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Evaluation of Cement-Stabilized Full-Depth-Recycled Base Materials for Frost and Early Traffic Conditions

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Evaluation of Cement-Stabilized Full-Depth-Recycled Base Materials for Frost and Early Traffic Conditions EVALUATION OF CEMENT-STABILIZED FULL-DEPTH-RECYCLED BASE MATERIALS FOR FROST AND EARLY TRAFFIC CONDITIONS By Heather J. Miller, Ph.D., P.E. Associate Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Massachusetts Dartmouth North Dartmouth, MA 02747 (508) 999-8481 Voice (508) 999-8964 Fax [email protected] W. Spencer Guthrie, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Brigham Young University Provo, UT 84602 (801) 422-3864 Voice (801) 422-0159 Fax [email protected] Rebecca A. Crane Research Assistant Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Brigham Young University Provo, UT 84602 [email protected] Brad Smith Graduate Research Assistant Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Brigham Young University Provo, UT 84602 [email protected] Disclaimer This material is based on work supported by the Federal Highway Administration under Cooperative Agreement No. DTFH61-98-00095 through the Recycled Materials Resource Center at the University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire. The findings, opinions, and recommendations expressed within this document are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the University or the Federal Awarding Agency. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................. 2 3. SCOPE OF WORK..................................................................................................................... 3 4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENTS IN COLD REGIONS.......................... 4 SURVEY REGARDING STATE OF THE PRACTICE ................................................... 4 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................... 4 SURVEY RESULTS .......................................................................................................... 5 5. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY...................................................................................... 6 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................... 6 LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM........................................................................... 6 FIELD TESTING PROGRAM........................................................................................... 8 IN SITU EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT MATERIALS............................................................ 8 KANCAMAGUS HIGHWAY (RT. 112), NH....................................................................... 10 General...................................................................................................................... 10 Initial strength gain and effects of early traffic......................................................... 11 Instrumentation and long-term monitoring of test sections ...................................... 12 RT. 2A, REED PLANTATION-BANCROFT MAINE............................................................. 16 General...................................................................................................................... 16 Initial strength gain and effects of early traffic......................................................... 17 6. TEST DATA AND ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 17 LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM......................................................................... 17 FIELD TESTING PROGRAM......................................................................................... 20 INITIAL STRENGTH GAIN AND EFFECTS OF EARLY TRAFFIC ............................................. 20 LONG-TERM MONITORING OF TEST SECTIONS................................................................. 24 7. NUMERICAL MODELLING.................................................................................................. 36 DESCRIPTIONS OF NUMERICAL MODELS.............................................................. 37 AMERICAN COAL ASH ASSOCIATION............................................................................. 39 AUSTRALIAN.................................................................................................................. 39 KOHN............................................................................................................................. 39 NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM........................................... 39 SOUTH AFRICAN ............................................................................................................ 39 iii UZAN ............................................................................................................................. 39 PARAMETRIC STUDY: METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 39 PARAMETRIC STUDY: RESULTS............................................................................... 42 8. CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................................................... 48 9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................... 52 10. REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 52 APPENDICES A. Results of Survey: State of the Practice for Design and Construction of Pavements in Cold Regions B. Suggested Construction Specifications for Full-Depth Reclamation with Cement-Treated Base C. Supplementary Information and Data from Soil Moisture Probes D. Supplementary Information and Data from Thermistors E. Results of Statistical Analysis of Field Data F. Results of Numerical Modeling LIST OF TABLES Table 1 X-Value for Australian Model ........................................................................................ 38 Table 2 Tensile Strain at Break.................................................................................................... 39 Table 3 Frequency of Highest Predicted CTB Life ..................................................................... 44 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Grain-size distributions of test materials...................................................................... 18 Figure 2. Results of unconfined compression tests...................................................................... 19 Figure 3. Final dielectric values in tube suction tests. ................................................................. 20 Figure 4. Final water contents in tube suction tests..................................................................... 20 Figure 5. Results of June 2005 FWD testing at Kancamagus Highway site. .............................. 21 Figure 6. Results of June 2005 Geogauge testing at Kancamagus Highway, NH site. ................ 22 Figure 7. Results of August 2005 CIST testing at Reed Plantation, ME site. .............................. 22 Figure 8. Groundwater Elevations at Kancamagus Highway, NH site......................................... 25 Figure 9. Optical survey data from Kancamagus Highway, NH site............................................ 26 Figure 10. Grain size distribution of subgrade soils in the FDR test sections at the Kancamagus Highway, NH site. ..................................................................................................... 27 Figure 11. Grain size distribution of the fill and subgrade soils in the conventional reconstruction test section at the Kancamagus Highway, NH site.................................................... 27 Figure 12. Thermistor data from Kancamagus Highway, NH site: January 10, 2006.................. 29 Figure 13. Thermistor data from Kancamagus Highway, NH site: February 6, 2006.................. 29 Figure 14. Thermistor data from Kancamagus Highway, NH site: March 1, 2006...................... 30 Figure 15. Thermistor data from Kancamagus Highway, NH site: March 27, 2006.................... 30 Figure 16. Thermistor data from Kancamagus Highway, NH site: April 10, 2006...................... 31 Figure 17. Thermistor data from Kancamagus Highway, NH site: May 4, 2006......................... 31 Figure 18. Subgrade modulus values at Kancamagus Highway, NH site .................................... 32 Figure 19. Adjusted center deflection values at Kancamagus Highway, NH site ....................... 33 Figure 20. SCI values at Kancamagus Highway, NH site ........................................................... 34 Figure 21. Shape factor values at Kancamagus Highway, NH site ............................................. 34 Figure 22. Area parameter values at Kancamagus Highway, NH site......................................... 35 Figure 23. Area parameter and adjusted center deflection values in FDR test sections at Kancamagus Highway, NH site................................................................................. 35 Figure 24. Comparison of predicted CTB fatigue lives............................................................... 44 Figure 25. Pavement life for AC thickness of 2 in. ..................................................................... 45 Figure 26. Pavement life for AC thickness of 6 in. ..................................................................... 46 v 1. INTRODUCTION Highway agencies
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