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The Rhee, Rornney Marsh, Kent

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The Rhee, Rornney Marsh, Kent R0111izeyMarsh: Cou.stal and Landscape Change throtigii the '4ges (ed A. Long, S. Hipkm and H. ('lurke), OUSAiWonogruph 56, 2002. 127-139 9. The Purpose, Construction and Operation of a 13th Century Watercourse: The Rhee, Rornney Marsh, Kent Jill Eddison Tl~eRhee, a prominent 12 km-long embanked waterway, crossed Romney Marsh from the upland to the sheltered marine inlet on which the medieval port of Romney was based. It crossed marshland which had previously been reclaimed. h contrast to early medieval channels used in other English coastal marshlands, whosepwl.poses were to improve transport, land drainage or to by-pass tlie silted Wisbech estuary in the East Anglian Fenlands, the Rhee was constrtrcted to supplj? water toJlush away the sediment settling in the harbour qf'Romney. As such, it was unique in English marshlands. This paper describes its progressive con.rtruction and operation as deduced,from evidence of the Patent Iioll of 1258 which describes the last stage of its construction, its operation and financing, and of the lanc1.scape and soils. 7kis zs discussed zn (he context ofthe terminal slages ofa large tidal inlet where rapid silting was tkreatening disaster for New Romney, then still a port of international importance. Built ill three stages, the Rhee became a large-scale humnn response to verjj rapid changes in the Romney Marsh coastline. Introduction The Soil Survey map showed that, except for 2.2 km near The so-called Rhee Wall was an embanked watercourse Appledore, there is no difference between the sediments which extended 12 km across the Romney Marsh coastal on one side and the other, confirming again that (with the lowland from the upland near Appledore to Romney on exception near Appledore) the structure was never a sea the former coast (Fig. 9.1). Although it is the nlost wall (Green 1968). Brooks (1988. 92) showed that it was prominent feature of the landscape of the Romney Marsh constnicted directly across all the existing boundaries of coastal lowland, its origin and purpose have long been an parishes, manors and hundreds. Tatton-Brown (1988, 108) enigma, as is shown bp numerous and varied theories felt that it all dated from mid-13th century, and Vollans about it. Dugdale hinted that it was a Roman sea wall, a (1988, 128) was the first to state that it is clearly a hypothesis which was 'confirmed' by Elliott (Dugdale composite feature, constructed in three different stages. 1662; Elliott 1862; Furley 1880). Although that assertion This article re-considers for what purpose, how and \+-asbased on extrenlely flimsy evidence, it is a popular when the Rhee system developed and I\ ho was responsible ~nythwhich continues in some quarters to this day. Scott for its construction and operation. It is based on evidence Robertson (1880) realised that the very unusual boundary of documents, of the landscape and the detailed \+ark of of the liberty of the medieval port of Romney implied that the Soil Survey (Green 1968). Evidence of nalls and ditch the Rhee had been a watercourse connected with that port, patterns, a large proportion of which have disappeared or rather than a sea wall. On the basis of landscape and been degraded during the agricultural revolution of the documentary evidence Ward (1940, 282) also discounted last half century, is taken from tithe maps, the 1878 first a Roman origin and any suggestion that it was a sea wall. edition six-inch and the 1960 1:25000 0.S. maps and from Jill Eddlson Romney Marsh Walland Marsh m present surface sh~ngledepos~ts 1-1~y9 1 I~orr7nevAfarsh,wzth the so-called Rhee Wall'dlwr11r7gRonznt>~j \forrhproper jrorn LTalland,\frrrth Thrs sl~olvsthe l~~.ctrrr/-rlr~coastline ~vhzch,OM'III~ to rapzd and radlcal chrnrges, rs vet1 thfferent to that ofthe earli, n~edrevalperrod Green's comnprehensi\.e map of the soils. The entry in the summarise this background evolution since, in one way or Calendar of the Patent Rolls of 2 1 June 1258 is hndamental another, the Rhee is related to all three inlets (Fig. 9.2). to the discussion. It shows that the Rhee was constructed The tides flowed in through the inlets and deposited to supply water to scour away the silt being deposited by their loads of silt and other sediments, thus building up (he tides in the harbour of New Ro~nney,and that the last the surface of the marsh, and leaving behind a legacy of stage was built in or soon after 1258. The citizens of New coinplex nehvorks of marsh channels and creeks. The Rhee Romney were responsible for constructing and operating crosses headwater creeks of the first inlet. which had its it (('al. Pat. Rolls 1247-58,635). Although that entry has opening in the north-east corner of the Marsh and was been frequently quoted it has never, remarkably, previously open in Roman times (Cunliffe 1988; Eddison 2000. been explored in full, so it is printed here in the Appendix. 