DOCSLIB.ORG

British Columbia and Confederation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
British Columbia and Confederation University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2018-10 Reconsidering Confederation: Canada's Founding Debates, 1864-1999 University of Calgary Press Heidt, D. (Ed.). (2018). "Reconsidering Confederation: Canada's Founding Debates, 1864-1999". Calgary, AB: University of Calgary Press. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/108896 book https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca RECONSIDERING CONFEDERATION: Canada’s Founding Debates, 1864–1999 Edited by Daniel Heidt ISBN 978-1-77385-016-0 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence. This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display or perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to its authors and publisher, that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in any form, and that you in no way alter, transform, or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without our express permission. If you want to reuse or distribute the work, you must inform its new audience of the licence terms of this work. For more information, see details of the Creative Commons licence at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ UNDER THE CREATIVE UNDER THE CREATIVE COMMONS LICENCE YOU COMMONS LICENCE YOU MAY NOT: MAY: • gain financially from the work in any way; • read and store this • sell the work or seek monies in relation to the distribution document free of charge; of the work; • distribute it for personal • use the work in any commercial activity of any kind; use free of charge; • profit a third party indirectly via use or distribution of • print sections of the work the work; for personal use; • distribute in or through a commercial body (with • read or perform parts of the exception of academic usage within educational the work in a context where institutions such as schools and universities); no financial transactions • reproduce, distribute, or store the cover image outside take place. of its function as a cover of this work; • alter or build on the work outside of normal academic scholarship. Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the wording around open access used by Australian publisher, re.press, and thank them for giving us permission to adapt their wording to our policy http://www.re-press.org 7 “The interests of Confederation demanded it”: British Columbia and Confederation Patricia E. Roy [Canada] promised what she did to British Columbia less because British Columbia demanded it than because the interests of Con- federation demanded it. Colonist, 20 July 1871 On 14 May 1870 in Victoria, three men—J.W. Trutch, Dr. R.W.W. Carrall, and Dr. J.S. Helmcken—specially selected by Governor Anthony Musgrave—himself nominated by John A. Macdonald—boarded the Active for the five-day journey to San Francisco. From there, the recently completed Union Pacific Railroad took them to Chicago and a transfer to the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. In Ottawa, they expected to meet Prime Minister Macdonald and the federal cabinet to discuss the “fair and equitable” terms by which British Columbia might enter Confederation. Accompanying them was Henry Seelye, the correspondent of the Victoria British Colonist. On the instructions of John Robson, his editor, he was to use his influence with the Canadian government, particularly fellow New Brunswicker S.L. Tilley, to ensure that the terms of union included 171 responsible government. Macdonald was critically ill,1 so the acting prime minister, George-Étienne Cartier greeted the British Columbians. Macdonald, however, had laid the groundwork for a Canadian nation “From Sea unto Sea.” Talk of a continent-wide British North America was not new, but for British Columbia the story begins at the Quebec Conference of 1864, when George Brown proposed that the 72 Resolutions provide “for the admission into the Union on equitable terms of the North West Territory, British Columbia and Vancouver.” Adopted unanimously,2 the motion be- came Section 146 of the British North America Act of 1867. Section 146 did not refer to Vancouver Island. A year earlier, the British government had forced it into an unhappy union with the mainland colony of British Columbia in the hope of saving on administrative costs since revenues and population were falling and debt, rising.3 In 1867 the united colony, with a non-Indigenous population generously estimated at fifteen thou- sand and steadily declining, had a debt of $1,300,000 incurred mostly by road building on the Mainland.4 The Mainland was jealous of Victoria being the commercial centre; the Island was affronted by losing its name, Victoria’s status as a free port, and a Legislative Assembly that provided a form of representative, but not responsible, government. Instead, it got a variation on the Mainland constitution, a Legislative Council in which the governor chose fourteen of twenty-three members. Nevertheless, some wanted to maintain the status quo. Others wanted change, either annex- ation to the United States or joining Canada. The idea of annexation was not far-fetched given that most communi- cation with the outside world was via San Francisco, and the American pur- chase of Alaska in 1867 had sandwiched the colony between two American territories. At least two petitions for annexation circulated in Victoria, but not on the Mainland, and