HH--HSCI 5970 Fall 2009 1 Friday, August 21, 2009

HSCI 5970: Research, Criticism, and Analysis Associate Professor Hunter Heyck PHSC 601, Phone: 325-6476 [email protected]

Course Introduction: This course aims to provide an introduction to some of the major issues in the , medicine, and technology and to help students with practical problems in their professional development. Each class meeting will have two parts. Generally, the first two hours will focus on historiography, and the last hour will focus on professional development. After an introductory week on constructivism and the big picture in the history of science, the historiographical portion of the course will be divided into five thematic units: 1) science in culture; 2) patrons and institutions; 3) scientific communities; 4) places and practices; and 5) representations. Each of these units could be the subject of an entire course; the aim is not to provide comprehensive coverage so much as an introduction to issues and approaches.

Assignments: Each week there will be a common core reading that all of us will read. There also is a set of supplemental readings for each week. Each week at least one of you will read one of the supplemental readings and report on it to the class. Sometimes multiple people will present on different supplemental readings. For each common core reading, you will write a short summary and response paper. If there are multiple common core readings, you will write multiple response papers. A summary and response paper for this course should consist of a one paragraph summary of the central argument of the reading, plus a paragraph or more of your own commentary in response to the reading. There is no length limit on your commentary, but the summary really needs to be one good paragraph (3-6 sentences, say) in length. When you are presenting a supplemental reading, you will write an Isis-style book review (700-800 words, max) of that reading. You will bring copies of this review to class to circulate to the other students as well as to me. (If you prefer to email your reviews, that's fine, just make sure you do so by noon Tuesday so that people have time to print them out before class.) In class, you will read your review and take questions from the class about the reading. In preparing for the discussion, you should be ready to compare and contrast that reading with the common core reading. You each will do five supplemental reading presentations this semester. In addition to the common readings and supplemental reading presentations, there will be a short professional development assignment each week. These range from identifying and describing journals in the field to comparing survey syllabi to researching grant opportunities. These PDAs are described in greater detail below. The final assignment for the course is presenting a conference paper. This paper should fit the typical format for papers at HSS—you have 20 minutes, plus five to ten minutes for Q and A afterwards. The paper should be the result of original research. You will present this paper in one of the last two weeks of class. You will be graded on the quality of your participation in discussion (20%) as well as on your response papers (20%), reviews on supplemental readings (20%), PDAs (10%), and final conference paper presentation (30%). As a general rule, graduate students are expected to perform at an "A" level in all of these areas by the end of the semester. HH--HSCI 5970 Fall 2009 2 Friday, August 21, 2009

Course Schedule

Week 1: August 25. Course Introduction

Week 2: September 1. Constructivism and the Big Picture Common Readings: • Both Prefaces, Introduction, and Chapter 1 of Jan Golinski Making Natural Knowledge, University of Chicago Press, 2005 (paperback edition). • , The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd ed., University of Chicago Press, 1996. • Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams, "De-Centring the Big Picture," BJHS, 26:1 (1993): 407-32. • Hunter Crowther-Heyck, "A. Rupert Hall and the Scientific Revolution," H-Ideas Retrospective Review, 2001. (Find online at H-Net)

Supplemental Readings: • John Pickstone, Ways of Knowing • Osiris, 1995, Constructing Knowledge in the History of Science • Ian Hacking, The Social Construction of What? • Hughes, Bijker, and Pinch, The Social Construction of Technical Systems • Bruno Latour, Reassembling the Social • Andy Pickering, The Mangle of Practice

PDA: The survey. In preparation for class, talk to any professor in the department (other than me) about his/her approach to teaching a history of science survey course. Ask them what their goals for such a course are, how they bound or define the subject area for the course, why they organize it the way they do, what the central theme/narrative for the course is, and what their most successful assignments have been. Remember, you are asking these questions to learn from successful instructors! Remember also that they are busy folks, so make an appointment! Finally, bring in a copy of the syllabus for the undergraduate survey section you are attending as part of 5990.

Week 3: September 8. Science in Culture I: Science and Religion Common Reading: • Osiris, 2001, Science in Theistic Contexts. (Read the whole thing and write your summary and response essays on the four articles you found most interesting.)

