Report – PZP-100 PUTHUR ZOO Preliminary Study Report

JOINT VENTURE

1.0 JOINT VENTURE

CSNH

CSNH (Creative Solution for Natural Habitats) was created as J.V. to provide natural habitats for features, Zoos, conservation areas and public interest amenity areas. Our solutions are designed to provoke the intellect and inspire the senses.

CSNH is the end result of a partnership between

John Zoos & Aquatic Solutions Pvt. Ltd. (called as ZAS) Shankland Cox Ltd. (Called as SCL) Pangea Rocks (Called as PR)

John Zoo & Aquatic Solutions Pvt. Ltd will provide (as lead) Project Management, animal habitats and aquatic designs. SCL will provide Irrigation, Civil, Architectural and MEP design and Pangea Rocks is a feature specialist making up the ideal team for this type of project.

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EOI: ZOOLOGICAL PARK

THRISSUR ZOOLOGICAL PARK WILDLIFE CONSERVATION & RESERCH CENTRE, PUTHUR (Relocation of existing Zoo & Museum, Thrissur) Client : GOVERNMENT OF KERALA Department of Forest & Wildlife Forest Headquarters Vazhuthacaud Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

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CONTENTS

• APPENDIX 1 TRAFFIC STUDY

• APPENDIX 2 FEASIBILITY AND MARKET STUDY

• APPENDIX 3 ANIMAL AND BUILDING LIST

• APPENDIX 4 SITE AND PROGRAM ANALYSIS MASTERPLAN AND LANDSCAPE CONCEPT

• APPENDIX 5 ZOO MANAGERIAL STRATEGY CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE

• APPENDIX 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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TRAFFIC STUDY APPENDIX 1

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1.0 INTRODUCTION To assess the vehicle occupancy we carried out a vehicle occupancy survey between 1330-1800 hours on Weekend. We found that the 1.5 TRAM SYSTEM 1.1 VISITOR DISTRIBUTION average vehicle occupancy was 3 persons/vehicle. Also, based upon the Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The number attendance figures for the current park zoo, the maximum number of of tourists world wide has been registering phenomenal growth and it is people in the park zoo in any one hour (the peak hour) is 47%. Based on A regular tram system would operate within the Park Zoo. We expected that this number would shortly touch 1.5 billion. Tourism the above, the followings represent the worst case scenarios for car recommend this tram to be a rubber-wheel-based tram as it: contributes about 11% of the world work force and 10.2% of the global parking requirements and traffic generation: • Allows varying the routing without incurring infrastructure gross domestic products. The dynamic growth of this industry is evident costs from the fact that a new job is added to this sector every 2.5 second. • The required number of car parking spaces on a Winter Sunday is in the when compared to rail-based trams; region of 1,900 car parking spaces (12,135 visitors/3 visitors per vehicle x Puthur is endowed with rich cultural heritage and bestowed liberally with 47%); • Is less obstructive to animals than a rail-based tram; bounties of nature. The State is kaleidoscope of past splendours and present glory. A fascinating State with luxuriant forest, captivating wild • The peak hour generation of a Winter Friday to/from the proposed park life, enthralling water falls, exquisite handicrafts, sprawling water bodies, zoo is 16% of people arriving, 16% x 12,135 /3 = 647 vehicles inbound and • Can climb steeper gradients compared to rail-based trams; enchanting classical and folk dances and music and above all hospitable 10% x 12,135 / 3 = 404 vehicles outbound i.e. a total of 1,051 vehicles per and peace loving people. The State of Puthur is blessed with immense bio- hour. • Is less noisy when compared to rail-based trams The diversity, moderate climate, rich cultural and historical heritage, religious maximum daily number of visitors on a Winter Friday is places of worship and ethnic aspects to make the State the ultimate 1.3 VEHICLE ACCESS FROM THE ROAD NETWORK estimated to peak at 5,470 visitors in one hour. The tram path is 1.87km in length and, at 10 kph with 5 stops of 4 minutes each, destination for tourists. It is proposed to access the proposed zoo via a four-arm roundabout on The State Government has a firm belief that development of tourism Road. the total time taken for one complete journey would be 31.2, sector would not only generate immense employment opportunities say 30 minutes. This means that a tram would do two round directly or indirectly, but also contribute in accelerated economic 1.4 VEHICULAR CIRCULATION AND PARKING trips per hour. The capacity of the tram would depend on the development. This would not only ensure show casing of rich traditional The proposed internal vehicle circulation and the layout of the parking number of carriages attached, and assuming that the total and cultural heritage of the State but also would have cascading effect in areas: capacity of a tram is 120 people (say 20 people in 6 carriages), development of other sectors. Rightfully the State Government has the required number of trams per hour to carry 25% of the accorded tourism the status of industry in Puthur. Making the people of • Provides the required 1,900 car parking spaces would provide shaded total number of people in the park zoo would be 5,470 / 120 / the State, nation and the world aware of the rich endowments of nature, parking for half of the provided car parking spaces. 2 x 25% = 5.7 trams. its cultural heritage spiritual places and other traditions are essential • Indicates that the distance between the furthest point in the proposed impediments for boosting tourism industry in the State. car park to the entry points of the various areas is approx. 300 meters. • Therefore the design day has been assess as 1.6 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING • 26% of the maximum daily visitors would arrive/depart the proposed • Provides for drop-off facilities for up to 15 visitors cars, taxis and zoo between each of 1400-1500 hours and 1500-1600 hours. Thus, the coaches. Parking facilities are also provided for 20 coaches and 50 taxis. Traffic Analyst includes the necessary tools for supporting maximum number of visitors arriving/departing at the proposed zoo park decision making in transportation planning by allowing planners is envisaged to be 3,705 (2,280 arriving and 1,425 departing). Approx. • Provides pedestrian route within the car park that guides pedestrians to carry out a wide range of planning tasks. easily to the various entries of the proposed zoo. This pedestrian route These include among others: will be landscaped and shaded. Forecasting traffic flows 1.2 TRAFFIC GENERATION AND CAR PARKING REQUIREMENTS • Allows for additional car parking to cater (if need be) for Analyzing accessibility Modeling changes in travel demand caused by changes in The critical peak hour vehicle trip generation rate for themed sites in seasonal variation in the order of 1000 cars. infrastructure, land use, policy, demography etc. Puthur Municipality standards is a total of 0.09/1000 sq.m of the total Evaluating the consequences of major infrastructure projects area of the site. Car parking standards for themed parks is 0.1 car parking • Minimizes pedestrian/vehicular conflict and where pedestrians cross the vehicular traffic, this would be on a raised crossing that would act as Providing the basis for evaluating the environmental impacts of spaces per 1,000 sq2.m of total area. Based on these standards, the a traffic calming measure as well as ensuring maximum visibility of changes to transportation systems number of vehicles trips per hour to/from the proposed zoo is approx. 500 crossing pedestrians. vehicles and the required number of car parking spaces is 560. However, to satisfy the design arrival/departure rates for the number of visitors on • Provide easy access for the disabled visitors e.g. dropped kerbs the busiest normal day, we have carried out the following study to at crossings. substantiate the number cars required • Provides easy access for emergency and servicing vehicles

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FEASIBILITY STUDY & MARKET STUDY APPENDIX 2

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Introduction and Background

Kerala, a state situated on the tropical Malabar Coast of southwestern India, is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the country. Named as one of the ten paradises of the world by the National Geographic Traveler,[1] Kerala is famous especially for itsecotourism initiatives.[2] Its unique culture and traditions, coupled with its varied demography, has made Kerala one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. Growing at a rate of 13.31%, the tourism industry is a major contributor to the state's economy.[3] Until the early 1980s, Kerala was a relatively unknown destination, with most tourism circuits concentrated around the north of the country. Aggressive marketing campaigns launched by the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation—the government agency that oversees tourism prospects of the state—laid the foundation for the growth of the tourism industry. In the decades that followed, Kerala Tourism was able to transform itself into one of the niche holiday destinations in India. The tag line Kerala- God's Own Country was adopted in its tourism promotions and became a global superbrand. Kerala is regarded as one of the destinations with the highest brand recall.[4] In 2010, Kerala attracted 0.66 million foreign tourist arrivals.[5] Kerala is an established tourist destination for both Indians and non-Indians alike. Kerala is popular for her beaches, backwaters, mountain ranges and wildlife extensive network of interlocking rivers, lakes, and canals that centre sanctuaries. Other popular attractions in the state include on Alleppey, Kumarakom, andPunnamada—also see heavy tourist traffic. the beaches at Kovalam, Kappad, Cherai andVarkala; backwater Heritage sites, such as tourism and lake resorts around Vembanad the Padmanabhapuram Palace, Hill Palace, Mattancherry Palace are also Lake, Kumarakom and Alapuzha; hill stations and resorts visited. The city of Kochi ranks first in the total number of international at Munnar,Wayanad, Nelliampathi, Vagamon and Ponmudi; and and domestic tourists in Kerala.[6][7] To further promote tourism in national parks and wildlife sanctuaries at Periyar and Eravikulam Kerala Grand Kerala Shopping Festival was started by the Government of National Park. The "backwaters" region—an Kerala in 2007.[8] Since then it has been held every year during the

December–January period. The state's tourism agenda promotes ecologically sustained tourism, which focuses on the local culture, wilderness adventures, volunteering and personal growth of the local population. Efforts are taken to minimise the adverse effects of traditional tourism on the natural environment, and enhance the cultural integrity of local people.

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COLOR AREA ZONE SITE LOCATION

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Time Series Aerial photographs - especially those in colour - can be a valuable tool allowing you to find in plan what Perspective drawings can be used to give an impression of you will see in the panorama photographs. This will the developing pattern of felling and restock periods help you transfer the design from the perspective to following on one after the other. Remember to consider the the plan. Careful study of the aerial photographs tree height in the different phases and draw trees on the can reveal site detail, such as areas of windthrow, perspectives that show their size at that age. tracks and rides that may be windfirm, rocky Design outcrops and areas of poor growth; all critical information to producing a good, workable proposal. The design proposal comes out of the analysis; the better the A useful step is to plot the design onto clear acetate analysis the more it will help to decide what can and cannot overlying the aerial photograph before transferring do with the site and how the proposals will best fit in with it to the proposals map. the landscape. What the Theming Commission will be For an existing forest or woodland, felling and looking for in the scheme will be that the proposals offer restocking proposals may be designed and multiple benefits in terms of the diversity of the forest and a contribution to the environmental health and visual presented in the same way. appearance of the landscape. Again, where appropriate, proposals should be in plan and Felling perspective with the design process decided in perspective Show the felling coup phases and their respective then transferred to plan, especially important when the proposals are sited on prominent hill sides. felling year on both perspective and plan. Colour can be used to highlight the different felling phases and should be consistent between the two drawings. Be careful that all felling areas are shown to enable the overall pattern to be appreciated.

Restocking

This will be linked to the felling plan and should show the restock species for each felling phase. Ensure the complete picture is presented in both perspective and plan to illustrate the balance of species chosen. Do not mix felling phases and restocking species on the same drawing as this will only appear confusing.

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1.0 BUSINESS TRENDS 1.2 ATTENDANCE CORPORATE MODEL Broad and varied entertainment options In order to gain a better understanding of operations within the zoological Zoo Park attendance is driven by a variety of factors industry, a number of business trends have been identified. An analysis of including: exhibit and attraction quality, visitor experience these trends, based on historical data and industry experience, serve as Shows & personal interactions are highlighted and programs, marketing, admission pricing, weather, the foundation for the attendance and financial projections and will guide the planning for the new Zoological Park at Puthur. They will also provide metropolitan population, and membership. Increases in Extended operating hours: 12+ hours daily the insight necessary to position the zoo organization and staffing for visitation are driven by the opening of new and compelling success. The identified trends focus on business metrics as well as the exhibits. The typical pattern surrounding the opening of a visitor experience and include: new exhibit is a surge in attendance the first year of opening High earned income: food, gift, concessions with a decrease the following year. Many zoos have started • Operating Models to launch seasonal exhibits or programs to stabilize attendance between major exhibit openings. While not Significant tourist attendance • Attendance providing the major increase in visitors at the gate, these High Admission Fees

temporary exhibits help to maintain and stabilize Butterfly Park: Rs. 100 • Admission fees attendance. To ensure continued success and maintain Aquarium: Rs. 100 attendance growth, a phased strategy of implementing • Funding Models Toy Train: Rs. 100 Zoological Park attractions and improvements is necessary.

• Visitor Experience By creating new ‘must-see’ exhibits every two years, new and repeat visitors will be drawn back to the zoo on a regular CULTURAL NON-PROFIT MODEL • Membership basis. As would be expected, attendance figures vary dramatically among zoos with visitor counts ranging from • Outsourcing under 100,000 visitors annually in the smaller zoos to over Create ‘WOW’ Exhibits every 2 to 4 years two million visitors at a few large zoos. An analysis of • Per-Capita Spending selected large zoos park, based on attendance as a percentage of overall metropolitan population, illustrates Mid-priced admission fees (Rs. 390 to Rs. 440) Operating Costs this fact. The attendance percentage ranges from a low of 1.1 OPERATING MODELS 16% in to =------& 85%------. The average Supported by earned, contributed and government penetration rate among these selected zoos is 48%. Factors Zoological institutions generally operate under one of two business funding that affect these penetration rates include competitive area models: Corporate ‘for-profit’ companies or Cultural ‘non-profit’ Majority of visitors from local area; 8% to 10% organizations. The vast majority of today’s zoos fall into the latter category. attractions, size and proximity of local and tourist population tourists It is important to note the strategic differences between these two base, and Zoo quality. For ------, India., the models. Zoos in both categories share the common goals of entertaining smaller the overall market penetration. Admission pricing is comparable to first-run movie – and educating visitors. However, where the two diverge is from a business Rs. 390 perspective: corporate zoos are operated to generate a return or profit for their owners, thus the higher admission fees and earned income. Cultural Break-even’ funding goal non-profit zoos, on the other hand, are run to cover their costs and rely on Growing membership base unearned income – government support and private giving – to fund Operated as non-profit entity or part of city/county operations and capital improvements. government

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1.3 ADMISSION FEES 1.4 ZOO FUNDING MODELS

the zoo visitor. As pricing increases, particularly for the casual Admission fees continue to increase and have exceeded The typical zoo’s revenue is generated from a number of sources visitor, there is also an effort to provide discounts to local and Rs. 390 (adult admission) on average for zoos in the US including: earned income – admission, rides, concessions; government regional residents. Many facilities now offer a price discount, in and Singapore. Past thinking tied zoo admission rates to sources; and contributed income – membership, sponsorship and rental the form of season pass concepts, to residents that live in the the cost of a first run movie (currently ~ Rs. 250). This fees. Added pressure is being placed to secure a greater percentage of immediate metropolitan area. artificial barrier has now been broken with the average revenue through earned income as government and private funding admission fee for a non-profit zoo at close to Rs. 520 – sources have been squeezed due to economic pressures. In Zoo models the median adult admission fee is Rs. 250 utilizing 2010 with no government support, a shift to greater contributed income is admission prices. Given the higher pricing, there is typical. For example the Singapore Zoo funding model shows that 72% an increased need to provide a higher entertainment of revenue comes through earned income – admissions, concessions, value to rides – with the balance from contributed revenues. A typical non-profit zoo funding model reflective of US Zoos is outlined below: US $.

Government 20% to 30% Contributed income 0% to 10%

Pressures Economic Climate Earned Income Competition 60% to 70% Reduction in Govt. Support

Being Squeezed

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1.5 PER CAPITA SPENDING 1.6 OPERATING COSTS

As zoos have looked to expand their sources of revenue, an increased focus has been placed on food and gift concessions. Zoological Park at Puthur Zoos have continually been adding a greater selection of items, establishing additional locations, and raising the level of service. The effect of these changes has been growth in concession spending across the industry. Per capita spending (total spending in the category divided by the total attendance) is on average Rs.. 7 for food and Rs.. 5 for gift sales.

Operating costs continue to rise with personnel expenses (salaries) being the lead driver. Salaries now account for over 50% of most zoos operating budgets. Employee benefits and training are growing faster than inflation. Average overall cost per visitor varies depending on location, government support, and organizational structure but can range anywhere from Rs.. 44 to Rs.. 84 per visitor annually. Based on the sampling of large zoos, the average cost per visitor was Rs.. 56. The typical allocation of expenses in a traditional Zoo model, the newZoological Park at Puthur, and the Singapore Zoo (actual results for FY 01/02) are shown in the following table Puthur Pounds ‘Profile: Asia Amusement Parks’: Since zoos of the scale and scope of the Zoological Park at Puthur have not been constructed, one additional financial operating model to consider is amusement parks. Specifically, amusement parks that have been recently built in Asia and South America as these parks reflect a financial and operating image that is closer to the zoo model proposed in Puthur. Of note is the admission fee policy of amusement parks: a pay-one-price fee structure is the most popular pricing structure (83.3% of the parks offer this structure) and is used by most visitors when offered (82.8% of visitors select this option when offered).

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2.0 MARKET ANALYSIS base that has a strong appreciation of zoos, wildlife and informal learning activities, which gives further confidence YEAR TOTAL POPULATION POPULATION PERCENT To better understand the potential visitor market for the new India to the potential market demand for the Zoological Park Park. POPULATION OVER 15 UNDER 15 UNDER 15 Zoo Park, John Zoo's Aquatic Solutions, reviewed the most recent market and demographic data on India and the India This market 1990 846.3M 822.4M 23.86M 28.2% analysis will not only provide the base for attendance projections, but 2.1 LOCAL MARKET: will also drive implementation strategies for the Zoo Park including marketing, membership, and program design. The market Local population (India): 944.9M in 2000; 52% male 1995 936 .5M 910.5M 25.94M 27.7% information is compiled from a variety of recent demographic and Growth rate: 5.6% annually analytical surveys and studies and includes: Number of households: 78.4M; 98% of which are urban 2000 944.9M 924.1M 20.78M 22% Household growth rate since 1993: 2.3% • India Statistical Yearbook 2001 Average Household size: 4.4 2005 1.066B 877.5M 18.86M 17.7% Income distribution: • Government of India Department of Tourism and Commerce 30.6% earn less than Rs. 896,332 annually 2010 1.315B 1.157B 15.78M 12.% Report, April 2000 23.5% earn between Rs. 896,332 – 1,496,815 annually Source: 2009 India Statistical Yearbook 17.2% earn between Rs. 1,496,815 – 2,000,635 annually • Real Estate, Hospitality, and Tourism Studies, 2000 16.3% earn between Rs. 2,000,635– 2,478,092 annually 6.3% earn between Rs. 2,478,092– 2,662,631 annually from the Iranian plateau, Central Asia, Arabia, Afghanistan, and the 6.1% earn over Rs. 2,662,631 annually • Online sources: http://Indiatourism.com; www.dataIndia.com West; Indian people and culture have absorbed and changed these Based on experience with other zoological institutions, the visitor India Population Growth influences to produce a remarkable racial and cultural synthesis. base will be comprised of four main market segments and repeat Religion, caste, and language are major determinants of social and visitors: political organization in India today. The government has recognized 1.199 • Local population (New Delhi) 18 languages as official; Hindi is the most widely spoken.