secured signatures mainly of Americans and Europeans. They attracted little attention in Washington, D.C.,5 but may have encouraged the Colonial Office to promote Confederation more vig- orously and strengthened the Canadian argument for admitting British Columbia to Confederation. Supporters of the status quo had more influence than their numbers warranted because, led by Governor Frederick Seymour, they dominat- ed the government. Engineering the union of the colonies had taxed his health; he seemed unwilling to face the problems of creating another 172 PATRICIA E. ROY union.6 He did not oppose Confederation, but these reservations may explain his reluctance to act. The civil servants who formed the major- ity of the Legislative Council also favoured the status quo. They includ- ed Trutch, an English-born engineer, surveyor and Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works; Royal Naval officers; and former Hudson’s Bay Company employees, such as Dr. Helmcken who came to Victoria in 1850 as the HBC surgeon. Helmcken thought Confederation “another leap in the dark” given the distance from Canada and its high tariffs.7 Officials such as Judge Matthew Baillie Begbie feared for their jobs and worried about their pensions. Being generally better educated and from higher social classes, the British officials considered themselves superior to the Canadians whom they regarded as “a poor mean slow people” or “North American Chinamen” because of their thriftiness.8 Pushing for Confederation Canadians were likely in a numerical minority, but included two ma- jor newspaper editors: Amor de Cosmos and John Robson. De Cosmos, whose hero was Joseph Howe for championing British liberalism, was born William Smith in Windsor, Nova Scotia. He came to Victoria in 1858, having already changed his name a few years before, and founded the Colonist.9 His early editorials called for responsible government and a federation of the British North American colonies. In 1863, when an elect- ed member of the Island’s legislative assembly, he sold the Colonist and for a time concentrated on political activities. In June 1867 at the Reform Convention in Toronto, he issued a well-received call for British Columbia’s entry into Confederation.10 The other key editor was John Robson. As ear- ly as 1862, in the New Westminster British Columbian, Robson, a native of Perth, Upper Canada, declared that the British American provinces must be linked “into one United Federation which shall extend from ocean to ocean.”11 He too wanted responsible government. On 18 March 1867, British Columbia’s Legislative Council unanimous- ly passed de Cosmos’ motion that given events in British North America and the views of British Columbians, Seymour should take immediate steps to insure British Columbia’s admission into the Confederation “on fair and equitable terms.”12 According to Dr. Helmcken, they expected Canada to cover British Columbia’s expenses, including debts, and “give 7 | “The interests of Confederation demanded it” 173 Amor de Cosmos Member of the Legislative Council, BC 10 MARCH 1870 “I am in favour of Confederation, provided the financial terms are right in amount, and if the other terms will contribute to the advancement and protection of our industry. If we cannot get favourable terms, which I Confederation Quote 7.1 Quotation from British Columbia, believe we can, it will then be Legislative Council, 10 March 1870 for the people of this country to Photograph courtesy of the Royal BC Museum and Archives, Image A-01224 say whether we shall remain in isolation or seek some other more favourable union.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • British Columbia 1858
    Legislative Library of British Columbia Background Paper 2007: 02 / May 2007 British Columbia 1858 Nearly 150 years ago, the land that would become the province of British Columbia was transformed. The year – 1858 – saw the creation of a new colony and the sparking of a gold rush that dramatically increased the local population. Some of the future province’s most famous and notorious early citizens arrived during that year. As historian Jean Barman wrote: in 1858, “the status quo was irrevocably shattered.” Prepared by Emily Yearwood-Lee Reference Librarian Legislative Library of British Columbia LEGISLATIVE LIBRARY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA BACKGROUND PAPERS AND BRIEFS ABOUT THE PAPERS Staff of the Legislative Library prepare background papers and briefs on aspects of provincial history and public policy. All papers can be viewed on the library’s website at http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/ SOURCES All sources cited in the papers are part of the library collection or available on the Internet. The Legislative Library’s collection includes an estimated 300,000 print items, including a large number of BC government documents dating from colonial times to the present. The library also downloads current online BC government documents to its catalogue. DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily represent the views of the Legislative Library or the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. While great care is taken to ensure these papers are accurate and balanced, the Legislative Library is not responsible for errors or omissions. Papers are written using information publicly available at the time of production and the Library cannot take responsibility for the absolute accuracy of those sources.