Supplemental Readings: • Richard Olson, Science and Religion, 1450-1900: Copernicus to Darwin • Edward Larson, Summer for the Gods • Sachiko Kusukawa, The Transformation of Natural Philosophy • C.C. Gillispie, Genesis and Geology • John Greene, The Death of Adam • Lindberg and Numbers, God and Nature • John Hedley Brooke, Science and Religion. • , Science and Religion, 400 B.C. To 1550 A.D. • Ian Barbour, Religion and Science

PDA: Journals. Select two journals related to the history of science, medicine, or technology. (e.g. Isis, Social Studies of Science, BJHS, Annals of the History of Science, History of Science, Technology and Culture, History and Technology, Minerva, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, HSNS, History of Psychology, HOPE, JHBS, JHB, Journal of the History of Ideas, etc. You'll find quite a selection in the journal room!) Spend an hour or two looking through some recent issues of each of the two journals. What do you notice about them? How many articles per issue are there? How long are they? Are there other things in the issue besides HH--HSCI 5970 Fall 2009 3 Friday, August 21, 2009

research articles? Are the journals similar in the topics and styles of the articles? The periods covered? See if you can find a general statement page describing the journal's sense of mission.

Week 4: September 15. Science in Culture II: Science and Politics (class ends early for Liba Taub talk) Common Reading: • Margaret Jacob, ed., The Politics of Western Science, 1994.

Supplemental Readings: • Osiris, 2009, Science and National Identity • Osiris, 2006, Global Power Knowledge • Osiris, 2005, Politics and Science in Wartime • Osiris, 2002, Science and Civil Society • Shapin and Shaffer, Leviathan and the Air Pump • Sonja Amadae, Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy • Daniel Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings • Hunter Heyck, Herbert A. Simon • Paul Forman, "Weimar Culture" • Paul Forman, "Behind Quantum Electronics," and "Inventing the Maser" • Stuart Leslie, The Cold War and American Science • C.C. Gillispie, Science and Polity in France at the End of the Old Regime • Ken Alder, Engineering the Revolution

PDA: Reviews. Find three reviews of one of the books you've read for this course so far. Come prepared to discuss them, including which you thought was best and why.

Week 5: September 22. Science in Culture III: Science, Race, and Gender. Common Readings: • Francesca Bray, Technology and Gender: Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). • and Helen Longino, "The Women, Gender, and Science Question" Osiris, 1997.

Supplemental Readings (race): • Allan Brandt, "Racism and research: The case of the tuskegee syphilis study." The Hastings Center Report, 8, 6 (1978): 21-29. • Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men • Kenneth Manning, Black Apollo • Angela Lakwete, Inventing the Cotton Gin • George Stocking, Race, Culture, and Evolution • John Carson, "Army alpha, army brass, and the search for army intelligence," Isis, 84(2), (1993): 278-309. Supplemental Readings (gender): • Donna Haraway, Primate Visions • Osiris, 1997, Women, Gender, and Science • Janet Kourany, ed., Gender and Science • Londa Schiebinger, Nature's Body • Emily Martin, The Woman in the Body • , The Meaning of Sex Differences in the • Margaret Rossiter, Women Scientists in America • Joan Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History

PDA: Teaching. How to lead a discussion. During the week you should observe someone leading a discussion and see what you can learn from watching them. HH--HSCI 5970 Fall 2009 4 Friday, August 21, 2009

Week 6: September 29. Patrons and Institutions I: The Court. Common Reading: • Pamela Smith, The Business of Alchemy: Science and Culture in the Holy Roman Empire, Princeton University Press. (1997).

Supplemental Readings: • Mario Biagioli, Galileo, Courtier • Michael Shank, "Galileo's Day in Court," Journal of the History of Astronomy 25 (1994): 236-243; Mario Biagioli, "Playing with the Evidence," Early Science and Medicine 1 (1996): 70-105; Michael Shank, "How Shall We Practice History? The Case of Mario Biagioli's Galileo Courtier," ibid., pp. 106-150. • Pamela Long, "Power, Patronage, and the Authorship of Ars," Isis 88, 1 (1997): 1-41. • Paula Findlen, Possessing Nature • Bruce T. Moran, Patronage and Institutions: Science, Technology, and Medicine at the European Court, 1991.

PDA: Grants. Search for grants and fellowships that might support your research someday. Turn in a list of the 3 most promising, with a short description of what the application requires.

Week 7: October 6. Patrons and Institutions II: States, Academies, and Empires. Common Reading: • Mary Terrall, The Man Who Flattened the Earth: Maupertuis and the Sciences in the Enlightenment, University of Chicago Press, 2006.