1.335 Although 83% of the people are Hindu, India also is the home of • Regional population (India)

I o n o I 1.027 more than 120 million Muslims--one of the world's largest Muslim

l 1.315 populations. The population also includes Christians, Sikhs, Jains,

• Tourists l I 1.109 Buddhists, and Parsis. B B 0.985 0.801 • Students 2% YEARLY 2.2 REGIONAL POPULATION • Repeat Visitors 1990 1995 2005 2010 2015 Source: 2001 India Statistical Yearbook India's population rose by 21.34 % between 1991 - 2001. It is in these four market segments where the evaluation was The sex ratio (i.e., number of females per thousand concentrated. Market size, growth rates, and market demographics, males) of population was 933, rising from 927 as at the Population of India. i.e. income, household size, were analyzed to develop a base for 1991 Census. Total literacy rate in India was returned as attendance projections. A primary target market for the Zoo will be . 65.38%. households in India with average to above average income (those Although India occupies only 2.4% of the world's land area, it earning Rs. 60,000 annually). A market size that represents an supports over 15% of the world's population. Only China has a estimated 70% of the population. This target market size (70% of the larger population. Almost 40% of Indians are younger than 15 years Persons 1,027,015,247 households) is also reflective of the family/bachelor (communal of age. About 70% of the people live in more than 550,000 villages, Males 531,277,078 house living) distribution of 663,000 residents living in households and the remainder in more than 200 towns and cities. Over Females 495,738,169 (77%) compared to 199,000 in bachelor living. In addition, the thousands of years of its history, India has been invaded academic distribution reflects a highly educated population base in Source: Provisional Population Totals : India . Census of India with over 72% of the residents having attended at least an intermediate level of education. All of these demographic factors India 2001, Paper 1 of 2001 indicate a resident 1/3/2014 PZP-100 PUTHUR ZOOLOGICAL PARK 13 Report – PZP-100 PUTHUR ZOO Preliminary Study Report

2.3 TOURIST MARKET Domestic tourism in the same year was massive at 650 million. Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu received the big share of these visitors. [4] Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency Tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a to formulate national policies and programmes for the contribution of 6.23% to the national GDP and 8.78% development and promotion of tourism. In the process, the of the total employment in India. India witnesses Ministry consults and collaborates with other stakeholders in the more than 5 million annual foreign tourist arrivals sector including various Central Ministries/agencies, the State and 562 million domestic tourism visits.[1]cite web|[2] Governments/ union Territories and the representatives of the private sector. Concerted efforts are being made to promote new forms of tourism such as rural, cruise, medical and eco-tourism. [5] The Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency for the development and promotion of tourism in India and maintains the "Incredible Source: April 2000, India Tourism Survey India" campaign. Figure A2-5: Projected Tourism Growth

Bihar is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the 2.4 TOURISM GROWTH PROJECTIONS: world with history of 3000 years. The rich culture and heritage of Given the commitment of the India government to tourism and Bihar is evident from the innumerable ancient monuments that are the increase in visitor attractions, visitation to India is expected to dotted all over this state in eastern India. This is the place of continue rising at a rapid pace. An annual visitor growth rate of 5% Aryabhata, Great Ashoka, Chanakya and many other great is forecast through 2021. Visitation to India is projected to reach historical figures close to 636,033 in 2011 and exceed 4 million visitors in 2021. Delhi is the capital city of India. A fine blend of old and new, These figures are based on conservative estimates report on the ancient and modern, Delhi is a melting pot of cultures, religions. visitors to the portal from India and other countries Delhi has been the capital of numerous empires that ruled India, Source: April 2000, India Tourism Survey For the period from 7/9/2009 until 31/12/2011 making it rich in history. The rulers left behind their trademark architectural styles. Delhi currently has many renowned historic Figure A2-3: India Visitor Profile monuments and landmarks such as the Tughlaqabad fort, Qutub Minar, Purana Quila, Lodhi Gardens, Jama Masjid, Humayun's The tourism industry in India generated about US$100 billion tomb, Red Fort, and Safdarjung's Tomb. Modern monuments in 2008 and that is expected to increase to US$275.5 billion include Jantar Mantar, India Gate, Rashtrapati Bhavan, by 2018 at a 9.4% annual growth rate.[3] In the year 2009, Laxminarayan Temple, Lotus temple and Akshardham Temple. 5.11 million foreign tourists visited India. Majority of foreign New Delhi is famous for its British colonial architecture, wide tourists come from USA and UK and Tamil Nadu, roads, and tree-lined boulevards. Delhi is home to numerous Maharashtra, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh were the top four political landmarks, national museums, Islamic shrines, Hindu Source: April 2000, India Tourism Survey states to receive inbound tourists. temples, green parks

Figure A2-4: Leisure Visitors to India in 1998

According to World Travel and Tourism Council, India will be a tourism hotspot from 2009–2018,[6] having the highest 10-year growth potential.[7] The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007 ranked tourism in India 6th in terms of price competitiveness and 39th in terms of safety and security.[8] Despite short- and medium-term setbacks, such as shortage of hotel rooms,[9] tourism revenues are expected to surge by 42% from 2007 to 2017 Source: 2001 India Statistical Yearbook Figure A2-6: 2001 Annual Visitation 1/3/2014 PZP-100 PUTHUR ZOOLOGICAL PARK 14 Report – PZP-100 PUTHUR ZOO Preliminary Study Report

2.5 EDUCATION MARKET 2.6 ATTENDANCE PROJECTION • Identifying a number of butterfly parks that have similar Attendance projections are based on a phased implementation of visitor experiences to those planned at the new Puthur Zoo and the Master Plan with new, compelling exhibits/attractions coming establishing an average penetration rate for the each of the India is divided into four regions, each served by a British Council online approximately every two years. The projections assume the various market segments. office: Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. British Libraries following phases: operate in Chandigarh, Ahmedabad, Pune, Bangalore and • Calculating annual attendance numbers by taking the qualified Hyderabad. Every office and British Library has public access and Year 1 - Phase 1: Butterfly Park market size and multiplying the average penetration levels of an Education UK resource centre. British Council India's strategy is Indoor Exhibits, Children’s Library & Outdoor attractions the butterfly parks. to develop and expand both off and online services to reach more - Phase 2: Parking+ Entrance & Admin Bldg. of our target audiences in more cities in India. - Phase 3: Zoo Attraction • Further refining these numbers by establishing a phasing India has already exceeded the original growth targets under the Water Cascading, Voice Animals & Outdoor Landscape Gardening impact percentage. This impact, based on extensive industry Prime Minister's Initiative. We aim to reduce the gap between the - Phase 4: Miscellaneous experience, factors in the peaks and valleys of attendance UK and the market leader, the USA, and to increase the Restaurant, kiosk & Toilets associated with the opening of new exhibits and attractions. percentage of undergraduate students. Marketing campaigns and - Phase 5: Toy Train outreach will be extended within states that have limited access Passenger Station, Light tower & maintenance Bldg. to information but offer huge potential to education service

providers. Factors affecting Zoo Park attendance performance will include: An essential part of strategy revolves around changing

perceptions of the UK, especially though website and • Weather publications. The overall impact of work in this field is to make

the UK a more attractive destination in terms of both study and • Public Holidays and Festivals lifestyle.

• Exhibit opening schedule

2,500,000 • Quality of attractions

2,000,000 • Visitor Experience; program

1,500,000 • Marketing

1,000,000 An attendance model for the new Puthur Zoo was created through a multi-step process that included: 500,000 • Identifying the size of each of the market segments of potential 0 zoo visitors – local residents & regional residents (India), and Private Govt. Non-Citizen Citizen tourists. Number of 575,000 Students 1,925,000 356,007 2,500,000 • Further qualifying the potential size of these segments by removing certain groups that wouldn’t be within the target audience of the zoo; namely bachelors, servants, and other Source: 2001 India Statistical Yearbook low-income contract workers.

Education Market • Growing the market size over the next ten years, based on published government studies. A market growth rate of between 2% to 4% annually for the local and regional markets and 7% per annum for the tourist market were used.

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• After applying this phasing impact, a final attendance for the zoo would be 57% of total population figures. The annual 2.6.3 BUTTERFLY PARK (For Information only) projection is established. The process is outlined in the population growth identified within the qualified market size accompanying Attendance Model diagram. assumes an annual growth rate of 4.5% falling to 4% which is To estimate expected penetration rates within the various market consistent with India trend-line and correlates with net airport segments outlined above, a number of leading butterfly parks were arrivals. The regional market is all within a two-hour driving identified. These butterfly parks will provide an industry benchmark 2.6.1 ASSUMPTIONS distance of the Zoological Park. Given the extensive for attendance projections at the newZoological Park at Puthur. transportation network and highway system, regional residents Initially a broad list of over fifteen zoos were identified based on For the purposes of building the attendance model, it is will easily be able to travel to visit the zoo. The size of the tourist overall market size, tourism market, and comparability of attraction. assumed that the quality of the visitor experience of the new market was also reduced to more accurately reflect who would This list was further refined to five zoos which more closely Puthur Zoo, at opening, will be comparable to the Singapore visit the zoo. The total tourist market – 6,032,396 in 2016 – was matched the characteristics of India and the Zoological Park. Zoos Zoo. It will exceed the quality and visitor experience of the adjusted by a factor of 69% to remove business and corporate which offer visitors a high quality experience, have superior Singapore Zoo Park, during Phase II with the opening of the tourists; a group who would not be a market for the Zoo. The exhibits, and are leading institutions among their fit the criteria. A Zoological Park at Puthur. The Zoological Park, with its multiple tourist market is estimated to grow at a conservative 7% annual number of international zoos were also chosen to provide a balance unique features, will set a new level of excellence among growth rate which is consistent with other recent leisure time to the extensive data available from US zoos. The butterfly parks theming facilities internationally and will be a leader in the studies conducted within India and is conservative to government selected for comparison are: industry in terms of facilities, visitor experience and amenities, projections. and investment. Given these factors, the Zoological Park at Puthur will exceed zoological park institutions among other zoos in San Diego, Phoenix, and Seattle. Given the quality of experience, it is also assumed that the attendance business model among zoos is transposable to India and that the demand variables that drive attendance at these zoos will fit in India as 2011 well. It is assumed that Phase I opening of the Zoological Park 2012 park will occur in January 2012. In developing the “qualified” population baselines, the demographic data used was 2001 data 2013 adjusted to 2012 numbers by associated growth rates. 2014 2.6.2 MARKET SIZE 2015 2016 The report begins with a brief profile of the population, and how it is expected to change over the next 20 years in terms of total 2017 size, age profile, household size and number of households. It 2018 then details the overall trend in distribution of households by income level and for each of four income segments the 2019 proportion that is saved, taxes and consumption expenditure. 2020

The next section looks at the total savings by all households and 2021 then by income segment through to 2030. This is followed by a section on total expenditure by all households as well as by each of four income segments. This shows the value and trend of 1 Local population is adjusted to 57% of total to remove bachelors, servants, and low income workers 2 Regional population is India and is within two hour driving range of zoo total expenditure as well as per household. This is then followed 3 Qualifying tourists is total tourist projection adjusted to only leisure tourists by analysis of expenditure by all households and by income 4 Total tourists includes leisure, business, and corporate tourists segment on the 12 expenditure categories : (Where relevant this 4 Tourism growth rate is an average of 7% per year is done separately for Urban and Rural households). • San Diego Wild Animal Park; San Diego, California • Woodland Park Zoo; Seattle, Washington

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• Singapore Zoo & Night Safari his data; the following penetration rates were identified. penetration rates used to forecast attendance for the Zoological • Phoenix Zoo; Phoenix, Arizona Park. The peer zoos provide an excellent benchmark from which to • Average attendance as a % of ‘qualified’ size: 41% establish a baseline forecast of conservative penetration rates and • Toronto Zoo; Toronto, Canada The Phoenix Zoo was selected attendance forecasts for the new India Zoo. not only for market size, but as a Desert Zoo, it provides a • Local/regional zoo visitors as % of total ‘qualified’ market: 35% comparable attraction to the Zoological Park. Toronto provides 2.6.4 MODEL ZOOS international perspective among US zoos. With each of the peer • Average percentage of tourists who visit the zoo: 4.6% In order to To confirm the attendance projections, an attendance model for the zoos, the following information was collected and analyzed: provide an estimate of penetration rates for the India Day Zoo, the opening year of the India Zoo was created by looking at the Night Safari was used as the model. As there is nothing comparable penetration rates for each of the Peer Zoos. These penetration rates • Market population of this calibre or experience, Singapore offers an ideal view into this were then applied to India’s demographic data. This allowed a type of attraction and the attendance which can be expected. This comparison between the various zoo attendance figures. Using • Annual tourist market in the metropolitan area fact further demonstrates that the new India Zoo will set the penetration rates from each of the Zoos, attendance in India’s Zoo international standards for unique and outstanding visitor would range from a low of 506,000 per year using Toronto’s data to a • Annual attendance broken down by local, regional, and tourist experiences. The data from the peer zoos were also compared high of 953,650 using Woodland Park’s data. Each Zoo and attraction Visitors The market population for each zoo was adjusted by a against available data from a local high-quality attraction in India . is unique and has its own distinct attributes which contribute to the factor of .79 to reflect the true qualified target market of the zoo, This comparison supports the conservative nature of the variance among the peer zoos. i.e. removing low-income workers. The tourist market was also adjusted to include only leisure travelers. Based on a review of

(1) Metro population of marketplaces factored at 79% to reflect India comparability adjustment for low income residents (2) Annual tourism figure adjusted to remove corporate and business travelers

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By using this model and the average penetration rates, the For example, in its opening year, due to the opening and the A long-term investment strategy to maintaining a high-quality Zoological Parklogical Park at Puthurwould fall in the middle of the uniqueness of the attraction, attendance is forecasted at 105% visitor experience and continuing the ‘Wow’ factor is critical to peer zoos based on attendance at the day zoo; further supporting of the baseline number. This factor takes into account the added success. It is important to note that should future phases of the realistic nature of the attendance profile for the new Jharkand visitors who will come to the zoo in its first year. In the following the master plan not be implemented the phasing impact factor Zoo Park. years, as the zoo comes out of its peak opening year attendance, will decline and therefore produce a lower annual attendance attendance will be below the baseline. When the Day Zoo opens baseline. As noted, attendance projections for the Day Zoo are 2.6.5 ATTENDANCE BASELINE and as visitors are drawn to it, there will be an effect on Day Zoo based on penetration rates at the Night Safari in Singapore. An By combining the data from the qualified market size and that of attendance. For the year the Day Zoo opens, the baseline important difference between the Day and Day Zoo model is average penetration rates of peer zoos, an achievable projection attendance number for the Day Zoo is factored at 85%. The that tourism penetration rates are applied to the total tourism for attendance is achieved. It is critical to look at each market and phasing impact factor is only applied to the Day Zoo and reflects market as opposed to only the leisure tourist market as with the associated penetration within each segment, as each will be a the continued opening of new exhibits and attractions the Day Zoo. This change takes into account that the Day Zoo will also be an attraction for corporate and business travelers throughout the year. ATTENDANCE Outlined below is the total attendance number over the next OPENING YEAR ATTENDANCE MODEL FOR India ZOO USING PEER ZOO PENETRATION DATA ten years for both the Day and the Day Zoo. Attendance for opening year starts at close to 800,000 and peaks in 2015 at LOCAL REGIONAL 1 TOURIST TOTAL VISITORS ATTENDANCE % over 2,000,000 visitors annually. Over the ten year forecast POPULATION period it is expected that the Zoological Park will attract over Qualified Market Size - 2006 1,111,094 1,193,727 2,809,367 15 million visitors. Throughout the ten years, it is expected that the Day Zoo will account for 49% of total zoo attendance annually. INDIA PROJECTED ATTENDANCE BASED ON:

Singapore Day Zoo 368,838 237,761 163,378 769,978 33%

San Diego WAP 433,861 279,676 195,853 909,390 39%

Woodland Park Zoo 507,920 327,416 118,314 953,650 41%

Phoenix Zoo 333,460 214,956 112,709 661,125 29%

Toronto Zoo 271,735 175,166 59,448 506,349 22%

Singapore Day Zoo 2 106,396 114,308 444,035 664,739 29%

Mean Attendance 3 760,098

Median Attendance 3 769,978 1 - Regional population adjusted by 60% to reflect local/regional travellers 2 - Tourism penetration based on total tourist market of 6,032,396

1 3 - - RMeanegion a&l pmedianopulati obasedn adju onste dDay by Zoos60% Parkto re flect local/regional travellers 2 - Tourism penetration based on total tourist market of 4,020,000 3 - Mean & median based on Day Zoos

target audience for the zoo. In order to estimate the impact of the over a ten year period. This model of continued investment and phasing plan, which supports continued growth, exhibit opening phasing has been proven to allow sustained attendance growth timing, and investment at the zoo, a Phasing Impact factor has been over a multi-year span. Without new exhibits, visitors have less added to the baseline attendance figure derived from multiplying and less a reason to visit. market size and average penetration rates.

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2.6.6 SEASONAL ATTENDANCE 2.6.7 PRICING

Seasonal attendance is based on an average of the last three years of In order to determine appropriate pricing, a number of factors the current Zoo were considered including: competitive attractions, quality of experience, length of stay, and target audience. Pricing was also examined at zoological institutions in the US and internationally. By establishing average admission fees for comparable zoological experiences, a pricing baseline was created. However in order to determine local pricing, it was first important to compare relative Total Attendance Chart values in Zoological Park at Puthurversus other countries. This was accomplished by understanding the concept of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) between the countries. According to the theory of PPP, relative currency exchange rates of any two countries should move towards rates that would equalize the prices of comparable goods or services in both countries. (Again we note the assumption that the zoo experience in Zoological Park at Puthurwill meet or exceed the experience in the peer zoos Attendance—% Day Zoo Park Chart identified.) For example if a McDonald’s Big Mac cost $3 in the US, a Big Mac in Zoological Park at Puthur should cost the Rupees equivalent of $3 or Rs.. 143. Further investigation showed that PPP attendance is therefore estimated as 34, 670 visitors. The weekly in Zoological Park at Puthuris roughly equal to the US. Therefore a attendance table, also summarizing the past three years of data zoo experience in Jharkand Zoo Park, that is comparable to a zoo Attendance—% Day Zoo Chart from the existing zoo, shows that weekly attendance levels would experience in US, should cost the same as in the US. The same peak on a Friday with an estimated 35% of visitors; 12,135 visitors. experience should cost 10% to 30% more than in Singapore which has a PPP of about 70%. Understanding these principals and the fact that the average adult zoo admission fee in the US is $10 to $12, an entry fee in Zoological Park at Puthur should be Rs.. 478 to Rs.. 574 in 2010 dollars. To further confirm the pricing assumption, one can also look at the price of a first run movie. Historically, zoo admission pricing has been closely related to the cost of a movie. In the US in 2010,

India SINGAPORE USA MELBORNE

1. Based on Peak Month of December, Day Zoo Only, Opening Year

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2.7 FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS a first run movie’s adult admission is priced at $10; close to the • The master plan concepts will be phased over several years to create overall zoo average admission price of $11. In India, a first run 2.7.1 STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF THE maximum and sustainable visitation through the use of low impact, movie is priced at Rs.. 526, again supporting a Rs.. 390 to Rs.. 455 BUSINESS PLAN environmentally sensitive and sustainable Development These imperatives, combined with the attendance projections, staffing plan, adult entry fee. A number of comparable attractions are also To complete the financial projections for the Zoological Park, phasing plan and overall Zoo design provide the basis for the revenue priced at a much higher level than the recommended Rs.. 390 we have and expense forecasts. admission fee. A premier water show park, is priced at Rs.. 1,287 identified the underlying strategic imperatives that will help to

for an adult and Wonderland is priced at Rs.. 75. Given the guide and direct the Zoo’s financial business plan. They are: quality of the visitor experience, the investment in facilities and 2.7.2 FINANCIAL PROJECTION ASSUMPTIONS visitor amenities, the target market, the expected length of stay, • Generate sufficient revenue to be self-supporting while It is important to note a number of assumptions that were used in the additional shows, and the competitive pricing, the new India covering all direct operating costs, exclusive of depreciation creating the forecast. These include: zoo can clearly support a price at the Rs.. 30 level for adults in and capital reinvestment costs 2003 prices. Given a 3.5% inflation rate the recommended adult • The Day Zoo will be open from 9:00AM until 6:00PM and the Day admission price at opening in 2012 would be Rs.. 35. Child pricing • Create a high-quality visitor experience that is pleasant to Zoo will be open from 7:00PM to 12:00PM (midnight); adjusted for should Rs.. 25 utilizing 2012 pricing levels. visit all year round and will serve as a landmark attraction for seasonal temperatures and daylight changes. national and international visitors • Admission fees will include the use of the Zoo’s internal • Offer an educational environment that is “user-friendly”, transportation system that will offer air-conditioned tram rides entertaining and will hold the attention of visitors of all between major exhibit areas and admission to the Bird of Prey educational levels presentation at the amphitheater.

• The visitor experience will be as interactive as possible with Fountain show presentations, Laser shows , Butterfly contact and Toy Train Activity with water cascading park, and opportunities for view photography.

• Annually, the WOW exhibit (Option) based on the phasing schedule will be advertised and promoted to support the annual attendance baseline.

• The Butterfly Park will have play & educational, interactive activities.

• Food and beverage and retail facilities will be offered within each of the major exhibit areas: Aquarium, Butterfly Park, Fountain, Laser Show and Toy Train in addition to the restaurant located at the Main entrance. All food and beverage facilities will be outsourced to a third party management company. The Zoo Park will receive a net commission of 20% on all sales.

Cinemas (Future Option) 455 455 market, length of stay, amenities • A multi-purpose auditorium suitable for lectures, meetings, and

films will be constructed at the Zoo’s entrance and will be available for Wonderland (Future Option) 975 975 market, amenities fee-based programs.

• Alcohol will not be served during the Day Zoo Park; but should be strongly considered for the Day Zoo Park as a major consideration for tourist and groups visiting the Day Zoo park for evening

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ANIMAL & BUILDING LIST APPENDIX 3

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1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 BUILDING LIST & KEY PLAN SERVICES

This appendix includes technical information in a summarized f ormat that supports the information presented in the other chapters of the Report. This information includes the animal list, building list and holding building floor plans that are keyed to the Exhibits and Buildings Diagram included in this Appendix.

The animal list identifies animal species and proposed specimens, exhibit area and mixed species, exhibit type, exhibit barriers, and outdoor and indoor holding areas. The building list identifies all building within the zoo including animal holding, visitor services and interpretive buildings, and administration. Information includes size, use, and overall wall/roof/floor construction. The holding building floor plans graphically indicate holding building layout I ncluding service and animal circulation, holding areas, and the buildings relationship to each of their respective exhibits. Note that several buildings are prototypes that can be used in multiple locations. The animals proposed to be housed in each of the holding buildings are identified on the building list and the building list is keyed to the Exhibits and Buildings Diagram. 1.0

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3.0 HOLDING BUILDINGS

: Rhinoceros Holding

Hoofstock Stable

Giraffe Holding

Jackal or Red Fox Holding

Cheetah Holding Elephant & Hippo Holding Areas

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3.0 HOLDING BUILDINGS (CONTD.)

Figure A6-13: Bear Holding & Viewing Key #: B-2, D-12, D-15

Figure A6-9: Hunting Dog Holding Figure A6-11: Langur / Gibbon Holding Key #: E-12 Key #: C-8

Figure A6-12: Colobus Holding Figure A6-14: Lower Level Gorilla Holding Key #: E-29 Key #: E-28

Figure A6-10: Arabian Wolf or Baboon Holding Key #: D-13, L-2

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3.0 HOLDING BUILDINGS (CONTD.)

Chimp Holding Tiger Holding Figure A6-19: Orangutan Holding

Pygmy Hippo Holding Bongo Holding Nocturnal Holding Building

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MASTER PLAN AND LANDSCAPE CONCEPT APPENDIX 4

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CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction

2.0 Organisation of the Master plan 2.1 Anchor Attractions 2.2 Day Zoo 2.3 Biodiversity Centre

3.0 Design Guidelines 3.1 Guidelines for Circulation 3.2 Guidelines for Display Approach and Animal Well-Being 3.3 Guidelines for Viewing 3.4 Guidelines for Barrier Systems 3.5 Guidelines for Artificial Rockwork 3.6 Guidelines for Life Safety and Security 3.7 Guidelines for Bedding and Substrate 3.8 Guidelines for Veterinary Centre and Quarantine 3.9 Guidelines for Horticultural Centre 3.10 Guidelines for Conservation and Breeding Centre 3.11 Guidelines for Animal Holding Areas 3.12 Guidelines for Live Food Area 3.13 Guidelines for Encounter Lagoon 3.14 Guidelines for Environmental Design for Site, Landscape and Buildings 3.15 Guidelines for Guest Comfort and Services

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1.0 INTRODUCTION Based on the site and program analysis and the program revisions in Chapter 2, the Master plan can now be presented. The Master plan has evolved from a simple concept diagram into a complex arrangement of animal exhibits, visitor services and support facilities. During the Master plan advancement, the ‘Modern Zoo’ was defined as well as Anchor Attractions identified and are presented in this chapter. This chapter of the Preliminary Study Report is composed of three primary sections: − The Modern Zoo defined and proposed Anchor Attractions envisioned for the India Zoo. − Master plan and Habitat Scenarios − Zoo Design Guidelines including Landscape Concept

2.0 ORGANISATION OF THE Master plan The overall Master plan consists of five major areas shown in the adjacent diagram: The Day Zoo, The Day Zoo, Encounter Lagoon, Biodiversity Museum, and the Northern Sector. The Northern Sector is composed of zoo service and support areas including Horticulture Nursery, Recycling Centre, Food Production Centre, limited Staff Housing, Captive Breeding and Conservation Centre, Veterinary Centre and Quarantine. This area is described in more detail later in this report. Each of the four other major areas share a common focus on the exploration and understanding of nature. While each area is described in detail later in this chapter, the following summarizes their basic components.