    [Show full text]
  • The Government Gazette
    The Government Gazette. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Vol. 3, No. 6. NEW WESTMINSTER, JULY 9TH, 1864. Price 12 1/2 cents Table of Contents. Colonial Secretary's Notices General Post Office. Colonial Secretary’s Notices. Page. Bute Inlet Massacre. $250 Reward..................................................... .1 PROCLAMATION. Offering Premiums for certain works and discoveries................... 1 NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC. B .C . Proclamations and Ordinances for S a le .................................. 1 Extracts from a letter from the Gold Commissioner..................... 1 Letter from W . G. Cox, E sq., in Command of the Bute Inlet Bute Inlet Massacre. Expedition from Alexandria................................................................. 2 ROM and after the date of this notice, the convey­ List of Water Frontages forfeited............................................................. 8 F ance or sending by means of Vessels, Teams, Directory,.............................. 2 REWARD OF $250 will be paid by Government, Stages, or through the agency of Express Companies, General Post Office. A upon and for the apprehension and conviction of or by private individuals, or otherwise, of any letter Postal Regulations......................................................................................... 7 every Indian or other person concerned as principal or liable to postage under the Postal Ordinance of 1864, Conveyance of M ails.......................................................................................1 accessory before the fact, to
    [Show full text]
  • Produced by National Film Board of Canada, ^PACIFICONNECTIOC N Pacific Regional Production
    Produced by National Film Board of Canada, ^PACIFICONNECTIOC N Pacific Regional Production 11 Suggested classroom uses: • Canadian History courses, junior and senior high school levels • Canadian Studies programs A related film from the NFB: Empty Harbors, Empty Dreams 58 minutes 3 seconds Color 106C 0179 162 The story of how New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island became Canadian provinces. Produced, Written and Edited by Peter Jones Animation Al Sens Animation Photography Svend-Erik Eriksen Actuality Photography Eugene Boyko, CSC David Geddes Sound Effects Canadian history teachers need not rack their brains for a way to introduce students to Shelly Hamer the story of British Columbia's entry into Confederation. The Pacific Connection — Ties Music That Bound, a lively and entertaining educational film, will captivate students with its Peter Bj erring unconventional presentation of the facts. Re-recording This film is a fast-paced mix of paintings, drawings, photographs, political cartoons and Barry Jones animated clips that illustrate B.C.'s transformation from an isolated British colony to a Executive Producer full-fledged member of the new Canadian nation. Drawings and cartoons from the John Taylor Confederation era come to life and out of historical scenes step caricaturized versions of the leading political figures of the time: Queen Victoria, Sir John A. Macdonald, Sir George-Etienne Carder, Alexander Mackenzie, and the three men most instrumental in negotiating the union deal — Mr. Joseph Trutch and Drs. John Helmcken and Robert Carrall. Produced by As they re-enact events that occurred more than a hundred years ago, aided by a supporting National Film Board of Canada, cast of pugnacious beavers, representing federal forces, and a royal lion in 19th-century garb, Pacific Region representing Britain, a humorous commentary provides a summary of B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chilcotin Uprising: a Study Of
    THE CHILCOTIN UPRISING: A STUDY OF INDIAN-WHITE RELATIONS IN NINETEENTH CENTURY BRITISH COLUMBIA by EDWARD SLEIGH HEWLETT B.A,, University of British Columbia, 1964 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA March, 1972 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of History The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada ill ABSTRACT This thesis deals with a disturbance which broke out in April of 1864 when a group of ChJLlcotin Indians massacred seventeen^workmen on a trail being built from Bute Inlet to the interior of British Columbia, The main endeavours of this thesis are three-fold. It seeks to provide an accurate account of the main events: the killings and the para-military expeditions which resulted from them. It attempts to establish as far as possible the causes of the massacres. Finally, it examines the attitudes of whites towards the Indians as revealed in the actions they took and the views they expressed in connection with the uprising and the resulting expeditions to the Chilcotin territory.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Political Leaders on the Provincial Performance of the Liberal Party in British Columbia
    Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 1977 The Influence of oliticalP Leaders on the Provincial Performance of the Liberal Party in British Columbia Henrik J. von Winthus Wilfrid Laurier University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation von Winthus, Henrik J., "The Influence of oliticalP Leaders on the Provincial Performance of the Liberal Party in British Columbia" (1977). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1432. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1432 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE INFLUENCE OF POLITICAL LEADERS ON THE PROVINCIAL PERFORMANCE OF THE LIBERAL PARTY IN BRITISH COLUMBIA By Henrik J. von Winthus ABSTRACT This thesis examines the development of Liberalism In British Columbia from the aspect of leader influence. It intends to verify the hypothesis that in the formative period of provincial politics in British Columbia (1871-1941) the average voter was more leader- oriented than party-oriented. The method of inquiry is predominantly historical. In chronological sequence the body of the thesis describes British Columbia's political history from 1871, when the province entered Canadian confederation, to the resignation of premier Thomas Dufferin Pattullo, in 1941. The incision was made at this point, because the following eleven year coalition period would not yield data relevant to the hypothesis. Implicitly, the performance of political leaders has also been evaluated in the light of Aristotelian expectations of the 'zoon politikon'.