43-7). In the 1960s a radiocarbon date obtained from shells buried in the sands filling one of the major creeks gal-e a date of l550 2 120 years BP, which made it seem unlikely that the Rhee could have been a Roman structure Romney Marsh developed naturally and was reclaimed (Callow et al. 1964: Green 1968). However, dating of behind a massi\.c barrier beach of flint shingle. During shells is always problematical since they may have been [he last two millennia major changes have taken place in reworked and redeposited. Suffice it to say that it seems that barrier and three very extensive tidal inlets haw likely that this creek was filled in after the Roman period opened up successively through it, in the general areas of (Gardiner and Long, personal communication, 2002). Hythe, New Romney and Rye (Fig. 9.1). Each of the inlets The new land surface left by the silt deposited in this in turn pro\-ided an excellent sheltered haven for shipping inlet had begun to be colonised by AD 700 and. judging and, on a coast facing the shortest crossing to the Continent, by the midespread distribution of the documented estates. each in turn became the base for ports of local, national it is likely that most of the north-east (later to be known as and international importance. But all of thein were short- Romney Marsh proper). as well as an estate at Misleham lived, succumbing to silting of their charnlels combined on Walland Marsh, had been colonised by 900 AD with narrowing of their entrances. It is necessary to (Brooks 1988. 95-8). Domesday Book (1086) (Morgan The Purpose, Construct~onarid Operatlnn of a 13th Century Lfatercourse 129 Appledore / Dowels I Appledore the Rhee sewer and minor bank major sea bank, l assumed late 13th century /' /' I 7 channels and creeks. The arrows / Elan polnt In the seaward d~rection 0 km 5 0 upland I I I I I I I I I I I I l 0 miles 1 Fig. 9.2. A triple-phase schematzc nzap .sho~'il?gthe ve/alion.rhipofthe Rhee watercour.se to the three RomneyIWarsh inlets: It crossed sorne creeks of the Hythe inlet m . It was corzstrzrcted to bring a sl[pp~'yof water to the Rolrzrzey inlet B.It .served as cr sea wall li~rzrtingthe extent oJ t/7e Rye inlet F] 1983) and lIonzc..sday L2fnnachorun~(c. 1100) (Douglas was to become the base for Romney, opened up. The sea 1944) together show that by c. 1100 most of the parish must have broken through the shingle barrier and flowed churches on Romney Marsh proper existed - with the into and 'captured' a major back-barrier channel lying exception of Snave and Snargate which notably were the behind the Dungeness mass (Spencer et al. 1998). The furthest from the sea. timing of this marine incursion is uncertain. It appears to In contrast, none of the churches on Walland Marsh have taken place after the Roman period because. apart (south of the Rhee) is recorded until the 12th century, from the occasional coin, no evidence of Roman activity except for Midley, whose record is so anomalous as to has been found in that area, and it must have occurred suggest stroilgly that the Midley in Domesday refers to a before AD 741 because by then a settlement was based on parish not on the Marsh at all (Eddison and Draper 1997, it. Ro~nneyis not named specifically in the charter which 82). Brookland and Fairfield were established in the phase describes that settlement. But the fishing and farming of colonisation which began in the 12th century and moved settlement described beside the inlet included an oratory progressively south-\vestwards. The Rhee cuts across, and dedicated to St Martin, the only such dedication on the is therefore later than, the estates, the field boundaries Marsh, and that is assumed to be the predecessor of the and the associated parish boundaries established in this large medieval church of St Martin which later stood in phase of colonisation. The remarkable sub-rectangular New Romney. A second charter, dated c. AD 920, refers landscape of the estate of Misleham can be dated to c.l1 50 to a channel known as the Runzenesea (Brooks 1988). (Tatton-Brown 1988: Eddison and Draper 1997) and one There is no documentary evidence to indicate where this which once belonged to Geoffrey Turcopule and sub- channel Ivas, but the name seems much more likely to sequently to the hospital of St Stephen and St Thomas, have referred to the wide inlet behind the barrier (shown New Romney, to c.
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