Day Zoo This area (a combination of the TOR’s Core Zoo and Wildlife Safari), open from morning through sunset will present animals, plants and cultures of Arabia, Africa and Asia, based on the story of Arabia as a “crossroads of wildlife evolution and dispersal.” Viewing and transportation will be provided by a loop trail and tram system connecting village hub areas. Discovery trails loop from, and return to, these themed village areas immersing guests in realistically recreated wildlife habitats in which the animals will be displayed. Wildlife safari rides take adventurers through simulated savanna habitats of Africa, Arabia and Asia re-enacting game drives in national parks in these three regions. While small nocturnal displays are planned, the emphasis will be upon diurnal species. Major Zoo Areas Diagram enhance the experience. Attractions also include a dramatic

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2.1 ANCHOR ATTRACTIONS Day Zoo, “Deserts of the World” moonlight safari drive through African plains and the Children’s Zoo The World’s first desert Day Zoo provides an especially Bedouin Camp and Camel Safari. This desert Bedouin This will comprise a Petting zoo, Pony rides, a Lorikeet aviary, entertaining wildlife experience in the cool of the evening tented camp includes falconry demonstrations, camel providing a walk-through and feeding experience - the children when both guests and wildlife are most active. Additional rides and safaris, camel husbandry demonstrations, and feed birds nectar, a Butterfly aviary with a walk-through cultural experiences accompany excellent food, beverage, cultural presentations of music, story telling, and dance, experience where butterflies would land on visitors, a Moth and souvenir opportunities including the Bedouin Camp with together with traditional food and refreshments. aviary (never-before-seen attraction during Day Zoo use – some a camel safari, falcon demonstrations, and cultural moths are huge!), together with Water Play area, a Storytelling entertainment. Experience the “Hunters of the Night” show where predators of the night move through the bush, roaring Encounter Lagoon circle and a general Play area. This is located in the Day Zoo. or sounding on cue, stalking their prey comparing Want to swim with dugongs, rays and coral reef fish? Visit lions with tigers and hyenas and Komodo “dragons”. Encounter Lagoon. Guests could swim or float along a Riverboat Safari

tropical rainforest river while the less adventurous could Boat rides tour the Arabian Marsh and Mangrove and follow Oasis Restaurant watch through underwater windows as other members of tributaries “all the way” to Asia, viewing Indian rhino and water An isolated desert oasis featuring wildlife viewing from your their family encounter marine mammals or clouds of buffalo, marsh deer, and gibbon apes, along with a variety of dinner table. colorful fish. Excellent food and other accommodations, cranes, storks, waterfowl, giant river fish and turtles, and

including separate family pavilions, would make this an perhaps otters and fishing cats. The boats return along the Falcon Amphitheater ideal family adventure during the day. At night, the Arabian marsh viewing native shore birds, traversing a A show with free-flight demonstrations of falcons, other birds adventure could continue with dramatic underwater mangrove swamp and sandbar where flamingos, spoonbills, of prey and animals. With falconry as the principal feature, lighting effects. The Encounter Lagoon would have a and ibis breed. Dorcus gazelle and jackal could also be the outdoor “Amphitheater” would be located with a separate entry from the Day and Day Zoos. observed from the boats. The ride is envisioned as small, local backdrop of desert habitats of animal icons such as oryx and boats independently powered and driven by local boatmen trained as “guides”; total length about 620m. This attraction cheetah. These animals could then be brought in on cue for Biodiversity Museum could be outsourced to an outside investor. demonstrations for the visitors. Fish eagles and Brahminy The fifth area is an independent attraction that will kites could give free-flight fishing demonstrations. Even giant feature state of- the-art interactive displays of the Adventure Safari (day) reptiles such as Komodo dragons and pythons could scientific principals and phenomena, which form the basis The themed safari vehicles would provide a re-creation of a participate. Shows would be outdoors in the shaded of the life displayed in the Day Zoo. The biodiversity story safari drive including fording through streams and lagoons, amphitheatre when temperatures are comfortable. During describes the multitude of interrelated life forms and getting “stuck in the mud”, driving through herds of the heat of the day, animal shows would occur in air processes, which form the foundation of the land and African/Arabian/Asian wildlife, meandering through the Rift conditioned comfort in the indoor theatre (some free-flight sea’s natural wealth. Appreciation of these webs of life is Valley and Baboon Cliffs, and perhaps even driving through a demonstrations would be limited). Portions of this attraction essential to the protection and sustainable use of this large free flying vulture colony. Could allow guests on certain could be outsourced to an outside investor. natural wealth. early morning tours to help feed hoof stock and even lions. Animal Behavioral Demonstrations Moonlight Safari (night) Dispersed throughout the zoo, surprise animal encounters The themed safari vehicles would provide a re-creation of a and demonstrations would occur. For example, cheetah can nighttime headlight safari drive of the World’s first desert night be trained to “stalk prey” and race after mechanical lures. An safari. Tours would include fording through streams and elephant herd could be walked across the savanna amid the lagoons, getting “lost in the desert”, and encountering a zebra, giraffe, ostrich, and safari vehicles. Marabou stork predator/prey simulation. could fly into the waterhole overlook on command, be fed by a volunteer child, then fly back as giraffe look on. A flock of noisy golden conure birds could fly through the indoor entry pavilion five times each day. Animal trainers could hand carry animals for up close experiences of birds or snakes or lizards.

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Village Tram The Asian Village would be a realistic recreation of an Asian This facility structure would resemble a real safari lodge with Travel in air-conditioned comfort from village to village in a village elevated above the marsh with floating gardens and live overnight rooms as well as cabanas and “tented camps”. There rubber-wheeled people mover. Along the way, visitors will have demonstrations of aqua cultural practices. Also, tree canopy would be a restaurant and perhaps a lounge with lions looking multiple views of many animal species and habitats. Interactive, views of gibbons, nose-to-nose encounters with tigers in (for tourists). The lodge is accessible from both the African multi-lingual interpretive systems could be built into the cars. (through glass), views of rhinos and birds, and water Village and safari rides. The Safari Lodge could also be rented buffalos/cart rides. See tigers fishing in a river, trained to swim, out as a unique function center. This attraction could be a Wild Cave Nocturnal Area pulling food from artificial carcass. outsourced to an outside investor. Located in the Arabian Wadi, the nocturnal area would include cool caves, pop-up and special views, feeding bats, sand cat, fox, Hippoquarium Lion Kopje scorpions, camel spiders, etc. Located in the African Village, underwater views of huge, yet Lions trained to roar together on cue, lions pulling meat from graceful, hippos surrounded by large and colorful fish. “Hippo artificial carcass, visitors pop-up among feeding lions. Lions lie Encounter Lagoon cam: (video fixed to hippos back) shows hippo’s view of guests. on top of the “safari van” which visitors can enter. Located in Swim with dugongs or other marine mammals, skates, rays, giant (Selected guests could feed hippos). Patas monkeys share the African savanna. fish in rainforest rivers. Could include a swim-through aviary as habitat, interacting with hippos. well. Modeled after Sea World Orlando’s “Discovery Cove” Giraffe Feeding where, for prices of over US $200.00, guests can swim with Arabian Hajar Wadi Feeding stations would be located near the African Village. dolphins, rays, and tropical fish; swim along a tropical forest river This area is proposed to stage a dramatic “flash flood and Perhaps other animals could also be fed from there if safe (through an aviary); enjoy excellent cuisine; and (for an additional thunderstorm” several times a day with ibex, tahr, wolf, caracal means can be devised. fee) “camp out”. We would like to explore the possibility of a and otter. Against a backdrop of dramatic cliffs and cascades, dugong sanctuary with possible swim opportunities to raise also experience underwater views of otters fishing. Elephant Swim funds for a major internationally recognized dugong conservation Located in the African savanna, imagine huge elephants program at the India Zoo. This attraction could be outsourced to African Hunting Dog Lure Coursing plunging and swimming along a simulated, 3m deep river only an outside investor. Morning and afternoons in the African savanna, trained African 5m away from guests on floating walkways and viewing hunting dogs chase artificial lure over rough terrain. Adjacent platforms. Entry Village, Authentic Arabian Village, Authentic zebra and roan antelope will probably behave excitedly as well. African Village, and Authentic Asian Village Animal Rides These areas are designed for “street musicians”, story telling, Syrian Bear Pony rides in the Children’s Zoo, camel rides at the Arabian “habitat theater” performances, and markets, as well as having Located in the Arabian Wadi, watch as bears fish and turn over Village, water buffalo cart and elephant rides at Asian Village. food, beverage, toilets, and air-conditioned rest areas. Prayer rocks and interact with visitors. Perhaps visitors could “feed” rooms and interpretive centers will also be provided at each the bears by releasing fish into the exhibit pool. Bears would Great Ape Demonstrations village. The Arabian Village would be a realistic recreation of a be rotated on-off exhibit to increase activity. Among the most popular zoo animals, great ape rural village and souk with live interpretation of traditional crafts, demonstrations/ keeper interactions would be located within farming, irrigation, with guest participation. Also, camel Cheetah Lure Coursing the Asian Rainforest and African Rainforest. See an orangutan demonstration and short camel and donkey cart rides with Located in the Arabian Desert exhibit, cheetahs chase lures cross over public walks on high rope between their postcard views of oryx and gazelle. The African Village would be a around large complex habitats, leaping ditches, dodging sanctuaries. Have your picture taken next to a curious, long- realistic recreation of an African lake-side community including among boulders. Morning and evening demonstrations. armed orangutan (behind reflection-proof glass). In the African markets, food demonstrations, a children-powered “ferry” to Rainforest, see gorillas nose-to-nose (through glass) and place cross a papyrus marsh and a restaurant overlooking the “hippo- African Safari Lodge your hand on the glass to see if the gorilla will follow visitor’s aquarium” and crocodiles, with elephant, giraffe, and lion in the Overnight lodging, a sunrise (or sunset) safari, feeding animals actions (or visitor’s follow the gorilla’s actions). Also, in background. A small “petting zoo” set up like an African farm similar to a real African safari experience. another African Rainforest exhibit, watch chimpanzees forage (shamba) would be located in the village as well. for termites in artificial termite mounds, swing on vines and branches, or even activate a water spray to get visitors!

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Naked Mole Rats (African Nocturnal Displays) Barriers: Description references to Exhibit Barrier Sections in the 2.2.1 ENTRY ARRIVAL AND PARKING Cool, dark displays of incredibly ugly mole rats are very popular and have often been marketed as special attractions. Active Design Guidelines, in this chapter and in Appendix 4—Animal List. Entrance Experience dwarf mongoose troop hunts crickets in artificial termite The entrance to the India Zoo is designed to draw the mound – living termite colony. Pop-up views among termites, Animal Holding Areas: Animal holding buildings, structural visitor from a distance into what will be one of the mole rats and mongoose. Large rock python snake feeding character and special features are identified in Appendix 4— most talked about and attractive zoos in the world. Buildings List. (weekly). The entrance experience is the first and last Management Servicing Requirements: Special features, also impression the visitor will have and it should be African and Asian Rainforest Conservatories see exhibit and holding area plans. Cool, moist fog and mist, colorful birds and giant trees, giant impressive and memorable. The architecture and frogs, amazing small animals like chameleon, giant beetles, experience has been designed to delight in a way that deadly vipers all contrast the desert zones of the zoo. The encourages return visits by locals and as a ‘must see’ adjacent graphic indicates the illustrative master plan and is for tourists. Modern facilities of this size and nature shown in its entirety. It is further detailed in subsequent cannot be appreciated simply as a passing event sections of this chapter. whilst buying a ticket and moving on to the main attractions. They must be attractions within themselves and draw visitors from a distance. An area of design often overlooked is how buildings appear from the air and in this case the flight path on arrival to Indiapasses directly over the zoo site; the entrance has therefore been designed to be viewed from the air and sought out on approach as one currently seeks out the other major tourist attractions such as the Creek, IndiaCreek Golf Club, and IndiaInternational Terminal one. The vehicular approach to buildings should be addressed in relation to topography and location. The Zoo site does not Entry Plaza Perspective have

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any landmarks that can be used as identifying features. It does not sit in an elevated position and there are no natural vistas. The vehicular approach and the direction to the zoo have therefore been designed to be unmistakable. The design of the entrance concept draws the visitor into the entrance plaza from the main road without the need for unnecessary signage. The zoo entrance will be the landmark in the area.

The Concept A family of Oryx arriving over a sand dune to drink at the watering hole of a palm oasis forms the entrance concept. The Oryx family will be stylized structures evoking imagery of the Oryx; each family member will have their own character and each will form an entrance to the Core Zoo, Day Zoo or Bio-diversity/Science Museum.

The Approach The zoo site sits on a bend on the approach road leading from Indiaand when the visitor passes this bend the horns of the Oryx family will become visible over a sand dune. Once this landmark has been identified the route to the zoo becomes unmistakable. The form and shape of the Oryx family will become more distinct as the visitor approaches the entry round about and one will thence drawn through the palm oasis towards the entrance at the ‘watering hole’. Upon arrival at the ‘watering hole’ the visitor has the option to continue and park or proceed to the drop off area. Traffic calming surface materials will be used in this area to slow and direct vehicular movement.

The Entrances The family of entrances at the India Zoo have been carefully arranged to draw the visitor into the Core Zoo, Day Zoo or Biodiversity/ Science Museum without confusion but with a combination of drama, fun and expectation. The Core Zoo entrance will be an opaque structure offering a cool, lofty and shaded environment for entry and waiting. The Day Zoo entrance will be a semi-transparent structure which, when lit from within, will have a subtle glow introducing this moonlit evening experience. The Bio-diversity/Science Museum entrance will be high tech and air conditioned introducing the style of expectation, delight, comfort and awe. A subtle slope rising up to the point of actual entry through the ticket turnstile has been introduced. It is at this point that the visitor will have his first glimpse of the zoo and will be drawn in to explore. This technique will have the opposite effect on exiting and it is designed to encourage lingering so that the visitor will explore the retail and food outlets on offer rather than Entry Plaza simply ‘heading for the door’.

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Core Zoo Entry Plaza The Core Zoo Entry Plaza is designed to comfortably embrace

and direct the visitor on entry and exit. Visitor comfort, ease of movement and clarity are important criterion in its design. The use of shade, air movement, volume and misting devices together with still and moving water will create an environment where the visitor feels comfortable and relaxed. The entrance is designed as a pause space in which visitors will wait to meet up with friends or family and buy tickets before moving into the zoo. It will also serve as a gathering space for meeting at education and auditorium facilities. Two distinctive waiting areas have been designed as palm and olive groves; each having cold-water springs and stylized streams. Retail areas and public amenities serve each of these waiting groves providing refreshments, maps, souvenirs, stroller rental facilities and educational material. exhibit expected in this facility. Confusion over which entry to use during day has been Day Zoo entrance will be screened with fountains addressed and this clarity has been designed into the concept. to direct visitors. The Biodiversity/ Water is used as a linking element throughout the project and Science Museum will, with its transparent high tech besides its physical and psychological cooling effects it will be façade, have its own unique identity so as to make its function used unmistakable and easily distinguishable from the other entrances. to direct, surprise and screen as an architectural tool. During the All the entrances have been designed to draw the visitor through day a screen of fountains will rise out of the pavement around the

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Within the entry volume sits the administration building, designed as a to the administration pod and food and retail outlets to encourage ‘floating’ glass pod. Its position will control the entry and have a view over visitors to linger in these revenue-generating areas. This does not mean the heart of the Core Zoo. Support facilities for administration such as stores however that the entry plaza will be uncomfortable; its environment will and archives are positioned in the car park level below. The angle of the be subtly and carefully controlled to encourage movement depending on administration pod within the entrance volume is designed to guide the visitor numbers. As described earlier the exiting visitor should not simply visitor in the right direction when entering or exiting. Having passed the ‘head for the door’ but be encouraged to linger in revenue generating entry turnstiles the visitor is introduced to the first of the live exhibits, an areas. aviary, the sounds of which would have been heard when first entering the Environmental controls as noted above will be employed and the plaza. The visitor is then encouraged around the aviary passing further retail relationship of the exit to the main tram station has been carefully and refreshment facilities to the main tram station. The use of air- considered to guide visitors past food and retail areas grouped around conditioned environments in the entrance area is limited the aviary and exit route.

Animal Species: Chickens, ducks, goats, sheep, Shetland ponies, dwarf Viewing Path llamas.

Plantings: Plants of economic importance as well as dramatic appearance such as maize, sorghum, sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, fig, sunflower, etc. arranged as a children’s garden and discovery maze.

Water: Interactive play fountains, small working falaj system.

Behavioral Enrichment: Husbandry and activity training, grooming by guests, and food puzzles.

Environmental Comfort: Continuous, covered walkway with mist spray for both guests and animals.

Play Areas Substrate: Deep mulch or sand with under drainage. Barriers: Attractive, colorful versions of fencing systems commonly attributed to agriculture.

Holding Areas: Attractive, colorful versions of agricultural systems using solar power to the extent possible.

Management Servicing Requirements: Conventional agricultural access and husbandry enhanced with behavioral enrichment and training.

Elephant Rides Picnic Area Play Sculpture

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Management Servicing Requirements: Service access vestibule and Children’s Garden cool storage for fresh browse storage. Relationship to Surroundings: Part of Children’s Zoo.

Butterfly Aviary Character, Guest Experience and Interpretive Theme: A lush Relationship to Surroundings: Part of Children’s Zoo. garden of trees, shrubs, groundcovers, grasses and The Children’s Habitat Character and Guest Experience: The Butterfly Aviary Garden, as a complement to the Butterfly Aviary, is other provides a walk through a lush garden of flowering plants. Colorful perennials typical of Africa, Arabia and Asia. The size of the plants butterflies from Africa, Arabia and Asia flutter around and land will be reduced to a scale that makes the child feel more upon guests, lighting on flowers and feeding stations to sip nectar. comfortable and at ease. Designed to stimulate the 5 senses, Caterpillars creep and feed on specially provided food plants. children will be encouraged to learn about plants by smelling and Guests get a close-up look at a butterfly “nursery” and can see the touching and seeing the plants distinctive qualities. They will also mysterious stages of metamorphosis from eggs to pupae to their learn about the role of insects and animals in the garden and how hatch! these critters help plants in the bio-diversity of life. Some plants could be shaped into topiaries of oversized animals or insects. Interpretive Theme: Butterflies are beloved throughout the world – Perhaps a take-home brochure could further enhance the they are a multicultural symbol of rebirth, the coming of spring, and experience by providing information about these plants and how Lorikeet Aviary the beauty and wonder of Nature. Here you will discover some of children could plant a garden at home. Relationship to Surroundings: Part of the Children’s Zoo. the unique butterflies of Africa, Arabia and Asia. Habitat Character and Guest Experience: In the Lorikeet Aviary Animal Species: Insects and butterflies (avoid potential guests are surrounded by these brightly colored small parrots of Animal Species: Many butterfly species (avoid potential agricultural agricultural pests). Indonesia and Australia. Guests may choose to purchase small pests). cups of nectar and allow the birds to perch on their hands and Habitat Size: See Appendix 4 - Animal List. arms while they feed. Habitat Size: See Appendix 4 - Animal List. Plantings: Ornamental species of trees, shrubs, groundcovers, Interpretive Theme: Animals can be fun! Get up close to and Plantings: Ornamental species and specific host species. Outdoor grasses and other perennials typical of Africa, Arabia and Asia. feed the lorikeets. They are curious and friendly little birds. butterfly garden of native plants to attract native butterflies. Water: Small pools and fountains. Animal Species: Rainbow lorikeets, budgerigars. Water: Pools and fountains. Habitat Size: 300 sqm. Environmental Comfort: Shade and fountains, careful use of Behavioral Enrichment: Abundant nectar and host plant sources. artificial fog and mist. Plantings: Abundant perch branches, other plants rotated because of expected bird damage. Environmental Comfort: Shade and fountains, careful use of Substrate: Colorful unit paving and mulch. artificial fog and mist. Water: Small, re-circulated stream and pool. Behavioral Management Servicing Requirements: Easy maintenance access Enrichment: Avian food puzzles and fresh browse branches. Substrate: Colorful unit paving and mulch. throughout the garden as well as easy transfer of nurse plants between display and breeding areas. Environmental Comfort: Continuous, covered walkway with mist Barriers: Large, tunnel-like window screen enclosure resembling for both guests and birds. giant caterpillar with shade cloth roof, large vestibules at entry and Children’s Play Area exit. Relationship to Surroundings: Part of Children’s Zoo. Substrate: Deep sand mulch with under drainage. Holding Area: steel frame shade house for raising nurse plants and Character, Guest Experience and Interpretive Theme: The Barriers: Walk-through aviary of very fine anodized stainless steel butterflies. Children’s Play Area consists of a variety of play equipment and mesh, shade material over top. structures designed to physically and mentally challenge children Management Servicing Requirements: Easy transfer of nurse plants of all ages. Location of equipment will be organized into zones that Holding Areas: air-conditioned, concrete holding building with between display and breeding areas. allow children of similar ages to play together with sitting and abundant natural light.

