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5. Romney Marsh: the Fieldwalking Evidence

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5. Romney Marsh: the Fieldwalking Evidence Romney Marsh: the Debatable Ground (ed. J. Eddison), OUCA Monograph 41, 1995 5. Romney Marsh: The Fieldwalking Evidence Anne Reeves Introduction A programme of fieldwalking was carried out on Romney confirms activity in the region but archaeological evidence Marsh between 1989 and 1991. The work was almost of Saxon and Early Medieval occupation has hitherto exclusively confined to the Romney Marsh Level, which been sparse. Romney Marsh is well documented in the is only one of the marshes which make up the geographical Middle Ages but again details of the extent and nature of region known as Romney Marsh. settlement are lacking and little is known about the timing Fieldwalking involves the systematic collection and and progress of later depopulation. From the 16th century analysis of artefacts from the surface of cultivated fields. on, the Marsh became famous for sheep keeping and Former patterns of settlement and land use can be detected much information about the history of the area was sealed by scatters of pottery and other material and even by under a carpet of permanant pasture which lay undisturbed variations in soil colour and texture. The purpose was until the 20th century. primarily to test the usefulness of fieldwalking as a Today Romney Marsh is predominantly an arable research tool and only secondly to gain new, specific farming area but much of the land has been under the information about Romney Marsh. Therefore a variety of plough for less than 30 years and the archaeological methods were used in order to produce comparative data material in the ploughsoil has only been recently disturbed. and the presentation of results is not as straightforward as The Marsh therefore provides excellent scope for it might have been; but those results have nonetheless fieldwalking. Many fields have yielded large numbers of proved to be very exciting. pottery sherds, building debris is clearly visible on the Fieldwalking is particularly useful in areas which lack fields' surface and, because of the extremely flat landscape, other sources of historical evidence e.g. where there are artefacts remain well clustered at the site of deposition. heavy clay soils which are unresponsive to aerial Best results are obtained when fieldwalking takes place photography, or where documentary and other on bare land in winter where the soil surface is well archaeological evidence is scant, or where these sources weathered. Initially land was chosen for survey on this provide conflicting evidence. In Essex and basis, that is, only those fields which provided ideal Northamptonshire fieldwalking has consistently revealed conditions for fieldwalking. This severely limited the evidence of Romano-British settlement in areas of heavy amount of land available since so many crops are autumn soil once thought to have been first cleared and colonised sown. Subsequently work continued in units based on in the late Saxon and Medieval periods (Rodwell 1978; kilometre squares selected from the O.S. 1:25000 map, Foard 1980; Williamson 1984). adding to the area already walked and ensuring that Romney Marsh has always been a dynamic environment fieldwalking took place in a variety of conditions and and consequently the development and succession of situations, which were always carefully recorded. These human settlement and land use has been complex and included areas of land on both "old" decalcified and difficult to chart. For a long time it has been generally "newer" calcareous soils (Fig. 5.1). believed that parts of the Marsh were sufficiently Altogether 265ha of land were surveyed in detail. Of elevated and well drained by the first century to allow this 119ha was surveyed intensively using a grid system some Roman settlement to take place, seasonal or and 145ha was line walked. Statistically this is a small otherwise. Roman finds to date have been confined to the sample. Romney Marsh Level is an area of around areas of "older" decalcified soils as compared to "newer" 10,000ha and the whole Romney Marsh region amounts calcareous soils, according to the definition of the Soil to nearly 27,000 ha; but it is a sufficient sample to provide Survey (Green 1968). Documentary evidence in the form a clear indication of the extent and character of past of Saxon land charters from the seventh century onwards activities in the region. Romney Marsh: The Fieldwalking Evidence 79 Fig. 5.1. Rornney Marsh Level: areas surveyed in detail on a base of "Older"and "Newer" soils as outlined by Green (1968). Where the grid system was used, fields were divided case of three fields where the lines were 25m apart), so into 25m squares aligned with the national grid. Each apart from these exceptions coverage remained consistent square was numbered and walked through twice so the with the gridded areas but the lines were orientated in the lines walked werel2.5m apart within the grid. Finds from direction of the