Supplemental Readings: • Osiris, 2000, Nature and Empire • Osiris, 2006, Global Power Knowledge • Richard Drayton, Nature's Government • David Cahan, An Institute for an Empire • Londa Schiebinger, Plants and Empire • Jorge Canizares-Esguerra, Nature, Empire, and Nation • James Delbourgo, ed., Science and Empire in the Atlantic World • Pamela Smith, Merchants and Marvels • Nicholas Jardine, Cultures of Natural History • David Livingstone, Putting Science in its Place • Miller and Reill, Visions of Empire • Harold Cook, Matters of Exchange • Thomas Broman, The Transformation of German Academic Medicine, 1750-1820

PDA: Conferences. Find 3 conferences relevant to your interests and describe them--how big are they, how are they organized, how often are they held, what is the typical paper format, etc.

Week 8: October 13. Patrons and Institutions III: Postwar Science and the State. Common Readings: • Hunter Heyck, "Patrons of the Revolution", Isis 2006. • Gabrielle Hecht, The Radiance of France, MIT Press (2000, or get the new 2009 edition)

Supplemental Readings: • Peter Galison and Bruce Hevly, Big Science • Stuart Leslie, The Cold War and American Science • Atsushi Akera, Calculating a Natural World • Osiris, Science After '40 • Jeff Hughes, The Manhattan Project HH--HSCI 5970 Fall 2009 5 Friday, August 21, 2009

• Daniel Kevles, "Big Science and Big Politics," HSPBS, 1997 • Daniel Kevles, The Physicists • Catherine Westfall, "Rethinking Big Science," Isis, 2003. • Hunter Heyck, Herbert A. Simon

PDA: Electronic Research Tools. Find two electronic resources you might use in your research other than JSTOR and the library catalog. Describe each resource briefly, noting what its holdings are and how one uses it.

Week 9: October 20. Sites and Modes of Production I: The Laboratory and the Field. Common Readings: • Owen Hannaway, “Laboratory Design and the Aim of Science: Andreas Libavius versus Tycho Brahe,” Isis 77, 1986: 585-610. • Scott Knowles and Stuart Leslie, “’Industrial Versailles’: Eero Saarinen’s Corporate Campuses for GM, IBM, and AT&T,” Isis 92, 2001. • Daniel Todes, “Pavlov’s Physiology Factory,” Isis 88, 1997: 205-246.

Supplemental Readings: • Robert Kohler, Lords of the Fly • Steven Shapin and Simon Shaffer, Leviathan and the Air Pump • Emily Thompson, The Soundscape of Modernity • Rebecca Lemov, World as Laboratory • Bruno Latour, first half of The Pasteurization of France

PDA: Interviewing. Contact an OU faculty member who does laboratory research and do a short interview with him or her about his/her work. Your interview should focus on "laboratory life"--all the things that go into experimental work, from getting grants, setting up laboratory space, planning experiments, working alone or with teams, what kind of instruments they use (and how big and or expensive they are) what made their most successful experiment successful, and why they came to do this kind of research in this field.

Week 10: October 27. Sites and Modes of Production II: Instruments. Common Reading: • Peter Galison, Image and Logic, University of Chicago Press, 1997, preface, chapters 1, 6, and 9.

Supplemental Readings: • Osiris, 1994, Instruments • Nicholas Rasmussen, Picture Control • Mary Winkler and Albert van Helden, “Representing the Heavens: Galileo and Visual Astronomy,” Isis 83, 1992: 195-217. • Greg Downey, “Virtual Webs, Physical Technologies, and Hidden Workers,” in Technology and Culture 42, no. 2 (2001): 209-235 • History of Science 2006 special issue on instruments and artisans

PDA: Interviewing, day 2. Contact an OU faculty member who does laboratory research and do a short interview with him or her about his/her work. Your interview should focus on "laboratory life"--all the things that go into experimental work, from getting grants, setting up laboratory space, planning experiments, working alone or with teams, what kind of instruments they use (and how big and or expensive they are) what made their most successful experiment successful, and why they came to do this kind of research in this field.

Week 11: November 3. Scientific Communities I: Informal Communities. Common Reading: HH--HSCI 5970 Fall 2009 6 Friday, August 21, 2009

• Deborah Harkness, The Jewel House, Yale University Press, 2008.

