of the Ministry of National Defence and achieved through its efforts.

57

ARMED FORCES PROCUREMENT MODERNIZATION PROGRAMS

Commander engineer Ion-Eftimie SANDU

Directions to action for procurement modernisation

Within the framework of armed forces restructuring and modernisation process, endowment component represents the dynamic element which involves human, financial, economical and technical resources with the purpose of enforcement the research, development and interoperability programs, starting with the objective necessity of maintaining the defence country capacity at a proper level to strategically security and the manifested strong desire for integration into NATO. Now from the point of view to provide the national security and the necessary costs to achieve it, there is no other alternative to NATO integration. Reduction, after 1994 of effective forces, armaments and military budgets, reorganisations, restructuring, modern technique equipment's endowment needs and armed forces profesionalization, the appearance of new risk and conflict types, military intervention methods, have changed the conception for peace, crisis or war military mission. The foundation on which is basis the dealing with Romanian Armed Forces endowment, consists of the procurement necessity for combatants with technical support, to assure the superiority in all kind of modern conflicts and acceptance of the fact that equipment's investment, technology and weapon systems is a critical component of the future defensive-active strategically capacity. Endowment modernisation is a fundamental component of the restructuration and modernisation armed forces process, which according to the concept concerning restructuring and modernisation of Romanian Armed Forces-FARO 2005/2010, contains, in a first stage (2002-2003) armed forces redimensional and establishing of the new force structure, personnel profesionalization, modernisation and standardisation of training. Carrying out of the new force structure, will have as a major effect, for the first stage, dismissing of an important personnel number, which means the increasing of the volume costs to have a really social protection. In this stage, besides the restructuration and operationalisation of forces structure, will go on the developing of some of the acquisition programs, according to the analysed image, made during the working meeting dated on the 21-st of July, 2001, by the Defence Planning Council

58 Board and approved in the "General Developing Time Table of Acquisition Programs and Military Techniques Modernisation, in the period 2001-2010. In the second stage (2004-2007), will be enhanced on the continuity of achievement of operational capabilities of the structure realised at the planned level; also the ending of some major acquisition programs and starting new programs, in order to modernise the endowment with combat technique and support equipment and protection of action means, specific to the XXI-st century battlefield. Acquisition programs developed until 2002, takes into account the priorities of NATO integration process, are correlated with the new force structure and with its operational schedule, assuring the achievement of interoperability objectives assumed by Romania. Technological level achieved by modernised equipment will permit its operation during 10-20 years from entering into use. Simultaneously it can be observe that the report cost/performance is favourable, programs costs allow to be supported from allocated endowment budgets, strictly respecting long and medium term planing and assurance of sure multiyear finance.

Directions to action for all these objectives are the following: • realise of an efficient management system in the nominalized units inside the Frame Plan, through replacing the analogical communication means with others performant (digital), NATO standard level, continuity achievement of STAR- 2000 armed forces permanent communication network and gradually implementation of C4I systems (command, control, communication, computers, and informatics) at large unit level (army corps, brigade); • increasing the research, surveillance and warning capacity of the troops through operationalization of air traffic control systems, early warning, force protection and implementation of identification friend or FOE system to the main types of combat vehicles; • increasing of fire power, mobility and accuracy through weapons modernisation and realise performant ammunition (LAROM-160 mm system, 100 mm antitank gunshots COMBAT fire control system) through increasing of powerful propulsion, armoured protection and equipment's reliability to armoured vehicles (TR-85M1 and MLI-84) and for air defence artillery units, through providing with OERLIKON air defence, 2x35mm calibre guns and GEPARD self propelled air defence 35 mm calibre system; • increasing of fire power and the possibilities of using combat facilities of aeroplane through MIG-21 LANCER modernisation aircraft's and IAR-33H helicopter by improving navigation, surveillance and hitting precision for aerial targets;

59 • improving combat ships navigation, communication and fire control systems, as well as their sea autonomy including sea refuel possibilities; • acquisition of small quantities of individual and collective personnel protection (bullet-proof vest, protective suit for pilots, ballistic protection helmet, water filter means); • performing logistic system for all echelons, transport vehicles reducing and their reliability costs.

Ongoing major acquisition programs

Armaments Department assures the management of the following acquisition programs developing:

In the field of communication, informatics and electronic warfare

Ongoing acquisition programs or those which will be initiate in this field:

• developing of a digital communication system compatible with NATO systems; • developing of C4I system: • developing of a strategically electronic warfare system; • developing of computers networksystems for logistic troops according to NATO standard.

The list of the programs includes:

1. Permanent Communication Network, which represents STAR stationary component, and will includes almost 450 fix communication centres and 300 mobile ones. These will be realised in more phases to ensure: • continuous, flexible, quality and sure links between all military forces deployed for peace, crisis and war situation; • procurement of permanent communication equipment, compatible with NATO standards, which will provide voice and data communication at the required level for the new operational capacity; • step by step integration of performant equipment manufactured on developed technology base assuring the system compatibility; • realising technological transfers to Romanian defence industry and creates the condition for system developing to assure necessary logistic support.

60

2 Radio communication equipment, which represents STAR mobile component, including modern communication, means, having frequency- hopping, portable or installed on trucks and armoured vehicles, will permit: • increasing and efficiency of radio link operatively (necessary for management act); • assurance of video image, data and voice communication capabilities as well as efficient protection against electronic warfare action means and communication interception; • providing interoperability with existing NATO member countries radio communication equipment's.

3. Integrated system for surveillance. Early warning, force protection and contrameasures in strategically interest space, which will be realise at brigade level and will act in Rapid Reaction Force providing: • analysing, pursuing and evaluating the potential threats; • electronic support to the forces and means from Romanian armed forces strategically interest space; • providing of some partnership and integration objectives concerning modernisation and security of information and communication system forces and means protection and electronic measures achievements.

4. The integrated security system for the Ministry of National Defence location which will ensure: • realising the aims assumed by Romania concerning providing of information domain, to realise the possibility of events stoking and their reproducing capability, to be maintained permanently at the required performance level and to contribute to cutting personnel designated to guarding and security of the location.

5. C4I System for mechanised brigade which will provide: • realising for the first phase of a C4I pilot system for brigade; • C4I extension to army corps level and brigades from land troops, experimentation and finalise the requirements; • simultaneously developing of a strategically command-control for the General Staff or for the Great General Quarters level; • total interoperability with similar systems existing in NATO member's countries armed forces; • reducing of the technological difference between Romanian Armed Forces and NATO armed forces countries members, taking into account that they are passing all ready to the second and third

61 generation and have an important difference concerning battlefield digitization; • using at maximum capacity of communications within the framework of STAR program and financial effort justification for this program.

For the Land Forces

Acquisition programs that are in progress or will be initiated will ensure: • improving manoeuvrability and reliability of existing armoured cars; • increasing fire power and hitting precision, day and night, whatever weather conditions are; • development of fire tube and of the subsequent ammunitions, with performances compatibles with NATO standards and calibre; • modernisation of specific air defence systems; • accomplishment of NATO ballistic and potential NBC standards.

These programs are:

1. The middle tank TR-85M1 modernisation and endowment of terrestrial forces with 56 modernised tanks will ensure: • increasing of the fire power using new types of performance ammunitions • improving the parameters of fire control system and of the stabilisation system • increasing mobility in tactical battle field, by improving the specific power and by rising the level of protection; • endowment with a new communication system with smart frequency jumping radio station and encoder, better optical system and passive night-time sight and thermal imager; • operational compatibility accordingly with NATO standards.

2. Armoured fighting vehicle MLI-84 modernisation and endowment of terrestrial forces with 90 modernised fighting vehicles will ensure: • achievements of multi-scope capabilities to execute combat mission (antitank, antiarmoured vehicles, support mission); • improving the performances of the compounding technical systems, as aiming and observing apparatus, the afferent weapons and ammunition, auto-guided antitank missiles; • increasing mobility on tactical field and improving of ballistic protection system; • endowing with hoping frequencies radio stations.

62 • interoperability requirements with military system of NATO member countries. 3. Upgraded APRA-40 rocket launcher by using reactive projectile LAR-MK-4 and an ACCS performance fire control system (LAROM-ACCS System). This modern system will ensure: • increasing fight capabilities of some artillery units (battery and division range) and increasing fire power, using reactive projectiles with growth effect and range of action; • operational compatibility with NATO standards and the security of informational and communication systems, using hoping frequencies radio stations; • improving the selection and locate targets equipment's.

4. Revitalising of Air defence 2x30 mm system GEPARD. This will ensure: • procurement for land forces with 2 mobile air defence divisions; • modernisation of communication and air defence systems of all categories of army forces, support for PfP operations under NATO leadership, as well as ballistic antimissile capacities, in case of modernising with the AHEAD system.

5. Modernisation of air defence 2x30-mm system and realisation under co-operation of air defence 2x35 mm system VIFORUL. This program will ensure: • procurement for land forces of a performance air defence low altitudes system, capable to respond the threats of battle field, day and night, and bad weather conditions; • technological transfer for fabrication of some equipment's from system structure to domestic producers; • modernisation of communication system, improving air defence of all army forces, support for PfP operations under NATO leadership, as well as ballistic antimissile capacities, in case of modernising with an AHEAD system.

6. Tractate howitzer artillerist cal. 155 mm/ 39 calibre system. This program will ensure: • endowment of some artillerist units with 155 mm. howitzer by transformation of canon – howitzer 152 mm, now in service. • endowment of system with C3I developed weather ACCS- COMBAT subsystems, accordingly with NATO requirements; • operational interoperability with similar NATO country member systems.

63 7. The modernisation of ammunition cal. 152 mm and 100 mm. This program will ensure: • increasing firepower of long range and antitank artillery, by increasing perforating power with 30%, by increasing counteract distance with 50% and increasing target effect, by using sub- munitions projectiles. • tactical compatibility (from the point of view of counteract distance and target effect) with similar systems existing in service in NATO country members.

8. Containerised vehicle for campaign mobile hospital will ensure: • procurement a modern medical system, which will resolve the requirements of any missions in military operational theatre, as well as reducing the effects of natural calamities and disasters; • realisation of optimal condition for gradual treatments and hospitalisation, depending on gravity and nature of wounds.

For the Air Forces

The acquisition programmes that will be initiated will ensure:

• the modernisation of existing aircraft's, to increase the accuracy of hitting precision of aerial and land targets; • the acquisition of cargo aircraft's, to increase the transport capabilities of troops and equipment's, as for necessity situation, as for peace keeping missions; • the accomplishment of an integrated system for the aerial traffic control; • the development of an identification friend or foe system, NATO compatible.

These programs are the following:

1. The Radiolocation Surveillance System FPS-117, which will allow: • the modernisation of radar surveillance system for aerial territory and of command-control system for Air Forces Headquarter; • the accomplishment of a connection with ASOC system, inside of an integrated air traffic control system; • the implementation of local air traffic control, for land and air, accordingly with NATO procedures and regulations;

64 • the assurance of technical and operational compatibility with NATO standards, by aerial surveillance and connections with NATO integrated system for defence.

2. The modernisation of MiG-21 will ensure: • increasing navigation performances, day and night, whatever whether conditions are; • significantly increasing pilot work efficiency in the cockpit; • diversifing guided weapons by integration of a new missiles, an intelligent ammunitions to increase hitting precision for aerial and land targets, day and night, whatever whether conditions are; • significantly reducing the flight mission preparing time and to improve the training of navigator personnel; • achieving compatibility with NATO standards to satisfy the interoperability requirements with organisation structures.

3. The modernisation of IAR-330 PUMA Helicopter. Realising this program will be ensured: • the capabilities of Air Forces Headquarter in order to accomplish anti-tank missions, surveillance of battlefield and real time data transmissions, • the improvement of research missions, rescue, retrieve missions, day and night, at lower altitude, whatever weather conditions are. • the interoperability with similar NATO structures to perform helicopters specialised missions and utilitarian missions.

4. Modernisation of IAR-99 SOIM for school and advanced training, will ensure: • the equipment with modern avionics and weapons systems, from last technological generations, for pilots which will pass on MiG-21 LANCER; • the performance of combat aerial support missions (CAS) and light land attack with very accurate hitting precision; • the education and training of young military student pilots, in second stage of training, on other type of modern aircraft's. • the compatibility in operation with NATO standards, necessary for satisfies the interoperability requirements with organisation structures.

5. The reconnaissance U.A.V. (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) Shadow 600. By this program will ensure: • increased capabilities of armed forces to achieve data and information from battle field, in real time;

65 • the providence to decision agents of interesting information and data; • romanian training and certification specialists school which will operate Unmanned Aerial Vehicle systems; • integration Unmanned Aerial Vehicle systems capabilities in C2I structures; • achievement of NATO interoperability objectives, in aerial surveillance means providence to a level of alliance requirements.

6. Technical Land Assistance System for Air Navigation that will ensure: • procurement a performant system for technical land assistance for 4 aerodromes and heliports ; • accomplishment of maximum flight security requirements for all categories of aircraft's; • compatibility with navigation apparatus from modernised or in modernisation process aircraft board. • interoperability with similar system on land or on board, in use in NATO member states and in civil aviation.

7. Identification friend or foe system, DIALOG. This program will ensure: • achievement of national integrated IFF system suitable for each Armed Forces categories which has its own features; • identification of al types of fighting platforms which are inside Romanian space • additional information of the targets; • compatibility with similar NATO equipment. • sustaining of all NATO PG’s which imply participation with aviation technique, Radiolocation surveillance, landing systems, air defence etc.

8. Initiation and development of Air Sovereignty Operational Centre program. This complex program will ensure: • centralised leading capability of air sovereignty insurance actions, by providing such a centre, at a national level, by data integrationa provided by military and civilian radar's from air control traffic system; • an unique air image transmitting system, a processing flight plans system, both military and civilian, and the transmitting of those to ASOC system, as well as a commutation vocal communication system;

66 • support for development, trough addition of weapons command capabilities and capabilities corresponding to a final ASOC system, in order to accomplish a C4I system for Air Forces; • technical and operational compatibility with NATO standards.

9. IR Auto-guided air-air Missiles complex, with short range, MAGIC-2. The aims of the program are the following: • integration of the missile to modern armament system of MiG-21 LANCER, NATO compatible; • integration trough LM-52-M2 modernised launcher, in enslavement mode to the DASH helmet, to the airborne radar or to any other system designated to locate the target on board of any kind of multi-role aircraft from new generation; • compatibility with aircraft's which are in service in some NATO member countries, and the LM-52-M2 modernised launcher will allow the integration of the missile on any kind of battle aircraft from new generation.

10. Air surveillance for medium and low altitudes radar, which will ensure: • completion of air surveillance territory realised with FPS-117 radar's, at altitudes below 3000 m; • insurance with ASOC equipment's compatible sensors, in order to realise a unique, recognised air image, complete at national level; • development of technical and technological capabilities in our country, for assembling, integration and testing of radar's, in order to reduce the costs regarding the acquisition.

For Naval Forces

The programs will ensure: • creation of credible maritime forces provided with capabilities adaptable to missions; • modernisation of existing ships with C3I systems and high precision weapons systems; • increasing manoeuvrability, autonomy, including the ships capabilities of refuelling on sea; • increasing dredging and fighting capabilities against modern mines.

These programs will contain: 1. The modernisation of MARASESTI frigate with integrated communication system. The program will ensure:

67 • ship modernisation with an integrated communication system, which will allow the automatic control and the operation of communication subsystems, • efficient monitoring of operation and availability of the system, in order to satisfy the operation necessity of vessel within the framework of own fleet and in co-operation with NATO vessels. • accomplishment of NATO interoperability requirements for this ship.

2. Multi-functional frigates F-22

Other programs that will be initiated are the following:

1. Medical apparatus and instruments and the arrangement of Aeronautical and Spatial of Medical National Institute building. 2. Integrated Informatics System of Ministry of National Defence. 3. Integrated Security System for military objectives. 4. Encoding equipments: • realisation of encoding equipment's; • guarding and security systems for military objectives.

68 INTEROPERABILITY AND COMPATIBILITY WITH NATO STRUCTURES Lieutenant-colonel Gheorghe BADEA

The pre – requisites and the guarantee to ensure Romanian Armed Forces interoperability with NATO indwell at accelerating the restructuring and modernisation process of the military institution to the level of Western standard of modernism and efficiency. Ensuring Romania’s Armed Forces interoperability with NATO military structures includes the followings: • Aknowledging fundamental doctrines concerning the structure and the competence of the General Staffs, and Alliance Operations Conducting, as well; • Appropiating NATO standards and procedures in order to use a common operational language, which assure participation in training, exercises, operations within multinational forces; • Improving troops training according to the requests of modern warfare and Euro - Atlantic standards; • Improving management system and optimizing informational and decisional activitses; • Developing airspace management system and procedures, equipments and logistic infrastructures for Land, Air and Naval Forces according to NATO standards; • Training in order to use NATO symbol system and standard maps; • Reviewing and adapting military directions and regulations for operational procedures, according to NATO standards; • Enhancing, through budgetary sustainement, the structuring, restructuring and modernization process, according to Romanian legislation and Euro - Atlantic standards; • Aknowledging, through pertinent information, measures and actions initiated by other applicant countries and develop bi- lateral (multi- lateral) military co – operation relationships.

The Process Evolution

Accomplishing military interoperability with NATO has represented a challenge for Romania’s Armed Forces, a main objective for Romania’s NATO integration efforts, since 1994, when the Partnership for Peace Framework Document was signed.

69 Later on, participating in on PfP activities and exercises, the necessity of military interoperability with North-Atlantic Alliance has become more obvious during annual evaluation, evolving and crystallizing in time, with the substantial support of NATO experts. First PARP cycle by (1995-1997), Romanian Armed Forces assumed a number of 18 IOs of 19 suggested by the Alliance and partly accomplished them. Second PARP cycle (1997-1999, extended in 2000) - the main concern was to accomplish 44 assumed IOs, while assuring interoperability for nominated units from Romanian Readiness Force, in order to participate in NATO-led PSOs . On one hand, the experience of those two PARP cycles has revealed a strong stated desire to reform Romanian Armed Forces and transform them into a modern army, interoperable with NATO military organism and on the other hand, economical and financial restrictions reducing the chances of accomplishing all these goals. In 1999, on NATO recommendation, Romanian Armed Forces, decided to assume, 10 extra IPGs to be accomplished during next PARP cycle and 84 PGs (10 IPGs included) of 88 in all, in February 2000. The Year of 2000, through the assumed tasks within the National Annual Program for Integration (PNAPI) marked out a new stage in NATO integration efforts. The beginning of 2001 has brought an additional strength in our army efforts to achieve interoperability, focusing on reforming military system, structurely and operationally. The concept of military interoperability holds inside, three main areas: operational, administrative and engineering, higly depending on each other, through a serie of elements. One of these elements reffers to training and educating enlisted men and troops, except of which interoperability cannot be accomplished. According to PWP (Partnershiper Work Programme), this element entitled “Training and Doctrine” (TRO) is one of priority in PfP where Romanian Armed Forces participated with proper benefits. As result, a large number of officers have attended NATO/SHAPE School courses from NATO Defence College in Rome and other courses conducted by NATO or PfP member countries according with NATO standards and procedures. At the same time, an important number of officers have attended different forms of military education, basic or advanced courses within Colleges/ Military Academies from NATO member countries, mainly USA, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, with the benefit of an exceptional training, according to NATO standards and procedures. All these knowledges have conducted to understanding interoperability phenomena and adopting a coherent interoperability program for the Romanian Armed Forces.

70 With the Great Britain support, starting with 1997, inside the Higher Military Academy building, functions Romanian – British PfP Training Regional Center. Its courses (Land Forces Brigade, JOINR, PSO, and NATO – CJTF) are based on curricular programmes according to NATO Military Doctrine, with NATO interoperable staff standards and procedures, carried on in English. Also, with the USA Government assistance, in 1999 has been initiated NCO Training Course in Piteşti with USMC instructors and a “Management of the Defence Resources” Course, in Braşov, since 2001.Our military delegates participation in work subgroup/ group reunions within NATO Training Group has represented and represents, further on a special oportunity to assure the necessary documentation for the training theoretical base. An important number of NATO publications (STANAGs) have been implemented in the training process of nominated units for NATO led – PSO missions. Military standards within Romanian Armed Forces have been elaborated in accordance with Order M.62/1998 to approve “Instructions regarding manner of displaying standardization activity inside National Defence Ministry and implementing military standards“ and ”Methodology of elaborating operational and administrative military standards relyed on standardization agreements and on allied publications in order to assure the Romanian Armed Forces interoperability with NATO military structures”.