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eating areas around the perimeter to allow for caretakers to Interpretive Theme: Over centuries, the people of the Arabian Reptiles may include desert monitor and python. supervise activities. Equipment material could consist of metal or Peninsula have developed some remarkable working relationships Animal Species: Varies, but birds of prey featured. Species may wood or fiberglass or natural materials appropriate to the level of with animals. For example, the sport of falconry and the breeding also vary from season to season to offer return visitors a variety of activity and safety. Shade would be provided through the use of a and racing of Arabian horses have been exported and are enjoyed show experiences. lush garden of trees as well as architectural materials such as throughout the world today. roofed structures and shade cloth. Some of the equipment could be Visitor Circulation: Visitors will access this area from the main shaped like insects and animals of the garden to complement the Falcon Amphitheatre Experience: “This major development is the visitor path and circulate throughout the amphitheatre. Two other components of the Children’s Garden. most significant linkage between the India Zoo and Arabian points of entry/exit are provided. Animal Species: None culture”1 where the art of falconry has been perfected over Plantings: Shade trees along with complementary plantings of thousand of years. The show will be sited overlooking an extensive Plantings: Native desert species to screen structures yet blend into hardy shrubs and groundcovers to define zones with play area. panorama of Arabian desert with oryx, gazelle, and cheetah in the desert zone. Water: Small pools and fountains. mid-to-far distance; recalling the natural settings of this ancient Environmental Comfort: Shade and fountains, careful use of heritage. The shaded amphitheatre, planned for guests’ comfort, Water: Pool to allow fish eagles or Brahminy kites to demonstrate artificial fog and mist. Sitting and eating areas. Restrooms. with fans and mist systems, is the venue for bird of prey behavioral fishing ability. Substrate: Mulch or other accessible surfacing. demonstrations. Some examples include: Management Servicing Requirements: Easy maintenance access. Behavioral Enrichment: Training of birds and other animals. − Birds of Prey – A falcon dives from its release box below a Environmental Comfort: Shade and fans with mist spray in public Relationship to Surroundings: tethered balloon 100m above the audience to pluck its “prey” seating areas and shade and mist in bird holding areas. (bait) just above the audience’s heads. A sea eagle and a Brahminy Substrate: Packed sand and gravel. Along main path overlooking Arabian Desert Oryx exhibit. kite demonstrate their skill catching fish from a pool in full flight. A Holding areas: Support facilities for the amphitheatre would Habitat Character and Guest Experience: griffon vulture displays its massive wings, gliding in from a dead include air-conditioned and outdoor holding areas for raptors and Venues: tree. A towering marabou stork takes food from a child. − Arabian other demonstration animals, prop room and trainer office, toilet, Falcon Amphitheatre: shaded seating, 1,200 guests, naturalistic equestrians, with fine Arabian horses, falcons, salukis, and trained and changing room. The Falcon School would include two Arabian desert setting Indoor Animal Show Auditorium: seating camels could even provide demonstrations, passing in procession classrooms with advanced audiovisual capabilities, public Falcon 1,200 guests in dedicated, air-conditioned theatre Falconry School from their centre at the Arabian Village or Bedouin Camp. − Museum and Interpretive Center, faculty offices, preparation and with state-of-the-art Falcon Interpretive Centre, classrooms, Mammals could also be displayed. Perhaps Oryx and later cheetah storage areas, restrooms with showers, specialized raptor hospital specialized birds of prey treatment and hospital area, and mews could be “called in” from their displays in the background. Otters, for treating birds brought in as well as the Zoo collection of birds, area for birds of prey jackals, foxes, and genets have been used successfully in behavioral and outdoor, shaded raptor mews. demonstrations. − Reptiles such as monitors could be shown Management Servicing Requirements: Easy vehicle and electric locating and digging up turtle eggs. − This outdoor amphitheatre cart access for presentations throughout zoo and easy movement would be used primarily mornings and late afternoons during the between animal holding and performance area. warm season. India Zoo Terms of Reference, April 2002

Animal Show Auditorium Experience (Indoor Venue): Interpretive Theme: Animals are amazing and worth protecting. Bird Show including everything from macaws and parrots to starlings, peafowl, and small raptors. Mammals could include fox, leopard, hyena, otter, civit, sand cat, and primates.

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Water: Permanent pools, intermittent flow between some Plantings: Avicenna marina, Typha, Spartina, phragmites, scripus Habitat Character and Guest Experience: This area will resemble a broad, gravel floodplain with the wadi stream pools, treated, re-circulated system with pool liners.

Water: Lagoon will be lined, filtered and re-circulated. flowing intermittently along one side with occasional floodplain tree species such as date palms, garath, and sidr. Large herds of Behavioral Enrichment: Food balls and fresh browse for hoof stock. Lure coursing for cheetahs. Behavioral Enrichment: Food balls for wading birds and waterfowl. graceful Arabian gazelles move along the wadi while stately Arabian oryx stand in the shade of date palms. A family of cheetah overlooks the flood plain from a river terrace. Environmental Comfort: Shade trees with hidden mist spray for animals, shaded viewing structures along main path with fans Interpretive Theme: The Arabian desert is a challenging habitat, and sprays. yet many animals and plants are perfectly adapted to its extremes of temperatures, scarcity of water and strong winds. Substrate: Sand and washed gravel.

Animal Species: Arabian oryx, Arabian gazelle, and cheetah. Barriers: Rotterdam fencing built into riverbank, hidden with waterside plantings. Habitat Size: See Appendix 4 - Animal List Visitor Circulation: Visitors view into exhibit from main visitor Holding Area: Desert Hoof stock: Hidden, naturally ventilated path which borders it on two sides. The village tram traversers paddock with central, pole-supported roof structure and holding the site. pens with fans and mist systems.

Plantings: Date palms, ghaf, garath, sidr, willow, salt cedar, and Management and Service Requirements: Access for training, dodonea. vehicle access vestibules, shaded loading chutes, scales, and restraint devices. Environmental Comfort: Air-conditioned tour boats; mist systems for animals.

Barriers: Birds will be pinioned. Hopefully, wild birds will also be attracted. Gazelle and Jackel will be contained with underwater fencing or fencing hidden in ditches with anti-dig panels.

Holding Areas: Birds, Gazelle and Jackal; simple, hidden, mesh covered roofed structures with small climate retreat structure for animals.

Management Servicing Requirements: Staff access to nest and feeding islands.

Desert Zone 1 Relationship to Surroundings: The wadi, dry or flowing intermittently through this open desert habitat, empties into the Arabian Coastal marsh. The Children’s Zoo, Falcon Amphitheatre and Arabian Village all overlook this important zone, making it the backdrop for many visitors and activities as well as being a major display area. The Village Tram also passes through this area among the animals.

Site Section

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The activities and exhibits continue in the air-conditioned shelter Environmental Comfort: Village has shady arcades with mist of the interpretive centre where guests may view live exhibits of sprays, air-conditioned indoor areas, water play in falaj; for some of the small reptiles, mammals and invertebrates familiar to leopard, conditioned holding area, hidden mist spray on villagers (such as the fearsome camel spider), receive a henna exhibit. “tattoo,” have fun forming sand dunes with a special interactive, try their hand at village crafts, or observe bees in a log hive. Substrate: Traditional village paving materials.

Interpretive Theme: The rural peoples of the Arabian desert are Architecture: Ideally, the village would be built by traditional uniquely adapted to living with the land. In the Arabian Village you crafts people of authentic materials and designs (yet suitable will discover how villagers make use of what the land offers, for contemporary use) guided by local anthropology and cultivating life in a challenging environment. Learn about some of cultural experts. the unique contributions to the world, such as crafts, textiles, food and medicines, that originated with the people, wildlife and plants Management and Service Requirements: Screened parking for of the Arabian Peninsula. staff electric carts and light service vehicles.

Animal Species: Small species in interpretive center; small Desert Zone 2 domestic species such as goat and sheep as part of the agricultural Relationship to Surroundings: Located on and around a 7m story. high dune hill immediately west of village and on adjacent rolling terrain. Visitor Circulation: Visitors enter and exit the Arabian Village by way of the main visitor path. Habitat Character and Guest Experience: Behind the village, through a date grove, guests would encounter an Arabian Plantings: Local, economic plants such as dates, figs, olives, leopard on a dune watching a flock of goats and sheep – part of Environmental Comfort: Covered viewing and interpretive areas citrus, castor bean, maise, grains, and other traditional plants. a village flock. A herd of camels browse nearby in a camel with mist sprays and drinking fountains. camp. Here guests can learn about the amazing lore of camel Water: Permanent, filtered, re-circulated pool with liner in wadi husbandry and take a short camel ride (longer rides would be Substrate: Sand next to village; working falaj system irrigating crops; working available in the Bedouin Village). shallow well, which can be operated by guests. Barriers: Leopard would be in large, covered enclosure of Interpretive Theme 1: Living with predators anodized stainless steel mesh covering existing tress. Traditional containment for camels. Interpretive Theme 2: Amazing camels Viewing: Would be from two-level viewing blind at village edge. Animal Species: Persian leopard, sand cat, goats, sheep, and camels. Holding Areas: The concrete leopard holding building would be built into façade of village street fronts and semi-buried into the Habitat Size: See Appendix 4 - Animal List dune behind.

Visitor Circulation: Visitors access zone from the Arabian Management and Service Requirements: Secure access to Village. leopard display and holding area; screened electric cart parking.

Planting: Existing desert trees supplemented with other native Hajar Wadi species. Relationship to Surroundings: Following the wadi path upstream Water: Not an exhibit element here. along the main path from the Arabian Village, guests encounter a secondary path leading into the Hajar wadi. Exiting from this Behavioral Enrichment: Leopard – spring-tethered bones, zone, guests enter the African Savanna near the African Village. Resting bear cooling in a pool scent trails; goats, sheep, and camels – fresh browse, food balls, grooming by public. 1/3/2014 PZP-100 PUTHUR ZOOLOGICAL PARK 38 Report – PZP-100 PUTHUR ZOO Preliminary Study Report

Plantings: Baobab (artificial planted with living baobabs), phoenix Environmental Comfort: Guests find air-conditioned refreshment Elephant Kopje reclinata, large date palms (to shade elephants and hippos), Arnndo in the café, interpretive center, Village Tram Station and Relationship to Surroundings: The Main Path exits to the north donax, cyperus papyrus, cyperus alternafolis, economic plants like Interpretive Center, and shade from Baobab trees and palms. of the African Village between Klipspringer Kopje and Elephant maise, groundnuts, yams, gords, and sorghum. Elephants, hippos and monkeys find shade from large date palms; Kopje. elephants, crocodiles, and hippos retreat into cool water on warm Water: Major water life support system with separate service to days, where they remain visible to guests behind underwater Habitat Character and Guest Experience: This formation simply hippo pool, crocodile pool, elephant pool, and papyrus marsh using windows. hides the massive elephant/hippo/rhino/giraffe holding quarters, ozonation and filtration. System includes off-exhibit hippo pool. but together with the other two kopjes, creates a memorable Barriers: Underwater walls with overhangs sufficient to contain setting for the African Village. Artificial Rockwork: Large kopje boulders (hiding hippo/ elephant swimming hippos and elephants. Artificial rockwork boulders holding building) extend into the hippo and crocodile pools. Gunite contain crocodiles. Artificial Rockwork: Major artificial kopje formation. or shotcrete pool system is extensive with pool bottoms and side walls colored black to optimize reflective quality of water. Holding: Patas monkey, hippo and elephant would be in spacious, Lion Kopje air-conditioned concrete holding buildings with large, shaded, off- Relationship to Surroundings: Across Papyrus Marsh from Substrate: Pool edges are shotcrete textured like sand and gravel, exhibit yards. Crocodiles would be in shaded, outside off-exhibit African Village, on edge of open plains (safari ride area). upland areas are sand. Smooth concrete colored like sand and pools and compounds. Cranes and other wading birds and gravel for crocodiles. waterfowl live on-exhibit, but have a holding compound for use Habitat Character and Guest Experience: Across the village from when needed. Klipspringer Kopje is a Lion Kopje, noted for the pride of lion Behavioral Enrichment: 3m deep simulated river allowing aquatic, living there. Hyena and meerkat are also seen there. The lion’s aerobic exercise of elephants with help from trainers. Hippos could Management and Service Requirements: Air-conditioned hay, holding area is behind the kopje display. A second lion troop have a variety of self-activated underwater jets to play in. Patas grain, and browse storage structures, covered manure storage and resides on the west side of the kopje facing the African Safari monkeys could play on logs balancing river bends. Holding area removal areas, holding buildings include restraint devices, scales, Lodge. Shaded, elevated overlook shelters provide views across enrichment features could include hanging browse feeders, self- training access areas, transfer and loading chutes, and crate the African Safari plains and provide opportunities to feed giraffe activated showers and indoor pools. training areas. and antelope. When seen from the Safari Ride, these lions appear to be part of the habitat as well.

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Safari Lodge & Camp / Lion Kopje Site Section

Habitat Character and Guest Experience: Envisioned as an Habitat Character and Guest Experience: This habitat, so ideally and solar-powered hotwire systems such as “hot grass” and “hot outsourced concession within the zoo, the Safari Lodge and presented with existing plantings of Acacia and prosopis, vines”. camp could be modeled after South African game parks. In fact, provides home for many dramatic African species. A narrow trail the entire facility could be built on contract by South African passes Lion Kopje near a thicket where a serval cat hunts. Water: Occasional small, shallow waterholes (lined, filtered, and developers using genuine Zulu thatchers (this has been done at Shaded by overhanging acacia, guests get multiple views into re-circulated). two US zoos). The lodge is seen as an overnight clearings or shady groves where Grevy zebra, lesser kudu, accommodation with rooms as wells as cabanas and tented ostrich, and wart hog, among many other species, are seen. Artificial Rockwork: Large, artificial termite towers, shallow camps. Determination of the number of rooms will be pools. determined by the developer. A memorable “lion lounge” (with Interpretive Theme: Biodiversity of African dry deciduous real lions!) would especially appeal to tourists, while everyone woodland. The focus is on interactions and dependencies would enjoy cool beverages on the terrace above the African between animals, plants, habitat. Comparisons will be made to waterhole at sunset. Lodging could include night game drives related Arabian animals living in similar habitats. and sunrise safaris where guests can help feed animals out on the plains (a very popular program at the San Diego Zoo). Animal Species: Waterbuck, impala, gerenuk, Grevy zebra, lesser kudu, ostrich, roan, wart hog, and crested porcupine. Carnivores African Woodland include serval and hunting dog. Relationship to Surroundings: A loop trail leads from the African Village, across the marsh to Lion Kopje, passes through Habitat Size: See Appendix 4 - Animal List. the woodland and returns to the village. Visitor Circulation: Immersion pathway from Safari Lodge to African Village

Plantings: Acacia tortilis, A. nileotica, A. abyssinica, A. elatior, and comiphora. Tree protection could include gravel substrate

Figure 4-48: Ostrich in Savanna 1/3/2014 PZP-100 PUTHUR ZOOLOGICAL PARK 40 Report – PZP-100 PUTHUR ZOO Preliminary Study Report

Barriers: Rotterdam (hidden) fencing.

Holding Areas: Hidden, naturally ventilated paddocks with central pole-supported roof structure and holding pens with fans and mist systems, climate-controlled perches and retreat areas for hunting dog.

Management and Service Requirements: Access for training, vehicle access vestibules, shaded loading chutes, scales, and restraint devices.

Leaving the African Woodland loop, the visitor returns to the African Village: Continuing past the village, guests round the Klipspringer Kopje following a river meander across which a lonely bull elephant browses in the shade of a giant View from Village Savanna date palm. Beyond (in the African Safari) white rhino, common zebra and wildebeest are scattered across the plain Behavioral Enrichment: Locally grown browse branches, to the horizon. changing scent stations, possible alternate rotation of hunting dogs and roan antelope between each other’s enclosures. Mud wallow, dusting area and root feeder for wart hogs.

Environmental Comfort: Air-conditioned viewing blinds are located along the Woodland Trail, which contain most of the interpretive material and cool drinking fountains. Hidden mist heads could be used to create cool areas for animals.

Substrate: Sand and gravel. Some turf areas could be provided for hunting dog habitat, which is near marsh edge.

Figure 4-50: Gorilla Viewing

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Habitat Size: See Appendix 4 - Animal List.

Visitor Circulation: Short-loop immersion pathways from Conservatory Interpretive Theme: Tropical marshes are biological “solar Holding: Fully conditioned, concrete structure holding areas into simulated tropical landscape and outdoor viewing of great apes. factories” producing biomass from sunlight and silt deposits, hidden by plantings or semi-buried (rhino and deer). Shade and are rich wildlife habitats. covered pools and haulout areas for gharial and python. Shade Plantings: Bombax, Newtonia, Acacia, Albizzia, Arfamonum, Costa, covered pens and small pools for wading birds. Begonia, lianas such as Strychnos. Animal Species: Indian rhinoceros with hog deer, gharial, python, demoiselle crane, water buffalo and common crane. Management and Service Requirements: Loading, transfer, Water: Substantial high level overhead irrigation with sound effects scales, and restraint chutes for rhino and deer. creating afternoon “thunderstorms,” artificial mist and fog systems, Plantings: Phragmites, Arnndo donax, Scirpus. stream, cascades, and waterfalls (especially in tropical house). All Asian Savanna – Komodo Island water systems treated with ozone, filtered and recirculated. Water: Large, lined marshes and ponds, artificial rockwork Relationship to Surroundings: Located on a short side loop trail linings for rhino and gharial. Water treated and re-circulated. between the Asian Marsh and Himalayan Hillside. Artificial Rockwork: Granite boulders, artificial buttress trees covered with living epiphytes, cascades, streams, pools. Behavioral Enrichment: Mud wallows and brush rubbing posts and random scent trails for rhino, fish feeders for gharial, and Behavioral Enrichment: Chimps: artificial termite mound feeders, cricket feeders for cranes. lianas with attached natural fruit, and hidden puzzle feeders; gorillas: browse areas; most animals: shallow water to lie in, artificial mist and Environmental Comfort: Artificial cooling fog and air fog systems, and cold rocks. conditioned tour boats for guests; fans and mist in outdoor holding areas. Environmental Comfort: Shallow cool pools, artificial fog mist, mist and rain, cool rocks and retreats. Air-conditioned indoor exhibits and Substrate: Sand, mud wallows for rhino. viewing blinds. Barriers: Underwater barriers for rhino and deer. Substrate: Tall turf and sand. Grazing Rhino Barriers: Wet moats, dry moats, rockwork, viewing blinds.

Holding Areas: All holding areas are in fully air-conditioned space, concrete construction with stainless steel caging, community rooms and temporary holding areas, all optimizing access to natural light.

Management and Service Requirements: Training access, transfer chutes, scales, and restraint devices.

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Kazakh Camp Safari tourists may stop at a circle of yurts, a camp of nomads offer tea, shade, cultural displays, and public restrooms. A Kazakh rider, on a sturdy pony not unlike the Przewalski’s wild horse, residing here. These would include Indian and griffon vulture, demonstrates the falconry of Central Asia. steppe eagle, pied raven, and marabou stork, all conditioned to nest here. Returning to their vehicle, tourists then drive through the vulture gorge, perhaps pausing to study the vultures up close as they feed.

Arabian Desert Safari The plain becomes dryer and flatter with dry salt pans as well as permanent wadis circled with wild dates and ghaf. Species include onager, sand gazelle and bustard. Camel herds browse thorn trees (actually nursery-grown browse) and Arabian tahr, favoring higher, rocky ground, look down upon the tourists photographing them from below. Baboon on watch

Asian Steppe Safari Sturdy Preswalski’s horse graze here, as do goitered gazelle and The safari group passes between (existing) 8-10m high dunes. mountain gazelle. Two-humped Bactrian camels are also seen.

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2.3 BIODIVERSITY MUSEUM As part of the overall zoo complex, the Biodiversity Museum has been located alongside the entrances to the Day and Day Zoos. The primary areas within the museum combines both replicated habitats and live animals with scientific and educational exhibits designed to satisfy the needs of students of all ages as well as research study programs. Cooperative ventures between international wildlife institutions and research facilities for the overall zoo complex can be funneled through this facility. The primary features of the Museum are as follows:

− Immersive walk-through of the “Earth’s Origin” − Eco-zone exhibits including: − Oceans/Islands − Polar/Tundra − Montana/Tiaga (Boreal Forest) − Temperate Forest − Tropical Forest − Savanna/Steppe/Grasslands − Deserts − Museum Theatre, General Exhibition Area and Themed Café

2.3.1 EARTH’S ORIGINS - A WALK THROUGH TIME Pateozolc (Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian) The visitor begins a ‘walk-through-time’. Caves leads into a dark, misty, warm spaces with bubbling “volcanic” eruptions, flashing lightning, rumbling thunderous sounds. Strange smells emanate through the space with flying ask and lava as the visitors are immediately immersed in a chaotic and uncomfortable space. Continuing on, the visitor passes into a mist and the sights and sounds of water begin to appear. Mountains in the distance are now seen and the visitors cross water by way of a rocky bridge as slicks of blue-green appear and disappear on the water’s surface. The surface is broken intermittently by the dome-like forms of stromatolites. Observation tanks built into the side of rocky walls depict small single-celled organisms that are highly magnified.