    [Show full text]
  • Mutiny on the Beaver 15 Mutiny on the Beaver: Law and Authority in the Fur Trade Navy, 1835-1840
    Mutiny on the Beaver 15 Mutiny on the Beaver: Law and Authority in the Fur Trade Navy, 1835-1840 Hamar Foster* ... I decided on leaving them to be dealt with through the slow process of the law, as being in the end more severe than a summary infliction." L INTRODUCTION IT IS CONVENTIONAL TO SEEK THE HISTORICAL ROOTS of British Columbia labour in the colonial era, that is to say, beginning in 1849 or thereabouts. That was when Britain established Vancouver Island, its first colony on the North Pacific coast, and granted the Hudson's 1991 CanLIIDocs 164 Bay Company fee simple title on the condition that they bring out settlers.' It is a good place to begin, because the first batch of colonists were not primarily gentlemen farmers or officials but coal miners and agricultural labourers, and neither the Company nor Vancouver Island lived up to their expectations.' The miners were Scots, brought in to help the Hudson's Bay Company diversify and exploit new resources in the face of declining fur trade profits, but * Hamar Foster is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Victoria, teaching a variety of subjects, including legal history. He has published widely in the field of Canadian legal history, as well as in other areas of law. James Douglas, Reporting to the Governor and Committee on the "Mutiny of the Beaver Crew, 1838", Provincial Archives of Manitoba, Hudson's Bay Company Archives [hereinafter HBCA] B. 223/6/21. ' In what follows the Hudson's Bay Company ("IHC') will be referred to as "they," etc., rather than "it".
    [Show full text]
  • Drawing of Colonial Victoria “Victoria, on Vancouver Island.” Artist: Linton (Ca. 1857). (BC Archives, Call No. G-03249)
    ��� ����������������������������� � � � ������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������� ������������������������������������ � � � � ��� ������������������������ � �������������������������������������������������������������� � � ���������������������� ������������������ � �������������� ������������� ��������������������������������������������� ��������������������������� ���������������� ����������������� ����������� � ��������������������������������� � ��������� ����������� ���������������������� ����������������������� �� ����������� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ��� ������������������������������ � ����������� ���������������������� ����������������������� ����������� ��������� ������������������������������� ������������������������������ ���������� ������ ������������������������� ��������������� ������������������������ ������������ ��������� ����������������������������� �������������������������� �������� ������������������������������ ������������������������������� �������������������������������� ������������ ���������� ���������������������������� ������������������������������ ������������������������������� ��������������������������������� ���������������������� ���������������������������� ������������ ���������������������� ���������������������������������� ��������������������������� ������������������������������� ��������������� ������������������������������ ����������������������������� ����������� �������������������������� ������������������������
    [Show full text]
  • Settler Anxiety and State Support for Missionary Schooling in Colonial British Columbia, 1849–1871
    57 Historical Studies in Education / Revue d’histoire de l’éducation ARTICLES / ARTICLES Settler Anxiety and State Support for Missionary Schooling in Colonial British Columbia, 1849–1871 Sean Carleton Mount Royal University ABSTRACT Indigenous peoples and settlers engaged in innumerable conflicts in the colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia between 1849 and 1871. The constant threat of violent Indigenous resistance to settler colonization in the Pacific Northwest — both real and imag- ined — produced feelings of anxiety for settlers, especially state officials, that shaped colonial strategy and statecraft. To buttress colonial security, the nascent state partnered with Christian missionaries in the hope that missionaries could use education to cultivate the goodwill of Indigenous peoples and train