Partnership Goals

In order to accomplish interoperability with NATO military structures, Romania has assumed 84 partnership goals (PGs): ● 26 general PGs; ● 21 Land Forces PGs; ● 15 Naval Forces PGs; ● 22 Air Forces PGs. Planing PGs implementing is shown in the picture bellow:

71 Even if the number of PGs is very large, this option leads to increasing rhythm of achieving interoperability as well as to avoiding “interoperability islands”. The PGs’ main goal is to enhance interoperability of earmarked units and facilities for NATO – led PfP operations, military co– operation with EU, collective defence and to develop capabilities for future NATO membership. MOD has elaborated the “ Implementation Plan for Partnership Goals 2001 – 2007”, wich aimes at establishing the necessary legal frame to co- ordinate the efforts of all structures involved in implementing of 84 assumed PGs, in order to meet the requirements for NATO application. Based on this plan, have been elaborated programs wich include the main required activities and resources for PGs implementing. Military interoperability in respect with Land, Air and Navy Forces training is presented as it follows:

Land Forces:

According to assumed engagements within PARP, 21 PGs come to Land Forces. Among these, 14 PGs are related with MAP/ PNAPI of wich 9 have beeen already implemented. In order to assure interoperability, Land forces combat training is done apart for group, platoon, company and battalion. Each period, there are two tactic exercises, one for defensive operations and the other for offensive operations. The period for complex training is: group- 2 days, platoon- 3 days, company- 5 days, battalion- 7days. This mean, there are 17 days for defensive and offensive operations, wich is an adequate time for this kind of operations. During annual training cycle, each unit uses the following timeframes, in order to accomplish its defensive and offensive training goals: group 4-6 weeks, platoon 4 weeks, company 5-7 weeks, battalion 4 weeks. The main subunits training types/categories are: tactic firing exercises, tactic exercises, speciality training, land survey, field mouvement, mountain training. These units have accomplished the whole training requested by PGs standards, such as: aknowledge C2; aknowledge NATO Doctrine (ATP-35 (B)): defensive and offensive operations, procedures for Intelligence Prepareness of the Battlefield; NATO process of estimation: mission analysis, factors evaluation, analysis of action course, decision making process, ROEs, mass-media interrelation, military symbols, map using. In order to train Land Forces has been elaborated an important package of doctrines, manuals, military regulations according with NATO standards and procedures.

72 Air Forces:

22 of 84 PGs assumed within PARP by Romania are Air Force responsability and 16 are MAP/PNAPI related. 5 of 22 PGs assumed by Air Forces have been completed. Air Forces units earmarked for NATO – led PfP missions have been acting in order to accomplish NATO requests concerning communications, air combat, interdiction, interception and general deployability. PfP pilots carry out 120 flight hours a year, reaching up to 160 hours, on long term. MIG 21 LANCER nominated pilots are young and well – trained. They carry –on air- land training on Babadag shooting range and air intercepting missions’ close-by deploying air – bases. Endowment with SOCAT Helicopters is relatively new and consequently, pilots are about complete their training in respect with all capabilities of this multiple skilled aircraft. All pilots will be qualified, equally for day and night time missions, in all weather circumstances. The training level of civillian and military personnel appointed in key- positions has increased through intensifying training and education programs; in this respect, has been selected and shaped out a military/civillian group wich prepares itself in order to aknowledge and apply NATO techniques and procedures. Within academic program, improving English level is of priority (from 2222 to 3333- according to STANAG 6001). The Air Forces Doctrine project contains the new Romania’s air defence concept in accordance with NATO air doctrine.

Navy Forces:

Romanian Naval Forces responsibility is to implement 15 PGs of which 7 are MAP related and 2 have been already implemented. Mainly, training is focused on appropriating English language and carries out specific missions for ships, marines, and divers. Due to achieved interoperability level, the facilities of 39 Divers Center and its personnel have been included in Salvage of ATP57 (A) Submarines Manual, an Alliance publication reviewed in May, 2001.

Actions for accomplishment of interoperability and compatibility

1. Adapting doctrines to new requirements of security environment. Elaborating “Military Strategy”, “Force Projection Concept”, “Conception of military leadership during peace time, war time and crisis situations” and “Guideline” for crisis management( containing methods and standard procedures, information-decision flow, role and attributes of

73 systems elements etc., compatible with NATO existing ones), methods to work out plans for unexpected operations and establishing stages of receptioning NATO forces; work out plans of co-operation with other state institutions in order to manage major crisis. 2. Changing training system in order to adequate it to new procedures of displaying military actions, approach our forces and accomplish interoperability with Alliance forces. This led to improving training system through adapting training programs by implementing subjects on General Staff procedures and operations, upon NATO standard planning and management documents, during operational language and NATO military terminology exercises, to use UTM projection maps by all PSO forces. 30% of training program subjects is on PSO and 70% are on warfare operations and the ratio reverts during periods preceding missions. In order to improve personnel skills, during tactic exercises and applications, 30% of operational communications are carried on in English. NATO or EU –led PSOs units or personnel and those engaged in different regional initiatives have been priory designated to participate in PfP exercises. NATO procedures referring to forces deployment, rotation and redeployment within and without operational theatre have been included in units training program .In order to increase training level of allocated forces have been establish “PfP Training Center” in Turda subordinated to Land Forces. Training program accustoms personnel with military decision making process within NATO during all stages of training and performing actions/exercises and develops a common understanding of all kind of operations carried out by the Alliance. In relation with the assessment of force attending PK operations differently shaped (NATO, PfP, UE, etc.) have been elaborated “Strategy of Evaluation of Participation in PfP exercises and activities”, in respect with the following prior elements: • acting according with PNA objectives and with multi-annual defence planning exercises; resources, financial inclusively, are priory directed to this forces and means; • acting in connection with the implementation process of PGs; • Identifying concrete measures that might be taken on account in order to facilitate participation in future operations (legal frame and logistic support). 3. Improving training process and restructuring education process in Romanian Armed Forces, in order to intensify basic and expert language training and to increase the number of English speakers. In behalf of these, have been organized, except the existing ones, non-intensive English learning courses at the General Staff with 4 language levels, 24 groups, 4 teachers and also, at garrisons in Piteşti, Iaşi, Focşani, Buzău, Bistriţa, Cluj- Napoca, Craiova, Timişoara, Bacău, Ploieşti, Mangalia, Brăila with 1 and 2 language levels, in accordance with STANAG 6001. The instracture contains

74 correspondence with NATO standards, and teaching strategies are adequate to tactic missions inside operation theatre. 4. Restructuring positions; in order to increase NCO role, some officer positions have been converted to NCO positions. It has been proceed to training Staff NCOs, NOC instructors, combatant NCOs through direct channel of 2-3 years training or indirect channel of 2-4 months length modules. 5. Streamlined training program for the personnel nominated to augment CJTF commandments, in order to attend at least one CPX/Field Exercise a year, considering this training method more efficient than attending courses. 6. Improving IPP and PWP activities in order to meet current training programs needs. Select those activities, which contribute to accomplish PNA objectives and abandon those which are non- conclusive or non- responding to national interoperability needs. 7. Correlating endowment plans with PGs requests, even if reduction or different approaches for endowment programs are necessary. 8. Involving the participants in NATO/PfP activities in a large spectrum of activities, in order to test their capacity to fulfill their tasks and to improve/ verify their skills/ abilities to elaborate planning and management documents, in the following areas: planning, preparing and carrying out JMC reunions; coordinating actions in order to carry out different operation phases and moments; conducting activities within CJOC; elaborating Joint Co-ordination Orders, Tasks, FRAGOs, Air Tasks Order, Nominated Target List, Post Mission Report, Air Tasking Messages and daily ASSESSREEPs; describing and permanently up-dating situations inside military theatre, on work maps, registering received messages and preparing maps and documentation for the exercise manager and for the chief of the staff. 9. Accomplishing a new mobile communication system, in order to help commanding act through data transmission facilities and the possibility to assure secure and fast, long and short – distance communications. Improving the concept of communication system according to NATO standards and the necessity to acquisite satellite communication equipment for nominated forces to NATO-led PSOs participates. 10. Strengthening, receiving, and moving forces inside nominated airports and harbors. This action allowed establishing and developing HNS facilities and infrastructure elements at NATO troop’s disposal. In order to accomplish interoperability with NATO membership armies, next period, we need to focus on: • thoroughgoing study of doctrines concerning the structure and the competence of the General Staffs, and Alliance operations conducting, as well;

75 • applying NATO standards and procedures in order to use a common operational language, wich assure participation in training, exercices, operations within multi- national forces; • improving troops training according to the requests of modern warfare and euro- atlantic standards; • improving management system and optimizing informational and decisional activites; • developping airspace management system and procedures, equipments and logistic infrastructures for Land, Air and Naval Forces according to NATO parameters of performance ; • training in order to use sole NATO symbol system and standard maps; • reviewing and adapting military directions and regulations for operation procedures, according NATO standards; • aknowledge, through pertinent information, measures and actions initiated by other applicant countries and develop bi- lateral (multi- lateral) military co– operation relationships with NATO membership countries. • initiate a program of exchanging information and co-opreration for allocated forces.

76 RESTRUCTURING AND MODERNIZATION IN THE HUMAN RESOURCES FIELD

Commander Victor BARBU

The objectives of human resources management system modernization

By the end of 1997, “The Human Resources Management Concept within Romanian Armed Forces” was adopted as a capital document of human resources reform, according to options for restructuring and modernization of our armed forces. The final goals of the reform process, as it is statued in concept, are following: ♦ Modernization of human resources management systems according to theory and techniques and procedures from modern armed forces, members of NATO; ♦ Personnel restructuring by categories and ranks, in order to achieve need of interoperability in human resources field with the armed forces, members of NATO. The objectives of human resources management system modernization are following: a) The rehabilitation of the military career, as model and personnel management system, according to the latest developments in the theory and practice of human resources management in modern Armed Forces; b) The generation and maintenance of a balanced and healthy structure of military positions and personnel attested by pyramidal model and a ratio of 1: 3 between officers and NCOs; c) Emphasis on the professionalism of military personnel, in order to meet interoperability with the armed forces, members of NATO; d) The rehabilitation of the non-commissioned officer status and adaptation of training and professional development system, in order to become the “backbone” of the Armed Forces; e) The creation of a valid and reliable system of recruitment and selection, able to identify those people with the best potential for a military career; f) The creation of a valid and reliable system, able to offer real chances and opportunities for professional re-conversion and out-placement on the civilian labor market of military personnel with a fixed-term contract or for those downsized, as a result of restructuring process within Romanian Armed Forces;

77 g) The creation of a professional information system for human resource management, which will make possible the implementation of principle: “right man (woman) in the right place”;

The modernization of the human resources management system

“The Human Resources Management Concept within Romanian Armed Forces” have been implemented through programs that envisages the reform process in the human resources field as a whole, as a system of personnel, position and motivation for military career (salary pay system), adecquated to personnel policies.

Pyramidal thoretical model of professional personnel and positions

It was approved in August, 1998. On the bases of this program, a document was issued, “Principles and rules of position establishment, utilized for job restructuring by military rank and corpses”, which provide: ♦ A ratio of 1:3 between officers and NCOs ♦ A percent of 68% of officers with ranks from second lieutenant to capitain ♦ A percent of 50% of NCOs with the first three ranks

Military profession advertising, recruitment and selection

It has been implemented beginning with 1999and provides: ♦ The increase of number and quality of candidates for military career and profession ♦ The selection of candidates with real potential for military career ♦ The public opinion awareness of the role and status of the armed forces and military profession within society. The recruitment, selection and military profession advertising system includes 41 recruitment information offices (one for each county and capital city) and 3 regional orientation and selection centers.

Military career

The main achievement in personnel management systems is the implementation of a new career management system, beginning with 2001, when the Military Status Law was modified and the Romanian Govern adopted the Military Career Guide. • The new system, compatible with those belonging to the

78 armed forces members of NATO, ensures transparence, equal opportunities and fairness in promotion of officers and NCOs, through 2 core tools: • Military Career Guide and • Selection Boards

The Military Career Guide imposes rules, which envisage:

• The promotion and advancement in rank are related to a minimum length of service in previous rank; career course graduation; experience from previous mandatory positions; performance evaluated in appraisal report. • Direct correlation between rank and position • Promotion based on decisions of the Selection Boards that were set up at MoD central structures and service level. • The Selection Boards analyze and decide on officer and NCO promotion on the bases of professional competence, performance in previous activity and career development potential.

Professional Reconversion

The legal framework for reconversion activity of downsized personnel was set up in 1998, through adoption of Romanian Governmental Ordinance no. 7 related to social protection measures for military and civilian personnel, which has been applied during units restructuring from MoD. As a result, a reconversion system was set up in order to implement social protection measures adopted. In 2000, MoD initiated the “Professional Reconversion Program of Downsized Military Personnel from The Armed Forces”, elaborated with expertise of NATO specialists, which was accepted to funding by World Bank. In 2001, World Bank has allotted to The Romanian Armed Forces a part of 500,000 US dollars from a loan given to Romania, through Ministry of Labor and Social Solidarity. To use these funds, MoD signed collaboration agreements with Ministry of Labor and Social Solidarity and Ministry of Education and Research. On the collaboration agreement bases between MoD and Ministry of Labor and Social Solidarity (National Agency for Employment), the next step was the implementation of active social protection measures, as follows: career counseling, placement on the labor market, assistance for small business start-up, training/ retraining courses, micro-credit loans and business incubation. All these measures has developed according to World

79 Bank criteria and provisions and they are checked by Ministry of Labor and Social Solidarity. Until the end of March 2002, 5,255 downsized personnel have benefited of planned active measures. Out of these, 3,893 military were counseled regarding professional reorientation, 336 were placed on the labor market, 300 were counseled to set up small business and 100 start up the own business.

Also, at the same time, 597 downsized personnel graduated calification/recalification courses, organized through National Agency for Employment and its territorial structures.

The total cost of these courses is about 78,000 $. Moreover, 23 downsized officers graduated the course “Department for teacher training”, organized and financed by MoD, with a cost of 30 millions Romanian Lei. The situation of downsized personnel who benefited of active measures of social protection in 2001, comparative with 2002 is as in chart.

In 2001, in Bucharest, first measures for business incubation set up were initiated. In this respect, MoD negotiated with Ministry of Labor and Social Solidarity, National Agency for Employment, Department of Labor from USA. At the same time, MoD designated a building, which will be transformed in business incubation. These measures will be operationale in second part of 2002.



209 66  205 

484  

54

72

  

50

   1 

  

2994  

594

 

  

 Consiliere în vederea reorientarii profesionale Consiliere în vederea reorientarii profesionale

Cursuri de calificare/recalificare    Cursuri de calificare/recalificare

Plasare pe piata muncii Plasare pe piata muncii

 

 Asistenta pentru deschiderea unei afaceri Asistenta pentru deschiderea unei afaceri

  Au început propria afacere Au început propria afacere

80

Recruitment, selection, training and career development policies for MoD civilians

The project was elaborated in cooperation with British experts and was approved in January 1999. It was updated according latest legislative modifications. It establish following options for civilians management:

♦ Redesign of civilians status in Romanian armed Forces, according to Public Civil Servant Status Law provisions. As a result, there are two categories of civilians: civil servants and contract civil personnel. ♦ The utilization of professional competencies of civilians with university degrees and his transformation in leader of expert structures or in expert in positions that don’t require military competency. ♦ The development of career progress track for civilians with university degrees, comparable with that of officers. ♦ The achievement of recruitment and selection system, which have to attract people with development potential. ♦ The achievement of a coherent information technology system for civil servants and contract civil personnel.

Information technology system for human resources management

The final goal of the information technology system dedicated human resources management (SIPER) is the efficiency increase of specific activities belonging to this field through computerization of specific processes at every echelon. The human resources management assisted by the means of a computer controlled system provides:

♦ Real time information related to personnel state ♦ All personnel records from military structures, on services, rank, branch and specialties ♦ Modeling of organizational and personnel scenarios and prognoses of personnel evolution, according to the armed forces needs.

Personnel restructuring on military ranks and categories

In the same time with modernization of human resources management system, a vast restructuring process of military and civilian strength is developing. The aspects of this process are as follows:

81 ♦ A substantial reduction of officers with high ranks ♦ An increase of NCO number ♦ An increase of contract enlisted number ♦ A reduction of conscripts ♦ A reduction of civilian number

38.045

35.057

36.747 34.256 0 27.106 17.861 21.845 19.374 23.857 25.556 28.257 115.837 17.269 76.349 15.650 20.500 37.368 37.846 32.700

37.428 31.879 39.827 32.000 28.000

1989 1997 2000 2001 2002

CIVILIANS CONSCRIPTS PROFESSIONAL ENLISTED NCOs OFFICERS

The adopted measures in personnel input and output flow control and planning seek the personnel evolution and trend, according to mentioned above objectives (see chart). It is significant that, for the first time during 2001, the number of NCOs became bigger than that of officers, as a result of measures initiated by implementation of “The Human Resources Management Concept within Romanian Armed Forces”. This change is correlated with the general tendency of providing a final officers/NCOs ratio of 1 to 3.

82 English Language Proficiency

English Language training of personnel manned in “key positions” is one of our assumed partnership goals, required by necessity to work in NATO structure, beside of other armed foces. This goal – PGG 0355 I “Language Requirements” – envisage to provide until the end of 2002 a 3333 level of language competency, according to NATO STANAG 6001, for all personnel manned in “key positions”: commanders, staff elements, operational aircraft and naval crews, officers and NCOs from General Staff and services, liaison personnel and operators in NATO communication networks. In order to fulfill this goal, some regulations were adopted as follows: • Minister orders for approval of concept regarding foreign language training and for evaluation and certification of personnel proficiency • Implementation Plan for PGG 0355 I • Position List that requires English language proficiency. • The main achievements of PGG 0355 I are following: • The equipment and facilities necessary for phonic laboratories were completed due to collaboration programs with American, British and French partners • The personnel manned in “key positions” were identified according to regulation. Thus, the personnel that need English language training is selected from this target group. • A seminar regarding testing issues had place between 10- 18.09.2001, held by Karen Sacre, head of Testing Department from DLI, San Antonio, Texas.

At the end of March 2002, the personnel that knows English language situation is as follows:

Total, out of 1111 and 2222 and 3333 and Details it: 1111+ level 2222+ level 3333+ level

Officers 4208 1876 1542 738 NCOs 1064 478 372 214

The final evaluation at the end of courses and the evaluations for standardized language profile are doing now using unique evaluation tests of language proficiency on the 4 abilities, according to NATOSTANAG 6001.

83 ROMANIA’S MILITARY RELATIONS WITH NATO AND PARTNER STATES

ROMANIA’S PARTICIPATION IN PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE PROGRAM

Colonel Ion COŞCODARU, Ph.D,

Consistent to its political commitment to join the NATO’s efforts on ensuring European security and stability, Romania have proceeded in the past years as a reliable partner of trust for the international community, in terms of peace and security reestablishment and maintaining in South- Eastern Europe or in any other conflict region in which the international community represented by the appropriate organizations has decided to interfere. The political option to join European and Euro-Atlantic security organization has created unity and coherence to the reform strategy of the Romanian Armed Forces and the means to achieve the consistence and interoperability with Alliance’s members.

HISTORICAL GUIDE MARKS

Romania is positive that its national security interests may be achieved only by integration in Euro-Atlantic security structures. We are considering that, in our adhering process, it is essential to participate in Partnership for Peace, especially in extended and adapted PARP (Planning and Review Process), and to assume The Membership Action Plan (MAP). Romania is the first partner state that signed on The PfP Framework Document on January 26th, 1994. In April 1994, Romania had forwarded The Presentation Document of the Individual Partnership Program to NATO Headquarters. Between years 1995 and 1997, Romania had adhered to the First PARP Cycle and Romanian Armed Forces had involved in an ample preparation process which is finally destined to provide the conceptual, operational and technical capabilities of effectively working with NATO member states’ structures and armed forces and developing PfP collaboration programs and common actions.

84 Afterwards, Romania had adopted The Second PARP Cycle, under the “Enhanced and More Operational Partnership” (EMOP), by which our country accepted 84 partnership goals (between years 1997-1999). Also, Romania had elaborated, approved and advanced The First, The Second and The third Membership Action Plan (MAP I, 1999; MAP II, 2000; MAP III, 2001).

THE AIM OF THE PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM

The main objective of the partnership goals represents the enhancing the interoperability of the units and the NATO-led PfP operation capabilities (including multinational units) and for collective defence, as well as the development of the future NATO member’s capabilities. Also, in order to organize and coordinate the measures and actions required to the achievement of the partnership goals, this Plan establishes the forces designated to NATO-led PfP operations; the substructure and the facilities for NATO/PfP operations; the funds necessary for implementing partnership goals; the responsibilities; the dead-lines and the requirements of the partnership goals.

THE PARTNERSHIP GOALS

The establishment of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and the launching of the Enhanced Partnership for Peace concept (1997) and of “The Operational Partnership” as NATO basic instruments in XXI century, the concept had presented a more pronounced political and military dimension of the Romanian – Alliance cooperation in which the effort for integration in NATO structures to be mainly diverted on qualitative aspects. As a result, the new PARP procedures introduced Partnership Goals (PGs) through The Operational Partnership which represents the ongoing interoperability of the PfP forces. Romania has assumed 84 partnership goals: 26 common PGs; 19 Land Forces PGs; 23 Air Forces PGs; 16 Naval Forces PFs. Although, the number of the partnership goals is very large, the interoperability carrying out rhythm is increasing and the “interoperability islands” are avoided. The Ministry of National Defence released “The partnership Goals Implementation Plan, 2001-2006”, that is establishing the legal framework required for coordinating the efforts of the structures involved in the implementation of those 84 partnership goals. Based on this Plan, the officials for the PGs will bring up-to-date or will draw up the implementation programs. Within this frame, the main necessary goals are: achieving the interoperability level with Alliance military structures by training the staff officers according with NATO /PSO operations; training the military and

85 civilian personnel on working in combined joint structures and teams during NATO/PfP exercises; providing the tactical and operative management in staff activity during NATO/PfP exercises; practicing cooperation procedures with international organizations, governmental and non-governmental organizations; using the knowledge regarding command-control elements and specific engagement rules; familiarizing with and preparing the personnel in order to act on NATO’s doctrine and to use PSO’s equipment and systems.