Figure 4-83: Biodiversity Museum Site Plan 1/3/2014 PZP-100 PUTHUR ZOOLOGICAL PARK 44 Report – PZP-100 PUTHUR ZOO Preliminary Study Report

Oceans/Islands Mesozoic (Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, 2.5.2 THE MUSEUM VISITOR’S EXPERIENCE: The rhythmic sound of crashing waves directs the visitor’s Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous) BIODIVERSITY FOCUS AREAS. Towards the next transitional portal, the surrounding light attention to the Ocean Biome Focus area, A cool salty breeze and The following text has been taken from the 1997 Preliminary Study Bickering green light introduces the biome. A tidal touch pool fills begins to open up and the sound of ocean waves becomes report prepared by Rice Perry Ellis and details the approaches more evident. The landscape forms become more terraced as and empties with the wave cycle as a taped loop of sea bird calls taken within the main Biodiversity Focus Areas: The Biodiversity surround the visitor. A replicated sea shore along the tide pool is steamy, bluegreen hot springs bubble over the layers of calcium Focus Areas allow visitors the opportunity to discover the wonders deposits. Small pools illuminated from below show strangely home to a collection of birds. The tidal surge exposes the littoral of the earth’s biomes. Comparisons between biomes, geologic zones of barnacles, periwinkles, rockweed and other organisms formed creatures like trilobites and cephalopods. Themed history and comparative species characteristics within these tanks of horseshoe crabs and squid, octopus and cuttlefish, typical to a rocky shore. Past the tide pools, a cross-section of a chosen areas are illustrated with models, live animals and video sandy dune exposes models of burrowing crabs and the root frogs and salamanders, etc. line the path. The visitor now wherever appropriate. Immersive techniques are used in each enters a replicated Carboniferous swamp with large scale tree systems of beach grasses. A freestanding tank demonstrates space. These spaces include live plants and animals, replicated ocean currents backed by an electronic map Illustrating the major ferns, dark pools, horsetails, marsh gas eruptions, giant insects, habitat features, electronic interactive components, visual screeching bird-like sounds and dinosaur evidence such as currents of the world. Tides, Winds, Storms and oceanic graphics, remote camera connections to animal & habitat features phenomena are introduced and explored through a variety of footprints and crashing noises, The air is warm and moist and throughout the zoo, and satellite link-ups with selected natural smells organic. Large scale replica dinosaurs are spotted hands-on Interactive displays. Similar methods describe various research facilities throughout the world. All these components will oceanic habitats such as the Continental Margin, The Great through the forest. Coniferous trees and flowering plants begin be relative and appropriate to the regions being depicted. These to dominate the Barrier Reef, The South Pacific Islands, Galapagos & Madagascar focus areas will provide opportunities to feature exotic plants and are featured as unique habitats. landscape. Running fresh water spills down a waterfall and animals in a controlled environment. Each biome focus area will be through the forest. The forest noise becomes louder and a treated in a similar fashion using appropriate replicated habitat Polar/Tundra cacophony of animal and insect noises are heard as the visitors features, Focus Biomes continue toward another cave. At the cave entrance, another The polar story is introduced by a flickering cool blue light and a blast of cold air. The polar region is typified by almost constant loud explosion and flash of light marks the “KT Boundary” or Tropical Rain Forest the cataclysmic celestial event that is reputed to have caused frozen ground. The visitor begins by passing through an ice cave The rich organic aroma of decaying vegetation, a light mist and into the strange colour of the continual sunlight summers known the extinction of the dinosaurs. Inside the cave, this theory is surrounding chirps, clicks and buzzing of abundant insect life explored by bands of iridium in the strata of the rock wall, as the ‘Midnight Sun”, A time-lapse video loop illustrates the surrounds the visitors as they enter the Tropical Rain Forest. A seasonal cycles of these extreme latitudes. Projected images of believed to be the first hard scientific evidence of a large giant buttress trunk seems to puncture the ceiling as a large tree asteroid having struck the earth. Video footage re-creates the musk-oxen, and caribou herds are shown In the vast landscape. branch dripping with bromeliads and fine, curling tendrils of vines Animals’ adaptation strategies to extreme temperatures are atmospheric changes caused by the event. Clouds of dust and punches back down to the visitor’s height Captured within the debris, fires and temperature changes are shown or explored by comparing dominant species from the Arctic, thick blades of the beautiful flowering epiphytes, a colorful array of Antarctic and the Siberian Wilderness. Techniques for this experienced in the cave. replicated insect, beetles, butterflies and tree frogs flit by the Cenozoic (Tertiary, Quaternary- present) A Geologic scale is exploration are video, interactive computer links to research inquisitive visitor. Hands-on interactive activities, cut-aways and stations and replicated features, The tundra and taiga are depicted graphically to highlight the walkthrough- time computer linked real time stations connected to actual field experience, The adaptation of. plants and animals, the Illustrated using maps, three dimensional models, dioramas and research stations are found within the naturalistic surroundings. Interactive video, The pathway becomes spongy and soft as formation of islands and atolls, and continental tectonics will Topics for exploration Include cooperation, mimicry, adaptation, be exhibited using the same combination of replicated habitat visitors pass over a replicated section of a soft, dark-brown layer predator/prey relationships, ecological considerations, local of decomposing vegetation covered by thick moss that typifies features, live animals, video and interactive learning cultural impact. comparative species from differing rain forests, opportunities. the tundra ground during the short period of thaw. At the rear of inhouse research stations with additional educational materials for the space, a large mural backdrop Illustrates the diversity of life exploration. Ie. library, audio/visual materials, communication that has successfully adapted to these harsh environments. links, etc. Woives, polar bears, wolverines, arctic hares, foxes, lemmings and snowy owls are depicted in their natural environments. Visitors are invited to match the animals to their respective habitats. In the background, humming sounds of swarms of blackflies & mosquitoes remind the visitors that this is a difficult and inhospitable land. Wildflowers,

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stunted herbs and shrubs rise on either side of the path as a large The wide open grasslands of the African and South American protect many desert plants from predators. Passing between two replicated section of a conifer defines the edge of the Taiga. savanna, the Asian steppe, American prairies and pampas all tall dunes, the visitors are directed to a rocky outcrop housing a Montane Taiga (Boreal Forest) share similar traits. This is the primary home of the world’s grazing variety of desert reptiles and insects. A computer linked research The giant tree section exposes the varying shelter it provides for a animals, hoof-stock such as wild horses, bison and deer. Visitors station ties the Biodiversity Museum to different research outposts variety of animals. A multitude of tree trunks now begin to close will enter a room of mostly sky with tall grass and shrubs at each studying desert wildlife. The desert focus area leads out towards the space. Visitors are entering the Taiga, or Boreal Forest. White side. This rich carpet of herbs, shrubs and wildflowers provides the conservation area where more Information on the region is & black spruce, balsam fir, willows, alders, grasses, small plants, shelter for migratory and ground nesting birds. A sweeping storm available. Further instruction and information will be available shrubs, mosses and lichens define this rich forest area, Black builds in one corner of the room as the sky darkens and a large through the zoo’s educational programs in the labs and bear, moose, wolf, coyote, lynx, wolverine, mule deer, and elk format video of rolling-clouds displays the building storm. A warm classrooms. leave distinctive markings that identify their territories. Visitors breeze creates “waves” across the grass as the visitors feel 2.5.3 THE MUSEUM THEATRE, EXHIBITION SPACES learn to match animal backs, scratch marks and other visible signs immersed in the vast habitat. A flock of grouse, suddenly startled, AND THEMED CAFE of these elusive mammals. Live and replicated grouse, owls, fly off into the horizon. A herd of antelope skitter across the Using State of the Art cinematic techniques (iMax®, or similar) woodpeckers, grey jays, chickadees, nuthatches and other typical visitor’s view. The drama and power of an open grassland storm showings are made Natural History and Wildlife films. This space birds are found here. The “muskeg” is identified as the North plays across the video as synchronized lighting dims and flashes is also developed to serve as a large lecture hall for the American area of lakes, rivers, streams, pre-Cambrian granite and sound enhancement fills the room with the evidence of the presentation of seminars, presentation and specialist lectures to outcrops where white birch, aspen small plants & shrubs, otters, storm. The diversity of life to the grassy plains is revealed as the be held throughout the year. Associated with the Theatre would be beavers, muskrats, migratory birds, coats, ducks, grebes, white storm passes through. The visitor is able to monitor the changes in smaller presentation rooms and function spaces which would pelicans, bison, moose and migratory whooping crane make their temperature and wind speed, as well as the electromagnetic data serve as secondary exhibition and presentation spaces. home. By contrast, the Asian equivalent Is defined by a belt of that the storm registers. A large scale electronic map of the world’s Central to this multi-purpose complex would be a small restaurant. coniferous forest Larch which Is home to the carnivorous martens, grasslands illustrate the similarities and differences between the 2.5.4 BIO-DIVERSITY MUSEUM ENTRY PLAZA herbivorous elk, brown bear and many species of birds. animals that make their homes there. The entry plaza for the Bio-diversity museum has been The large conifer forests, featuring ponderosa pine, lodgepole Deserts incorporated into the family of entrances to promote interaction pine, spruce, Douglas fir and evergreens defines the montane Visitors now leave the grasslands biome and enter the deserts of and interest between the attractions. Each facility will thus act as biome of North America. As a contrast the Asian montane biome. the world. The temperature is becoming warmer and the light more a draw card for the other encouraging return visits to further Temperate Forest bright and harsh. A warm breeze introduces this most familiar explore the entire experience. As each experience expands or has Temperate hardwood forests are typified by the combination of biome. Within the Deserts locus area, the strange and wonderful new attractions the cycle of continual exploration will be broad leaved deciduous trees with occasional thickets of adaptation of desert life from around the world is explored. The maintained. The entry to the biodiversity museum is therefore evergreens. The visitor enters this biome through a colonnade of world’s low latitude deserts such as the Arabian, Iranian & designed as an interactive space between building and plaza to slender trunks, the base branches of which are close to the ceiling. Turkistan desert: The Sahara, Takla-Makan & Gobi deserts; The present a selection of draw card exhibits to those passing and The colorful seasonal transition In the deciduous forest is Thar desert: The Kalahari & Namib deserts; The Australian desert; entering the Core and Day Zoos. It is envisaged that some of the highlighted by a walk through the changing seasons. As visitors The Great American desert. The Atacama desert and the exhibits will be external and the design incorporates simple water pass through the trunks, the heavy leaves overhead slowly change Patagonian desert of South America are features. While each barriers so that these exhibits feel as though they are part of the from green to blushing shades of red, yellow and gold. The light region is unique, aridity and temperature extremes are what they overall entrance experience. changes and the temperature cools as the leaves are now all share. A section of sand dune exposes the burrows of small The exhibits incorporated within this facility will be further underfoot and winter has arrived. Within several of the trunks, mammals and reptiles that seek shelter from the sun. A rocky shelf developed in close consultation with IndiaMunicipality. The small mammal burrows are found along with graphic and video radiates heat as scrubby, hardy small shrubs cling to crevices. The concept design and its position in the master plan demonstrates presentations of the forest animals adaptation to the changing perseverance of life is most dramatic in the deserts. how the important interrelation seasons. Signs of deer, wolves, coyotes, black bears, moose, From a tall replicated saguaro cactus from the American desert raccoons, skunks, resident and migratory birds, are identified and that store water in its thick ribs to the seemingly delicate, tiny explored. The-world’s temperate forests are compared and pebble like succulents of the Kalahari, the many fonts of survival contrasted through a multitude of interactive displays. become apparent. Visitors will be enchanted by the variety of Savanna / Steppe / Grasslands survival techniques adopted by desert flora. Everything from long, lethal looking spines to fine hair like stickers and sandy coloration

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3.0 DESIGN GUIDELINES It is envisioned as a system of rubber-wheeled trains operating Safari roads will be paved near gates, at scheduled stops areas The following guidelines are outlined in this section: on a dedicated roadway (consisting of unit pavers) separate from (Safari station, Day Zoo station, Safari Lodge, Rift Valley, Kazakh public and service ways. Overpasses and underpasses would Camp), and any area showing signs of damage through overuse. − Circulation prevent conflict between walking visitors and the tram. The Special “adventure areas” using concrete paving designed to − Display Approach and Animal Well-Being village tram would pass under the visitor path exiting the zoo simulate rutted earth or mud can be used to ford streams or − Viewing entry. The station at the Arabian Village would be depressed other wet areas. Paving with curb “guideways” can traverse − Barrier Systems somewhat, following the adjacent stream course where it could shallow water, giving guests the impression that the vehicle is in − Artificial Rockwork cross a “flooded wadi” for dramatic effect. The African Village danger of being “washed away” or “mired in deep water”. When − Life Safety and Security station would be elevated, passing along the edge of a kopje, existing soil conditions are adequate, safari vehicles will traverse − Bedding & Substock under overhanging boulders. The Rainforest station gives access the large enclosures along irregular tracks made by the vehicles, − Veterinary Centre and Quarantine to the popular African and Asian rainforest environments following standards for approaching animals established by the − Horticulture Centre (gorillas, chimps, tigers, and orangutans). The Asian Village Animal Care Staff and guidelines established by the D.M. − Conservation and Breeding Centre station could be below the elevated village, crossing the dark Horticulture Department to minimize damage to soil and − Animal Holding Areas swamp. Returning to the Entry Village, the village tram passes plantings. Roadways between safari hoof stock enclosure will − Live Food Area along marshes and through mangroves, emerging into the Entry generally be paved with “cattle guards” and, where needed, − Encounter Lagoon Garden on the hillside above the zoo entry. Popular exhibits automatic gates. Access into lion enclosures will be by a − Environmental Design for Site, Landscaping and Buildings seen from the village tram in passing include children’s zoo, vestibule and double gate system operated by a trained staff − Landscape and Horticulture oryx, brown bear, elephant, chimpanzee, gorilla, bongo, tiger, member. All safari roads must be accessible to emergency and − Guest Comfort and Services and Indian rhino. Based upon a 6,500 person design day, with service vehicles. 60% of guests using the tram, peak hour capacity would be 500 3.1 GUIDELINES FOR CIRCULATION people. Phase I peak capacity would be in the order of 300. Total Primary Pathways 3.1.1 PUBLIC CIRCULATION travel time for a full loop at 10 km per hour, would be These shall be 3-4m wide with kerbs, paved with unit paving to approximately 30 minutes, allowing for a 2 minute stop at each Guests visiting the India Zoo will find several ways to get associate the way (along with principal plaza areas) as the station. A total of 4 tram units would be required to meet the around. The air-conditioned village tram loops the core zoo, principal route. This material is also easily removed for design day demand with 2 units kept in reserve or maintenance. connecting the villages and providing a “short cut” to favorite placement of additional utilities, plantings, or minor changes A value-engineering alternative could be to use conventional attractions. The primary path also forms a loop through the and replaced without sign of repairs. Furthermore, when trams on roadways parallel to pedestrian paths with at-grade core zoo, connecting villages and major attractions with an supported by a suitable urban soil mix, unit paving can surround crossings as is done at Singapore and San Diego zoos. However, easily understood “string of pearls” concept. Secondary and shade trees with flourishing root systems. Paving patterns and this creates potential hazards to pedestrians, especially children, tertiary loop paths encourage exploration. Leaving from colors may vary with habitat or theme zones. Primary circulation at crossing points. Also of concern is that pedestrians often walk villages, guests return back to their point of origin. These paths routes will generally be shaded by a combination of simple trellis along tram paths, mistaking them for pedestrian ways. allow guests to briefly become “lost in the jungle”, heightening structures and naturalistically placed trees where plantings

the drama of the experience, yet always returning to familiar complement and are appropriate to the themed areas. This path Wildlife Safari landmarks. Safari rides and riverboat rides allow guests must provide shaded rest areas with drinking water in at least The purpose of the safari ride is to give guests the experience of alternative ways to explore the landscape and observe animals 150m intervals with air-conditioned viewing shelters or similar being on a “game drive” or “photo safari” in a game reserve in in comfort, yet with a sense of adventure as they pass right relief from hot weather no further than 300m apart. Large Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, or Asia. Safari vehicles will be through animal habitats. panoramic views are appropriate from primary pathways, as are rubber tired with a capacity of 8 to 20 guests plus the driver/ views of large, dominant animals (for example elephants or interpreter. The vehicles will have special tyres for sand Village Tram camels). However, smaller animals should be viewed from more conditions and to minimize soil compaction. Potential use of The approximate 1.8 km long loop system functions primarily intimate and immersive secondary and tertiary paths. electric or other non-polluting, quiet power source will be as a high-capacity “people mover” for the Core (Day) Zoo. studied.

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Secondary Pathways These shall be 1.5m-2m wide and are surfaced with materials such as 3.1.3 EMERGENCY VEHICLE CIRCULATION patterned concrete or shotcrete textured to simulate packed earth. Service roads, primary pathways, and plaza areas shall be developed (Arabian Wadi and Himalayan Hillside) provide shade below There would be no kerbs. The goal is to immerse guests in the in full compliance with PWD regulations and standards for large boulders, or stunted trees, as well as in conditioned simulated, natural landscape as if on a “jeep track” or wellused emergency access. viewing shelters. Heavy application of overhead irrigation footpath. Color can vary with the region being represented. Viewing of (“thunderstorms”), artificial fog and mist will moderate animals of all sizes is appropriate from secondary paths, provided 3.2 GUIDELINES FOR DISPLAY APPROACH AND ANIMAL temperatures in simulated rainforest immersion displays, some overlook areas are dispersed and screened from each other so that WELL-BEING of which will be in conditioned conservatories. Visitor shade large crowds do not interfere with appreciation of the animals as if The primary goal of the display techniques selected is to present the will be provided at frequent intervals through a variety of one were hiking in a game park or forest reserve. Shade and comfort animal as respectfully as possible while simultaneously providing zoo means including possibly simulated research tents, strategically stops with shaded rest area, drinking water, and cooling mist should guests with memorable experiences of the animals. The concept of placed shade palms, vernacular structures, and air-conditioned never be spaced more than 150m apart with air-conditioned viewing respectful presentation also embodies the goal of minimized distress trams. The maximum distance between air-conditioned shelters or similar relief from hot weather no further than 300m to the animals. Five primary display approaches are recommended. retreats is to be approximately 300m. apart. Secondary paths must be accessible to small service vehicles such as electric carts. − Display of animals in highly realistic re-creations of their natural − How do you insure safety to public, keepers, and animals? habitat, which also immerse visitors in these evocative landscapes. The key to safety is staff training. Facilities will be designed to Tertiary Paths Such habitats may include appropriate cultural artifacts suggesting international standards of best practice. Most keeper injuries These would be kerbless, 1-1.5m in width, and may be of wide important interactions between animals and humans within the come from keeper error. Public injuries usually come through varieties of materials such as stabilized sand, elevated boardwalks, animals habitat range. In such displays, inappropriate features such ignorance of danger and unnecessary risk taking. Maintaining canopy bridges, and pontoon walkways. The intent is to give the guest as artificial barriers, support buildings, lighting, etc. should be hidden high levels of a quality experience should help to insure that by a life-like experience of walking through undeveloped wild places. from public view. Also, where animals and natural landscapes are virtue of reasonable aEMission price the majority of guests will Distances between shelters are similar to those required in secondary intended to dominate, cross viewing of large groups of other guests have some level of education, and behavioral extremes, (such paths except rest areas may be old logs, simulated termite mounds, should be avoided. This approach includes the majority of proposed as those experienced at the present India Zoo) can be boulders, and other natural-appearing features of the landscape set in animal displays. minimized. Nevertheless, some accidents will happen. the shade. Therefore, once again, excellent staff training in emergency − Formal animal presentations with large audiences. Here animal response is of utmost importance. 3.1.2 SERVICE CIRCULATION behaviors and physical adaptations are the subject. Nevertheless, Service vehicle access, 5m wide, will be provided to all service animals should not be treated disrespectfully or trivialized and − How does one minimize maintenance to maximize profits? buildings and animal yards avoiding the use of public pathways and behavioral demonstrations should be firmly based upon natural While care must be taken to minimize unnecessary effort, high Village Tramways. Grade crossing of public pathways by service behaviors. levels of maintenance are required to provide high levels of vehicles is permitted. Underpasses are preferred, but vehicle visitor experience, which is essential to insure repeat visitations clearance of 5-7m must be maintained. Concrete paving with kerbs is − Informal animal presentations (to small groups) may appear and profitability. It is a better business model (as commercial preferred to avoid dust and minimize long-term maintenance. extremely naturalistic to the point guests may not realize animals are zoos such as Disney’s Animal Kingdom indicate) to maximize Wherever practical, service roads should coincide with utility corridors being queued by trainers. Alternatively, staff may walk about the quality, set the price to accomplish this, and provide a guest to ease maintenance access of these corridors. There will also be a grounds with a tamed snake, lizard or bird, encouraging guests to experience value worth returning to repeatedly. This is the service road that will run parallel to the perimeter fence along a have a close, personal experience of the animal. Still, respectful international best-practice model. portion of the property line. This service road will allow maintenance presentation remains the goal. staff to monitor the zoo perimter. Buffer dunes and landscaping will screen the service road from the exhibits. The perimter will be − In some cases, species such as great apes, which need to be kept protected using the existing property fence, appropriately screened indoors because of climatic extremes may be presented in a re- from public view with dense landscaping. creation of a sanctuary environment, as they were being conditioned for release. However, even such conservation-themed environments, bars or heavy mesh should not be visible to the public.

− Domestic animals in petting areas or camel yards must still be kept free from distress brought about through over use by the public.

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3.3 GUIDELINES FOR VIEWING Careful design control of viewing angles and sightlines will assure the greatest possible degree of realism in the replication of selected natural landscapes and habitats as well as themed architectural or urban settings. The following describes the variety of viewing fundamentals incorporated into this project:

− Broad Vistas and Panoramas: the effect of great openness can be achieved by providing overlapping views of multiple animal areas across unseen barriers. “Borrowed landscape” (landscape features beyond the immediate project area that appear as an integral part of the overall panorama view) can be incorporated into the vista in this way.

− Large Overlooks: allow large crowds to enjoy broad, expansive panoramas of large herds or flocks of animals in expansive Partially Screened Edge Viewing Shelter landscapes. In especially popular viewing areas it is appropriate to provide seating and even informal amphitheatre arrangements with shade and cooling mist.

− Small viewpoints: provide well composed views for family groups of individual or small groups of animals. The goal is to prevent the presence of people from dominating the scene.

− Framed Views: some views are enhanced by creating a frame through which the vista is seen, thus creating the impression the visitor is on the edge of the scene. Placement of close-up vegetation, pruned or thinned to allow for viewing, not only provides shade for viewers, but also creates visual interest and directs views. Gaps between boulders or clefts in cliffs provide the same opportunity.