sown crop. When line-walking, isolated each square were bagged separately. This method enabled sherds were noted but not collected. Significant the density of pottery scatters to be plotted accurately on concentrations of pottery were marked on the field plan, the field plan thereby locating occupation or industrial sites then rewalked and samples collected and bagged according of different periods and also establishing background to line number. The usefulness of line-walking is limited manuring levels. It is generally agreed among archaeologists because the distribution of artefacts within the field cannot that stray pottery sherds can be deposited by manuring, and be accurately plotted, but it did enable the location and examination of their distribution enables areas of past dating of settlement sites which would not have been arable land use to be identified (Hayfield 1980; Le Patourel discovered otherwise. 1980; Wilkinson 1982; Brown 1987). As well as this area of detailed survey where systematic When fields were sown with a crop they were line- fieldwalking was carried out, a number of chance walked using a series of lines 12.5m apart (except in the archaeological finds have been made during the course of 80 Anne Reeves other fieldwork in the area. These were added to the record It was also possible to record the extent of medieval as incidental finds and range from a single medieval jug arable cultivation within the area of detailed survey by handle to a substantial site yielding more than 500 sherds plotting the background pottery scatters that were deposited of pottery. This meant that altogether there were finds from when this land was worked and manured in the Middle a total of 19 parishes as shown in Figure 5.2 (including Ages. There was evidence of manuring over 181ha of the some former parishes; the 19th century parish boundaries detailed survey area. That is 68% of the total area (265ha). were used throughout this study but some of these have Where the grid system was used it was possible to break subsequently been reorganised and the names lost). this figure down even further. Differential manuring levels Altogether archaeological finds have been recorded at 103 were revealed by counting the density of the background locations in the Romney Marsh area, 95 of which are within pottery scatter. At this stage it is only possible to speculate the Romney Marsh Level, and almost all were previously about the significance of the different manuring levels, but unknown. these figures provide an interesting basis for discussion and Decisions about occupation site definitions are inevitably clearly more work needs to be done. problematical. In this study distinct concentrations of 25 or more pottery sherds in an area of 25m2 were recorded as a Settlement Dates Indicated by the Pottery site; concentrations of less than 25 sherds per 25m2 but where there was other evidence of occupation (such as A detailed fabric analysis was not within the scope of this building materials or food refuse) were recorded as possible project. Instead pottery was divided into broad groups of sites. All other isolated finds were recorded simply as wares for dating and recording. The main purpose of findspots. This is essentially a flexible definition because cataloguing the material was to suggest dating for of the differing conditions under which fieldwalking took settlement in the area. place, the varying lengths of time each field has been under A gazetteer of all the collected material has been the plough and quantitive differences in the material culture compiled and the distribution of sites and findspots has of the different historical periods. been chronologically mapped at a scale of 1:25000 as Using these criteria, within the area of detailed survey part of a series of map overlays. This has enabled the there were 46 sites and possible sites and 31 findspots information gained from fieldwalking to be studied within recorded. And altogether there were 82 sites and possible the context of its relationship to other significant landscape sites, and 71 findspots. Many of these showed continuous features in the area, and to the areas of "old" and "new" occupation through several periods. marshland as defined by the Soil Survey. I lvychurch K Kenard~ngton NH Newlngton-next-Hyihe Or Orlestone Sv Snave W Warehome WH West Hythe WO Woodchurch Detached porttons of panshee Fig. 5.2. Romney Marsh Level showing mid-19th century parishes and their detached portions. Source: Tithe maps of Romney Marsh parishes c. 1840. Romney Marsh: The Fieldwalking Evidence 8 1 A total of 17,378 sherds of pottery were collected Roman altogether, as shown in Table 5.1. Roman pottery was found at 20 new locations in the Romney Marsh Level (Fig. 5.3). Previously Roman artefacts Table 5.1. Quantity and Dates of the Pottery Sherds from Romney Marsh have only been found beneath the present soil surface on the "older" decalcified soil areas, 803 Roman (including 2 late Iron Age sherds usually as a result of some accidental disturbance.
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