them to accept colonization. The state’s support for early mis- sionary schooling in colonial British Columbia is examined in the context of settler anxieties regarding three instances of Indigenous resistance: a Lekwungen convergence at Fort Victoria in 1851, the Puget Sound War of 1855–56, and the 1864 Tsilhqot'in War. In different ways, settler anxiety over these conflicts acted as a catalyst, prodding the state to support mission- ary schooling as a financially expeditious way of trying to contain Indigenous resistance and safeguard colonial security. RÉSUMÉ Entre 1849 et 1871, les colonies de l’île de Vancouver et de la Colombie-Britannique sont le lieu d’innombrables conflits entre les peuples autochtones et les colons. La menace constante — réelle et imaginaire — d’une résistance violente des Autochtones à la colonisation dans le nord-ouest du Pacifique a engendré un sentiment d’anxiété chez les colons, et en parti- culier chez les fonctionnaires de l’État, ce qui a façonné la stratégie et la gestion coloniale.
    [Show full text]
  • Australasian Law and Canadian Statutes in the Nineteenth Century
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UC Research Repository 1 Australasian law and Canadian statutes in the Nineteenth Century: a study of the movement of colonial legislation between jurisdictions Jeremy Finn Associate Professor of Law, University of Canterbury. Author’s Note This paper was presented at the Australia and New Zealand Law and History Society Conference, Canberra, 2000 A revised version was later published as Jeremy Finn “Australasian Law and Canadian Statutes in the Nineteenth Century: a Study of the Movement of Colonial Legislation Between Jurisdictions” (2002) 25:2 Dalhousie Law Journal 169-214.: 1. Introduction This paper considers two principal1 areas. The first is an investigation of the extent to which the various Canadian legislatures in the period 1850 - 1900 drew upon legislation previously enacted in New Zealand or in one of the Australian colonies. The existence of such borrowing has been known for some time but has so far received only slight scholarly attention – as for example2 Perry’s investigation of the Victorian derivation3 of the NorthWest Irrigation Act and John McLaren’s study of immigration laws , and primarily as a phenomenon affecting only western Canada. The second part of the enquiry attempts to how legislative precedents from the Australasian colonies came to be used by the Canadian jurisdictions. It attempts to assess the data on borrowing from Australasian law in the context of the contemporary attitudes to legislation derived from other colonies, and in particular to consider how this interacted with the primary sources of Canadian colonial law – local innovation and adaptation or adoption of British law.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY Discover Your Legislature Series
    HISTORY Discover Your Legislature Series Legislative Assembly of British Columbia Victoria British Columbia V8V 1X4 CONTENTS UP TO 1858 1 1843 – Fort Victoria is Established 1 1846 – 49th Parallel Becomes International Boundary 1 1849 – Vancouver Island Becomes a Colony 1 1850 – First Aboriginal Land Treaties Signed 2 1856 – First House of Assembly Elected 2 1858 – Crown Colony of B.C. on the Mainland is Created 3 1859-1870 3 1859 – Construction of “Birdcages” Started 3 1863 – Mainland’s First Legislative Council Appointed 4 1866 – Island and Mainland Colonies United 4 1867 – Dominion of Canada Created, July 1 5 1868 – Victoria Named Capital City 5 1871-1899 6 1871 – B.C. Joins Confederation 6 1871 – First Legislative Assembly Elected 6 1872 – First Public School System Established 7 1874 – Aboriginals and Chinese Excluded from the Vote 7 1876 – Property Qualification for Voting Dropped 7 1886 – First Transcontinental Train Arrives in Vancouver 8 1888 – B.C.’s First Health Act Legislated 8 1893 – Construction of Parliament Buildings started 8 1895 – Japanese Are Disenfranchised 8 1897 – New Parliament Buildings Completed 9 1898 – A Period of Political Instability 9 1900-1917 10 1903 – First B.C Provincial Election Involving Political Parties 10 1914 – The Great War Begins in Europe 10 1915 – Parliament Building Additions Completed 10 1917 – Women Win the Right to Vote 11 1917 – Prohibition Begins by Referendum 11 CONTENTS (cont'd) 1918-1945 12 1918 – Mary Ellen Smith, B.C.’s First Woman MLA 12 1921 – B.C. Government Liquor Stores Open 12 1920 – B.C.’s First Social Assistance Legislation Passed 12 1923 – Federal Government Prohibits Chinese Immigration 13 1929 – Stock Market Crash Causes Great Depression 13 1934 – Special Powers Act Imposed 13 1934 – First Minimum Wage Enacted 14 1938 – Unemployment Leads to Unrest 14 1939 – World War II Declared, Great Depression Ends 15 1941 – B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • OOTD April 2018