− Looking Up To Animals: wherever possible viewers should be positioned lower than the animals to suggest a respectful relationship with wildlife and nature.

− Looking Down on Animals: should not be encouraged. Exceptions exist such as in the elevated giraffe feeding stations (where giraffe would be eye-to-eye with visitors) and tree canopy level walkways in rainforest settings.

Layered Exhibits

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− Viewing Blinds: provide the opportunity for air conditioned, sheltered viewing by the public. This setting allows window frames and architectural walls to cut off unwanted views of barriers, holding areas, or similar behind the scenes areas. Darker indoor light levels minimizes reflections on view windows and provides ideal conditions for underwater views. Viewing blind structures will be themed within the vernacular of the habitat zone and will be well screened by vegetation, rockwork or earth forms or could be integrated into townscapes in village areas.

− Special View Windows: acrylic bubbles, cylinders, corner windows and overhead “pop-up” views provide special opportunities to break the line between viewer and animal.

− Viewing Into Mesh Enclosures: should be designed so Animal Structure—Day House that adjacent mesh side and overhead panels are not seen. Mesh, when it is seen, should be as distant as possible and aligned perpendicular to the line of sight.

Covered Viewing into Mesh Enclosure or Glass Barrier − Screening: features which disrupt the sense of natural habitat landscape such as fences, utilities, support structures, vehicles and transfer or keeper gates must be screened from view.

− Viewing From Vehicles: both village trams and safari rides drive through habitats among animals. Roadways will be aligned to prevent views of holding areas and fences. Transitional gateways will be appropriately themed or obscured from passengers to the extent possible.

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3.4 GUIDELINES FOR BARRIER SYSTEMS Some moats contain animals on one side only and thus have a wall on the outside and a slope or occasional ramps on the All barriers shall be designed to contain the species specified other side to allow animals that are in the moat to return to and/ or exclude entry to unauthorized people, dogs, or other the display area without escaping. Two (or double) -sided potential problems in accordance with international best moats separate two animal display areas. Since an animal from practice. Barriers can be organized into three categories: one side could get into this moat and be attacked by an animal

from the other side, such moats have a wall, fence or − Primary barriers are physical obstacles, which prevent combination wall and fence in the middle to maintain passage by the intended species. separation. Moats should not be so steep or narrow as to

create safety hazards to large animals such as elephants, − “Creeps” are selective primary barriers, which prevent rhinoceros, hippopotamus, giraffe or other species. Uses: passage by large animals while allowing passage of selected Moats are used as barriers in order to create the appearance smaller animals by design. “Keeper escape” passages are a of open, naturalistic enclosures. Moats are used in the back of form of “creep”. display areas in order to extend the view to the next enclosure

or beyond, giving the impression that the animals are − Secondary barriers are obstacles that prevent passage by Dry Moat unrestrained and unseparated. Therefore, rear moats should designed species under typical conditions but cannot be not be visible to the public. depended upon to prevent escape under all conditions. waterfowl, tigers and occasionally hoof stock, water moats

Examples include (electrified) “hot wires”, which may fail or be provide amenity areas for a cooling bath or even vigorous Water or Wet Moats overcome by panicking animals, hedges, cold curtains for exercise. The opportunity to provide a venue for “lap swimming” Description: sometimes moats are filled with water to give the reptiles, sonic barriers, and such. Secondary barriers are useful and vigorous low impact aquatic aerobic exercise (motivated by impression of rivers, marshes or ponds and to hide the barrier. for protecting plantings in animal areas, keeping animals back training and rewards) is especially important for physical For carnivores, baboons and wading birds, a dry bank must from gates or the public, and conditioning and fitness for zoo animals such as elephant, Indian extend above water level a sufficient height to prevent providing escape areas for small or more agile species as a Rhino, Tiger and many other species. This activity would of swimming animals from climbing out. For elephant, rhino, form of creep. Psychological barriers (such as training, fear of course create great interest in the viewing public. hippo and hoof stock an underwater wall with a pronounced heights, or fear of floors) are considered secondary barriers. rounded horizontal extension on the animal side serves as Secondary barrier types may not be used for primary animal containment. The top of the wall is hidden below shallow containment. Wherever possible, animal barriers should be water, giving the impression animals could swim out at will. hidden from guest’s view either by lowering the barriers out of Naturalistically formed underwater ramps or steps will be view in moats or ditches; screening with irrigated, protected provided to allow swimming or wading animals to return to plantings; using mesh so fine as to be nearly invisible; or by terrestrial areas of their displays without becoming trapped in integrating the barriers into appropriate architectural settings dead end areas. All water in moats will be treated and (such as view windows in an interpretive shelter). recirculated to maintain suitable, attractive levels of water

quality and prevent excessive buildup of algae. Uses: like dry 3.4.1 BARRIER SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS moats, water moats allow open, extended views without Dry Moats creating the appearance of confinement. For species such as Description: Moats are lined ditches with one or more vertical elephant, Indian rhino, hippo, otter, crocodile, wading birds, walls as animal escape barriers. Side slopes of 2:1 or steeper will be lined with reinforced concrete for stability. Side slopes of less than 2:1 will be protected by a dense mat of turf or other suitable irrigated planting. All steep areas of moats visible to the public will be textured with artificial rockwork to appear to be an appropriate natural geological formation. Where this treatment forms the animal barrier it must not be climbable by the species displayed. Dry Moats

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Figure 4-96: Dry Moat with Fence

Wet Moats

the return panel. Note such features must be hidden from public Wet Moat view. Inwardly inclined mesh may be used instead of inclined Additionally, distant fences can also appear transparent if plant Dry Moat with Wall returns on top of vertical fences. Fences seen from a distance can material is placed behind the fence and if fence is under shade appear very transparent, especially if horizontal or diagonal Description: mesh barriers must either have a suitable top return from plant material. All fencing must be secured to a continuous braces are eliminated or fine cables are used instead. Vertical concrete footing or mesh anti-dig barrier sufficient to contain the panel or be unclimbable because mesh openings are too small to posts can be designed as natural features (trees, bamboo, etc) or provide a foot hold for the intended species. Primates and animals, prevent intrusion by foxes or feral dogs and prevent nearly invisible fine wire mesh can be stretched at high tension erosion from exposing the bottom of the fence. Because of the carnivores can be maintained behind fences with solid material between rockwork or other naturalistic features as a barrier. such as sheet metal or heavy plastic panels of sufficient size on high salt content in the air and sometimes in the soil, galvanized fencing should not be used and more durable materials selected. Uses: fencing is used extensively as animal barriers in off-display areas. It may also be used in the rear of displays when it can be hidden behind planting (such as bamboo in a rainforest display). Fencing is also extensively used as perimeter barriers or to subdivide major off-exhibit areas of the zoo.

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Harp Or Piano Wire Because of required access for inspection and maintenance, Mesh Enclosures Description: highly tensioned, closely spaced vertical stainless such barriers should, where practical, parallel service roads. Description: mesh barriers totally enclose the animals to steel aircraft cables or wire are used for barriers. Uses: for birds prevent escape. Where this material is used for display and smaller animals such as small carnivores up to the size of a Rotterdam Fences purposes, rather than for off-display holding areas, mesh must cougar. Heavier cables have been used to contain Description: Rotterdam fences are inwardly inclined fences be as fine as possible for the containment of the species mounted on the outer side slope of a moat. Generally they are required. Obviously used in dry moats, but could be used as underwater barriers as well, in which case the fence would be vertical. Uses: Rotterdam fences are useful because, like moat barriers, they are hidden from view. Because construction of fencing on sloped banks is generally less expensive than construction of reinforced retaining walls, Rotterdam barriers are often used. Because reinforced banks are suitable barriers for heavy animals such as rhinos and mesh barriers are suitable for lighter animals, Rotterdam barriers may be used for mixed- species displays which combine both types of animals.

Fence in Ditch

even lions and tigers, but such barriers are no longer invisible Medium Fence / Angled Fence and escapes have occurred so that this system is not recommended for larger species. Because of the tension forces required, beams supporting harp or piano wire barriers must be very robust and carefully fit into appropriate naturalistic or architectural settings. Because wire expands with heat, ability to mesh to contain butterflies would be extremely fine while adjust tension on each wire is required. Such systems have been mesh used to contain leopard would be very robust. Mesh successful in very hot desert environments. support structures should be designed with tensioned support

cables rather than rigid beams to reduce visibility of the Glass Or Acrylic Fence Chute structure. Mesh should be woven stainless steel cable Description: glass or acrylic transparent barriers provide non permanently colored to blend with the background. Whenever climbable surfaces for most species. Non-breakable materials possible, such structures should not be seen against the such as laminated safety glass or acrylic of suitable strength is skyline, but should be used in wooded areas, against cliffs or used. Uses: glass or acrylic is frequently used as a foreground other areas where architectural forms are not prominent. barrier in architectural structures or, occasionally, as a barrier However, in park-like areas such as the Children’s Zoo or in the between displays appearing to be a gap between trees or in a Day Zoo where placement of lighting obscures mesh structures, geologic feature. use of rigid frame or visible structures is not restricted. Uses: mesh enclosures are used for flying animals like birds and bats and for extremely agile animals like leopards, jaguar and smaller cats and primates where open moats or walls would be excessive to permit viewing while maintaining security and preventing escape. Mesh enclosures are extensively used for all outdoor off-exhibit holding

High Fence / Angled Fence Rotterdam Fence

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Of course these materials are most suitable for use in However, conditions which provide possible escape routes such aquariums. Because both glass and acrylic panels may be as hand or foot holds, tight corners or inadequate diagonal damaged, access must be maintained for replacement. jumping distances must be avoided. Uses: rockwork barriers Reflections may become major problems for viewing in poorly are used for every type of animal, both above and underwater. designed applications of glass and acrylic. Non-reflective glass is available, but is not completely effective. Therefore, it is Concrete Walls recommended that glass or acrylic panels only be used in Description: concrete walls are a suitable barrier when fencing enclosed environments where light levels in the viewing area is inappropriate, aesthetics are less important or the barrier is are significantly lower than light levels in adjacent animal simply out of public view. Containment requirements (height, display areas. Brightly illuminated backgrounds behind or to unclimbable texture, overhanging areas) correspond primarily the sides of viewers must be eliminated as well. Nevertheless, to the animal requirements and not with the look and feel it is nearly impossible to totally eliminate all reflections under pertinent to the exhibit scenario. As is the case with Rockwork all conditions. Maintenance is high with glass or acrylic Walls, concrete walls allow for landscape berming against the barriers, which need frequent cleaning, avoidance of water backside (non-animal exhibit side) of the wall which aids in spotting (from untreated water high in calcium) and scratching raising the landscape planting behind the walls. Uses: concrete by animals or vandals. Fortunately, the advantage of glass for wall barriers are used for larger animals, both above and providing very close-up views more than compensates for underwater. encountering some reflections and increased maintenance. Cattle guards Architectural Barriers Description and use: prevent hoof stock from crossing bridges Description: walls of viewing buildings or village structures are or roads in drive-through situations such as train and safari Figure 4-108: Gunite Wall commonly used to contain animals. These structures fit into rides. the vernacular theme of the area but must also be sufficient to contain the animal species indicated. Uses: architectural structures such as walls are also used extensively in off-exhibit outdoor holding areas and of course in indoor holding areas.

Dioramas Description: indoor habitats for small animals often using mural covered walls and rockwork for containment. Uses: for small animals such as mammals, reptiles, insects and other arthropods, fish, etc. in indoor applications.

Rockwork Description: artificial rockwork is a suitable barrier when containment requirements (height, unclimbable texture, overhanging areas) correspond with the look and feel of the exhibit scenario. Artificial rockwork, when installed and finished well, accurately simulate naturally occurring features thus enhancing the landscape immersion experience for the visitor.

Figure 4-109: Concrete Wall

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Internal threats to animals 3.5 GUIDELINES FOR ARTIFICIAL ROCKWORK − Vermin: voids in or behind rockwork will be filled with grout, − Heat prostration, especially during handling Artificial rockwork consists of artificial geology, trees, vines, sealed or provided with appropriate access to prevent access − Injury by other animals etc. made of reinforced concrete, epoxy, fiberglass, urethane and use of vermin such as undesirable types of rodents and − Injury by visitors and other plastic materials that allow amazing levels of realism insects. − Injury from panic reaction or during handling when properly used, designed and fabricated. However, poorly − Stress-related injuries and disease fabricated rockwork becomes merely a cartoon of nature and − Waterproofing and Weep holes: artificial rockwork − Zoonotic disease contracted from another animal or from has the counter effect that distracts from the presentation. The construction containing water will be fully waterproofed to an staff or guests following guidelines govern applications of rockwork in the elevation of 50cm above water level. Voids below this level

project: will be grout filled. For rockwork placed onto building facades, 3.6.1 OPERATIONAL RESPONSE TO LIFE SAFETY waterproofing shall be carefully considered. Additionally, − Realism: the highest possible levels of “museum quality” weep holes may be required to properly drain surface water THREATS artificial replications of geology and plants will be utilized. from behind rockwork walls or planters. Where used, weep Advanced preparedness enables staff to quickly identify Specific types of geology and plant species must be easily holes shall be as small as possible and shall be placed within potential threats and respond in an appropriate, coordinated recognizable in the finished work, generic or non-specific rockwork crevices (appropriate to the rockwork geology). manner. This requires well-designed programs to be set up, replications are not acceptable. tested and taught to all staff, coordinated with local security 3.6 GUIDELINES FOR LIFE SAFETY AND SECURITY and public safety agencies and drilled and maintained on a − Viewing distance: the amount of realistic detailing may be While some zoo experiences may be designed to thrill guests regular basis. Typical examples of safety and security reduced when features are too far from viewers for this degree with the appearance of danger (such as seeing dangerous programs include: of detail to be perceived. Conversely, the highest levels of predators beyond invisible barriers), zoo visitors, staff and realism are required where the work may be touched or closely animals must have a safe environment in which to recreate, − Evacuation of entire facility or separate areas, including the observed by guests. work and live. Some potential threats to life safety and Day Zoo in the dark property could include: − Animal escape protocol − Durability: permanence of surface and structural integrity − Emergency response to falls, injuries, drowning and other must be assured. Colors will be as permanent as possible. External Threats: public emergencies − Animal welfare extremists seeking to “free” animals and/ or − Emergency response to fire − Plantings: where appropriate, planting pockets and access for gain publicity. − Emergency response to public crossing barriers or harassing irrigation, misting, artificial fog, sound systems and lighting will − Unusual weather such as sandstorm, extreme heat or animals be realistically incorporated into artificial rockwork. flooding, earthquake. − Evacuation of injured person from all areas of zoo including animal exhibits, inaccessible moats, rides, water areas, etc. − Natural Boulders: natural boulders, stones, talus and gravel Internal threats to visitors and staff − Conditioning animals to respond properly to public intrusion will be incorporated into or against rockwork cliffs, boulders, − Dangerous animal escapes or objects thrown or falling into habitats (great apes, monkeys banks and stream bottoms where appropriate to achieve the − Guests crossing barriers to harass animals and marine mammals are sometimes taught to retrieve most realistic, yet cost effective surface. When needed, natural − Climbing and falls on rockwork and other features objects). rock and boulders and artificial structures will all be painted to − Staff inadvertently entering occupied enclosure of − Special training and coordination programs for security staff blend together realistically. dangerous animal and senior staff. − Staff or guest contracting zoonotic disease from animals − Safety awareness and incentive programs for all staff. − Safety: rockwork accessible to the public will be as − Job-related accidents − Programs to educate public of appropriate behavior at zoos. unclimbable as possible. Rockwork in exhibit areas will be − Accidents related to rides in zoo − Training for handling special visitor groups such as the designed to provide hidden handholds and natural appearing − Fire elderly, school groups, disabled groups and such. steps or foot holds to allow safe access to staff for cleaning and − Dehydration and heat prostration access without diminishing the realism of the display. − Medical emergency from pre-existing condition

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3.6.2 SAFETY THROUGH FACILITY DESIGN 3.6.3 SPECIAL PUBLIC CONTAINMENT AND SAFETY 3.6.4 INCREASED SECURITY GUARD AND STAFF Animal fencing and barrier systems are discussed elsewhere. ISSUES EFFECTIVENESS. Here fencing for control of the public is discussed. Perimeter Barriers and security programs must be devised and tested to The India Zoo could learn from security conscious theme parks fencing must comply with local best practice for limiting prevent access to animals and non-public areas of the zoo to such as Sea World and Disney’s Animal Kingdom. There state-of unwanted intrusion by the public and animals (intrusions of people unfamiliar with or unconcerned about Western the-art surveillance equipment allow security staff feral dogs are a special concern to most zoos) into potentially conventions of appropriate behavior in zoological gardens. A unprecedented vision of all areas of their parks, especially areas dangerous sites. The present site perimeter is fenced, but so four-point approach is suggested.: of highest risk. Some types of surveillance equipment to consider vast an area will need to be subdivided into zones for − Behavioral deterrents. It has been observed that animals include the following: containment of escaped animals and exclusion of the public exhibited at an elevation above the visitor (people look up to − Surveillance video, including infrared imaging (for night use). from non-public areas. In terms of the public, the following them) are much less frequently disturbed by guests than are − Invisible motion or intrusion detection beams and vibration sequence of barriers is recommended and arranged from least animals placed below guests (people look down on them). detectors on fencing alert security staff to intrusions and can to most critical: Therefore, whenever possible animal areas should be placed activate audio warnings to the intruder and nearby public. relatively higher than public viewing areas. Also, many zoo − Security staff must have authority and the respect of zoo − Bollard and chain, kick rail, kerb and such are used to define visitors appear less likely to step into shallow muddy marsh visitors. If poor behavior and disrespect becomes a problem, planting areas and warn the public to respect planting and stay areas where they are apt to perhaps IndiaMunicipality police should be stationed at the zoo on pathways. Such minor barriers are not very effective with get muddy or footing is unsure. Thorny plants also deter guests to respond to belligerent guests. children or those not familiar with, or concerned about, to some extent. The presence of a person in authority such as conventions which may be foreign to them. a security guard may deter low ranking individuals. − Handrail barriers. International best practice in zoos suggest − Signage and education is important to communicate handrail at overlooks of 1.0m high. Recently it has been appropriate behavior. Signage should be multilingual and recommended that horizontal rails or cables be eliminated to graphics must convey intent to those not able to read the text. reduce climbing. Mesh panels or rails should have openings Sign messages must be culturally appropriate and respectful. smaller than 10 cm so children’s heads cannot become caught Use of humor in graphics may be more effective than in openings. domineering “do not enter” signs. The public should be able to − Use of much higher barriers such as 2m fences or outdoor understand the reason for the prohibition and the tone of the glass panels would greatly detract from the natural appearance text should convey the zoo’s concern for the welfare of both of display areas and would still not deter determined intruders. guests and animals. Electronic detection (discussed later on) may provide an − Educational programs should begin with school and other answer. children’s groups in order to develop future generations of − Security fencing should be located at least 1m outside animal well-behaved zoo guests. barriers and well hidden in plantings. Such barriers are typically − Animal barrier moats and fencing may discourage made from rather fine mesh which is more easily hidden and inadvertent intruders, but will not stop determined individuals. are at least as high as handrail barriers when adjacent to them. Totally open landscape around exhibits improve surveillance by In out-of-sight areas such barriers should be 2m in height. security guards and zoo officials, but lead to unnatural − Service gates in security fences must be the same height as appearance, counter to the trend toward habitat immersion the fence and must be kept closed and locked at all times. and naturalism in modern zoos. Many zoos use automated gates with remote or touch pad In any case, darkness, especially in the Day Zoo, can obscure operation to reduce staffing requirements. Security fencing and intruders. gates should also be linked to electronic surveillance systems. − Artificial rockwork is commonly used as a public barrier. Its design must not encourage climbing.