PRIORITIES IN ACHIEVING THE PARTNERSHIP GOALS

The achievement of MAP’s and PARP’s goals represents an important step in increasing the interoperability with NATO and a concrete contribution on fulfilling the minimum requirements imposed by The Romanian Armed Forces adaptation process to the present and future demands of the security environment. There are some decisive elements in achieving the PGs by The Romanian Army: providing, in the military aspect, the necessary terms for Romania adhesion to the integrated structures of the North-Atlantic Alliance; achieving the MAP provisions; using the air space for European Community operations and for managing it in crisis situations; assimilation of the following concepts: Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF), Operational Concept Capability (OCC), Training and Education Enhancement Program (TEEP).

PRIORITY FIELDS IN PFP PROGRAM

The interoperability level and the operational capability of the units participating in NATO-led PfP operations have in view the development through training and the improvement of this level and this capability. The evaluation of the nominated structures is based on “OCC Programs on Evaluation and Feedback”. The training level of the key military and civilian personnel will increase by enhancing of the training and educational programmes, by training the military and civilian personnel in NATO techniques and procedures for appointment in Alliance’s structures. The speed on The Romanian Armed Forces reform had been significantly intensified starting with the year 2001 when The General Staff had focused its institutional energy on clear priorities in order to draw up structures and forces’ capabilities that are interoperable with those of the NATO members especially in the knowledge of English language, of the force’ command and control, communication and information, staff procedures and standards, strategies, doctrines, training, education, as well as in developing the collaboration PfP programs and common PfP actions.

86 Although these priorities are separately presented, they are closely connected and together are defined as the concept of “Operational Interoperability” which shortly refers to “the capability of the Armed Forces and Commands to act together with those of NATO and NATO members’ state”. This process will be materialized in the quality of the professional personnel, the promotion of the military leaders, an increased degree of military training and structures efficacy, the modernization of the technical and armed systems, the management of the resources and a modern military education system.

THE FRAMEWORK FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND PLANNING OF THE PFP ACTIVITIES

A major initiative was inserted by NATO at the North-Atlantic Council Summit in Bruxelles (January 1994): The PfP. It was accepted by 27 countries and these countries assumed a number of activities that was based on common elaborated Individual Partnership Programs. MAP and PARP are the main programmes of the PfP. For Romania, they represent the framework for achieving the Interoperability Goals and the mechanism for involving the military structures of the NATO member states in common activities. Using The PfP Planning and Review Process, Romania had identified and evaluated the military forces and capabilities that may be used in training activities and multinational exercises and operations. At the very beginning, the PfP operations had been limited to peace keeping, searching- rescuing and humanitarian aid, but, once the enhanced PfP (implemented in 1997) and the required needs for planning and evaluation had extended the PfP in order to comprise the overall spectrum of the Alliance missions, including the Peace Support Operations – PSO. Romania has already accumulated a very important experience that was achieved starting with the year 1995. Thus, the force structure necessary for NATO/PfP missions was established and increased inter- operability programs and goals were drawn up. The achievement of the interoperability objectives is meant to ensuring the operational capability of the Romanian Armed Forces to actually cooperate with the NATO ones. As incipient stage for adhesion, between our country and the Alliance, there was an exchange of experience in harmonizing the conceptual, doctrinaire, and structural and technique in the field of planning and procedures. Romania has assumed MAP and this underlined the steadfast commitment for drawing up and achieving an activities program regarding a possible NATO membership taking in consideration that the adhesion to MAP is essential for interoperability development with NATO.

87 The cooperation and the dialogue with NATO members states had lightened the application of the joining process, regarding the understanding of the interoperability substance and priorities, of penetrating into the essence of command and control, organization and information, standardization, logistic system and the implementation of the Alliance analyze and decision process as well. MAP is a practical evidence of the “open door” concept. It is involving economical and political, military and defence problems that refers to financial, security and juridical resources that are destined to emphasize and to debate the most efficient possible membership mechanism necessary for a further adhesion.

THE GENERAL SITUATION OF THE ROMANIAN PARTNERSHIP GOALS

Romania had assumed a number of 84 partnership objectives in The Third PARP Cycle from which 26 PGs had been implemented, 57 of these being on the way to implementation from which 17 will be finalized in the year 2002 and one PG hasn’t been analyzed yet. As a result, all 84 PGs will be finalized till the end of the year 2007: 8 in 2003; 16 in 2004; 7 in 2005; 7 in 2006 and 3 in 2007). The accomplishment of those 26 PGs was materialized in: the revision of the force structure in order to optimize the participation in NATO’s force structures; the adoption of the internal structure of the great units’ Commands from the Land Forces up to brigade level, according to the standardized structure G1-G6 and at battalion level up to common structure of S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6; the personnel selection designated for CJTF Headquarters in NATO-lead PfP operations; the establishment of the CIMIC Group under the Territorial 1 Army Corp which contain 3 General Companies and 1 Experts Company; the elaboration of studies and projects in order to insert the unique fuel designated for supplying the terrestrial and aviation land and air technique in order to achieve the technique interoperability in international missions; the availability of some units for NATO/PfP missions and their equipping with 27 communication through satellite systems (SATCOM); the maintaining of the National Support Element (NSE) and The National Military Link Teams (NMLT); the nominalization of 2 airports for use of NATO-lead PfP operations; the existence of the identified handling and air transport capabilities through the agreement signed with TAROM; the establishment of the Air Sovereignty Center (ASOC) which is interoperable with NATO; the preparation of the C 130 airships and other airships and equipments in order to ensure the transport of the national forces; the development of a concept regarding the creation of an aero-medical evacuation capability; the selection of a C 130

88 airship and 3 helicopters; the training of 15 medical staff for fulfilling this king of missions.

FORCES AVAILABLE FOR PSO

Romanian has been involved in an active way in NATO-led PSO missions for more than one decade at the same time as the active involvement in the process of regional structures establishment, in order to develop cooperation and bilateral relations with our neighbors. There have been constant efforts to implementation the NATO standards during the training process of the units available for this kind of missions; to amend existing training regulations; to draw up a joint doctrine that will support our capability to act in the frame of joint and/or multilateral forces. Romania will continue to be an important provider of security and stability in South-eastern Europe. This is why the degree of Romanian participation at NATO-led PSO will increase.

Force Year Category 2002 2003 2004 1 Parachute Company 1 Parachute Company 2 Parachute Companies 3 Infantry Companies 4 Infantry Companies 4 Infantry Companies (from 2 Infantry Battalion) (from 2 Infantry Battalion) (from 2 Infantry 1 Engineer Company 1 Engineer Company Battalion) Land 1 Mountain Company 1 Mountain Company 1 Engineer Company Forces 1 1 Military Police 1 Mountain Company Company Company 1 Military Police 1 Mine Clearing 1 Mine Clearing Company Detachment Detachment 1 Mine Clearing Detachment Air 4 MIG-21 LANCER 4 MIG-21 LANCER 4 MIG-21 LANCER Forces 1 C-130 B 1 C-130 B 1 C-130 B 1 Frigate 1 Frigate 1 Frigate 1 Mine Dredger 1 Mine Dredger 1 Mine Dredger 1 Driver Vessel 1 Driver Vessel 1 Driver Vessel Naval 1 Tug Boat 1 Tug Boat 1 Tug Boat Forces 2 Artillery Carrier Vessels 2 Artillery Carrier Vessels 2 Artillery Carrier 1 River Tug Boat 1 River Tug Boat Vessels 1 EOD/ SEAL Team 1 EOD/ SEAL Team 1 River Tug Boat 1 EOD/ SEAL Team

ROMANIAN FORCES AVAILABLE FOR COLLECTIVE DEFENCE

Except the units designated for PfP operations, Romania had offered forces abroad in order to act under Article V (Collective Defence) provisions. They will act on the same bases and capital as the PSO/regional structures. They will be ready within 30 days from notification.

89

Force 2002 2003 2004 Category 1 Infantry Battalion 1 Mechanized Brigade 1 Mechanized Brigade Land 1 Parachute Company 1 Mountain Company 1 Mountain Company Forces 1 Mountain Company 1 Parachute Company 2 Parachute Company (SAR) Air 6 MIG-21 LANCER 8 MIG-21 LANCER 8 MIG-21 LANCER Forces 4 IAR 330 SOCAT 4 IAR 330 SOCAT 1 Frigate 1 Frigate 1 Frigate Naval 1 EOD/SEAL Team 1 EOD/SEAL Team 1 EOD/SEAL Team Forces 3 Artillery Carrier River 3 Artillery Carrier River 3 Artillery Carrier River Ships Ships Ships

The training regulations from strategic to tactical level will be revised in order to establish the training and force engagement manner and to regulate the structure of units’ appointments, endowments and training. The role of simulations and simulating in the Army training programs had increased and this in the reason for the establishment of the National Simulation Center designated for training in a large range of operations (during war, PSO and civilian aid situation).

PARTICIPATION TO THE NATO-LED OPERATIONS

Romania has been evolved actively in PSO for more than one decade (9 coordinated by UN, 3 NATO-led, 4 under the shade of OSCE). Our country also has been contributed to the settling up process of some regional structures in order to intensify the cooperation and the bilateral relations with ours neighbors. Now, as a result of assumed engagements, Romania is participating in The International Peace force in Kosovo (KFOR) with 1 Infantry Company/ Infantry Battalion 812 (86 military and 18 military motor vehicles from which 9 TAB “ZIMBRU”) included in BELUROKOS Detachment; 1 Traffic Control Platoon (25 military and 5 motor vehicles) included in Greek contingent; 16 staff officers and NCOs who are appointed in varied positions on KFOR HQ from which 7 are specialized in psychological operations; 1 Infantry Company / Infantry Battalion 26 (86 military) included in Multinational Western Brigade, Italia – Romania contingent in Kosovo. The Romanian Army is participating in The Stabilization Force (SFOR) with National Detachment “BOSNIA”, in Detachment “OLANDA” and with National Intelligence Cell (RO-NIC) containing 5 persons. The National Detachment “BOSNIA” was initially formed by 62 military specialized in engineering and military police. By Romania Parliament Decision no.13/ 14.06.2001, the participation was supplemented and as a result, since July 2001, the Detachment is formed by 68 military, 27 motor vehicles and engineering technique.

90 The Detachment “OLANDA” is representing the Romanian participation within Dutch contingent to SFOR (Bosnia-Hertegovina) containing 49 military and it was established on the basis of the Agreement Memorandum signed on by Romanian and Dutch Ministries of defence. A Romanian Infantry Battalion is a strategic SFOR/KFOR reserve. Romania had ratified a transit agreement with NATO regarding the use of the air space during the Kosovo campaign and is now preparing an agreement with The Alliance regarding the passing through national territory of the NATO troops and technique that are convoying in transit to Kosovo territory. Russia is now enjoying the Romanian leave permission to fly over and to pass through Romanian territory in its way to Kosovo. Romania is sending now approximate 40 military in ONU mission in Kongo, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kuwait and Kosovo and 7 military in OSCE missions in FYROM, Georgia, and Kosovo. Starting with the year 2002, Romania will take part in ISAF (1 Military Police Platoon, 1 C-130 B Plain, 3 contact officers). There are 46 military which are distributed in the following way: 25 military in the Military Police Platoon; 20 military in the C-130 B crew; 1 contact officer in Karachi, Pakistan; 2 contact officers in The Joint Headquarters from NORTHWOOD (PJHQ) and in the Multinational Movement Control center (NMMCC) from HIGH WYCOME, England. Romania is preparing forces that will act in “Enduring Freedom” Operation in Afghanistan: 1 Infantry Battalion (405 military), 1 NBC Company (70 military) and 10 officers for ISAF starting with July. The Romanian participation in PfP activities had increased the degree of our collaboration with Western Armies. This kind of training activities is essential to our officers and NCOs by gaining experience on the bases of NATO and regional survey. We are the users of an active assimilation system for the lessons learned that are the results of such experience. The participation in this kind of developments is very efficient thanks to the intensive English language training program. The main goals of the bilateral programs are the achievement of the PNA objectives. There were 1255 bilateral activities in the year 2000 from which 961 activities were organized with NATO member, and 749 activities in the year 2001 (584 NATO member-led activities). Romania is taking part in every initiative that was launched on The Washington Summit: to The Enhanced Operational Partnership, by increasing the PfP activities, to The Educational and Training PfP Enlarged Program, through the PfP Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes and PfP Centers. All the units involved in Crises response Operations (CRO) are available to the participation in the common forces and capabilities structure due to the Operational Capability Concept (OCC). They will be valuated by NATO through The Appraising and Feed-Back Program (A&F).

91

PFP ACTIVITIES

The Romanian participation in NATO, NATO/PfP, “In the spirit of PfP” activities and exercises is accomplished conformably to our commitments in the frame of PfP. This participation led to: the knowledge of the NATO doctrine and principles; the practicing of the planning and progress procedures of a UN-solicited under NATO-led operation; the practicing of the English specialized vocabulary in an international environment; the improvement of the communication during the participation in common foreign activities; the achievement of the operational, technical and administrative interoperability with NATO military structures. Romania had participated in many NATO, NATO/PfP and “In the spirit of PfP” activities and exercises since the adoption of the Partnership for Peace in 1994:

Romanian Lodged Year NATO/PfP Activity Exercises

1994 60 4 - 1995 145 8 2 1996 385 12 2 1997 580 18 3 1998 546 36 2 1999 426 30 3 2000 340 29 3 2001 193 32 -

For year 2002, has been planned 272 PfP activities, 221 abroad and 51 internal (among these 29 are NATO, NATO/PfP and “In the spirit of PfP” exercises.

THE FUTURE OF ROMANIAN PARTICIPATION IN PFP PROGRAMES

Romania will keep on participating in PfP exercises and activities in order to accomplish the PGs and the objectives planned through PNA. Our country will continue to be an important provider of security and stability in South-Eastern Europe. This is the reason for the increase of the participation in NATO-led PSO. The Romanian Armed Forces will intensify the training programs in accordance with NATO standards; the objective is the participation in Multinational Peace Force in South-Eastern Europe (MPFSEE), Joint Romanian - Hungarian Battalion, SHIRBRIG and BLACKSEAFOR. Romania also will play an important role in the

92 coordination of the MPFSEE activities by taking over the presidency of the PMSC and SEDM-CC. The goals of the Romanian Armed Forces are: carrying out of the English training and assimilation of the NATO operational vocabulary; continuity of the representation in the planning the activities of the exercises’ construction body; ensuring of the C4I interoperable equipment; assimilating the NATO operational planning procedures; improving the operational and technical interoperability level with NATO members for PARP units and great units; accomplishing the PGs that are complementary to NATO/PfP activities and exercises; participating in multinational exercises in order to prepare the forces and the methods in crises management; using the air space in the limits of European Community and managing the air space during crisis situation. Simultaneously, we will keep on developing the national methods meant to support the NATO operations in the area. By a close collaboration with NATO, the seaports, the airports and other NATO fit substructure elements are already in modernization to achieve the Alliance’ standards.

CONCLUSIONS RESULTED FROM ROMANIAN PARTICIPATION IN PFP ACTIVITIES

The conclusions resulted from Romanian participation in PfP activities are: the involvement degree; the participation in programming and planning NATO/PfP activities; the PfP evaluation. The involvement degree of the Romanian party is achieved on individual and team level. Romanian staff officers were noticed in exercises planning process by contributing in an original way to the improvement of the scenarios and to the knowledge of the planning documents. They efficiently used the specialized knowledge and were noticed in the decision-making activity, during the participation in staff team activities. Another implication aspects is referring to the use of all forces’ structures in PfP activities, Romania being the only partner country to participate and to carry on the whole type of NATO/PfP exercises (land, naval, air, logistical, civil protection and mixed). The participation in NATO/PfP programming and planning activity is becoming very important to the practical and theoretical training of Romanian staff officers. The practicing of the procedures regarding informational transfer, the elaboration of the documents and the knowledge of the communication system are useful methods to theoretical and methodological improvement at tactical and operational level. The active presence in the exercise’ building stages and in the workshop is the base for not only the individual training of the staff officers, but for the assimilation of the NATO command level procedures.

93 The evaluation of the PfP activities is an important element of the staff activity’s improvement and the reevaluation of positive aspects. There were a quantitative accent at the beginning of PfP activity, but now the quality aspects are more important in the organization and planning activities. The Romanian participation is trying to achieve the knowledge and the respecting of NATO proceedings, the operational training level and the modality to carry out the interoperability goals. In conclusion, there is major base for a new approach of the main PfP fields: the participation with important forces and instruments in NATO/PfP and “In the spirit of NATO” exercises (in our country and abroad) and the completion of courses of specialized studies by a large number of civilians and military. In this approach, a better understanding of the issues which relate to interoperability requirements has been accomplished.

94 BILATERAL MILITARY RELATIONS Colonel Alexandru LEORDEAN, Ph.D.

The international military cooperation of the Romanian Armed Forces bilaterally developed between 1990 and 2002 was based on the aims of the ''Strategy of the Military Relations of the Ministry of National Defence''. The strategic aim of the bilateral military cooperation with different states and international bodies is focused on the Armed Forces' training for joining NATO and for achieving a credible capacity of defence for deterring any possible external aggression. The bilateral military cooperation is thus conceived for supporting the approaches Romania made for integration in NATO and for achieving the relations of cooperation with NATO members, with the Armed Forces of the candidates for joining the North Atlantic Alliance and with the Armed Forces of the neighboring states or far remote states. The Ministry of National Defence has programs of bilateral military cooperation with Ministries of Defence from 32 states (NATO members, candidates and partners and other states).

Activities of bilateral military cooperation of the Romanian armed forces

In the last decade Romania developed bilateral military relations for achieving the interoperability with the Armed Forces of NATO states, participating in a significant number to bilateral and multilateral NATO/PfP exercises. The planning and the developing of these exercises was focused on the following issues: increase of the military relations cooperation with NATO members and partners; assistance from NATO members according to the "cleaning house" concept; identification of new areas of cooperation with similar structures from other Armed Forces; accustom to organization, training, deployment and evaluation of training according to NATO proceedings and standards; provide for the operational capacities of the structures called for participation to the specific missions within the Partnership for Peace, independently or in cooperation with similar Forces of NATO members or partners; increase of all the jobs training and counseling by the NATO members as important element in quantifying their values. All these activities developed abroad and in the country circumscribe to the effort for achieving the aims of partnership according to the Concept of achieving the interoperability with NATO similar structures based on the firm

95 political option of Romania for integration within the Euro-Atlantic structures of security. The planned and developed activities aimed with priority the following directions of actions: promotion of the Romanian Armed Forces image by visits of ministry, state secretaries, chief of General Staff and so on; improving of interoperability with NATO members and partners by participating to exercises and training in common; initiation of certain approaches aiming to create the adequate legal framework for good international military relations; increase the assistance offered by NATO members for improving the educational process; increase of training of personnel from the units performing specific NATO and NATO/PfP missions by participation to bilaterally organized activities; participation along with neighboring states to reunions and exercises developed within the following initiatives: Multinational Peace Force in the South Eastern Europe (MPFSEE); Peace Maintaining Romanian-Hungarian Battalion; cooperation of Central European Nations in Peace Support (CENCOOP); Multinational Brigade for UN Operations (SHIRBRIG); Engineering Multinational Battalion "TISA"; Group of forces form the Black Sea (BLACKSEAFOR); process of reunion of Defence ministers from the South-Eastern Europe (SEDM); training in common with similar sub-units from partners of cooperation based on reciprocity; adoption of NATO standards and proceedings for troops leadership; identification of operational requirements for endowing with interoperable military equipment; improvement of logistic of the units developing activities in common with similar forces of NATO members; implementation of partnership aims. Romania's main areas of cooperation with the Armed Forces of NATO members are the followings: planning, defence programming, C4I, logistics, training in common, leading and endowment of the Armed Forces. Compatibility of the Romanian Armed Forces with NATO members in defence policy area was done by: periodical meetings at ministerial level with counterparts from NATO members in order to achieve their support for Romania's integration within the Alliance; common interest in joining the Western economic and political structures; existence of foreign counselors in the MoND's structures (from USA, Great Britain, Germany, France and Italy); participation with troops to peacekeeping actions within the Partnership for Peace; increase of professionalism of the Armed Forces; elaboration of a legal framework settling the bilateral military relations; materialization of strategic partnerships with the main NATO states (USA, France, Italy) and a special partnership with Republic of Hungary. The main agreements of bilateral cooperation were in the same time settled especially with NATO members and the neighboring states. A special area of the bilateral military cooperation programs is represented by the participation of Romanian officers and non- commissioned officers to the training courses offered by the partners (USA,

96 UK, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Turkey, Spain, and Canada). The themes of these courses were staff and military leadership, logistics, peacekeeping, military observers and military police, English language, French language. Other activities rounding the participation to courses are programs of training in common (NATO states, Bulgaria, Moldavia, Ukraine, Slovakia and so on) and implementation of mutual system of living in units (with all NATO members). The bilateral consultations on the system of mobilization and civilian and military institutions involved in mobilization are organized especially with Germany, France, Spain and Italy. The consultations on defence planning and resources management are performed mainly through the cooperation plans with USA, Grate Britain, Denmark, Germany, France and Italy. The increase of the military cooperation with all NATO members at small echelons was accomplished by exchanges of experience, training in common, common exercises of the same forces: Army (Mounting troops, NBC troops), Paratroopers, Air Force (training flights, exchange of cadets), Special Troops (Protection, Guard and Intervention) and Territorial Forces. The initiation and increase of cooperation on logistics issues are mainly orientated to Germany, France, Denmark, Great Britain and Poland. The bilateral military cooperation with NATO members aiming to achieve the interoperability with the Western Armed Forces, creation of modern and flexible Armed Forces able to defend the strategic interests of the nation, transformed in a real force for the Third Millenium.