Supplemental Readings: • Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club • Susan Faye Cannon, Science in Culture • Pamela Smith, Merchants and Marvels • Pamela Long, Openness, secrecy, authorship • Ron Doel, Solar System Astronomy • Many of the readings related to academies and empires fit here as well

PDA: Teaching--the lecture. How to plan and give a lecture. During the previous week you should sit in on a lecture given by the faculty member of your choice and pay attention to the way it is organized and presented. Come prepared to discuss how you might organize and present a lecture.

Week 12: November 10. Scientific Communities II: Disciplines and Professions. Common Readings: • Charles Rosenberg, “Toward an Ecology of Knowledge: On Discipline, Context, and History,” in Alexandra Oleson and John Voss, editors, The Organization of Knowledge in Modern America, pp. 440-455. • William Coleman, “The Cognitive Basis of the Discipline,” Isis 76, 1985: 49-72. • Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions, introduction and part 1 (chapters 1-4).

Supplemental Readings: • Atsushi Akera, Calculating a Natural World • Ron Doel, Solar System Astronomy • Mitchell Ash, Gestalt Psychology in German Culture, (focus on part up to WWII) • Daniel Kevles, The Physicists • Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions (the rest of the book) • Brian Balogh, "Re-Organizing the Organizational Synthesis," Studies in American Political Development V (Spring): 119-172 • Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine • Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife's Tale • Dorothy Ross, "Changing Contours of the Social Science Disciplines" in The Cambridge History of Modern Science, vol. 7, The Modern Social Sciences

PDA: Teaching--assignments and activities. Draw up an assignment for a class you might teach, and plan an in-class activity for an undergraduate course.

Week 13: November 17. Scientific Communities III: Popular Knowledge. Common Readings: • James Secord, Victorian Sensation, University of Chicago Press, 2003. • Katherine Pandora and Karen Rader, “Science in the Everyday World,” Isis, 2008, v. 99: 350-64.

Supplemental Readings: • Bert Hansen, “America’s First Medical Breakthrough,” AHR vol. 105, no. 2, 1998: 373-418. • Roland Marchand, “Corporate Science on Display,” in Ronald Walters, ed., Scientific Authority and Twentieth-Century America, pp. 148-182. • Philip Pauly, “The Development of High School Biology: New York City, 1900-1925,” in The Scientific Enterprise in America. • James Secord, “Newton in the Nursery,” History of Science 23, 1985: 127-151. • Gregg Mitman, “Cinematic Nature,” in The Scientific Enterprise in America. • Gregg Mitman, "When Nature is the Zoo" in Osiris, 1996. • Isis Focus Section June 2009 on "Popular Science" plus Sophie Forgan, "Building the Museum" in Isis, 2005. HH--HSCI 5970 Fall 2009 7 Friday, August 21, 2009

PDA: Popular science. Visit a science museum, zoo, or natural history museum, or watch a popular history of science-related show (e.g. On the Discovery Channel or History Channel) and come prepared to discuss how science/medicine/technology is popularized today.

Week 14: November 24. Representation I: Visual Representations. Common Readings: • Bruno Latour, "Visualization and Cognition" from Lynch and Woolgar eds., Representation in Scientific Practice. • Jerome Bylebyl, “Interpreting the ‘Fasciculo’ Anatomy Scene,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 45, 1990: 285-316. • Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison, “The Image of Objectivity,” Representations, 40, 1992: 81-128. • Bernard Lightman, “The Visual Theology of Victorian Popularizers of Science,” Isis 91, 2000: 651-680.

Supplemental Readings: • Thomas Hankins, "A Large and Graceful Sinuosity," Isis, December 2006. • K. Maria D. Lane, "Geographers of Mars," Isis, 2005. • Daryn Lehoux, "Observers, Objects, and the Embedded Eye," Isis, 2007. • Theresa Levitt, "Biot's Paper and Arago's Plates," Isis, 2003. • David Kaiser, Drawings Theories Apart

PDA: Images. Find an image related to science or technology and come prepared to discuss it.

Week 15: December 1. Representations II: Mathematization and Objectivity. Common Readings: • Theodore Porter, Trust in Numbers, Princeton University Press, 1995.

Supplemental Readings: • None this week. Write your papers!

PDA: Conference paper presentations, part I.

Week 16: December 8. Representations III: Models and Metaphors. Common Readings: • Norton Wise and Crosbie Smith, “Work and Waste: Political Economy and Natural Philosophy in Nineteenth Century Britain,” History of Science, 27, 1989 and 1990: 263-301, 391-449. • George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By, chapters 1-12, pp. 3-60.

Supplemental Readings: • None this week. Write your papers!

PDA: Conference paper presentations, part II.