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− Lots of electrical outlets 3.7 GUIDELINES FOR BEDDING AND SUBSTRATE − Cabinetry along the walls to hold equipment and All indoor animal holding areas will be designed to disposable supplies accommodate a layer of deep bedding over concrete − High quality dual exam lights, ceiling mounted (therefore permanent flooring containing drainage. Outside exercise yards an elevated ceiling) do not require concrete paving below substrate. See adjacent

table. Surgery Room

− Size: minimum of 50 sqm. 3.8 GUIDELINES FOR VETERINARY CENTRE AND QUARANTINE Radiology Room There are no formal standards for zoo hospital construction. In − Requires 220 electrical input the past 10 years, there have been about 12 Zoological Park − Table to hold 225 kilo animal hospitals constructed in the USA ranging in cost from about − Lead lined walls 7,200,000 Rs to 108,000,000 Rs. Sizes range from 750 sqm to − Darkroom to develop x-rays 5,500 sqm. The area of the veterinary facility shown in the − Oxygen piped into the room 1997 Master Plan of about 2,800 sqm is about the correct size for the India Zoo with a projected animal population of about Clinical Laboratory 1,500 animals. Therefore, this plan will be used as a general − Minimum size 30 sqm. model, with the following recommendations: − Used for hematology, parasitology, microbiology − Consider a laminar flow exhaust hood for toxic agents 3.8.1 CLINICAL ZONE − Counter space for microscope, chemistry analyzer and Exam Rooms various equipment − The exam or treatment rooms will be used more than any − Space for ultra cold freezer to store samples other rooms. Zoo medical cases often require outside consultants and staff. It is not uncommon to have 20 people Pharmacy assisting and observing a medical procedure. Therefore, one − Should be enlarged by 10% should consider a minimum of 60 sqm for at least one exam − Include a Class V safe for narcotic drugs room. − The exam room should be easily accessed from the outside. It Recovery Rooms should be centrally located with a sterile surgery on one side − Are rarely used because most surgical cases either go to and a radiology room on the opposite side. (The radiology a holding cage in the hospital or back to their exhibit. room should have a dark room in it). Necropsy Zone Considerations for the exam room: − Should not be attached to hospital − Assume maximum size of animal is 225 kilos (animals − Major work area should be 8m x 8m weighing more will be cared for in the field) − Need ceiling mounted exam light − A loading dock − Cooler to hold dead bodies − Scale built into the loading dock or exam room floor − Stainless steel exam table to hold 225 kilos − Stainless platform that are corrosion resistant − Need to be able to hose everything down − Capacity: 450 kilos for a 225 kilo animal in a 225 kilo crate − Incinerator should be outside − Garage door for easy access

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− Provide 6 holding areas 3.9 GUIDELINES FOR HORTICULTURE CENTRE − They need to have individual temperature controls The efforts of the D.M. Horticulture Department will − Provide skylights contribute greatly to the success of the zoo. In fact at some − May need to heat lamps for birds and reptiles great zoos the economic value of the plant collection far − Large holding areas for hoof stock need tartan floors for exceeds that of the animal collection. In addition to good footing management of the zoos overall botanical collections, the − All outside holding areas need a mesh top Horticulture Centre will provide plant propagation and − Flexibility is required with appropriate sized mesh or growing activities. New and larger plants of a very wide portable caging for the following major groups of animals: variety of types will be needed to build each phase of the zoo − Reptiles – aquariums and to replace plants damaged by animals and the visiting − Birds – ground, perching and aquatic public. Horticulture Centre staff will also collaborate with the − Primates Conservation Centre in programs to conserve endangered − Carnivores local plant species and in projects to enhance local wildlife − Hoof stock habitat. For these activities, the Horticulture Centre will − Squeeze cages: built-in or portable require the following facilities:

Quarantine Building − AEMinistrative office and conference room. − The normal procedure is to bring in an individual or group − Staff facilities including changing rooms, lockers, showers, of animals and maintain them for at least 30 days. There toilets and break room. should be an “all–in” and “all–out” policy, meaning, that if − Head house – propagation area. additional animals are brought into quarantine, the 30- day − Green houses, including “cool houses” for indoor tropical time period starts all over. and outdoor temperate plants. − Provide six holding rooms for each size. − Large areas of shade with changeable shade cloth for − The quarantine facility needs showers and changing acclimating introduced plants. rooms for the staff to use scrub suits and boots that stay in − Nursery blocks for trees recovered from construction areas. the building. This would necessitate a laundry room. − Nursery blocks for container-grown trees and shrubs being − Considerations: grown for future use. − A separate HVAC system is needed for each wing − Existing reforestation areas. − Skylights − Bulk material yards for soil mixes and landscape materials. − Mesh over outside holding areas − Composting yard. − Excrement from one cage cannot flow into adjacent − Garage for horticulture equipment and machinery storage rooms or cages and repair. − Room to store food and supplies − Irrigation shop and storage area. − Back-up electrical generator − Large areas for growing browse plants and fodder for animal − Central vacuum system feed are also the responsibility of the Horticultural Centre. − Piped in oxygen

(Information provided by: Lynn W. Kramer, D.V.M. Vice President for Biological Programs Denver Zoological Gardens, Denver, Colorado, USA )

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3.10 GUIDELINES FOR CONSERVATION AND 3.10.1 INITIAL DEVELOPMENT BREEDING CENTRE Office space for Director of Conservation and Research Programs, − Baboons, chimpanzees and other primates. − Flamingos, cranes and other wading birds. The India Zoo has the potential to make substantial two Specialists, three interns and support staff. Holding facilities − Raptors contributions to local conservation efforts in the Indiaand with associated shaded exercise yards for various animal types − Powerful carnivores such as lions, tigers and bears. internationally. This could include native wildlife such as: − Small carnivores. rehabilitation, captive breeding of native wildlife and plants

and habitat improvement for native and migratory species. − Birds such as peacocks and other birds of prey. − Large hoof stock. Many zoos in the US have active native wildlife rehabilitation − Waterfowl and shore birds. − Small hoof stock. programs. The public is able to bring in orphaned or injured − Perching birds. It is anticipated that these facilities would be added on an as wildlife for treatment and subsequent release. In Indiathis − Houbara bustards. needed basis. might take the form of treating animals caught in oil spills to − Small carnivores such as Gordon’s cat and Ruppell’s fox.

baby birds that have fallen out of their nest. Programs for sea − Hoof stock such as Gazelle, Oryx and Tahr. 3.10.3 LOCAL WILDLIFE SANCTUARY turtles have been very successful in the US. These programs − Sea turtle hatchlings. The block of existing trees adjacent to India Park will be enclosed take hatchling sea turtles and keep them for a year before − Larger stables for a range of zoo hoof stock, which will be with a perimeter fence and used for release of small mammals releasing them into the wild. The India Zoo will be in a strong mostly composed of surplus males which may need to be kept displaced by project construction. In addition, buffer zones position to take a leadership role in native wildlife captive separated. Before the Encounter Lagoon project proceeds it may around the zoo and between exhibits will be developed with breeding. For example, Gordon’s cat, oryx, gazelles or perhaps be necessary to build special quarantine facilities and holding features such as water services, bird feeders, bat roosts, some of the native reptiles might be appropriate for the zoo. tanks for marine mammals so that the animal collection can be butterflyattracting plants and such to encourage and sustain local The Zoo could contact the various International Union for built up prior to construction of the attraction and to gain wildlife. Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) experience with species management. This would allow India Zoo Specialist Groups to request information on captive breeding to become involved in marine mammal rescue efforts and priorities or existing programs that the zoo could work with. establish its expertise before building Encounter Lagoon. The Remember that captive breeding is not just for animals Conservation Centre will be part of a program of “behind the anymore – plants also benefit from captive propagation. scenes” and special tours. Therefore, it will require a small display Captive propagation can also be a source of revenue for the area with appropriate interpretation of its activities and Zoo. The Zoo might take an active role in promoting the accomplishments. The overall area should be designed to improvement of local habitats for wildlife by planting food accommodate regular guided tour groups. plants, trees for shelter and wind breaks and providing sources of water. This can take the form of idea gardens at the 3.10.2 ANIMAL HOLDING CENTRE zoo or local restoration During commissioning animal acquisitions arriving at the zoo will projects outside the confines of the Zoo. These activities all be placed in quarantine. If their permanent display area has would be done in collaboration with the Horticulture Centre. not been completed, if the Quarantine facility is at capacity or the The Conservation Centre will also be used to house animals animal requires further acclimation, they will be held at the surplus to the zoos display needs and geriatric animals which Animal Holding Centre. Later this area will be used for holding are unable to be displayed or have been ostracized from their surplus or geriatric animals or off-display breeding groups. groups. The exact nature of this work and selection of Animals will also be kept here while their facilities are repaired or programs with related facility needs will be developed later as renovated. Holding facilities would be provided for species such zoo staff are recruited. However, the following general as: requirements are initially assumed and sufficient land is located for future growth.

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3.11 GUIDELINES FOR ANIMAL HOLDING AREAS 3.11.2 NON-DESERT ADAPTED SPECIES All transfer gate operation units will be positioned in locations Animal holding areas have been developed in a number of generic types All other species will be maintained in air-conditioned holding giving operators a clear view of gates being operated. Provide for hoof stock, canids and small carnivores. Additional sitespecific plans areas. modular divider panel systems for hoof stock, birds and other are presented for elephant, hippo, rhino, great apes, lions and tigers. appropriate species, which allow stalls to be subdivided or opened 3.11.3 GUIDELINES up as group pens. Systems shall be easily cleanable. Animal 3.11.1 DESERT-ADAPTED SPECIES All animal holding and movement areas will be designed with the holding facilities will be designed for ease of maintenance Hardy species (animals naturally adapted to desert conditions) are to be animal’s welfare foremost in mind. Staff and animal safety is including control of vermin and ease of cleaning. All maintained in shaded, but otherwise open conditions and equally important. Holding areas and den or refuge areas shown mechanical/utility equipment and transfer operators must be out supplemented, when necessary, by fans and evaporative coolers (which are generally larger than typically seen in zoos. However, area size of the reach of the animals. Most animals will be maintained on a also reduce fly problems). Cheetahs, canids and small carnivores will be alone is not sufficient to ensure the well-being of bored animals. deep substrate of bedding (hay, straw, wood shavings, etc.) or clay provided with cooled dark den retreat areas. Wading birds and Animal behavioural enrichment and animal-activated features are and sand. Access for the periodic replacement of this material is waterfowl will have pools and perching birds will have baths and mist. important as is access for trainer interaction with the animals. The required. High quality hay, grain, browse and other animal Animals considered to be desert adapted following summarises features common to all animal holding provisions may be spoiled by high temperatures and humidity and include the following: areas: therefore should be kept in conditioned spaces convenient for All facilities will be designed for operation using the latest distribution. Manure and other waste products should be kept in behavioral management (positive reinforcement) and “protected enclosed areas to minimize flies, odors and disease transmission. contact” management systems. Sufficient space for species-typical Manure shall be removed daily. When consistent with animal and behavior will be provided. Group accommodations for social keeper safety, animals should have free and continuous access to animals with separation only for injured, sick or unsocial outdoor exercise areas and cooled refuge areas while in holding individuals is recommended. An organized, coordinated program areas. Features which could be a risk to animal or staff safety (such of changing behavioural enrichment programs suited to species- as sharp projections, loose wires or ropes, slippery flooring, toxic typical behaviors is required. Use of animal-activated amenities substances, etc.) must be carefully avoided. Regular such as mist sprays and fans is encouraged. Simple infrared motion comprehensive safety audits should be carried out. detection devices can activate sprays or other features when the animal enters a specific area, and discontinues them when the 3.11.4 ANIMAL CONTAINMENT ZONES animal leaves. Provide multiple access points for trainers All animal holding, transfer or other containment areas will be Movement corridors will be designed so that animal transfer paths arranged in containment zones. Primary containment zones are are usually paralleled by keeper walkways. Weighing stations, where animals are held or reside and shall be secured at all times. restraint devices, catch cages and transport crates can be Secondary containment zones are areas adjacent to primary zones incorporated within frequently-used locations in transfer chutes to where professional animal care staff care for the animals and increase animal acclimation to these devices. Facilities for heavy operate transfer gates. Only qualified staff are allowed in these animals include heavy-duty truck loading chutes and ramps at areas. Access for servicing primary zones is only from secondary locations convenient for transporting crates or direct truck loading. zones and only may occur where complete visibility of the zone All steel fabrications and mesh in animal caging systems will be being entered is possible. This zone shall be secured in the event stainless steel as galvanized systems will not withstand the seaside an animal escapes from its primary containment area. Tertiary environmental conditions. containment zones include preparation areas where other zoo staff such as delivery and maintenance people have authorised access when escorted by animal care staff. Outside access is only to tertiary areas which give access to secondary areas.

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3.12 GUIDELINES FOR LIVE FOOD AREA The entry of each zone must have clear visibility of the entire This is the area where live food for zoo animals is propagated zone being entered. No primary or secondary areas should have and prepared. A fresh, dependable supply of these products is places where escaped animals could hide. Observation windows essential to animal nutrition and may not be available locally. and ports for immobilisation darts will be placed facing into The following is a preliminary list of food products to be secondary areas to humanely control animals which may escape produced: into these areas. − Insects and larvae such as crickets, locusts, mealworms, 3.11.5 ELEPHANT HOLDING AREAS wireworms. In addition to the above recommendations, elephant off-exhibit − Rodents such as mice and rats. areas have the following special requirements: − Quail − Rabbits − The design is based upon safe “protected contact” − Fish such as tilapia management principles wherein staff never enter the same space − Hydroponic production of alfalfa and other sprouts. It is as the animals. This requires access to elephant pens on multiple assumed that larger animal food products such as poultry, sides through gaps in barrier columns. sheep, goats, beef and horse meat is available locally. The food − The same design will also accommodate the traditional “full areas will need to be secured from intruding animals or vermin. contact” management system. This will minimize potential for transmission of disease and − The plan features a large indoor herd area where females can unwanted consumption of the food supply. stay together most of the time. Individual stalls are only intended for occasional, temporary use. − Most of the surface of the herd area will use deep bedding of sand to minimize health problems associated with standing on concrete surfaces for extended periods. − The hydraulic elephant restraint device (ERD) is positioned for use by both bull and cow elephants. ERD shall be incorporated within frequently-used locations in transfer chutes to increase animal acclimation of these devices. − A lifting point will be provided above the ERD capable of supporting a 5,000 kilo elephant. − The ERD and all elephant gates will be hydraulically operated. − Attachment points will be located above indoor and outdoor holding areas for attachment of browse, hay bales, etc. These must be sturdy enough to avoid damage by the elephants. There should be at least one such feature per elephant both indoors and outdoors. − Both indoor group room and outdoor off-exhibit exercise yards will have water showers (ideally animal activated). − Outdoor yards will have sand substrate, play pools and extensive shading.

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3.13 GUIDELINES FOR ENCOUNTER LAGOON 3.13.3 BEHAVIORAL/PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES 3.13.5 IDEAS/OPPORTUNITIES In addition to the Encounter Lagoon description earlier in this AND CONDITIONING OF CAPTIVE ANIMALS Many marine/riverine organisms naturally have a large home chapter, below is additional relevant information that has been Some careful planning will clearly be needed to reduce the range, in which case the larger the holding area the better collected and is pertinent to the design. There are several likelihood of disease, ensure segregation of natural predators (although in some cases, e.g. turtles, it hardly makes a issues that may need to be overcome in order to achieve the from prey, etc. The impacts of lighting, noise and other difference). Others live in a micro-environment which may be concept outlined for Encounter Lagoon: disturbance on animals will also be considered in the design. effectively recreated in a large enough area, such that Detailed thought may be needed on the behavior of animals conditions start to mimic those in the wild. Disadvantages of − Source of animals for exhibit (both that known in general for the species and specific to a large facility, such as problems with circulation of water, (to − Maintaining captive animals regional populations), particularly in relation to possible reduce risk of bacteria and disease, etc.) can be overcome. − Behavioural/physiological responses and conditioning of safety concerns (for both people and wildlife) during Research in this part of the world has revealed many captive animals interactions. Issues like temporal behavioral shifts during fascinating facts and figures about regional marine life that − Legislation governing Endangered Species certain reproductive cycles, etc. may sometimes be could be valuable in information/educational displays. − Ideas/Opportunities overlooked. High stress levels experienced by some animals on human interactions (e.g. dugongs mentioned above) and 3.13.1 SOURCE OF ANIMALS FOR EXHIBIT psychological problems associated with captivity also need The conservation theme of the zoo makes this issue an consideration. There are many design features that could be important one to consider, as extracting animals from the wild incorporated into detailed design that may help to maintain is something that many people consider to be contrary to the psychological as well as physiological health of the conservation ethics/ meaning, regardless of the educational animals (e.g. allowing for sufficient retreat/privacy of (and ultimately conservation) value that those animals then animals), whilst still achieving optimum viewing and achieve as ambassadors of their kind. Ideally then, exhibited interaction. animals could be those rescued from potential mortality or ill- health. These rescued animals would then be either 3.13.4 LEGISLATION GOVERNING ENDANGERED rehabilitated and released back into the wild, or if this return SPECIES would be detrimental to the animal, then they would remain as Some of the species that may be targeted for use as exhibits part of the collection. Therefore, veterinary care and may be internationally or regionally categorised as in danger rehabilitation facilities will be required. While there are some of extinction. In this case, and depending on the acceptance difficulties with the release of captive individuals to the wild, of concepts such as rehabilitation and re-introduction to the further research will be needed early in the next design phase wild, consultation of international and national to resolve this before the concept is further developed. legislation/agreements/ protocols and discussion with relevant authorities may be necessary. Examples of such 3.13.2 MAINTAINING CAPTIVE ANIMALS species include the dugong and all sea turtles. Keeping marine creatures, especially large mammals, in captivity is a challenge in itself. There are very few cases known where dugongs have been successfully kept for any length of time, perhaps largely due to the feeding requirements (almost exclusively seagrass) and their known high hormonal stress levels. However, it may be possible to overcome these problems. (Dugongs are presently kept at Singapore Zoo and Sea World in Brisbane, Australia)

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3.14 GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN FOR 3.14.2 ANIMAL HOLDING AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS SITE, LANDSCAPE, & BUILDINGS Site and form the buildings to utilize the natural environment (sun − Preserve narrow building footprints/floor plans to The India Zoo should aim to practice, promote and provide and prevailing winds) promote cross-ventilation and daylight penetration. leadership in ecological sustainability by incorporating “smart” Strategies: − Locate building openings to allow outside air into building environmental and energy conservation strategies into all zoo − Evaluate specific solar exposures and respond with aridappropriate and induce flow out of building. campus facilities, exhibits, and operational practices thereby: design solutions. − Maximize daylighting while minimizing solar heat gain. − Use deep shading overhangs and shading plants on solar exposure Provide access to daylight and views − Reducing waste, energy consumption and operating expenses side. Strategies: − Incorporating the “reducing, reusing, or recycling” policy − Utilize earth berms and earth covered roofs to minimize heat gain. − Target the goal of 100% daylighting. − Use of traditional “desert adapted” concepts of shading, natural − Orient buildings to maximize exposure to prevailing winds. − Design habitable areas with views through windows and ventilation, dense walling, courtyards and buried buildings and open interior plans. arid zone plantings wherever possible. − Consider use of solar chimneys and skylights − Strengthening the Zoo’s mission of Conservation The below goals form the outline framework from which the design should evolve and take shape. The appropriate selection of building materials and systems, proper facility siting, and an understanding of natural systems will result in a responsible and cost effective design response, which would serve as a prototype for the design of similar facilities. 3.14.1 SITE AND LANDSCAPE Increase the area of site landscaping and vegetation. Strategies:

− Limit paved areas to the strict minimum for their intended purpose. − Increase surface landscaped area. − Use landscaping to provide shade to HVAC equipment, buildings and paved areas. − Provide on-site composting. − Provide on-site food production. − Provide on-site sewage treatment facilities. Reduce outdoor water consumption Strategies: − Use appropriate native and climate sensitive plantings. − Incorporate recycled water into irrigation systems.

Incorporating Green Ideas

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3.14.3 HABITAT LANDSCAPE The following programs will be required to become a professionally recognised botanical garden:

− Plant registrar and complete records of all acquisitions and deacquisitions. − Complete records of all maintenance programs and activities. − A detailed up-to-date survey of all plants on the site. − An extensive plant labeling or identification system. − Formal education programs. − Active participation in local and regional plant conservation programs. − Active participation in local, regional and international botanical and arboricultural organisations and programs. − An herbarium would be desirable unless one were available at a local or regional university or museum. Additionally, the following outlines the landscape and horticultural guidelines that will elevate the quality of the plant collection to a high international standard: − Incorporate the programs (listed above) required of professionally recognised botanical gardens. − All plant species must be naturally adapted to the desert conditions of the site or grown in special conditions to recreate environmental conditions in which they have evolved. − Plants and plantings are part of the ecological story presented. − Large existing trees will be protected from damage during construction and subsequent use. The time and labor expended to reach this point of maturity must be respected. Such trees may be relocated only under special circumstances and in no case are they to be destroyed. − Smaller nursery grown trees may be transplanted to other sites in the project or other Ministry of Agriculture sites. − Car park and external zoo entry shall be planted with materials native to the India, including but not limited to date palms, ghaf, samur, garth, and sidr.

Habitat & Landscaping Concept

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− The Entry Pavilion and Entry Garden could use cosmopolitan, Asian Rainforest also requires special indoor/outdoor necessary in order to assess the value of this method of tree . ornamental, and foliage plants suitable to the area with environments. Special plantings include: − Economic plants such as dates, olives, maise, sorghum, supplemental irrigation. The idea here is to create a memorable, millet, coffee, banana, rice etc may be grown in village areas to multi-sensory, botanical extravaganza and a plant-lovers − Archontophoenix species demonstrate traditional agriculture. Species selected will be paradise.. − Chrysalidodarpus species typical of crops grown in each area. − Pandanus species − Screen plantings in service areas will emphasize native − African Woodland, and Savanna regions will use plants native to − Ptycospermae species Arabian plants and well adapted, introduced species, especially the appropriate sub-region whenever possible. Similar plants of − Ficus macrophyllum plants useful to produce animal browse. the Arabian region such as garath, sidr, samur, and arakh may also − Ficus retusa − Unique planting and plant location techniques will be be used. Plants of special interest include: − Ficus elastica incorporated to accurately re-create natural environments: − Ficus species (strangler fig) − Plants irregularly spaced − Acacia abyssinica − Bambusa oldhami − Some plants planted on an angle or leaning upon adjacent − Acacia elatior − Phragmites species plants − Acacia tortilis − Terminalia − Damaged plants (although the plant list requirement will be − Acacia xanthophloea − Himalayan Hillside includes plants such as: for first class plants) − Adansonia digitata − Cedrus deodara − Use of deadfall throughout planted areas − Bursera species − Juniperus communus − Plant types irregularly mixed − Kigelia africana − Berberus species − Plants located specific to naturally occurring habitats (edge − Phoenix reclinata − Caragana species plants, understory plants, shade plants, epiphytes, − Aloe species − During the Master plan evolution, research has been made wetlands/lowlands, aquatics, etc.) − Cyprus papyrus into the relocation of the existing trees within the project site. The trees to be moved range between 4 cm and 20 cm, − African Rainforest – These indoor/outdoor environments must although calipers up to 26 cm may be possible. However, since be provided with irrigation, mist, fog, and, where necessary, the trees grown on the site have acclimated to the drip shade, both temporary and permanent. Plants of special interest irrigation system, it is anticipated that the root zones of the include: trees will not be as extensive and will therefore be easier to move. The India Municipality has extensive knowledge and − Afromonium species experience in the manual transplanting of trees at all Park and − Bombox species throughout India. Their unique experience should guide the − Newtonia species tree-moving and planting process. However, as a test, tree spades (a mechanical tree transplanting device that is − mounted on a truck) should be considered in the tree relocation given the large quantities to be moved. Further research will be necessary in order to assess the value of this method of tree .

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3.15 GUIDELINES FOR GUEST COMFORT AND SERVICES The following Diagram identifies the Guest Services provided throughout the zoo including locations of the following: − Food/cafes/restaurants − Restrooms − Tram stops − Prayer rooms − Retail/Gifts − Air-conditioned facilities.