Bilateral relations of the Romanian Armed Forces with all NATO members

Part of the policy of security and defence is the system of activities developed by the Ministry of National Defence as international relations. The bilateral relations with NATO members represent priority directions of actions and important part of all the international relations having in view our important strategic goal of integration within the Euro-Atlantic structures. In order to have bilateral relations with certain important countries it was necessary to create a privileged framework of cooperation establishing different strategic partnerships on multiple levels (political, economic and military). Such countries were USA, France and Italy. A special partnership was developed with Germany by increasing the political-military meetings at high level and increasing the assistance and support programs for training of personnel from technical point of view. A special active partnership coordinated at governmental level was developed with Hungary. A special attention was paid to the bilateral relations with the new members Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. The activities with all these

97 states are mainly orientated to consultations and exchanges of experience in pre and post adhering process. Agreements with all members of the Alliance on military and defence areas were signed on specific issues. The agreements are on the following issues: common training, participation to bilateral military formations, medical assistance, procurement, defence services and products, protection of military information, military topography and map drawing, military history and archives, military education, assistance given by foreign counselors in structures of Romanian Ministry of National Defence. A relevant aspect of the cooperation relations with the members of the Alliance is represented by the systematic and important meetings at political military leadership level. These are materialized by the exchanges of opinions and consultations, mutual reports based on transparency and pragmatism. These meetings are meant to place landmarks in a diverse and increased military cooperation and enhancement of regional thrust and security. The exchanges of opinions on political military issues are also performed at expert level with majority of NATO members. The common interest areas, the evolution of European and Euro-Atlantic environment of security, NATO enlargement, Romanian military training for joining NATO, regional cooperation and participation to different multinational military formations - all these represent important discussed issues. Reunions of mixed commissions are yearly organized according to the agreements and memorandums signed with members of the Alliance. These commissions complete the bilateral military cooperation plans. The agreed activities are according not only to the necessities and requirements of reform and interoperability of the Romanian Armed Forces but also to the priority objectives Romania assumed through the Yearly National Plan within MAP process. Romania is actively engaged in establishing the bilateral plans based on the principle of coherence and complementarity of all the cooperation tools when settles the cooperation plans and programs with NATO. In conclusion, the bilateral activities are orientated to obtaining the support of NATO cooperation partners by expertise, advice and assistance given to the Romanian part. For example, USA, Great Britain, France and Germany implemented programs of support and assistance training of Romanian military personnel and granted an important number of places for the main and specialized courses in military educational institutions. The Romanian part considers these opportunities as extremely useful for increasing the Armed Forces interoperability with NATO members and optimal training and preparation for a collective defence as a future member of the Alliance. The presence of foreign military advisers in the Romanian MoD is extremely important. The military advisers are from USA, France, Germany,

98 Italy, Greece and Turkey. These counselors ensure expertise and consultation on short and medium terms on different issues related to important areas. These are: restructure of the Romanian Armed Forces and increase of compatibility and interoperability with Western Armed Forces in planning and budgeting the defence, reform of educational system, training doctrine and management, learning of English and French languages, human resources management, logistics, communications and informatics and standardization. The activities developed with most of the NATO members were also reflected in the legislative harmonization process, adaptation and drafting of new acts in military and defence domains, in doctrines and directives at strategic and operative level in concordance with compatibility and interoperability requirements. The cooperation areas and the aims established for the bilateral military plans are circumscribed to the requirements of the reform of the military body in order to attain the NATO standards and to fulfil the criteria of preparation for joining NATO. Another important aim is the strengthening of the civilian control over the Armed Forces. By seminars, exchanges of experience and other bilateral activities we assumed different aspects on this issue according to the democratic expertise of the countries with strong traditions in this area. These led to the legal framework improvement at the Armed Forces level ensuring the decisional prerogatives and attributes of the civilian leadership over the military and the harmonization of civilian-military relations. NATO members also assist the Romanian Armed Forces in improving the organizational, legal framework and increase of the defence policy role. The cooperation at defence policy and security level also contributed to improving the real image of the Romanian efforts to re-structure and modernize the Armed Forces and to contribute to the strengthening of security and stability in the Euro-Atlantic area by the regional cooperation. The aim of restructuring and make operational the Romanian Armed Forces is strongly sustained by most of NATO members by giving assistance and expertise for training, operational training and use of services. In the last years it was extended the cooperation in common of units and sub-units. Stages of mutual training were performed in USA, Great Britain, France and Holland. Training and exercises of Air Forces, Special Troops of Guard, Protection and Intervention were also performed all these years. A great number of Romanian officers and NCOs were trained in centers of training and military education institutes in USA, Great Britain, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Canada, Turkey and Greece. The training was focused on staff and military leadership, logistics, peacekeeping, military observers and military police, learning of English and French languages.

99 Especial useful studies for increasing the compatibility with NATO on consultation, command, control, communications and informatics were performed together with NATO members. In the same time it was provided the technical assistance and expertise for implementing the C4I systems. Partners like USA, Great Britain, France, Italy and Denmark give assistance for making operational the defence resources management integrated system (PPBS). Human resources management is an important goal of the Romanian Armed Forces restructuring and preparation for joining NATO, the target of many activities performed with NATO members focused on achieving a real professional system including a better ratio officers/NCOs, continuing the implementation of military re-conversion and applying the Military Career Guide. A fruitful cooperation was performed also in improving the educational military system. The accent was set on NCOS education and the continuous learning of NATO official languages by all personnel. In this respect one should emphasis the assistance and the support given by US, UK, France, Germany and Canada. Another important aspect of the bilateral military cooperation with NATO members is the "cleaning house" mechanism Romania is giving a special importance, within PfP. This is intended to effectively and substantially contribute to organizing the efforts of integration within NATO and to increasing the transparency of national reform process. Using the consultative framework offered by "cleaning house" in bilateral cooperation, one could achieve a clear conception on identity of NATO states that are going to offer assistance for fulfilling the goal Romania assumed. Romania consolidated the state of a partner capable and worth to be trusted in her relations with each member of the Alliance. In the same time, NATO members proved a total opening and political will for political and military assisting Romania needs for joining NATO. In order to exemplify the bilateral relations with NATO members we will present the bilateral relations with USA, UK, France, Spain and Hungary.

Bilateral military relations with the United States of America

Romania's irreversible orientation towards a democratic society and a market economy, due to the geo-strategic position and the role of stabilizer plaid in the region led to increased and diverse Romanian-American military relations, bilaterally MIL-TO-Mil (International Military Education and Training) and within the Partnership for Peace. MIL-TO-MIL program created in September 1992 works for Romania since April 1993. The program assists financially and logistically. More than 400 common activities were performed up to now (demonstrations, visits, seminars, and exchanges of personnel). Since October 1, 1995, MIL-TO-MIL

100 program was developed based on a long-term plan (1996-98). The efforts will be focused on Romanian Armed Forces priorities: operational and technical interoperability, improving the troops training, training of units for participating in common peacekeeping and humanitarian operations. The cooperation between Romania and the of Alabama State within the American concept "Partnership between Nations" is also part of the MIL-TO-MIL program. IMET program (the fond was raised from 300000 $ in 1993 to 800000 $ in 1997) allowed "integration through education" of the Romanian Armed Forces (113 officers and civilians attended courses in USA, 6 laboratories for English learning were procured and mobile courses were developed in Romania). The fulfillment of programs agreed within the Romania-US Strategic Partnership is periodically evaluated within the meetings between the Romanian officials and the US Embassy personnel. Finishing touches on the "Study on Military Capabilities" elaborated by experts from Pentagon are still waited. MPRI project (made by common efforts of five American officers in retreat and a group of Romanian officers) intends to elaborate and implement it. Because the preparation for joining NATO is the main aim of the Romanian defence policy, the important areas of reform within the Armed Forces were established according to the suggestions made by General Wesley Clark, supreme commander of the Allied Forces in Europe. And these represent issues for continuos consulting with NATO officials. The consultations are on the following issues: human resources management, command, control, communications and informatics (C3 I), air defence and infrastructure. The progress made in the reform of the Romanian Armed Forces, especially taking in view the military Romanian-American cooperation was made in modernizing the process of selection, formation and use of personnel concomitant with improving the training of officers and creating a new body of NCOs. A new system of selection, formation and promotion of personnel was elaborated. This system will ensure the management of the Romanian officers' career according to NATO standards and procedures. The new system is operational since 1999. The new conception on selection, training and use of non- commissioned officers was approved in October 1998 and rendered into operation in September 1999. In the same time it was also planned the informational system for human resources management. Reduction of Armed Forces by ending and implementing the project "Armed Forces 2005'' stipulating the reorganization of the Romanian Armed Forces according to

101 NATO standards and bringing to full operation the Rapid Reaction Force units as main component of future structure of force of the Armed Forces. Starting 1998 the Ministry of National Defence was connected to PfP System of Information Management (PIMS). The national defence system was improved by installing the ASOC system in order to perform new strategic radar surveillance. Possibilities of interconnecting the air defence system with the Alliance's system and creation and development of the Romanian officers' capabilities for working in or in cooperation with NATO commands are also taken into consideration. The Regional Center of Defence Management established in Brasov in 1999 (cooperation between MoND and Monterey Institute of Defence Resources Management) contributes to new planning system better knowing, training of Romanian officers in NATO states, increased interoperability in crisis management and strengthening of the democratic control over the military. The main acts governing the military cooperation are the following: Memorandum on military defence and cooperation between Ministry of National Defence and US Department of Defence, signed by ministers in June 1994. Agreement between Romanian Government and American government on protection of secret of state military information type, signed in Washington June 21, 1995. Contract signed with Lockheed Martin Corp. on procuring five double use air traffic control radar systems. In March 31, 1996 the Romanian Government and the American Government through verbal notes agreed on an agreement on transfer of armaments and adequate technologies. Based on this agreement the American part will supply us with military equipment, programs of training and other services in defence area. This agreement created a legal framework for Romanian part taking over the military transport planes C 130 Hercules as agreed by the ministries of Defence of the two countries. Four such planes were already delivered within EDA (Excess Defence Articles) The agreement between Romanian MoND and US Department of Defence on exchange of information in research and development was signed in February 26, 1996.

Romanian-british military cooperation

Regarding the Army "CARPATHIAN EXPRESS 2002'' Romanian-British exercise was continued in 2002 too. This year the exercise was developed in our country with the participation of the UK TYNE-TEES Regiment (375 military) and sub-units from 382nd Focsani Mechanized Brigade (400 military). The results were very good for both the participating parts.

102 This year also continued the activities with BMATT team (British Military Advisory Training Team) having the central residence in Viskov, Czech Republic. This team has its important contribution to the training of officers and non-commissioned officers in NATO proceedings, planning, organizing evaluating and training. Two such activities were developed during the first half of this year. Participants were Romanian military and NATO and PfP members.

Regarding the Air Force General Staff of the Air Force pays a special interest to the following activities for enlisting them to the Romanian-British acts of cooperation for 2002: exchanges of experience on helicopters use in combat; organization of transmission system; aeronautical communications; maintenance, exploitation and repairs of C 130 planes; logistics; maintenance, exploitation and repair of advanced training planes; command, conduct and control of hunting aviation in air defence missions by guidance from fixed/mobile positions; command, conduct and control in immediate air support and air interdiction missions by guiding the planes from advanced positions; training of Romanian aeronautic personnel for rescuer jobs; training of missile operators and air defence personnel by firings, periodicity, organization, appreciation and system of targets.

Regarding the Navy Staff training by participation to courses and stages at training centers in Great Britain and exchanges of experience in hydrometeorology

Regarding the strategic planning The documents elaborated till now within the process of reform: Military Strategy of Romania; Strategic Vision 2010; Strategic Evaluation of Environment of Security; Doctrine of Armed Forces Joint Actions; Doctrine of Multinational Joint Operations; different military rules according to the Western standards. In September 1, 2001 was established the Group 1 CIMIC for working with an active nucleus consisting of officers and NCOs. If necessary, for a mission abroad the group will be manned with reserve staff; in 2002 we do want to organize some bilateral working meetings on strategic planning and especially on military strategy and doctrines.

Regarding the management of personnel Participation to colleges, staff courses, special courses and scholarships at civil institutions; participation to annual conferences of PfP Regional Training Centers; exchanges of experience with other PfP Training Centers accredited by North-Atlantic Council; planning of structures, elaboration of organizational charts and use of civilians in different military structures; achieving the hierarchy system of functions in pyramidal system;

103 knowing when the selection of young people for military service based on contract are organized and developed; medical and psychological testing; knowing of system of rounding during the gradual increase of fighting capacity and mobilization.

Romanian-french cooperation in military area and defence policy

Romanian-French bilateral cooperation in military and defence domains is circumscribed to security and national defence policy goals for joining the European and Euro-Atlantic structures according to National Annual Plan for joining NATO. This cooperation is developed based on Agreement on cooperation between the two Ministries of Defence and the Military Bilateral Cooperation Plan signed by Romania and France and Cooperation Plan on Armaments. Recently the accent was set on qualitative increase of relations between the two Armed Forces at operational level that France could offer in order to reach the interoperability with NATO members. Romania appreciates the counseling the French officers give in their work within Human Resources Management Directorate, Logistics, Operations and Training Directorate, Air Staff. In 2001, the State Secretary and chief of department for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Defence Policy and chief of General Staff paid official visits in France. In December 2001 Lieutenant General Francois de Vaissiere, chief of Military Cooperation Directorate from Ministry of Foreign Affairs visited Romania. With this occasion, the French part showed to be interested in Romanian participation in regional cooperation initiatives, mainly in Multinational Peace Force in South-Eastern Europe (MPFSEE). France considers the decision of enlarging NATO will be finally a political one. The French minister of Defence at the beginning of 2002 paid an official visit in Romania and the Romanian minister of National Defence will visit France. Chief of French General Staff and the counterpart of the Romanian State Secretary and chief of Department for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Defence Policy will also visit Romania in 2002. The official visit in Romania paid in January 02 by the French minister of Defence occasioned an exchange of opinions on the last evolutions in security and the efforts Romania made in the perspective of the Prague Summit. He appreciated that the OSCE presidency "a very useful moment for Romania" proving that till now "Romania methodically and quietly worked for a while, but now she should explain what she has done". Our evolution in the last decade was a convincing one and the recent economical increase changed a lot the opinions in our favor. As regarding the bilateral relations, he also stressed the fact that these are focused on obtaining the interoperability.

104 From the 95 bilateral activities agreed for 2001 (71 in France and 24 in Romania), only 49 activities were developed (39 in France and 10 in Romania). 46 activities were not performed (32 in France and 14 in Romania). The important areas of cooperation were defence policy, military education and operational training. The 2002 cooperation plan enlisted 81 activities (55 in France and 26 in Romania). These activities are according to the main areas and goals of the National Annual Plan/Cycle III MAP. These activities are focused on increasing the cooperation in different fields of activities such as political military, military education and staff training, logistics and technical-military area.

Military bilateral cooperation relations between Romania and the Kingdom of Spain

The framework of the military bilateral cooperation is established on the basis of “The Protocol for Cooperation between The Romanian Ministry of National Defence and The Spanish Ministry of Defence”. This Protocol was sign up on the 8th of March 1994 and it was aproved by Governmental Decision No. 230/19.05.1994. In the same time, The Romanian-Spanish Joint Committee was set up in March 1994. These are the premises and the juridical framework for the development of the Romanian-Spanish relations. Between years 1990 and 1994, the cooperation relations were sporadical and unsubstantial. Starting with the year 1995, they were intensified and focused on much more varied fields of interest. There were meetings of the Ministers of Defence; of The Romanian-Spanish Joint Committee (at the irregular time intervals); training forwards of the Romanian and Spanish military vessels; workshops on military topography; documentation visits at mountaining unit; experience exchanges on psyhological assurance and examination, military education, military press, PfP exercises, lectures and seminares on hydrographical, map-drawning and military medicine issues. The main goal of Romanian-Spanish cooperation is Spanish support for Romanian efforts on military reform, on increasing the interoperability level with NATO’s structures and concepts, on Romania’s candidature to NATO. The dynamics of military bilateral cooperation relations for the last three years have been as follows: 14 activities in the year 2000 (3 in Romania and 11 in Spain), 11 activities in the year 2001 (2 in Romania and 9 in Spain), 18 activities in the year 2002, that are planned through The Bilateral Cooperation Plan (8 in Romania and 10 in Spain).

105 Spanish Ministry of Defence deems that the NATO enlargement is a logical and a necessary process and Spain is supporting the maximum enlargement point of view. The enlargement should consider the necesity of strenghtening the Alliance’s Southern flank, that is the main element of the Spanish security and defence politics. Spain is expecting of Romania to be available and to act in terms of supporting the Spanish politics in Mediterranean Sea. The Romanian-Spanish military bilateral cooperation is much appreciated, as well. The Romanian party had underlined the importance of the military bilateral cooperation between Romania and Spain since the existance of many similarities between the reform processes of the Romanian and . Romanian experts may exchange experience with Spanish experts, too. The Romanian party had proposed the achievement of experts groups level meetings, in order to identify the fields that are suitable for the extension of the Romanian-Spanish military bilateral cooperation. Spanish back up Romanian efforts to integrate into NATO.

Bilateral cooperation between Romania and Hungary

The Romanian-Hungarian military cooperation had developed in good conditions and based on established plans. The activities were increasing as number and quality year after year. This is the cause for intensification of the efforts in order to strenghten the multilateral mutual trust and to develop permanent relations between Romanian and Hungarian Ministries. The high level meetings between Romanian and Hungarian Armed Forces were becoming systematically. There were advanced measures to develop mutual trust between the two Armed Forces: The Mutual Agreement “Open Skies”, The Agreement regarding the Strenghtening of Trust and Security. Starting with the year 1997, Romanian Ministry of National Defence was assuming the responsibility for organizating and carring on the meetings of “The Speciality Committee for Cooperation in European Security and Trust Strenghtening Fields”, a part of The Joint Romanian-Hungarian Interguvernmental Committee on Cooperation and Active Partnership. Military mutual agreements and military cooperation measures had determined a condition of normality, trust and stability in bilateral relations. Romanian and Hungarian Armed Forces are acting together in order to generate security in our area. The dynamics of the military bilateral cooperation relations that were planed / carried out is still increasing: 54 activities in 1995, 76 activities in 1996, 86 activities in 1999 and over 100 activities in each year 2000, 2001 and 2002.

106 The Romanian-Hungarian military relations are much appreciated and they are illustrated by Mutual Agreement “Open Skies”, by operational activity of The Romanian-Hungarian Joint Peace Keeping Battalion, by actions in order to constitute The Genius Battalion “Tisa” (Romanian, Hungarian, Ukrainean and Slovakian participation). These activities are organizated and carried on by Membership Action Plan (MAP).

Official meetings of The Minister of National Defence, state secretaries and The Chief of General Staff and the visits of their homologues are political-military actions and they are contributing to continuity of the bilateral relations. The coordonation and the financial assurance of the bilateral activities are achieved by International Relations Plan. Through bilateral relations there were established courses of action with certain willing NATO Partners as follows: with Denmark on logistics field, with Holland on staff training in peace supporting operations, exercises and high grounding. In the projection and negociation process of The Bilateral Cooperation Plan, we are already taking into account the suggestions of some NATO members to draw up projects with major objectives on a period of 2-3 years and to renunce at disparate and punctual activities.

107 ROMANIA AND THE NATO SOUTH-EAST EUROPE INITIATIVE (SEEI) Livia COSTEA,

NATO’s South-East Europe Initiative (SEEI) is the acronym for an overall list of NATO projects that sprang from the Washington Summit of 1999. It complements the specific contributions of NATO to the security and stability in South-East Europe through NATO-led operations, Partnership for Peace activities, Membership Action Plan, consultations within the Euro- Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), as well as visits by senior NATO officials to underline a strengthened presence by the Alliance and close co- operation with other international organizations. Since its start in 1999, SEEI’s specific contribution to these Alliance activities in the region has been mainly through its focus on promoting regionally-owned and -led co-operation, an approach that included non- Partners too. Romania has supported the SEEI from the beginning, recognizing its implicit responsibility as a member of the region to fully support such initiatives and their resultant activities in order to actively demonstrate and promote NATO values and responsibilities. Because of this, Romania agreed to be the leading-nation for one of the SEEI projects, namely the South Eastern Europe Common Assessment Paper on Security Challenges and Opportunities (SEECAP).

Romania – Leading Nation in Drafting SEECAP

Romania launched the SEECAP drafting process in Bucharest in October, 2000. All the countries in the region took part, expressing their interest in building up a safer environment based on co-operation. The document was endorsed on the margins of the NATO/EAPC Foreign Ministers meetings held in Budapest in May 2001. The document identifies, from the first time in the SEE’s history, the regional security challenges and opportunities, highlighting the participants’ common and individual contribution to the European security and stability. It is worth mentioning that it is the first political document dedicated to the good neighborly relations ever signed by the South Eastern Europe countries. Moreover, SEECAP provided SEE countries the opportunity to reaffirm, first time since WWII; they perceive no direct threat of military aggression from each others on their national sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence.

108 The first SEECAP meeting included representatives from , Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, , Romania, Slovenia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Denmark, France, and post-Milosevic Yugoslavia. In fact, R.F. Yugoslavia took its first steps towards rejoining the regional security framework by participating to the SEECAP. Romania believes that the SEECAP follow-up should address the ways and means by which countries in South Eastern Europe could cooperate in the fight against terrorism. The follow-up of the SEECAP is developed within the SEEGROUP.