    Orders of the Day The Publication of the Association of Former MLAs of British Columbia Volume 24, Number 3 April 2018 Social change advocate moves into Gov. House BCHappy has a new Lieutenant Governor Holidays, Janet Austin. Austin is a remarkable community leader and advocate for social change. She has been serving as the Chief Executive Officer of the Metro Vancouver YWCA, a position she has held since 2003. She follows Judith Guichon into Government House to take on what has been, until last year, a largely ceremonial five-year appointment. Guichon made headlines last June when she asked the NDP’s John Horgan to form government after no single party had won a majority. The announcement by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau came March 20 as Governor General Julie Payette paid her first official visit to British Columbia. She was welcomed to Government House by Guichon. It would be Her Honour’s final bow. Incoming Lieutenant Governor Janet Austin Payette signed the guest book at Government House, leaving a sticker of her new coat of arms, which features a white wing to symbolize exploration, liberty and safety. Payette, a former astronaut, was the second Canadian woman to go into space and the first Canadian on board the International Space Station. The Prime Minister and Premier John Horgan thanked the outgoing Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon for her numerous contributions and her work to engage communities, non-profit organizations, and businesses across the province since taking office in 2012. Premier John Horgan and retiring Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon greet continued on Page 4 Governor General Julie Payette on her first official visit to BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Fuel as a Factor in Canadian Transport: Energy Capital and Communication Theory Matthew Greaves Simon Fraser University ABSTRACT Background Established in 1849, the Fort Rupert coal settlement represented a departure in the Hudson’s Bay Company’s mode of colonial wealth accumulation on Vancouver Island. Company officials failed, however, to appreciate basic differences in the new mode of accu - mulation, including the importance of transportation to capitalist mineral extraction. Analysis This article accomplishes three things: it retrieves foundational theories of trans - portation and commodity circulation once popular in communication studies, provides a doc - umentary account of coal mining and the coal trade in the mid-nineteenth-century eastern Pacific, and articulates a theory of capitalist energy consumption. Conclusion and implications The culminating theory of energy capital positions the ex - traction and circulation of fuel within Canadian communication studies through a trans - portation-focused approach to communication. Keywords Canadian history; Communication theory; Energy; Marxism; Transportation RÉSUMÉ Contexte L’agglomération de Fort Rupert établie en 1849 pour extraire le charbon sur l’Île de Vancouver représenta pour la Compagnie de la Baie d’Hudson une nouvelle sorte de colonisation axée sur l’enrichissement. Les dirigeants de la Compagnie, cependant, n’ont pas reconnu des particularités fondamentales relatives à ce nouveau mode d’accumulation, y compris l’importance de moyens de transport jusqu’au site d’extraction des minerais. Analyse Cet article vise trois objectifs : il récupère des théories fondatrices, populaires jadis dans le domaine des communications, sur le transport et la circulation des marchandises; il fournit un compte rendu sur l’extraction et le commerce du charbon dans l’Est du Pacifique au milieu du 19ème siècle; et il articule une théorie capitaliste sur la consommation énergétique.
    [Show full text]