Romania – SEEGROUP Chairman

SEEGROUP (South-East Europe Security Cooperation Steering Group) is a group initiated and managed by countries in South-East Europe, aimed at facilitating security cooperation projects and coordination among initiatives of the same kind. NATO suggested the establishment of this group, under the auspices of the SEEI and as a contribution to the achievement of Stability Pact’s goals. Although recommended by NATO, it is a regionally led forum and not a NATO body. SEEGROUP is a process of regular meetings, not a new institution, targeted at concrete projects and initiatives. It is also transparent to all EAPC countries. Maybe some of our initiatives and projects would inspire this way other regions and countries in their efforts to improve security environment. Romania took over the Chairmanship of SEEGROUP on January 1st, 2002, for the whole year. As generic aims, Romania’s Chairmanship heads for more impact of SEEGROUP activity in South-East Europe matters, more visibility in the international context and especially at NATO, more coordination with other bodies and initiatives in the region and last, but not least, to continue to wisely use the support that NATO is offering to these endeavors. Romania takes as both an opportunity and a challenge the fact that she holds at the same time the Chairmanship of three regional initiatives: SEEGROUP, the Coordination Committee of South-East Europe Defence Ministerial (SEDM) and the Stability Pact Working Table III on security issues. Romania believes the SEEGROUP has three important comparative advantages that place it in a rather unique position in the regional security cooperation: Firstly, all the countries of the region participate, including Bosnia and Herzegovina and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which are not yet part of EAPC/PfP. Secondly, it meets frequently, usually once a week.

109 And last but not least, it benefits directly from NATO, and Allies and Partners support. SEEGROUP focuses currently on three main directions: one is the implementation of the SEE common assessment paper on security challenges (SEECAP) and the security sector reform; second is the approach to asymmetric threats and related security issues such as combating terrorism and border control; and third is facilitating coordination with other initiatives and bodies in the region, such as the Stability Pact, the South East Europe Defence Ministerial or SECI Center for Combating Trans- border crime. One of the projects initiated by Romania, and sponsored by the United Kingdom in the SEEGROUP’s framework is the Southeast Europe Comparative Study on National Security Strategies (SEESTUDY). It is also a comparative study of mechanisms to put these strategies into place. This study, a concrete follow up of SEECAP, is envisaged to review and recommend improvement of the countries' capabilities for risk assessment, early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management, defence and civil emergency planning, as well as national security strategies formulation and implementation. Romania coordinates also the other existing SEEGROUP projects. One of them is the SEEMAG, a Bulgarian-Swiss initiative aiming at promoting civil-military interaction in security management. Moreover, Romania contributed alongside Great Britain and Bulgaria to the SEESTAFF document with proposals aiming to increase its valences in the field of confidence and security measures. The paper acknowledges personnel exchanges in border security as a priority for SEEGROUP countries and establishes guidelines for such exchanges. The Compedium of South East Europe Anti-Terrorism Measures is entirely a Romanian initiative launched in November 2001, being a working document to help the SEE countries to guide forward a common approach to combating this threat. The SEEI activities support the objectives of the Stability Pact and make significant contributions to the progress of its Working Table on Security Issues. Notably, NATO developed a project in the Working Table designed to assist, in cooperation with the World Bank and other donors, Romania and Bulgaria to downsize their respective armed forces by 20,000 personnel in each country. NATO advice and expertise, organized under the preview of the NATO Economics Committee, helped shape programs in each country for retraining and integration demobilized military personnel into civilian labor markets. Thousands of former military personnel have taken advantage of the program. Romania considers all SEEI projects an important tool for regional cooperation and regional openness and hopes that every participating nation will be involved in all these practical bodies.

110 RELATIONSHIPS IN THE FIELD OF ARMAMENTS AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Commander engineer Ion-Eftimie SANDU

International cooperation relationships in the field of armaments represent an essential element of strengthening national, regional and international security. By joint development of Armed Forces it is possible to achieve a new dynamics of collaboration in the field of armaments and, irrespective of the economic and technological advantages; this is a requirement that acquired special importance as a result of the setting up, through political will, of multilateral structures within NATO. The fundamental premise for an efficient collaboration of the partners in the field of armaments is the setting up of a joint level. A second premise is represented by the fact that the level should exist in parallel and in time and, consequently, it should be achieved by the same initiative in the same technological level. The third condition is the meeting of the bilateral interests represented by the participation of each national industry. In support of achieving cooperation in the field of armaments the following arguments can be brought forward: • Armament systems are very complex and increasingly expensive; • The time required for the development and the production of a new system has increased very much, so that, often, some components tend to grow old or become inefficient at the delivery moment to troops; • Technological growth rate increases the aging risk of the systems, but offers new opportunities for the use of an iterative modernizing philosophy and open architecture systems; • The decrease of defence budget prevents the purchasing og big quantities of equipment and new systems; • Some old weapon systems can stay viable by means of modest improvements; • Appropriations for endowment will not increase dramatically in the near future; • Defence industry has to complete the restructuring process and to become a key factor in the process of defence acquisitions. Among the issues related to cooperation in the field of acquisition management to which an increased attention should be paid, the following come out: • The approach in the international relationships of the issue of coordinated acquisitions, the harmonization of concepts, the use of

111 common language, requirements and procedures in the military acquisition practice as well as the setting up of groups or consortiums of buyers, having advantages consisting of reduced unit costs, better quality, high delivery safety, transparent and non- discriminatory business; • Greater opening and constructive cooperation relationships with the industry and other specialized companies, based on the partnership and the identification of joint targets and opportunities supported by competition in selecting the contractors, in order to secure the efficient use of funds, risk sharing, quality, maintenance and availability of the technique used by the troops. The cooperation and research and development activities in the field of armaments are based on: • Standardization, which facilitates close cooperation among armed forces and an efficient use of the research, development capacities; • Interoperability which ensures an efficient cooperation with other armed forces; • Interchangeability which allows that two or more constructive elements belonging to similar systems be interchanged; • Compatibility which facilitates joint use of two or more constructive groups or parts being used in a system. The results of these activities of cooperation and research and development are stipulated in protocols declarations of intentions, coordination graphs, agreements such as Letter of Intention (LOI), Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), Memorandum of agreement (MOA) governmental conventions and contracts. The Armaments Department is the main structure of the Ministry of National Defence responsible for turning the technical and operational requirements of the forces into weapon systems and for running the major programmes of military equipment acquisitions and research in its field of interest. It represents Romania in the specialized NATO structures (Conference of National Armaments Directors - CNAD, and Research and Technology Organization - RTO), ensures the technical and procedural harmonization with these structures and is responsible for the military equipment acquisition policy at national level. Within an alliance, military cooperation in the area of procurement pursues several goals: political, military, economic and technological. The military goal is that of the military equipment standardization. If standardization cannot be achieved it has to, at least, attempt the implementation of interoperability in weapon systems. The economic goal can be represented by a more efficient use of the financial means earmarked for defence. The allotment of development expenses, the judicious division of production, the large amount of items as well as joint

112 logistics and training are sources of real economic benefits. The technological goal is related to the extension of technological and scientific knowledge. This mutual exchange of expertise and experience enhances the capacity of national industries, as military systems impose maximum technological requirements. Within the framework of any cooperation analysis should be directed to political and economic considerations, rationalization needs, military considerations, requirements unification, standardization, interoperability, interchangeability, compatibility, forms and ways of cooperation, the exchange of information, the purchase and donation of armaments, production under license, joint development and production, cooperation development etc. Development in the field of military high technology is extremely costly. Especially when the aim is small-scale production, for the use of one nation, the limits of economic efficiency are rapidly overstepped. The joint efforts of two or more nations to develop complete macro systems (e.g., aircraft) for serial production, by division of labor or items separately manufactured in one country, also represented a successful enterprise in the past. Technically, this procedure is feasible when employing several managerial approaches: • In order to carry out bilateral or multinational military projects using a pilot nation, only one of the participant states takes action at the request of other member states, taking over the leadership and providing the national installations, the personnel and the industrial capacities. Percentage participation can be agreed upon with regard to the partners' capabilities. This kind of participation allows for a smooth dealing with the project. • Joining international programs allows the participant nations to cooperate on equal terms, enabling partners to, directly, influence the programs. However this implies a high degree of coordination, as well as the need to accept compromises. The most important criteria are: o Directions and contracts are given only at national level; o Decision are taken only based on the principle of unanimity; o Distribution of expenses is made according to participation ratio; o The right of veto can be used; o The setting up of joint agencies is temporary. • Integrated associations are established by the controlled setting up of international associations and firms, aiming at carrying out projects.

113 Relationships in the field of armament

The Research and Technology Committee, which is an integrated NATO organization responsible for defence technological research and development supplies recommendations and assistance to CNAD and to the Military Committee. It carries out a cooperation program through activities related to a series of defence technological and research requirements. Industrial issues assistance is provided by the NATO Industrial Adviser Group (NIAG), which allows CNAD to benefit from an industrial perspective over the way of promoting cooperation between governments and industries and even between industries and helps the Conference to study the opportunities for international cooperation. Other groups created by the Conference, originally called Frame Groups, and later on called “The Partnership CNAD Groups” work in such domains as defence acquisition policies and practice, encoding, quality assurance, ammunition testing and safety criteria, as well as standardization of materials. In this structure, work and ad-hoc groups promote cooperation in specific areas. The global structure allows member nations to choose equipment and research projects in which they want to be involved. At the same time, it facilitates exchange of information on equipment national programs and on the technical and logistic fields in which cooperation can have advantages for nations in particular and for NATO in general. In 1993, the North Atlantic Council approved the revised policies, structures, and procedures for cooperation in armament under NATO. This concerned improvement of the cooperation activities in the defence equipment area, management of the whole structure of the CNAD committees, so that it should become effective, and focus the conference proceedings on the following issues: • Concordance of the military requirements for the entire Alliance; • Promotion of interoperability which is critical on the battlefield; • Making the most of the cooperation opportunities proposed by CNAD and the improvement of transatlantic cooperation; • development of the defence critical technologies including a better allocation of technological elements. In 1994, CNAD agreed on practical cooperation measures with the Western European Armament Group (WEAG), which was a means of extending the transatlantic dialogue to issues concerning armament between European and North-American allies.

Armament Planning

In 1989, the North Atlantic Council approved the setting up of a System for Planning Conventional Armaments (SPCA). The goals of this system are

114 to provide CNAD and nations with directional elements referring to the optimum way of meeting the Alliance military requirements through programmes of individual and collective armaments, to accord defence long term acquisition plans and to propose future cooperation opportunities for armaments within the Alliance. This planning process resulted in a series of recommendations made every other year by the NATO Committee for conventional armament assessment under the CNAD authority.

Standardisation

Standardisation of NATO forces has a major contribution to the joint operation effectiveness of the Alliance armed forces and allows for the most beneficial use of economic resources. Thus, measures have been taken in numerous and diverse domains in order to improve cooperation and to eliminate the double effort in the defence systems research, development, manufacture, acquisition and support. The NATO standardisation agreements relative to procedures, systems and equipment, also known as STANAG, are turned into practice and issued by the NATO military standardisation Bureau, together with the conference of national directors for armaments, and by other authorities involved. By formulating, adopting, turning into practice and maintaining the standards connected with the NATO equipment and procedures, a major contribution is brought to the Alliance cohesion and to its defence structure effectiveness. While standardisation regards numerous sectors, the main authority for political issues in this field is the NATO standardisation organisation (NSO), whose aim is to make standardisation an integral part of the Alliance planning process, and which is the coordinator of the top NATO organisations confronted with standardisation requirements. NSO was set up in 1995 in order to stimulate the Alliance activities in improving and coordinating ally politicies and programmes of material, techniques and operations standardisation.

The main international organised cooperation forms in armaments are:

Armament committees (SAC), established in 1955 at the EUO level. Their goal is to formulate joint military requirements and to coordinate joint development projects. EUO, which has acquired a great importance lately, will be even more important from the point of view of the supply politicies by taking over the tasks of the Independent European Programme Group (IEPG), by the Western Europe Armament Group (WEAG), in order to create multinational military organisations.

115 Conference of National Armament Directors (CNAD). The greatest part of the cooperation activity within NATO in order to identify cooperation opportunities in research, design and manufacture of military equipment and weapon systems for the armed forces, is carried out under CNAD. The conference is held in plenary session twice a year under the chair of the Secretary General, where the Executive Secretary General has the position of permanent chairman. CNAD joins high officials from the member nations with responsibilities in defence acquisitions, representatives of the Military Committee and of NATO High Commands, chairman of the main CNAD groups and other civilian and military authorities involved in different aspects of manufacture logistics. CNAD Organisation The National Armament Directors Representatives (NADREPS) perform the common CNAD tasks within the national delegations of the member countries and direct their groups’ activity. The CNAD substructure includes: • groups, subgroups and workgroups under the authority of three main CNAD groups for armaments: the NATO Navy armament group (NNAG), the NATO Air Force armament group (NAFAG), the NATO Army armament group (NAAG) and the NATO group for acquisitions; • the NATO industrial advisor group (NIAG); • the adhoc CNAD groups responsible for special weapons projects (eg the Director Committee for ground surveillance); • the partnership CNAD groups (Encoding National Directors Group, the Quality Assurance National Directors Group, the Group of Experts in the security of ammunition and military explosives transport and storage, the Engineering materials and activities standardisation group, and the Ammunition and explosives services safety and support group); • the NATO conventional armaments review committee (NCARC) made up of representatives of the national directors for armaments and of the chiefs of Defence, as well as representatives of NATO’s military authorities. Its task is to coordinate the Conventional Armaments Planning System (CAPS), as it is subordinated to CNAD.

The Research and Technology Organisation (RTO) RTO’s mission is to perform and coordinate research and exchange of information in order to support effective development and use of the national defence technology with a view to meet the military requirements of the Alliance, to maintain a technological direction and to advise the NATO or national decision makers.

116 It is supported by an extensive network of national experts and coordinates its activities with other NATO organisations involved in research and technology.

RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION

Policies and Leadership RTB Priorities Project initiation and financing PANELS Management

Project Technical execution Activity TECHNICAL TEAMS

RTO reports both to the Military Committee and to the National Armament Directors Conference. It includes a Research and Technology Bureau (RTB) and a Research and Technology Agency (RTA), wjth the headquarters in Neuilly, France. The whole range of research and technology activities is covered by six workgroups dealing with the following topics: • studies, analysis and simulation (SAS); • system concepts integration (SCI); • sensors and electronic technology (SET); • informatic systems technology (IST); • applied vehicle technology (AVT); • human factor and medicine (HFM). Each group is made up of national representatives including highly qualified experts in science. The groups maintain contact with military users and with other NATO organisations. RTO’s scientific and technological

117 activity is performed by technical teams set up for specific activities with a determined duration. Technical teams organise workshops, symposiums, field drills, seminars and training courses and provide continuity of expert’s networks. They also play an important part in working out long term plans. Coordination of research and technology activities with other parts of the NATO structure is facilitated by the participation of the RTO representatives in cricical bureaus and in the coordinating organisations meetings, such as the NATO’s C3 bureau and the NATO science committee. Under the Partnership for Peace Programme, contacts with NATO partner nations originated by the former AGARD support programme are enlarged, and special attention is paid to those nations who expect to become NATO members in the near future. In 1999 the NATO Scientific Council jubilee session took place in Bucharest, on which occasion the research development cooperation increased mainly under he NATO’s scientific programme. During the first exhibition of military technique EXPOMIL 1999, relationships were established with RTA by inviting the Agency president and executive director to Romania. At the same time, from this year on, the representatives of the Department for Armaments and of the Armed Forces have permanently participated in the national armaments director’s representatives (NADREPS) meetings and in the annual CNAD conferences at the Secretary of State level as well as in the CNAD groups and subgroups.

The Western European Armament Group (WEAG) is a non NATO group made up of all the European members of the Alliance. Under the EU, WEAG meets at the ministry level at least once a year. Its task is to closely cooperate in armaments and its main objectives are: • to allow for the most effective use of the research, development and acquisition funds; • to develop equipment standardisation and interoperability; • to maintain a powerful European industrial and technological base in defence; • to encourage better cooperation in armaments between Europe and North America. Since 1996 WEAG has been completed by the Western European Armaments Organisation (WEAO), including the same members, an organisation whose statutory authority is to supervise the defence research projects worked out by the member nations. Activities in order to accelerate capabilities readiness of the Armament Department and of the defence industry with a view to join WEAG structures have been intensified lately. Thus, starting with the year 2000, following participation in the NAD and WEAG conferences and the involvements of the Department for Armaments, the background for the integration of the Romanian research and development capabilities into the European circuit has been created,

118 ensuring our participation in the WEAG programmes. This year, Romanian representatives have been invited to the conferences of the research and technology cooperation WEAG Panel II. In 2001, a delegation of the Department for Armaments participated in the 4th symposium on research and technology of the EUO Western European Armament Group and in the seminar of the Test facilities subgroup.

On this occasion, the following have been proposed:

• the creation of a work group at the Department for Armaments level in order to work out the necessary documents for Romania’s integration into the Joint European Priority Fields, and into the Test facilities subgroup; • the creation of the National Council of the Test-Assessment Directors to include all the test-assessment units commanders in the Romanian Army; • the invitation of the defence industry owners’ associations to cooperate in the Western European Armament Group activities.

In 2001, a representative of the Department for Armaments participated in the annual conference “EUROFINDER-2002”, organised by the WEAO research cell. As a result of the contact initiated during the conference, the NADs chairman expressed his availability to support our country in its efforts to participate in the WEAG activities.

In 2002, a Memorandum of Agreement between Romania and WEAG is to be signed, which will allow for the participation in the CEPA programmes. Procedures have been initiated in order for this Memorandum to be signed and for Romania to participate in WEAG activities and in order to invite to Romania the Panel II chairman, rear admiral Panos Mavraganis.

Bilateral Relationships The Department for Armaments has bilateral relationships on technical cooperation with 39 countries. Experts in the Department actively participated as permanent guests in 13 committees and work groups in NATO organisations. They also participated in symposiums, seminars and international conferences in the Department’s domains of responsibility. At present bilateral activities with 10 countries are in progress within the Mixt Technical Committees (United Kingdom, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, and Turkey), with annual and bi-annual meetings. The cooperation relationships have also increased with the Ministry of Education and Research in order to enlarge both civilian and military participation in the European Union frame programmes.

119

NATO PfP activities performed by the Romanian army representatives

The Department for Armaments has coordinated and monitored its activities in order to technically meet its partnership tasks agreed upon with NATO, included in: • the annual national plan for Romania’s integration into NATO in accordance with the Integration Action Plan; • the Partnership tasks implementation plan for the years 2001-2002; • the Partnership working programme (PWP). Based on the annual national plan for Romania’s integration into NATO and on the Partnership individual programme, the following armament and research activities have been performed: • participation in the activities of the following agencies and work groups: NAMSA-Maintenance and Supply Agency; CALS-Continuous Acquisition and Extension of Life Cycle • Participation as a permanent guest in the following NATO work groups: Annual conference of the national armament directors (CNAD); Work group on quality assurance, AC-250; Encoding work group, AC/135; Standardisation work group, AC/301; Acquisition practice work group, AC/313; Navy armaments work group, AC/141; Air Force armaments work group, AC/224; Army armaments work group, AC/225; Ammunition and explosives transport and storage work group, AC/258; Ammunition safety work group, AC/310; Meetings of the NATO Committee for industrial planning (IPC), AC/142; • Participation as a contributor in the Research and Technology Organisation (RTO) meetings; • Participation as a contributor in the NIAG (NATO Industrial Advisory Group) with its cooperation partners. Participation in these activities allowed for the Romanian specialists to meet the following requirements: • Increasing cooperation in defence research and technological development and implementation of the knowledge acquired in the

120 national programmes of military equipment and technology research-development; • Romanian specialists’ participation in the drawing up and application of NATO compatible standards in the Army; • Knowledge of the defence industry crises management and of the NATO working procedures implementation in order to achieve interoperability with NATO member countries; • Use of acquisition similar practices by knowing and applying the NATO manuals AACP-1 and AACP-2 for acquisitions practices. • Implementation of the NATO encoding system for supply items in Romania’s Army and concordance of the Romanian Army’s supply policies with NATO’s; • Concordance of technical-material standardisation within the Ministry of National Defence with NATO’s standardisation System; • Knowlegde of technical achievements and technical standards in the Army, Air Force and Navy. Thus, according to the data presented in the table, in 2001 only, activities were performed with the participation of representatives of the Department for Armaments, Military Research and Technology Agency, Military Technical Academy and of the different armed forces.

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF SERIAL NUMBER WORK GROUP ACTIVITIES PARTICIPANTS 1. AC 135 3 6 2. AC 250 4 8 3. AC 258 2 3 4. AC 310 7 9 5. AC 301 6 8 6. AC 313 1 2 7. CNAD 1 2 8. IPC 3 31 9. NAAG 16 32 10. NAFAG 2 4 11. NNAG 6 12 12. NADREPS 2 4 13. RTO 7 11 14. WEAG 1 2 15. EUROFINDER 1 1 16. Symposiums, 6 10 seminars,etc. (within PfP) TOTAL 58 117

Some of the activities in the field of armaments, aiming to ensure interoperability with the armies of NATO countries, can be the following: • logging the main control of the air surveillance system ASOC in the NATO integrated system;

121 • implementing NATO air reconnaissance systems on the MIG-21 LANCER; • completing the supply programme with FPS-117 radar systems and connected automatic data transmission equipment and others. Romania concluded agreements of confidentiality with 8 NATO countries: the United Kingdom (1998), the Czech Republic (2000), Germany (1997), Greece (1997), Norway (2001), Netherlands (1995), Turkey (1992), Hungary (1997) and memoranda of agreement with 14 countries (the United Kingdom, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, the United States and Turkey).

122 THE ROMANIA’S ROLE IN REGIONAL AND CONTINENTAL SECURITY AND STABILITY

DEVELOPMENT FACTOR OF THE SOUTH DIMENSION OF THE ALLIANCE Colonel (ret) Vasile POPA Lieutenant-colonel Gheorghe BADEA

The global character of the scourge of the terrorism increases the importance of the whole Euro-Atlantic Area (SEA) after the 11 of September 2001. From the military point of view, within the circumstances of the disappearance of polarity system and the continuous multiplication of the asymmetric risks, the classic invocation of the wings becomes superfluous, because the enemy is everywhere and nowhere in the same time. Subsequently, in proper words, we can talk of the northern, southern, eastern, and western dimensions of the Alliance, which require an equal strengthening for each, to accomplish a thorough security of the space and boundaries, concurrently with the management of the conflicts beyond them.

The role of NATO southern dimension

A comparative analysis describes the fact that, at present, the southern line of the Euro-Atlantic Space is much more important than the others lines. Here, the terrorism has its most extensive organizational and operational activity. In this area the biggest dangers and strains of the world are individualized. There are various conflict hotbeds in its close neighborhood: those of Middle East, Asia, and Africa. There is the continuous confrontation between Israelis and Palestinians that can be anytime transformed into an ample fight. Afghanistan is still a theatre for military actions. The economic crisis and ethnic conflicts overwhelm some of the countries of Africa. The Mediterranean space, which lies in the near by of the Orient, is open to those groups who maintain or develop conflicts into the area. The Western Balkans also represents a continuous source of interethnic conflicts and threats addressed to regional and continental peace. Within the same geographic coordinates there are important drug roads and complex routes of the organized crime. All these, but also the commitment of USA as well as other Global Allies, restraint the

123 responsiveness of the available forces and resources of the Alliance in regional threats.

The necessity of the southern dimension development

Even it seems to be very strong, the southern dimension still has perceivable vulnerabilities. Five years ago at Sintra meeting in Portugal, the NATO officials talked for the first time about the fact that the most fragile area of the Alliance is on its southern dimension. If the SEA northern side is completed and strengthened after Poland admission followed by Baltic Nations, the southern line is still maintaining obvious discontinuities and gaps, being open to multiple threats from Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea. This is the reason for which the land liaison between Hungary and Turkey and which is non-existent at present has to be urged. Hence the NATO control over western seashore and maritime space of the Black Sea would be ensured. This control is vital for resources security, Southeastern Europe security, and for a quick and comfortable access to both Middle East space, and Asian space. The control of the energetic resources of the Caucasian area as well as of the oil basin of the Caspian Sea could be obviously facilitated through the extension of the NATO responsibility area over Black Sea. The possibility to dispose of new bases for a quick deployment of forces within one of the most unstable areas of the world is another strategic advantage that Alliance could offer by its presence from the Danube mouth to Bosphorus and further. According to the fact that the Black Sea is linked to Mediterranean Sea through its narrows and it is a colossal golf of this one by its deep penetration into the Euro-Asian land, the Black Sea is a reverse table for the international traffic and international exchanges, because it links Europe to Asia by its narrows and it is connected to the world seas by its channels, and to continental routes net by the routes which reach its harbors. One of the present difficulties of the SEA is its cutout from the Europe nucleus, which is geographically situated right on Romania territory, an area from where it could be equally controlled all the limits of the continent, as well as the big strategic European corridors. The fulfillment of this gap could increase NATO force, its flexibility and mobility; it could complete SEA in a decisive way and consolidate its achievable centralized survey of the continental air space, communication and strategic maneuver space; it could allow the projection of the Alliance interests beyond its perimeter; and it could grant to Alliance the status of global power factor.

124 Romania contribution to NATO southern dimension strengthening

Since the meeting of the Alliance nations ministers in Portugal (Sintra), it was outlined the opinion according to which our country denomination would strengthen NATO in its most vulnerable point – the Balkanian area. The security arch that could be closed by the Romania and Bulgaria, which are situated between Hungary and Turkey, could be consolidated, in what we are concerned, by the model structured on treaties with our neighbor nations. In a juridical and political way, these treaties remove past animosities and consolidate the liaison between Romania and the surrounding states. In our opinion, this is a strong argument of Romania concern for collaboration and understanding, cooperation and partnership, and it proves our willing to undertake the common strategic interest in security and to join the common values of a new Europe. When the Alliance per se made normal its relationships with Russia, it was natural for Romania to conclude a relationship with the last one by signing the Romania-Russia political treaty. This relationship is deeply constructively and resolutely involved into the international antiterrorist campaign. This closed arch increases in a decisive way the NATO European force, which through its transatlantic component can dedicate itself more deeply and beyond Europe and USA borders to fight terrorism and solve global peace and security problems. Therewith this arch originates the concatenation of the NATO European device and of the balance of its northern and southern parts facilitating in this way a quicker integration of Central and Southeastern nations of Europe into the European and Euro- Atlantic security system. The economical, political and strategic importance of the Black Sea is exceptional due to its link to Mediterranean Sea. The transition of another two riverside nations into NATO membership nations group consolidates its role of generating factor of unity, development and stability within the vast geographic area which links the two continents. The significant span to the Mediterranean Sea, Middle East and Asia establish an enduring ground for the cooperation of the subregional group that integrates riverside and non- riverside nations as a bridge towards the future Europe. Romania adhesion to NATO changes political situations, economical fluxes and force ratio. Due to Romania, the Black Sea becomes a stable political area among regions affected by major conflicts, risks and threats. The Alliance southern dimensions is much stronger on account of the attachment of the two new nations to the Black Sea western seashore and, because of both this seashore and the maritime adjacent space are required

125 for a fleet dimensioned on NATO’s size, fleet which represents the world dominating naval force. “The missing piece of the American puzzle”, the European part of the SEA, is represented by Romania and Bulgaria according to the opinion of “Financial Times”. Attracting these two nations into the Alliance, the European Southeast, which is affected by tension and conflicts, can be better controlled. Talking about Romania’s role and position within this part of the continent, the Director for Eastern Europe of the International Studies and Strategy Center, Janus Bugojki said: “Our Committee elaborated studies in which we observe that Romania is critical for four regions, presenting interest to all those concerned in this area: Central Europe, Southeast Europe, Black Sea area, and the Caspian-Atlantic energetic corridor. Romanian nation plays a special role in preserving the regional peace and stability, ensuring the security of the resources, and strengthening the Southeast Europe’s wing”. At present, NATO extension is an “unfinished” process (Lord Robertson). The actual features of the global security environment require a solid extension of the Alliance consisting of stable democratic nations that can undertake major responsibility within the international fight against terrorism. Romania and Bulgaria are able to collaborate efficaciously with all NATO membership and no-membership nations in order to create a peaceful and stable region within Southeastern Europe. During the recent antiterrorist actions of the Alliance, these nations have already proved that they are able to place under the Alliance service, airports and logistic facilities to support military operations. In the future they could provide superior training conditions on their territory for NATO forces, given a greater freedom in maneuver. In addition to this, Romania has already placed under NATO disposal four airports for air cargo transport operations, three airports to support air operations, and two naval ports endowed in efficient logistics for harbor and naval services. Every foresight proves that the future wars will be lead with conventional nuclear forces placed particularly within the Planet Ocean, and that the danger of the water wars will be more and more increased. Therefore Mediterranean and Black Sea role will be significantly increased. From this point of view, Romania stands for a very profitable offer for NATO, as a Black Sea riverside nation. Then again, the very well developed information component, concerned in the potential international conflicts of the future, designates Romania as the nation with the most important available human resources in electronic data processing. From the military point of view, by its adhesion to NATO, Romania becomes the second NATO military force in the area after Turkey, as well as a potent ally for USA in Southeastern Europe.

126 The transition of Romania together with Bulgaria into the group of the accepted nations to the Summit of Prague would make legal the de facto participation of these two countries to the fight close to NATO against terrorism. This transition would consolidate even more the regional cooperation and good neighborhood system, joint efforts against cross- boundaries criminality, political collaboration, and peace and stability within the area. Greece and Turkey joining to the Central European Space, through Romania and Bulgaria, which still represents the missing link, will strengthen the control of the organized crime and underground immigration. It will ease the control of illegal traffic of persons, ammunition, and drugs, the control of contraband products as nuclear, chemical or bacteriological outputs, which can penetrate form sea within the Black Sea area. The keystone for receiving the two nations into the NATO structure is still to extend the Alliance strategic dimension into this part of the world, assure the security and stability in Balkans, build a potential pattern for stability and collaboration in Western Balkans, find optimum solution for critical and various challenges of this new century, and detect a reliable bridge for the new relationship with the Russian Federation. The massive and balanced extension of the Alliance towards Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Adriatic Sea displays new opportunities for both NATO components, European and Transatlantic, to the benefit of a much lager and uninterrupted common front used to fight against the threatening of this millenium dawn. Through this decisive signal, made in a much more resolute manner, NATO would promote the equal chances principle for unhindered democratic development of the Southeastern Europe nations. The adhesion of the democratic nations to a sound and completely operational mechanism represents the liability of their quick progress to market economy, and the improvement of the welfare, prosperity and unity of the continent. NATO loyal partners in Bosnia and Kosovo conflicts and in the fight against terrorism, Romania and Bulgaria bring a real strategic benefit: they strengthen the military, economic and demographic NATO potential, create new opportunities within Central Europe, Balkans area and Black Sea for European and American companies, establish a solid bridgehead for various level links with Central Asia countries, decrease the potential of new regional conflicts lending a remarkable assistance in the management of the region instability. Romania can be anytime a moderator factor for the parts in conflict due to its vocation for the area moderator as well as to the fact that it is considered as being the most important state in the Southeastern Europe, and implicitly, it is a desirable center for the common interests convergence of the adjacent countries (example: the opening of the Representative Office for Stability Pact at Bucharest). The admittance of Romania and of its southern neighbor into NATO structure, by the linkage between Southeastern part of the Alliance and its

127 Central European part, changes the strategic situation of Black Sea Basin, and affects the one of the Mediterranean Basin, originating a security belt around the conflict areas in Balkans. During the last decade, the dimension of the Mediterranean basin was considered as “one of the components of the European security architecture”. One of the main concerns of the Alliance nations is to set up a strong, friendly, and reliable relationship among the nations neighboring this huge amount of water, as well as to open the way for a cooperation analogue to the one that NATO has everywhere in Europe.

As a matter of fact, Romania has a multiple contribution for the Southern dimension of the Alliance by its intensive cooperation within the region. Romania concur to the region security as it follows:

Is a member of the Partnership for Peace Organization, of Southeastern Europe Pact for Stability, of the Initiative for Southeastern Europe Defence, of the Organization for Black Sea Cooperation; all these organisms have a stabilizer effects over the regional security; Participating in regional initiative

128

B.Ge.“TISA” HU RO SLK UKR B.RO- HU SHIRBRI G

MPFSEE

CENCOO

Operaţiona l În curs de semnare a acordului BLACKSEFOR BU GE RO RU TU UKR Stadiu iniţial

The year at which Romanian contribution former subscription Country Initiative the agreement. o participate Financi (Memorandum) Forces al

1 Inf. Bn . Albania, 1 Eng. Coy Bulgaria, 1 Recce Macedonian, Platoon 69.576 SEEBRIG 1999 Greece, 1 USD/

Italy, Transportatio annual Romania, n Platoon. Turkey 15 staff officeres , . Canada, Denmark, Italiy, 1 Inf. Coy 43.000 SHIRBRIG 1999 Holland, 11 officer USD/

Norway, annual Poland, Romania, Sweden

. Romania, Ro-Hu Bn.(PK) 2000 1 Inf. Bn Hungary

129 In different stage:

Name initiative Country participante Romanian o contribution Forces

CENCOOP Austria, , 2 officer in PLANELM . Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary TISA Eng Bn Romania, Slovakia, 1 Eng. Coy. . Hungary, Ukraine STAND BY 1 Inf.Bn . ARRANGEMENTS 50 military observers. BLACKSEAFOR Bulgaria, Georgia, 1 corvet . Romania, Russia, 4 officer Turkey, Ukraine

By the beginning of the negotiations with Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria regarding the achievement of the agreement concerning integrated air space, and the agreement relative to the military aircraft flights within the air space close to the border, exchange of radar data concerning air situation, and support for the military aircraft crew in danger within the air space close to the border between the two countries; By the agreement between Romania and Black Sea riverside nations in order to create a stability and security environment in which could be deployed the cooperation projects and those for the economic and social growth. In the same time, Romania have promoted its participation to ensure and enhance the Alliance security, by: Placing under NATO disposal military critical information related to the conflict areas or areas in strain through the achievement of the military information system interoperability with NATO systems (excepting satellite images processing), in close compliance with security standards (regarding military information, Romania is able to provide, in addition to HUNMINT informational sources, an electronic warfare system and a SHADOW 600 aircraft escadrille without pilot, to NATO disposal); Providing military information concerning asymmetric threats in special those regarding terrorism, and sharing information on this subject with NATO member nations; Assigning specialized and experienced forces originated in the three Armed Forces Services for NATO-led or under UN aegis peace support operations: Land Forces – 5 infantry

130 battalions, 1 infantry company, 1 parachutes company, 1 mountain company, 1 military police company, 1 engineering company, 1 mine clearance squad; Naval Forces – 1 frigate, 1 mine minesweeper, 1 divers intervention ship, 1 marine salvage, 1 fluvial monitor, 1armor boat, 1 fluvial tugboat, 1 EOD/SEAL divers group; Air Forces – 4 MIG-21 LANCER, 1 C-130B; Participating to operations compliance with Article V (collective defence) outside Romania’s borders with forces different of those nominated for peace support operations, and of those forces that participate within regional structures actions. Naturally, the task of the rest of the forces (not nominated forces) will be to participate to national defence of the territory within collective defence. The units assigned for collective defence outside borders will act according to the same directions and will have assigned resources with respect of the valid criteria for PSO/regional structures. These units will be prepared to be displaced within 30 days from the intimation. Next table describes Romania offer for NATO collective defence. In 2003 the 81 Mechanized Brigade will be the main unit assigned to accomplish this mission;

Land Forces 1 M echanized Air Forces Brigade Naval Forces 1 M ountain Battalion 1 Infantry Battalion 1 Parachute 1 Parachute Company Company 1 M ountain Company (SA(SA R R ) ) 8 M IG - 21 LANCER 4 IAR 330 SOCAT 1 Infantry Battalion 6 M IG 21 - LANCER

4 M IG - 21 LANCER 1 Frigate 1 Frigate 1 Frigate 1 EOD/SEAL Tm 1 EOD/SEAL Tm 1 EOD/SEAL Tm 3 Artillery Carrier 4 Artillery Carrier 2 Artillery Carrier RiverRiver ShipsShips RiverRiver ShipsShips RiverRiver ShipsShips

Initiating and supporting the new project regarding “Fight against terrorism, mass destruction weapons proliferation, and border security”. Within Vilnius Group, Romania committed itself at Bucharest Summit to fight against this scourge in order to transform this part of the Europe into an antiterrorism fortress. The fulfillment of this purpose is granted by the broad cooperation among the nations of the

131 group, by the efforts made overpass past misunderstandings in Eastern Europe. The group components actually form a real propulsive force of regional cooperation and integration, because they make common cause from the Baltic to Black Sea as de facto Allies of European and Euro-Atlantic institutions to which they want to adhere. According to the American Establishment vision, the NATO “vigorous” extend would create in the area the benefic frame for a cooperation of 2+2 type, of Romania with Bulgaria, Turkey, and Greece. The Prime Minister Adrian Nastase forwarded this idea during the meeting with the Turkish homologous, Bulent Ecevit. Through the simultaneously admittance of Romania and Bulgaria into the Alliance, the Southeastern Europe could became an obstacle for the threats of the century and it could impose our continent as a peaceful and undivided one where destroying scourges are prevented. Having in view the globally concept of a unified Europe, Romania bring to NATO the priceless thesaurus of spiritual and cultural everlasting values, as well as a thinking and creations focused on human condition because of its tragic history, and having as a keystone the awareness of the alertness towards the errors of the totalitarian experience. The Romanian nation brings in the Euro-Atlantic space of the Southeastern Europe the culture of the benevolence, which is specific to the Occident, generating peace and regional stability, and social harmony. Has to be observed the special relationship between our country and the most important NATO membership nations which are based on a common historical experience, language and culture tradition, and cooperation during the world great wars, supplemented by the new experience kernels accumulated in joint humanitarian and peace keeping missions in Somalia, Angola, Bosnia, or Afghanistan, or multinational actions organized within Partnership for Peace. Concerning the contribution of the Romanian nation to the regional stability, at Alliance talks we come with more and more encouraging economic outputs given the actual coherent and efficient internal policy that is perfectly synchronized with the principles of the development of the Euro- Atlantic world democracies, expressing the decisive attachment towards the market economy values, policy of pluralism, and legitimate state. We can synthesize here an important set of arguments that prove the fact that Romania is and it will be in the future a modest consumer of security: • Existence of a secure and stable democracy; • Exemplary and enduring resolve of ethnic disputes (the assessments belong to some neutral analysts). All the ethnic groups are represented in Romanian Government; • Resolve religious aspects; • Civil control over Romania Armed Forces;

132 • Lack of any territorial divergences and dissentions with the surrounding nations; • Existence of some institutions able to control the transfrontier dangers as: terrorism, drugs traffic, organized crime, weaponry traffic etc.; • Army credibility within population range; • Internal policy stability (alternation of right and left political forces to political power, compliance with democratic laws); • Good relationship with all the area nations included those where there is a particular uncertainty, and a certain political and economical or social instability (for example, (for example, Ukraine) as well as with those nations where conflicts are developed (for example, Yugoslavia, F.R.I. Macedonian); • Proved by its actions that it knows, is able and wants to act in order to redress and maintain the regional security through its capability to absorb the possible economic and politic losses in a rather short period of time; • Development of good neighboring relationships, through negotiation and signing bilateral and multilateral agreements related to reliability and security measures; • Implementation of the “Open Sky” Agreement; • Promotion of strategic partnership with Occidental developed democracies; • Quick start for the elaboration process of the zonal strategies determined by the national security strategy in order to achieve the coherence and viability required by the policy of these domains so that national interests and strategic objectives could be correlated to the institutional system responsibilities in harmony with the local ones; • Emphasis of the transparence within Defence planning and budget domains (elaboration of “Bottom-up-Review” concerning the Defence assigned resources); The assessment of Romania’s reality and strategic key points as accurate as possible proves once again, that our country has to be considered to be nominated at Prague as a nation that extends in a benefic way the Alliance reliable and stable space on its Southern dimension. Romania also presents real and available possibilities to deactivate the strains and instability in the area, creates conditions for NATO quick response to other conflict areas, and to be able to dedicate even more actively and efficiently to continental and global peace, security and stability.

133

ROMANIAN CAPABILITY Lieutenant-colonel Gheorghe BADEA

Romanian unique geo-strategic position has been demonstrated through offered for support NATO forces has been harbours, airports and his infrastructure. Through close co-operation with NATO experts theses capacities are in progress of modernisation for fulfilment NATO standards. But then, arid contiguous development needles national, which means can support operations NATO deployed in zone.

Air Ports/Sea Ports of Debarkation (APOD/SPOD) have been identified: • 4 APODs – air bases which were confirmed and endowed corresponding to NATO standards: Bucureşti-Otopeni, Timişoara-Giarmata, Constanţa-Mihail Kogălniceanu and Feteşti (according to PGs G4150, G4255). • 1 SPOD – Constanţa.

Romania has also civil airports Băneasa, Târgu Mureş, Iaşi, Oradea, Suceava, Baia Mare, Caransebeş, Bacău, Arad able to receive different kinds of military or civil aircraft according to the existing runway condition and facilities. Romania has a total of 13 runways that will accept C5/C17/C141 type aircraft. Additionally to SPOD Constanţa, at the Black Sea are available the military and civilian port Mangalia, and on the Danube there are a number of ports and shipyards (Tulcea, Galaţi, Brăila) capable to receive ships and deliver logistics support. Romania has railheads that can receive and deliver logistics support to forces in Bucharest (the capital) and in the main cities as Constanţa, Iaşi, Timişoara, Craiova, Braşov, Arad, Galaţi. Military Topographic Directorate can provide NATO-standard maps. In order to ensure topographic standardisation, NATO standard maps at different scales and for different purposes will be acquired. The military and civilian capabilities and facilities for HNS and for ensuring the forces reinforcement-reception and ongoing deployment have been identified. Emphasis will be placed on improving logistic support in accordance with the new logistic concept to provide support for both national and multilateral operations. One logistic brigade, based on a modular system, will become operational by the end of 2002.

134 One National Support Element which includes C2 and an execution component based on the operation profile and on the level and size of the national contingent is available in order to provide combat service support for deployable forces in NATO-led PfP operations. Priority will be given to ensuring the capabilities nominated for Host Nation Support. Movement Co-ordination Centre has documentation related to movement and transport information. The “Capability Catalogue” as a part of Host Nation Support (HNS) will be finalised and submitted to the Alliance by the end of the 3rd MAP cycle (Sep 2002). The system proved to be viable and worked during the exercises hosted by Romania and notably during the crossing of the territory by multinational force element in/out of Kosovo. Legal framework for expedited customs to improve the transit of national territory by NATO/PfP Forces has been established. There were identified facilities to stock fuel and technique that could be at NATO disposal by the end of 2002. Loading and unloading platforms and handling equipment were settled for any location and will be made available on request. Medical and logistic facilities that could be at NATO disposal in the nearby of shipyards, airports and nominated storage centres have been identified as an integral part of the HNS. Liaison teams for Host Nation Support have been established and the NATO compatible communications assets are on hand. They operated during foreign forces deployment within exercises organised in Romania, in APOD designated for NATO (Bucureşti - Otopeni, Timişoara – Giarmata, Constanţa – Mihail Kogălniceanu and Feteşti), and during multinational exercises organised abroad. The preparation of the designated liaison teams for HNS will continue and will be finalised in April 2002. During all these exercises there were established temporary groups for HNS, in order to co-ordinate forces reception and entire logistics support provided by civil and military means; these groups ca be activated again at request. C2 (command and control) support required for liaison teams is provided. Land Forces can provide facilities related to accommodation, nutrition, storage, fuel re-filling, and land transport and movement control. For common military activities planned to be deployed within national territory, Land Forces can prepare the following infrastructure elements and afferent services: • 4 training, shooting and exercises polygons for company and battalion echelon (Cincu, Mălina, Turda, Babadag). • 2 summertime training polygons for mountain troops with hut and tent accommodation. 1 training polygon for NBC range (Câmpulung-Muscel).

135

Deployability capability

We continue to work hard on resolving the difficulties associated with providing strategic lift for forces involved with collective defence missions outside the country. While our organic military lift capabilities are limited primarily to our four C-130 and four AN-24/26 aircraft, commercial agreements have been finalised to augment, both, our sea and airlift requirements. • Additional sealift is available through an agreement with National Rail Company that provides two large, ocean-going ferries (used to deploy troops in Albania and to bring Romanian troops from Angola). The ferry boats have a displacement of 12,000 tons, each; they can provide transportation for 16 officers, 100 troops, and101 railway carriages, or 90 trucks, or 300 military vehicles (tanks, ACV). The Naval Forces Staff must notify the National Rail Company 30 days in advance for providing the ferries for transportation within the Black Sea, and 45 days for transportation beyond the Black Sea. • Supplemental commercial aircraft support is available through an existing contractual agreement with our national carrier, TAROM. For airlift the capacity is 1000 personnel or 160 tons by aircraft but no further than 5,000 Km without refuelling. • Rail transportation is assured through the agreement with the National Rail Company and agreements for rail transportation within several European countries have also been concluded.

The interoperability with the NATO structures were and are a major objective, in concerning: knowledge of English language, command and control, staff procedures and NATO standards, doctrine, training and education. Oneself the structure of active forces, reduced, but mobile and divers, guarantee the compatibility with NATO forces, is much more interoperable with similar Alliance structures. We heave important progresses in extension capacity surveillance aerospace systems -ASOC, compatible with the NATO system, and fully integrated air defence in the regional system of, concomitantly with finish projects. We have too the politic and public support, as and of the GOV action in what regards execution objectives and will make force which enlisted-man will guarantees our security and will contribute concrete and efficient to maintain peace and security in our region and in The Europe. On the sprocket receipt ask of adhesion, arid Romania builds upon the volition policy, the professionalism the militaries and economic capacity of financed what obligations result from the status from NATO members.

136 ROMANIA – NATO CHRONOLOGY 1990-2002

CHRONOLOGY OF ROMANIA-NATO RELATIONS (1990-2002) POLITICAL ACTIVITIES

October 23, 1990 Visit to NATO Headquarters by Romanian Prime Minister Petre Roman; he meets NATO Secretary General Manfred Worner.

December 13, 1990 Visit to NATO by General Vasile Ionel, the President’s Defence Counselor.

July 4-5, 1991 Visit to Romania by Mr. Manfred Worner, NATO Secretary General.

August 21, 1991 Visit to NATO Headquarters by Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister Adrian Nastase, who participates in the North Atlantic Council Foreign Affairs Ministerial Summit. Its goal is to analyse the political situation in the former Soviet Union and to release a statement calling to democracy.

November 25, 1991 Visit to NATO Headquarters by Romanian Defence Minister Lt.Gen. Nicolae Spiroiu.

February 21, 1992 Visit to Romania by Manfred Worner, NATO Secretary General, who inaugurates a new Euro-Atlantic Center at Bucharest.

February 17, 1993

137 Romanian President Ion Iliescu meets Manfred Worner at NATO Headquarters. March 16, 1993 The first joint multinational CFE inspection under Italian command is conducted in Romania, with the participation of the cooperation partners (Azerbaidjan, Hungary and Poland). The inspection is conducted in a declared site.

August 16-18, 1993 Official visit in Romania and the Republic of Moldova by the Chairman of the Military Committee, Field Marshall Sir Richard Vincent.

January 26, 1994 Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister Teodor Melescanu signs the PfP Framework Document at NATO Headquarters.

April 28, 1994 Defence Minister Gheorghe Tinca sends the Romanian version of the PfP Presentation Document to NATO Headquarters.

May 9, 1994 Romania participates in the WEU Ministers Council Reunion at Kichberg, Luxembourg, along the defence ministers of Bulgaria, Czech Republic, , , , Poland and Slovakia. A new statute is sanctioned that makes these countries WEU associated partners.

September 14, 1994 The Romanian PfP Individual Program is formally accepted. Romania is the first South-East European country that joins the PfP.

November 4, 1994 Visit to NATO General Headquarters by Romanian President Ion Iliescu.

September 27, 1995 Romanian President Ion Iliescu and ex-State Secretary James A. Baker III, NATO Secretary General Willi Claes, US Ambassador to Romania Alfred Moses and Romanian Ambassador to UN Ion Gorita take part in an official dinner at the National Press Club. Issued covered: freedom of expression and press; the law on forbidding anti-Romanian symbols heaving up; ethnical minorities; Russia’s economic and political situation and instability in the area; Romania as a candidate for NATO and EU.

138 December 11, 1996 Foreign Affairs State Secretary Lazar Comarnescu participates in the North-Atlantic Cooperation Council Ministerial Session. On this occasion, it is stressed out that Romania fully complies to the North-Atlantic Council Agreement on building and planning a new force in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a mandate adjusted to the new realities of that country. Romania’s option to participate in this force is confirmed.

January 29, 1997 Visit to NATO Headquarters by Romanian President Emil Constantinescu and Bulgarian President Petar Stoyanov.

February 4, 1997 Visit to NATO General Headquarters by Romanian President Emil Constantinescu. He meets Secretary General Javier Solana and North- Atlantic Council permanent representatives.

July 9, 1997 Romanian President Emil Constantinescu participates in the Euro- Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), at Madrid. His statement points out: NATO’s role in conflict prevention; Romania’s role in the region and stability in the region.

December 17, 1997 Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister Adrian Severin participates in the EAPC Ministerial Meeting at Brussels. His statement addressed issues such as: the concept of regional cooperation as a significant dimension of stability and security in Europe; Romania’s full compliance to EAPC Action Plan, 1998-2000; a number of Romanian proposals on the establishment of a on “Financial Assessment and Planning of Defence Budgets and Expeditures” work group, with sessions at Brussels and Bucharest; the Proliferation Joint Committee meeting to be organised at Bucharest in 1998; support for the establishment of the Disaster Response Coordination Center within NATO General HQ. Romania also expresses its willingness to further use the PfP as a significant vector to join NATO, to implement the Combined Joint Task Force Concept (CJTF) and to train the personnel in order to meet NATO standards.

May 29, 1998 Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister Andrei Plesu participates in the EAPC Foreign Affairs Ministerial at Luxembourg. Main ideas pointed out

139 by the Romanian representative: Romania’s resolution to participate in building trust and preventing conflicts in the region; establishment of the Regional Center for the Fight against Corruption and Organised Crime, under the SECI aegis; emergence of a military “communitary culture”, as a vital element of building trust in the Euro-Atlantic space.

June 12, 1998 Romanian Defence Minister Victor Babiuc participates in the EAPC Foreign Affairs Ministerial. On this occasion, an assessment was made on Romania’s participation in the PfP and its active contribution to security in Central and South-Eastern Europe.

July 15, 1998 Romanian President Emil Constantinescu participates in the US Congress Joint Session (Washington). In his statement, he re-iterates Romania’s willingness to join NATO and to maintain and develop good Romanian-US relations.

July 17, 1998 Romanian President Emil Constantinescu, accompanied by Defence Minister Victor Babiuc and Foreign Affairs Andrei Plesu, meets General Secretary for Defence William Cohen at the Pentagon. An assessment is made on Romania’s progresses towards joining NATO and the stage of the Romanian Armed Forces reform.

October 20, 1998 Visit to NATO Headquarters by Romanian Prime Minister Radu Vasile.

November 25, 1998 Visit to NATO General Headquarters by Romanian President Emil Constantinescu. He also meets NATO Secretary General Javier Solana, at the North-Atlantic Council HQ.

December 8, 1998 Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister participates in the EAPC Ministerial at Brussels and delivers a paper on “Future Security Challenges and NATO – Partner Cooperation in the Context of EAPC and PfP”. The main issues of the paper are: the next NATO/EAPC Summit at Washington (April 1999); Romania’s role in ensuring security in the region; Romania’s reasons for a possible NATO membership; the Romanian Armed Forces reform; the next international seminar on “Partnership for Peace – Five Years On” (February 28- March 1), to be hosted by Romania in 1999.

140

March 31, 1999 Visit to Romania (also Bulgaria, Albania) by General Michael Jackson, Commander of the Alliance’s ACE Rapid Reaction Force, which includes a consultation meeting with Romanian Cabinet ministers.

April 25, 1999 Romania participates in the NATO Summit Meeting with representatives of the neighbour countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia). The main issues of the discussions are: the crisis in Kosovo and its impact on the security in the region; long-term security strategies; prosperity and stability in South- Eastern Europe.

June 12, 1999 Romania and other 17 countries (Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Jordan, Lithuania, Latvia, Morocco, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, UAE and Ukraine) express their willingness to participate in the KFOR.

July 7, 1999 Visit to Romania and Bulgaria by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana. During the visit, he meets with the Romanian President, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet members.

July 19, 1999 Romania participates in the Consultative Forum on Security in South- Eastern Europe, at NATO General Headquarters. Participants: NATO member countries and Kosovo’s neighbour countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Slovakia, Macedonia). Two main issues are debated: the situation in and around Kosovo; and security in South-Eastern Europe.

December 16, 1999 Romanian Foreign Affairs State Secretary Mihai Razvan Ungureanu takes part in the EAPC Foreign Affairs Ministerial, at Brussels. His speech points out Romania’s future NATO membership, the Romanian contribution to the security in the region, and the “Kosovo Lesson”.

February 10, 2000 Visit to Romania by Lord George Robertson, while in his tour in the partner countries (Ukraine, Bulgaria and Moldova). He states that NATO

141 continues to be open to new members and Romania and Bulgaria are among the nine candidates that have initiated the military and economic reform to meet NATO standards.

March 16, 2000 Romania participates, in Hungary, at the meeting of the Prime Ministers of Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Macedonia and the President of the Muslim-Croatian Federation from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lord Robertson (while in his tour in the NATO partner countries) and the EU High Representative for Foreign Policy and Security Javier Solana. They urge Milosevic to put an end to the economic blockade imposed by Serbia to .

May 15, 2000 Visit to NATO General Headquarters by Romanian Prime Minister Mugur Isarescu.

May 17, 2000 During Lord Robertson’s visit to Lithuania, Romania - through its Foreign Affairs Minister – and the other eight aspiring countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovenia, and Macedonia) make an application with the request to jointly prepare and apply for NATO membership. Lord Robertson states that the next enlargement wave will not occur before the NATO Summit in 2002.

May 25, 2000 Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister Petre Roman participates in the EAPC Meeting with the paper on: EAPC role and value; the “Kosovo Lesson”; the Romanian Armed Forces reform; and Romania’s efforts to improve its status in the re-building of regional cooperation and security.

June 9, 2000 Romanian Defence Minister Sorin Frunzaverde participates in the EAPC Ministerial. In his speech, he points out the following issues: Romania’s commitment in strengthening the EAPC operational role; the Romanian efforts within the PfP, in general, and the MAP (Membership Action Plan), in particular.

July 3, 2000 Romania, as well as Bulgaria and Slovakia, participate in the 3-day workshop organised by NATO Information and Press Office. Its goals are: exchanges of views and experience on the public perception of NATO; relations with the media; design and implementation of the public information strategies.

142

October 13, 2000 Romania participates in the MAP countries defence ministers meeting, hosted by the Bulgarian Defence Minister Boyko Noev, at . NATO Secretary General Lord George Robertson, while in his two-day visit to Bulgaria, also takes part in the meeting.

December 6, 2000 Visit to NATO General Headquarters by Romanian State Secretary for Defence, Relations with the Parliament and other Public Authorities, Mircea Plangu. He stresses the two Romanian priorities - joining NATO and the contribution to the European security – and Romania’s participation in the PfP, SFOR and KFOR.

December 15, 2000 State Secretary for Foreign Affairs Mihai Razvan Ungureanu takes part in the EAPC Ministerial at NATO General Headquarters. He points out Romania’s involvement in security initiatives and its status as a security generator.

January 24, 2001 During his visit to NATO General Headquarters, Romanian Prime Minister Adrian Nastase has an official meeting with Lord George Robertson. The discussions deal with Romania’s readiness for its possible NATO membership and its contribution in KFOR and SFOR.

April 21-28, 2001 Within the activities to celebrate the EAPC’s 10th anniversary, the Romanian permanent representative makes a tour in the USA to explain to various audiences the evolution of the Romanian-Alliance relations, as well as the possible future developments.

May 2-4, 2001 The NATO Economic Colloquium on “The Interrelationship between Regional Economic Cooperation, Security and Stability” is organised at Bucharest. The issues dealt with aim at the present approaches, needs, opportunities and constraints of regional economic cooperation in South- Eastern Europe, Southern Caucasus and Central Asia.

May 30, 2001 Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister Mircea Dan Geoana takes part in the EAPC Meeting, at Brussels, aimed at the development of NATO-OSCE

143 partnership. The similar goals and actions of the two organisations are analysed.

July 9, 2001 During their visit to NATO General Headquarters, Romanian President Ion Iliescu and Foreign Affairs Minister Mircea Dan Geoana participate in an official meeting with NATO Secretary General Lord George Robertson. The discussions deal with: the situation in the Balkans and Romania’s role in the region; the issue of NATO enlargement; Romania’s participation in the PfP.

September 19, 2001 Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, Romania issues the Parliament’s Decision on our country’s participation, alongside NATO members, in the fight against terrorism. The Parliament also decides to increase Romania’s contribution to SFOR and KFOR.

October 4-5, 2001 Romania, as a Vilnius Group member, participates in the Summit on the “Contribution of the New Democracies to the Euro-Atlantic Security”. All the countries in this Group, except for Croatia, openly state their willingness to join NATO.

October 8, 2001 At the meeting of the Supreme Council of National Defence, Romania reaffirms its support for the USA and NATO in the fight against terrorism.

October 25-27, 2001 Parliament members from NATO and Partner countries meet at Bucharest at the seminar on “NATO Role in the Black Sea Security”. The event is organised by NATO Parliamentary Assembly and the Romanian Chamber of Deputies. The Foreign Affairs Minister, Mircea Dan Geoana, and the Defence Minister, Ioan Mircea Pascu, are among the Romanian representatives.

November 5-6, 2001 The International Seminar on “Public and Security Aspects of Peace Support Operations” is organised at Bucharest.

November 28, 2001 Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister and Acting Chairman of OSCE, Mircea Dan Geoana, takes part in the NATO/EAPC meeting at Brussels. The issues he deals with are: NATO and OSCE response at the terrorist

144 attacks against the USA; evolution of the new NATO-Russia relations; common objectives of OSCE and NATO/EAPC.

December 7, 2001 Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister and Acting Chairman of OSCE, Mircea Dan Geoana, takes part in the EAPC Ministerial at Brussels. His statement refers to Romania’s contribution in the Stability Pact and the program of regional initiatives in 2002 (SEEGROUP, the 3rd work panel of the Stability Pact, the Process of Cooperation among Foreign Affairs Ministries – SEDM, SEEBRIG). On this occasion, Romania proposes a Partnership for Modernity with Central Asia Countries, to be established within OSCE.

December 13, 2001 Lord George Robertson meets at Bucharest with Romanian President Ion Iliescu, Prime Minister Adrian Nastase, members of the Cabinet and the Parliament, with representatives of the civil society. The issues dealt with during the discussions refer to Romania’s progresses in meeting the standards required for joining NATO.

December 19, 2001 Romanian Defence Minister Ioan Mircea Pascu takes part in the EAPC Ministerial at Brussels. His statement refers to Romania’s support to SEESTAFF and SEEGROUP.

January 10, 2002 At the 2nd Meeting of the Committee of Contributors to ISAF in Afghanistan (London), Romania signs the Memorandum of Understanding for setting up the International Security Assistance Force. Romania is represented by George Cristian Maior, State Secretary and Chief of MoD Department for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Defence Policy.

January 16-18, 2002 Romania participates in the International Seminar on “The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the PfP: Expectations and Perspectives”, organised at Belgrade.

January 17, 2002 The Government session is dedicated to Romania’s preparations to join NATO at the Prague Summit, by the end of the year. President Ion Iliescu takes part in this session.

145

January 28, 2002 The Ambassadors from NATO countries meet at Bucharest. The Romanian Prime Minister Adrian Nastase states that Romania’s admission in the Alliance may result in the establishment of a block of political and economic stability in Central and South-Eastern Europe.

January 29, 2002 At the Supreme Council of National Defence session, held at the Cotroceni Palace (Presidency), the Government Action Plan for promoting Romania as a NATO candidate is analysed. There are assessed the measures taken by the responsible state institutions for the Euro-Atlantic integration and the stage of the Membership Action Plan goals.

February 6, 2002 Visit by Romanian President Ion Iliescu at Washington, where he meets with representatives of the US Committee for NATO.

February 13-14, 2002 The international workshop (Bucharest) on the procedures of threat (such as radiations) early warning and detection, aimed at the protection of the population. Its goal is to introduce and use the Alliance’s Technical Procedures of the NBC Early Warning and Response System and to prepare the Partners to use NATO means.

February 20, 2002 Romanian Prime Minister Adrian Nastase receives, at the Victoria Palace (Government), the US team that assesses the stage of Romania’s Annual Membership Action Plan objectives. The team is headed by US Ambassador to NATO, Nicholas Burns.

March 8-9, 2002 Visit to Romania by Director of NATO Press and Information Department, Jamie Shea. He underlines Romania’s contribution in the crisis management in Macedonia and Kosovo under Romanian OSCE chairmanship; participation in peacekeeping missions in the Balkans; cooperation within SECI in the fight against trans-border criminality. He also refers to the need of legislation on the classified information.

March 14-15, 2002 The Forum on “Germany as Romania’s Partner on the Way to Europe” is organised, at the Goethe Institute, at Bucharest, by the Berlin Government Press Office and the Federal Foreign Affairs Minister, under the coordination of Klaus Brambach (ex-German Cultural Attache in Romania).

146

March 18-19, 2002 Visit to Romania by a military delegation headed by Lt. Gen. Timothy Kennan, US Military Representative to NATO. Issues discussed: Romania’s contribution in the international campaign against terrorism and participation in peacekeeping operations; the political military situation in the Balkans; the achievements of the process of Romanian military structure modernisation; the stage of the NATO Annual Membership Action Plan development.

March 25-26, 2002 The Meeting on “The Spring of the New Allies” is organised at Bucharest, with the participation of the prime ministers of the 10 candidates to NATO membership. The issues dealt with are: re-asserting the candidate countries’ solidarity; pointing out the European democracies’ possible contributions to the North-Atlantic structure; re-asserting the importance of the South-East Europe dimension. Other participants in the meeting include the representatives of the allied countries, among which: Polish President Aleksander Kwasnievski; Turkish Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit; Czeck Prime Minister Milos Zeman; Hungarian Foreign Affairs Minister Janos Martonyi; US representatives (Deputy State Secretary Richard Armitage and Chairman of US Committee for NATO, Bruce Jackson).

April 3, 2002 Visit by Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister to the USA, aimed at a strengthened US support for Romania’s NATO membership. Talks with Marc Grossman, Under-Secretary of State for Political Affairs, State Department; Condoleeza Rice, President’s Bush’s Advisor for National Security; Alan Larson, Under-Secretary of State for Economy, Affairs and Agriculture; Douglas Feith, Under-Secretary of State for Defence Policy, Department of Defence.

April 11, 2002 Visit to London by the Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister, Mircea Geoana; the main issue is Romania’s joining NATO.

April 16, 2002 The NATO-Romania Meeting (19+1) is hold at Brussels, to assess how prepared Romania is for joining the North-Atlantic Pact. Romania is represented by Prime Minister Adrian Nastase, Defence Minister Ioan Mircea Pascu, Foreign Affairs Minister Mircea Geoana, Government’s Secretary General Serban Mihailescu and Vice Chairman of Deputies’ Chamber Viorel Hrebenciuc. NATO is represented by Lord George Robertson and the 19 permanent representatives of the member nations.

147 April 18-19, 2002 Presidents of Romania, Ion Iliescu, Greece, Costas Simitis, and Bulgaria, Gheorghi Parvanov, meet at Bucharest within the trilateral agreement between Romania-Greece-Bulgaria to discuss intensification of economic cooperation; the role of the three countries in the stability and security of the region; countering global risks; re-shaping the European security; the importance of Romania and Bulgaria joining NATO.

April 25, 2002 Visit by Romanian President Ion Iliescu to the Alliance Headquarters in Brussels, where he has talks with Lord George Robertson, NATO Secretary General.

May 1, 2002 The hearing of the Romanian Ambassador in USA, Sorin Ducaru, by the European Sub-Commission of the Representatives Chamber’s Commission for International Relations. The Sub-Commission has organised hearings for all candidate country ambassadors, on the progresses and preparation of these countries to join NATO, on their contributions to meet the Alliance’s goals.

May 13, 2002 The NATO House, Bucharest hosts the panel on “Romanian-Canadian Relations. A Trans-Atlantic Connection”, with the participation of the Chairman of the Canadian Parliament’s House of Commons, Peter Milliken. On this occasion, Mr. Milliken meets the Chairman of the Deputies’ House, Valter Dorneanu, and the Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister, Mircea Geoana.

May 14, 2002 The foreign policy commissions of the Romanian and Bulgarian Parliaments adopt, at Ruse (Bulgaria), a joint declaration expressing the belief that Romania and Bulgaria will be invited to join NATO at the Prague Summit, and emphasizing the continuation of their mutual cooperation for ensuring security and stability in the area and in other regions.

May 14-16, 2002 At the North-Atlantic Meeting, Reykjavik, the Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister expresses Romania’s resolution to assume the obligations incumbent as a NATO member, as well as the Romanian military troops’ capability to ensure stability and security in South-Eastern Europe.

May 15, 2002 The Vilnius Group meets, at Reykjavik, with US State Secretary Colin Powell.

148 May 15, 2002 During the meeting of Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister Mircea Geoana and Silvio Berlusconi, the Italian Prime Minister states that “Italy is a strong supporter of NATO Southern Flank enlargement”. May 15, 2002 Romanian President Ion Iliescu participates in the Romania-Bulgaria- Turkey Trilateral Summit (Cesme, Turkey), alongside the Bulgarian – Gheorghi Parvanov – and Turkish – Ahmer Sezer – Presidents. They salute the results of the Reykjavik Meeting and express their belief that, at the Prague Summit, Romania and Bulgaria will be invited to become NATO members.

149 CHRONOLOGY OF ROMANIA-NATO RELATIONS (1990-2002) MILITARY ACTIVITIES

December 13, 1990 Visit to NATO by General Vasile Ionel, the President’s Defence Counselor.

November 25, 1991 Visit to NATO Headquarters by Romanian Defence Minister Lt.Gen. Niculae Spiroiu.

March 16, 1993 The first joint multinational CFE inspection under Italian command is conducted in Romania, with the participation of the cooperation partners (Azerbaijan, Hungary and Poland). The inspection is conducted in an economically challenged zone.

April 1, 1993 The MIL-TO-MIL Programme is initiated in Romania; it is organised and carried out to support the Romanian Armed Forces, with a view to improve the Romanian-US military relations (familiarisation of the Romanian military with US military structures, personnel, command, training and equipment). A military liaison team is established between the US Forces Command, Europe (EUCOM) and the Romanian Armed Forces.

August 16-18, 1993 Official visit to Romania and the Republic of Moldova work out by the Field Marshall Sir Richard Vincent, Chairman of the Military Committee.

January 26, 1994 Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister Teodor Melescanu signs the PfP Framework Document at NATO Headquarters.

April 28, 1994 Defence Minister Gheorghe Tinca sends the Romanian version of the PfP Presentation Document to NATO Headquarters.

150 September 7-15, 1994 NATO/PfP “Cooperative Bridge 94” exercise is conducted at Biedruska (Poland), the first exercise Romania takes part in, with a small unit (platoon). Participants: 650 military from 13 NATO and PFP countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Great Britain, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, USA and Ukraine). It is aimed at sharing experience on peacekeeping operations, at improving the NATO and Partner countries’ military capability to conduct joint peacekeeping operations.

September 7-16, 1994 “Cooperative Determination 94” exercise, for the ground forces, is conducted in Romania.

October 26-29, 1994 Visit to Romania by Admiral Leighton Smith, Commander of Allied Forces, South Europe (AFSOUTH).

June 7-13, 1995 “Cooperative Rescue 95” exercise is conducted in the Black Sea, in the territorial waters of Romania and Bulgaria. In addition to the host- countries, four NATO members participate in the exercise.

September 10-15, 1995 The first NATO/PfP exercise (land forces) scheduled for Romania by the Land Forces Allied Command, South Europe (LANDSOUTH) – “Cooperative determination 95” is conducted at Sibiu. Participation: 438 military from nine countries: Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia, Turkey and USA.

November 17-24, 1995 “Coopeative Mermaid – Classica 95” exercise is conducted in Italy. Participants: Romania, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Turkey, USA, Bulgaria and Ukraine. Peace support, search-and-rescue and maritime control operations are conducted. Other military activities in which Romania took part during 1995: • PfP “Black Sea 95” multinational maritime exercise, in the Mangalia port area; • “Efes 95” tactical exercise, in the Aegean Sea area, Turkey; • “Danube 95” tactical exercise, in Romania; • “Confidence 95” multinational exercise, in Romania; • Partnership and Review Process (PARP), which allows the appointment of the force structures due to participate in

151 NATO/PfP missions, and establishment of programmes to develop interoperability between these forces and NATO forces. For the 1st PARP Cycle (1995-1997), Romania has assumed 19 interoperability objectives.

July 4-12, 1996 Romania takes part in the “Cooperative Determination 96” tactical exercise, conducted in Bulgaria, with the participation of four NATO member and other two partner countries.

July 21-27, 1996 NATO/PfP “Cooperative Partner 96” exercise, organised by AFSOUTH, is conducted at Constanta. Participants: naval, amphibious and air units from11 NATO member and partner countries (Greece, Italy, Spain, USA, Turkey, Germany, Great Britain, Netherlands, Bulgaria, Ukraine and Romania).

October 14-18, 1996 NATO PfP “Cooperative Key 96” multinational exercise is conducted at “Nicolae Balcescu” Air Transport Base, Bucharest. Participants: Moldova, Greece, Slovakia, USA, Italy, Turkey, Czech Republic and Romania). The aim is to practice NATO logistical and communication procedures in air operations, based on a scenario of multinational intervention for humanitarian support as response to calamities.

Other military activities in which Romania took part during 1996: • IFOR-NATO, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

May 11-17, 1997 “Rescuer 97” exercise is conducted at Krivolak (Macedonia), with the participation of three NATO members and three PfP members, including Romania.

May 17-22, 1997 “Peaceful Eagle 97” computer-assisted exercise (Sofia, Bulgaria) is conducted, with the participation of Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Macedonia and Turkey.

June 9-14, 1997 Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, Netherlands and Georgia take part in “Olympia 97” exercise, Andravida.

152 July 1-14, 1997 PfP “Cooperative Neighbour 97” exercise is conducted at Aviv, Ukraine. Participants: NATO and PfP members, including Romania.

June 22-July 5, 1997 “Cooperative Partner 97” exercise is conducted in the Black Sea (territorial waters of Bulgaria). Participants: ships and troops from Romania, France, Greece, Italy, Turkey, USA, Bulgaria, Georgia and Ukraine.

July 5-7, 1997 Naval Forces, Mediterranean Sea (STANFORMED) visit Constanta port, at the end of “Cooperative Partner 97” exercise.

November 1-14, 1997 “Cooperative Determination 97” exercise is conducted at Sibiu, under AFSOUTH aegis. Participants: 500 military from six NATO member countries (France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Turkey and USA) and sis Partner countries (Macedonia, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia and Uzbekistan).

December 1-5, 1997 Romania participates in “Cooperative Demand 97” exercise, at Istanbul (Turkey). Participants: Portugal, Turkey, USA, Albania, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Hungary, Kirghistan, Romania, Uzbekistan. The main objective is to achieve military interoperability.

Other military activities in which Romania took part during 1997: • transition to the 2nd PARP Cycle (1997-19999, to be extended till 2000), which involved 44 interoperability objectives assumed by Romania and the appointment of a bigger number of units for peace support operations and NATO/PfP exercises; • “Danube 97” river exercise, aiming at the safety of the humanitarian transports; • “Cooperative Support 97” exercise-seminar, aimed at the preparation and logistical support for naval peacekeeping operations; • troops are sent to ALBA operation, in Albania; • participation in SFOR I -NATO, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

March 9-21, 1998 Romania’ most significant participation with troops abroad, in “Strong Resolve 98” exercise. The participant countries are involved in various scenarios: Belgium, Canada, Norway, Denmark and Luxembourg – in the

153 “Northern crisis”; France, Turkey, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Sweden, Poland, Romania, Lithuania, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Macedonia – in the “Southern crisis”; USA, Great Britain, Germany, Italy and Netherlands – in both “crises”.

June 12, 1998 The first Partnership Element (PSE) is inaugurated and activated on June 1, 1998. The command includes officers from NATO partners, including Romania, due to work at AFSOUTH alongside six Alliance officers specialized in military cooperation matters.

June 12-26, 1998 “Cooperative partner 98” exercise is conducted in the Black Sea. It is hosted by Romania and commanded by AFSOUTH. It consists of humanitarian, civilians’ evacuation and naval surveillance operations.

July 17, 1998 Romanian President Emil Constantinescu, accompanied by Defence Minister Victor Babiuc and Foreign Affairs Andrei Plesu, meets General Secretary for Defence William Cohen at the Pentagon. An assessment is made on Romania’s progresses towards joining NATO and the stage of the Romanian Armed Forces reform.

July 17-24, 1998 “Cooperative Key 98” exercise (Turkey) is conducted, with the participation of six NATO member countries and seven PfP members, including Romania. For the first time, missions to impose flights interdictions in peace support operations are introduced in the Southern part of the European continent.

August 17-22, 1998 Two Romanian observers are sent to “Cooperative Assembly 98” exercise, Tirana (Albania). Other military activities in which Romania took part during 1998: • “Rescue Eagle 98” ground-naval Romanian-US exercise within the “In the PfP Spirit”; • “Cooperative Dragon 98” air-ground exercise; • contribution to SFOR I- NATO, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

March 31, 1999 Visit to Romania (also Bulgaria, Albania) by General Michael Jackson, Commander of the Alliance’s ACE Rapid Reaction Force, which includes a consultation meeting with Romanian Cabinet ministers.

154 June 12, 1999 Romania and other 178 countries (Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Jordan, Lithuania, Latvia, Morocco, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates and Ukraine) express their availability to participate in KFOR.

July 19, 1999 Romania participates in the Consultative Forum on Security in South- Eastern Europe, at NATO General Headquarters. Participants: NATO member countries and Kosovo’s neighbour countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Slovakia, Macedonia). Two main issues are debated: the situation in and around Kosovo; and security in South-Eastern Europe.

September 13, 1999 Romania, Germany, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania participate with troops in military exercises conducted in central Lithuania.

September 23-25, 1999 Visit by a Romanian military delegation headed by General Constantin Degeratu, Chief of General Staff, to AFSOUTH General Regional Headquarters in Naples, within the PfP Programme.

November 26-December 5, 1999 “Cooperative Determination 99” exercise is conducted at Bucharest. Its aim is to train commanders and the personnel in issues typical to multinational brigade-level operations. Participants: NATO and Partner countries, as well as representatives of the International Red Cross Committee (ICRC) and the UN High Commissary for Refugees (UNHCR). Other military activities in which Romania took part during 1999: • the first Membership Action Plan (MAP) is drawn up, approved and forwarded by the Romanian officials to NATO General Headquarters; • two exercises, “Rescuer 99” and “Oltenia 99”, are organised and conducted in Romania; • “Cooperative Guard 99” exercise is conducted under the aegis of Allied Forces, Central Europe (AFCENT); • troops are sent for SFOR I – NATO in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

April 27-May 29, 2000 “Adventure Express/Dynamic Response” exercise is conducted in the Balkans, with the participation of forces from Albania, Argentina, Italy,

155 Netherlands, Poland, USA and Romania. It is aimed at stability and peace keeping in the region.

June 19-July 1, 2000 “Cooperative Partner 2000” exercise is conducted near Odessa, in Western Black Sea, with the participation of ten NATO members and six PfP countries, including Romania.

June 21-July 1, 2000 “Cooperative Dragon 2000” exercise is conducted at Tirana (Albania). Participants: Greece, Hungary, Italy, Turkey, Great Britain, Albania, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Georgia, Moldova, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania and ICRC and UNHCR representatives. Its aim: to conduct training for peace support operations and humanitarian missions.

September 4-15, 2000 “Cooperative Key 2000” peace support exercise is conducted in Constanta port, with the participation of forces from six NATO members and eight Partner countries. It aims at training the forces in peace support operations and at improving the cooperation capability among the multinational forces.

September 11-22, 2000 “Cooperative Best Effort 2000” peace support exercise is organized and conducted at Cluj-Napoca. Participants: 400 military from eight NATO member countries and nine Partner countries and 800 soldiers from other countries.

October 13, 2000 Romania participates in the MAP countries defence ministers meeting, hosted by the Bulgarian Defence Minister Boyko Noev, at Sofia. NATO Secretary General Lord George Robertson, while in his two-day visit to Bulgaria, also takes part in the meeting.

November 1-10, 2000 “Cooperative Determination 2000” – the first PfP exercise – is conducted at Lucerne (Switzerland). Participants: NATO and Partner countries (including Romania), ICRC and UNHCR representatives. Other military activities in which Romania took part during 2000: • NATO “Linked Seas 2000” exercise; • Romanian General Staff organises and conducts the “Autumn Dream” complex of exercises and field exercises, which includes: two PfP exercises (“Cooperative Best Effort 2000” and “Cooperative Key 2000”); two bilateral exercises

156 (“Carpathian Express 2000” and “Joint Efforts Blue Danube 2000”); one operational-strategic field exercise (“Force 2000”); one specialized technical field exercise (“Sarmis 2000”) – the two field exercises are organised in Romania; • “Rescue Eagle/Medceur 2000” exercise; • transition to the 3rd PARP Cycle, called “Operational Partnership”; • contribution to SFOR I, SFOR II and KFOR.

April 27-May 10, 2001 “Adventure Express/Dynamic Response 2001” exercise is conducted. Participants: troops from Albania, Argentina, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania and USA, under SFOR and KFOR aegis.

May 14-23, 2001 “Cooperative Tide 2001” war exercise is conducted at Newport News, Virginia. Participants: five NATO members and six partner countries (including Romania). It aims at training the officers to coordinate their procedures of coast defence and commercial fleet naval control.

September 10-21, 2001 “Cooperative Best Effort 2001 exercise is conducted in Austria with the participation of forces from seven NATO members and 14 PfP countries (including Romania). The scenario is based on the September 30, 2001 democratic elections. The exercise aims at a NATO-led, UN mandate fictitious peace support operation, conducted in a mountainous area, where the military are to ensure the necessary conditions for the elections.

September 11-21, 2001 “Cooperative Key 2001” exercise is conducted at Plovdiv (Bulgaria), with the participation of nine NATO members and 12 partner countries (including Romania). Its aim is to promote the NATO-PfP dialogue, cooperation and interoperability within peace support operations.

September 17-22, 2001 “Cooperative Engagement 2001” maritime exercise is conducted in Slovenis, the first of this kind in this country. Participants: France, Italy, Turkey, USA, Bulgaria, Croatia, Latvia, Slovenia and Romania. The aim is to improve maritime forces interoperability.

September 19, 2001 Romania issues the Parliament’s Decision on our country’s participation, alongside NATO members, in the fight against terrorism. The

157 Parliament also decides to increase Romania’s contribution to SFOR and KFOR (one infantry company within the Belgium-Luxembourg contingent and one within the Italian contingent deployed in Kosovo; one infantry company within the Netherlands contingent deployed in Bosnia and Herzegovina; one team – six high rank officers – for the international personnel of the mentioned contingents).

October 8, 2001 At the meeting of the Supreme Council of National Defence, Romania reaffirms its support for the USA and NATO in the fight against terrorism.

November 12-23, 2001 Romania participates in the “Baltic Confidence 2001” exercise, organized at Szczecin, Poland, by the Land Component Command (CJFLCC).

Other military activities in which Romania took part during 2001: • troops for SFOR II and KFOR; • MAP II was drawn up, approved and forwarded by Romanian officials to NATO General Headquarters.

January 10, 2002 At the 2nd Meeting of the Committee of Contributors to ISAF in Afghanistan (London), Romania signs the Memorandum of Understanding for setting up the International Security Assistance Force. Romania is represented by George Cristian Maior, State Secretary and Chief of MoD Department for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Defence Policy.

January 29, 2002 The first Romanian military of the 265th Military Police Battalion arrive in Kabul to represent Romania in the ISAF.

January 31, 2002 13 more soldiers reinforce the 265th MP Battalion in Kabul, amounting to 25 soldiers and 1 liaison officer in the ISAF Command.

February 13-14, 2002 The international workshop (Bucharest) on the procedures of threat (such as radiations) early warning and detection, aimed at the protection of the population. Its goal is to introduce and use the Alliance’s Technical Procedures of the NBC Early Warning and Response System and to prepare the Partners to use NATO means.

158 February 14, 2002 By Government Decision No 133/February 14, 2002, the Romanian Government approves the participation in the programme to prepare the Afghan National Guards, based on the official letter by the British Foreign Affairs Minister to the Romanian Foreign Affairs Ministry. The transport of military materiel to the theatre is to be made on February 25-26, 2002, with the C-130s Hercules that the has made available to the ISAF.

March 1-15, 2002 “STRONG RESOLVE 2002” – the largest ground forces exercise carried out so far, with the participation of 65,000 military, takes place in Poland and Norway. It aims to demonstrate NATO capability to manage two simultaneous crises: one within the Washington Treaty’s Article 5 (simulated in Norway) and the other one outside this Article (simulated in Poland); it is also aimed at increasing interoperability of the partner armed forces in participating to NATO-led peace support operations.

March 18-19, 2002 Visit to Romania by a military delegation headed by Lt. Gen. Timothy Kennan, US Military Representative to NATO. Issues discussed: Romania’s contribution in the international campaign against terrorism and participation in peacekeeping operations; the political military situation in the Balkans; the achievements of the process of Romanian military structure modernisation; the stage of the NATO Annual Membership Action Plan development.

April 10-14, 2002 Chiefs of Secret Services of NATO and candidate countries, as well as NATO General Headquarters officials meet at Sinaia. The issue is: ”Intelligence and Security Services and the Security Agenda if the 21st Century”.

April 18, 2002 While in his official visit to the USA, the Chief of the Romanian General Staff, General Mihail Popescu, receives from the Chief of Inter-Arms General Staff, General Richard Meyer, the Commander’s Worth Legion, a decoration granted by the US President, George Bush.

May 6-11, 2002 The SFOR Romanian Engineers Platoon (RED) is conducting periodical training for the mounting, checking and dismantling of the MAYBEE and JOHNSON bridges in Ploce (Bosnia and Herzegovina), within the “JOINT FORGE SFOR” exercise.

159 May 7-9, 2002 Visit by Director of the Romanian Foreign Intelligence Service, Gheorghe Fulga, to Luxembourg and Belgium. On this occasion, he meets with chiefs of secret services, with officials of the NATO Office of Security, of the Committee for Affairs and Policy and of NATO military structures. In the discussions carried out at the NATO General Headquarters, the main issues were: the stage of the Romanian intelligence services’ reform, the Romanian-NATO cooperation in the field of secret services; an increased efficiency of the joint activities in countering international terrorism, organised crime, corruption, illegal migration and proliferation of mass destruction weapons.

May 7-30, 2002 The “SMARDAN 2002” Exercise is conducted in the training field of Smardan, Galatzi County, with the participation of military from the 132nd Armoured Brigade’s 11th “Bersalieri” Regiment (Italy); 1 armoured battalion and 1 infantry company (both from the Romanian Air Force). The exercise, conducted on an annual basis, is the largest of its kind carried out by a NATO member country on the territory of Romania. Its goal is to conduct exercises specific to the , to organise the bilateral activity with a view to improve the operational and training capability and the interoperability of the units due to jointly participate in KFOR missions.

May 8-10, 2002 The annual meeting of the NATO Naval Commanders is held at Taranto, with the participation of NATO member and partner countries, including Romania. The main issue of the discussions is the role of the Naval Forces in Southern Europe, within the “ACTIVE ENDEAVOUR” operation (a NATO naval operation conducted in Eastern Mediterranean, as part of the international campaign against terrorism).

May 12-14, 2002 Deputy Chief of the Romanian General Staff, General Mircea Muresan, takes part in the Day of the Distinguished Guests (Naples), within the NATO “EOLO 2002” Exercise, at the invitation of the Chief of the Italian General Staff, General Mosca Moschini. The meeting is aimed at strengthening the military cooperation relations with the armed forces of the countries participating in the exercise (Italy, France, Portugal and Spain).

May 13-17, 2002 Romania participates, alongside engineer units from Slovakia, Ukraine and Hungary, in the staff exercise conducted with the “Tisa” Multinational Battalion. Its goals are: to limit and remove the consequences of major floods in the Tisa river basin, at the border of Ukraine, Hungary and

160 Romania; to resolve aspects referring to the way in which the borders are transited, for a timely intervention of forces and means of the donor countries, as well as aspects related to the quartering and logistical support given to these forces. All activities contained in such contingency intervention plans are conducted based on the perspective that NATO procedures are adopted.

Other military activities in which Romania took part during 2002: • “Cooperative Partner 2002” exercise; • “Cooperative Poseidon 2002” exercise; • “Strong Resolve 2002” exercise, in Gdynia, Poland, one of the most important exercises conducted by NATO in the last decade; • contribution to ISAF, in Afghanistan.

Chronology by Alexandra SARCINSCHII Research Assistant Center for Strategic Studies of Security

161