Guest Comfort & Service Diagram

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ZOO MANAGERIAL STRATEGY APPENDIX 5

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1.0 INTRODUCTION The staffing plan allocates Zoo staffing into multiple functional In addition, within the staffing plan, we have identified the It is important to note the following key factors associated with areas. In the following tables, the exact positions for each area fulltime staff positions to be filled by “local” and “foreigner” staff the organizational chart below: are listed along with the identified phasing of the positions that members with a corresponding proposed salary scale grade. We support the master plan implementation. The staffing figure have utilized the mid-point of the current 2013 salary scales for • We have assumed that the Zoological Park will be managed indicates the salary and number of positions associated with “local” and “foreigner” staff positions in projecting the annual under the leadership of the Director of Parks as part of the each of the areas and phasing. Complete job descriptions salaries for the full-time staff. We have adjusted, in total, the Park’s Recreational Division. We will identify other potential outlining clear responsibilities are key to organizational success. annual wages to reflect the annual wage increases based on the management options within this Chapter, but for planning Staffing assumes a normal workday of 9 AM to 6 PM. The identified phasing schedule – i.e., Phase 1 salaries are adjusted purposes, and to be conservative in our financial projections, staffing organization at the Zoo will include the following for the projected 2015 wage base or mid-point in total. The we have assumed the “Parks Department Management” functional areas. current 2013 salary scales for “local” and “foreigner” positions, approach. as provided by the India Municipality can be found following the 1.1 CORE STAFF FOR Day Zoo: staffing plan. The proposed structure of the organization will be: • To be conservative in our financial projections, we have Administration identified all of the required staff positions for managing the Admissions Zoological Park of “international standards.” We fully recognize Animal Management that some services, such as marketing, membership and Behavior Management promotions, may be managed as part of the Parks Department Veterinary Commissary Education Exhibits Horticulture Maintenance Transportation Security The Core senior management staff will manage both the Day and Day Zoos to ensure seamless management responsibilities although additional staff positions will be identified to support the build out and operations of the Day Zoo. With the full build- out of the identified phases, there will be in total 635 positions. A summary of the primary job functions, salary grades, phasing sequence of staffing and proposed salary ranges for each position can be found in the following tables.

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core business services to ensure consistency of image and 2.1 ADMINISTRATION 2.3 ANIMAL COLLECTIONS deliverables. Therefore, there may be staff positions identified In the administration area, the Zoo Director/Chief Executive Animal collections is responsible for all animal areas within the organizational and staffing plans (such as marketing) that Officer - (CEO) assumes overall oversight and management of including collections management for Mammals, Birds, will report to other divisions within the current Parks reporting both the Day/Day Zoos. The Business Operations Director or Reptiles as well as the registrar and safari management. It structure. We have assumed, to be conservative, that the identified Chief Operating Officer (COO) is responsible for the also includes oversight for program areas: Asia, Arabia, salaries would be incurred but would be allocated or reimbursed to administrative functions of both zoos. Additional administrative Africa. Zoologists (skilled positions that interact with the reporting division. Economies of scale in term of the total staff includes a Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and accountants visitors) who perform animal husbandry services are salaries could be maximized within this structure. Therefore, we who handle all financial aspects, and Directors of Marketing, identified within this functional area (see Zoologist staffing have presented the “high-end budget” in terms of salaries required Visitor Service and Human Resources. Construction plan within Phasing of Positions Table) as are non-skilled to staff the Zoological Park. management would oversee construction projects and design staff who perform cleaning and servicing functions. Total implementation. Secretarial staff would support the staff: 142 • Within the staffing plan, we have identified the positions to be administrative staff. Total staff: 30. filled by “local” and “foreigner” staff members. Most of the senior Animal Collections will include: management positions, with the exception, in the short-term, of the • Administration will include: Zoo Director, will be managed by “local” staff members. • General Curator • Zoo Director • The visitor service functions of managing food/beverage and retail • Curators/Assistant sales functions will be outsourced to a third-party concessionaire • Business Operations: COO who manages and operates similar types of entertainment • Supervisors attractions or venues. The Zoo will receive commission fees based • Finance Manager: CFO on sales and therefore no staff positions for these functions has • Zoologists been identified. The Concessions management team will report to • Visitor Services the Park Management staff within the Visitor Services Department • Laborers of the Zoo. • Marketing 2.4 ANIMAL SHOWS • The Encounter Lagoon and Safari Lodge & Camp will also be • Human Resources This area produces and supervises all visitor experiences. managed and operated by third-party operators who have There will be one (1) “show area” for each of the Core experience in maintaining other similar attractions and facilities. • Planning program areas: Arabia, Africa and Asia as well as the Under both venues, the Zoo will receive a commission based on Children’s Zoo and Safari for a total of five (5) show areas in sales for use and management of the leased facilities. For the Safari • Support Functions addition to the Amphitheater. Staffing includes one zoologist Lodge & Camp, we would envision a regional hotel management per show area. This area also oversees the Amphitheater operator as the lease. For Encounter Lagoon, we would anticipate Note: All staffing and position numbers are based on full build facility and supports multiple daily shows at the that an experienced aquarium or water park operator would out. Amphitheater and animal holding areas. Total staff: 20 manage and lease this unique facility on behalf of the Zoo and Parks Department. 2.2 ADMISSIONS • Show Manager Admissions is responsible for oversight of entrance gates and all 1.2 DAY ZOO STAFF ONLY: ticketing. Positions within this area include ticket sales and • Supervisors Zoologists secretarial and administrative support. Total staff: 13 Animal Shows • Show Zoologist Animal Rides • Admissions will include: Children’s Zoo • Amphitheater Manager • Supervisor 2.0 DAY ZOO – PHASES • Amphitheater Zoologists With the Day Zoo operations, we have identified the following • Ticketing positions and primary job functions: • Receptionist

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2.5 ANIMAL RIDES 2.10 EDUCATION 2.14 TRANSPORTATION Transportation has oversight of internal transportation One animal ride handler for every two ride animals, including Education is responsible for oversight of classroom and visitor system including tram operators for loop tram operations, camels and ponies. Total staff 13 Animal Rides will include: programs; outreach initiatives. Staffing includes teachers who Boat ride and Moonlight Safari tram, as well as Wildlife • Zoologists implement educational programs and activities. Total staff: 14 Safari vehicles. Total staff: 18 Education will include: Transportation will include: 2.6 BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT • Curator • Supervisor Behavior management includes a Department manager who • Educators • Drivers is responsible for training and implementation of all animal

behavior conditioning programs. Total staff: 1 Behavior 2.11 EXHIBITS 2.15 SECURITY Management will include: This group is responsible for repair and production of exhibit Security is responsible for the twenty-four hour protection • Manager graphics & signage. Total staff: 2 of the zoo. Total staff: 22 Exhibits will include: Security will include: 2.7 VETERINARY • Exhibit Management • Supervisor Veterinary services include four full-time Vets and a • Guards/Watchmen Pathologist; based on a total of over 2,500 specimens. 2.12 HORTICULTURE Grand total staff is 441 positions, including staff shift Additional staffing also supports Vets in analysis and This function handles all Zoo Garden Management and Nursery differential to manage the Zoo on a seven-day week basis, at maintenance of the Animal Hospital/ Quarantine animals. areas in the day Zoo. This group is also responsible for Water full build-out after the completion of Phase 6. Total staff: 10 management and service. Total staff 75 Veterinary will include: Horticulture will include: 3.0 Day Zoo: – YEAR 5 • Vets • Curator/Assistant With the Day Zoo operations, we have identified the • Vet Techs • Gardeners following positions and functions. Total Day Zoo staff: 194 • Zoologists • Irrigation positions. • Laborers

2.8 CHILDREN’S ZOO 3.1 ANIMAL STAFF Responsible for the interactive lorikeet feeding and butterfly 2.13 MAINTENANCE The Day Zoo animal staff reports to Day Zoo Curator, under exhibits along with the contact yards that will allow children Maintenance supports Day Zoos and includes skilled planners, the leadership of the General Curator, who has oversight of of all ages to have direct contact with and feeding of the carpenters, plumbers, and electricians. It also includes fleet Day Zoo program areas. Staffing is assumed at 2/3 staffing of animals. Total staff: 18. maintenance and repairs. Trash collection is handled through Day Zoo and includes skilled Zoologist staff and non-skilled Children’s Zoo will include maintenance with removal by others. Total staff: 58 staff that performs cleaning and servicing. • Supervisor Maintenance will include: The Day Zoo animal staff will include: • Zoologist • Supervisor • Curator • Animal Handlers • Engineers • Supervisors • Tradesmen • Zoologists 2.9 COMMISSARY • Vehicles • Laborers This area is responsible for the preparation of all diets and • Laborers

animal food for distribution to exhibits and holding areas. • Grounds Maintenance With the Gardeners, will oversee on-site production and growing gardens. Total staff: 5 Commissary will include: • Techs

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4.0 STAFFING PLAN: 3.2 OPERATIONS STAFF Separate staff to manage and operate the Day Zoo programs, activities and visitor experiences. It is important to note that there are several key management positions identified within the Day Zoo staff. The Day Zoo operational staff will include: •Accountants •Guest Services •Ticketing •Gardeners •Tradesmen •Drivers •Guards/Watchmen •Interpreters •Vet and Vet Techs

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5.0 TRANSITION PLAN: STAFF Phase 1: Pre-Opening (September 2014 through including the business operations, financial controls, DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING December marketing, human resources, and strategic planning. The key underlying strategy for ensuring the Zoo’s financial 2014) - culminates in the successful opening of Phase 1 of the success is its able to hire, train and empower a core group Zoological Park; 5.1.2 STAFFING AND TRAINING of staff members that will manage both the design and The team will confirm staffing requirements in detail for each transitional process of the Zoo’s animal collection. We Phase 2: Five-Year Transition Plan (December 2014 – operational area of the Zoological Park. The team will design would envision that the transition phase would commence December job descriptions for each position for the Zoological Park. The immediately (late summer 2010) once the design 2016) - conversion from a management staff that will team will design a staff training program for all employees. construction development phase has commenced. The cost comprised of a specialized zoo operations team to a local The training program will provide an important element to of the transitional staff is based on the identified staffing resident senior management team within five years of effectively manage and operate the Zoological Park. plan and is included in the project start-up costs identified opening Phase 1. Outlined below are the key management Curriculum specialists will be utilized in the area of staff within the total project cost estimate. A summary of the tasks to be completed to fulfill Phases 1 and 2. training. An important element of the staff training program projected transitional staffing costs is shown below. It is will be training of the senior staff members to become recommended that a third-party vendor - a Staffing & 5.1 PHASE 1: PRE-OPENING effective trainers and instructors to the other staff members. Staff will be trained in all the areas of modern zoo operations Training Consultant (STC) assist in the staffing and training Create a zoo staff advisory and training team that is including administrative, marketing, and business services. An for the Zoological Park SAIC Dissolutions of California, USA, comprised of individuals with both zoological and important element of the staff training will be in the areas of which incidentally is a staffing & training consultant, could international planning expertise. STC will provide a team of customer service and visitor experience training. Depending serve as the Staffing & Training Consultant in managing the experienced zoo professionals that will represent all areas of on the actual completion schedule of the Phase 1 projects, start-up staffing phases. The Staffing & Training Consultant the staffing requirements of the Zoological Park. Primarily this the STC team will for each position identify, and/or hire, an would accomplish the following tasks: Assumptions & team will be based from the Southern California area and will individual, secure a hiring date, design and implement a Objectives: Represents a two-year transition plan from the engage professional staff that has international expertise in training schedule. For the senior management and animal current zoo to the Zoological Park. The transition plan managing and operating world-class zoological institutions. positions, a training/intern program will be made available to recognizes that there are limited skill resources available Members of the team will travel to India and the identified allow the new employee to have on-the-job training before from the existing animal keeper staff. Based on the current training sites as needed to ensure the quality and timeliness opening. The on-the-job training will primarily be at master plan phasing schedule, the transition schedule of the identified training programs. The responsibilities of the zoological institutions in California and only at zoos anticipates opening Phase 1 of the new India Zoo on or members of this team will be to: accredited by the American Association of Zoos and before December 2006. Phase 1 of the Zoological Park Note: the specific, detailed tasks, including a timeline, will be Aquariums as well as other zoological institutions like the include the African, Arabian Peninsula and Amphitheater developed once the project timeline has been finalized – the Singapore Zoo and Night Safari. An emphasis will be on exhibits, as well as the Core service programs for the outline below identifies the key services to be provided. recruiting, training and hiring of management positions from administrative, visitor services, education, and appropriate the India. Members of the STC advisory team will travel to support facilities. In the initial years, the new India Zoo will 5.1.1 PLANNING AND OVERSIGHT be managed by a combination of local and foreigner India as necessary. They will serve as a resource to the Zoo Have a through operational understanding of all the elements management staff members with the primary objective of and to the Zoo employees for as long as necessary to insure of Phase 1 of the Zoological Park. To serve as an advisor to the the transition plan to establish training and organizational the efficient and professional operation of the Zoological client and the architectural planning firm in completing the protocols for managing this world-class facility within five Park. As subsequent phases are detailed the same approach design and construction elements of the master plan and to years with local management expertise. Based on the as outlined above will be utilized to provide staff for the new review the operational details of the all facilities. Review all Assumptions and Objectives, there are two planning phases phases of the Zoo. facets of the animal collection including animal acquisition of the Transition Plan: plans, animal housing and care, and eventually the management plan for all species within the Zoological Park. This will include a zoological and botanical collection plan for the Zoo. In the area of administrative functions, members of the team will address all administrative programs and strategies of the Zoological Park

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6.2 LIMITED CORPORATION 5.2 PHASE 2: FIVE-YEAR TRANSITION PLAN 6.0 MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE OPTIONS Although we have assumed that the Zoological Park will be Would involve the establishment of new corporation that The STC advisory team will provide a 5-year operational plan would be solely responsible for the management of the for the Zoological Park. Included in the operational plan will managed under the leadership of the Parks Director – the “Parks Management” approach – as described above, there are Zoological Park. This option would be similar to LC’s that be a schedule of the transition to a zoo staff that will have been created for Water Park. This option could be primarily be composed of Indian Nationals. An important two other management models options that could be considered as the design and construction phases move attractive should the MA (Ministry of Agriculture) seek to element within Phase 2 will be the staff development bring additional financial investors to the project to offset a program and training courses for the zoo staff. It will be forward over the coming months: portion of the initial capital investment required to create a important for the zoo managers and management to be able Zoo of “international standards that would serve as a to implement these training programs for all zoo staff thus • Parks Management – as described above • Third-Party Management Contract regional magnet for residents and tourist to India.” In return securing the zoo’s operational independence. The STC for their capital investment, the LLC would seek an equity advisory team will design and implement a 5 year • Limited Liability Corporation (LLC) We have provided a brief overview of Options #2 & #3 below as position in the management and ownership of the operational and business plan. This plan will provide a road Zoological Park. This option reduces the MA’s ownership map for the first 5 years of operations and create financial the Parks Management model is detailed within this report. and control of the Zoological Park but would provide benchmarks within the plan to be able to evaluate the additional capital, and potentially management expertise, 6.1 THIRD-PARTY MANAGEMENT CONTRACT operation of the zoo. In year 4 of operation the STC advisory resources towards the successful implementation of the An experienced operator, similar to hotel management and/or team will assist the new full time senior managers of the zoo Zoological Park in India. This is a more progressive for-profit aquarium operators, that provides management in the preparation of a new business and operational plan management approach should the MA seek additional expertise to the India Municipality (MA) in operating the that will provide and operational road map and evaluation partners in fulfilling the vision for the Zoological Park. This Zoological Park. The advantage of this option is that it releases tool for years 6 through 10. This will include an update to the option also shifts a percentage of the “management risk” to the MA from most management control and/or know how risk zoological and botanical collection plan. The STC advisory the LC but reduces the MA's overall control. Option #1 – and allows the operator to utilize their core capability team will implement the staff development program with the Park Management approach – is the more conservative (management services) without an equity risk. The typical term the newly hired expatriates and other staff to ensure that management approach and in our opinion represents the of the management contract is not less than 10 years with the these employees are fully trained and to position the staff most realistic management structure for moving forward MA having the right to terminate if performance standards are for operational independence (a turn-key system) by year 5. with the successful implementation of the Zoological Park. not achieved. The operator typically gets paid a fee normally The STC advisory team will provide support to the zoo on an However, as the design process moves forward over the calculated as a percentage of sales, with an incentive package as needed basis after year 5. next few months, we would strongly recommend that the to deliver a healthy net operating margin as a percentage of MA investigate whether Options #2 and #3 could be sales. Employees of the Zoo are employees of the MA but implemented and therefore, if potential operators could be report to the operator and not the MA. The operator would be identified. Once identified, the MA could have discussions involved in the design process to ensure a solid business model with the potential operators and/or investors (LLC) to and to ensure a proper balance between the entertainment determine if there interests are mutually acceptable in and education / conservation model. The operator would have fulfilling their vision for the Zoological Park. If there is complete management control including the management of mutual interest, then the MA can determine if the pre-opening resources, human resources (hiring and firing) and reduction in management risk and control is worth the up- cash management. The MA would have approval of the overall front risk of management control and/or capital design process and financial expenditures above a pre-agreed investment. spending limit. This management model option could be an alternative approach if the MA does not want to directly manage the Zoo but wants to maintain control over the facility and/or operations.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY APPENDIX 6

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1.0 INTRODUCTION This report has been compiled to summarize the results of This chapter also summarizes the startup and animal acquisition Innovation and Growth the Preliminary Study into the development of a New India estimates. The Study has been developed in conjunction with The Modern Zoo not only remains contemporary with Zoo complex in Iputhur Zoological Park, India. The study has the Ministry of Agriculture and its specialist advisors through a improvements in related technology and international best been undertaken by John Zoos & Aquatic Solutions Pvt. Ltd. series of three design workshops held in India. At these practice standards, but also encourages innovation, research, and and their zoo specialists, Shankland Cox Ltd. & Pangea workshops many of the proposals were tabled and discussed the dissemination of advances, contributing to overall Rocks The reports commences with chapter 2 by and collectively considered, and this report attempts to capture improvement in the field. The Modern Zoo may be thought of as summarizing the basic data relevant to the development of the feedback from those involved. Those contributions offered the culmination of five thousand years of zoo development. the Master Plan and proceeds in chapter 3 to give analysis by the Ministry of Agriculture and their specialist advisors in the of this data to lay down the basis of the Master Plan design. preparation of this Preliminary Study Report are greatly First Generation -- The Royal Collection Chapter 4 discusses in detail the Master Plan, taking each appreciated. Dating back to ancient India and Sumeria (and extending to the component in turn and outlining the experience each will present), in which powerful individuals or families maintain private present to the visitor. The chapter also defines, using a 1.1 A MODERN ZOO collections as curiosities and symbols of power. series of guidelines, the design approach to be taken to One of the initial questions raised was what forms a “Modern achieve this experience. Chapter 5 considers the technical Zoo”, and the answer to this defines many of the aspects of the Second Generation -- The Victorian Public Zoological Park concepts behind the servicing of the facility and outlines proposed Master Plan. A Modern Zoo combines wildlife-based Begun in the early 19th century, exotic animals were displayed to the various elements of infrastructure required to enable recreation, education, and research along with a strong business the public as curiosities and symbols of imperial power. the complex to function. Chapter 6 takes the Master Plan strategy for advancement of environmental and wildlife and breaks it in a number of phases, which define the conservation locally, nationally, and globally. Third Generation – The Scientific Zoo growth of the complex over a forthcoming 12-year plan. It Introduced modern veterinary, husbandry, and materials advances. is generally accepted that any facility of this type cannot Recreation Animal longevity and reproduction greatly improved. simply start in its complete form. In order to maintain The Modern Zoo provides its guests with a variety of visitor interest and promote revisits and, hence, become a memorable, enjoyable, and valuable experiences of beautiful, Fourth Generation -- The Modern Zoo long-term attraction, the complex must grow in a logical healthy animals and plants in striking and informative settings, Combines the scientific approach with the entertainment values of and sustainable manner. This chapter outlines the studies while providing comfort, convenience, service, and value for theme parks and informal learning advances of museums. This is carried out, and defines an appropriate phasing plan, and is guests. also a period of conservation outreach, with some zoos being supported by the feasibility and marketing study given in leaders in international conservation and most zoos active in local appendix 2. The chapter concludes with an indicative Education field research, protection, and wildlife rescue operations. The construction programmed for the overall rollout of the The Modern Zoo blends education and entertainment to Bronx (New York), San Diego, and Singapore zoos are examples. phased complex. Chapter 7 discusses the Management activate informed public support for environmental conservation options available to operate the facility through the various in the zoo, the community, and around the world. Fifth Generation – What’s On the Horizon? phases defined in Chapter 6. Finally, Chapter 8 identifies the Some predict the emergence of the Bio park, combining zoo, method of capital cost estimate and provides the estimated Conservation aquarium, museum, and botanical garden. Others see the bio park capital costs for the overall development and each of the The modern zoo manages its animal collection in collaboration redesigned to resemble a theme park with overnight safari phases as rolled out. The cost estimate at this stage of the with modern, international programs to optimize long-term experiences, themed entertainment and restaurants, animal project represents the basis upon which an approved viability of species while providing for the well being of each shows, animal viewing rides, and swim-through artificial budget may be defined by the Ministry of Agriculture. individual specimen. These programs extend beyond the zoo rainforests and reefs. Disney’s Animal Kingdom and Sea World campus to include local, national, and international research and Orlando are such examples. rescue programs.

Business The Modern Zoo operates under sound business practices, returning value to the zoo guests, zoo animals, zoo staff, and its governing authority.

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During the first workshop, three contemporary phases of professional zoo development were defined:

• Below international best practice standards

• Achieving best practice standards

• Next generation facilities Since today’s best exhibits and other zoo facilities represent ideas more than a decade old (7-10 years being the time it takes a new idea to be recognized and implemented), the possibility exists to take today’s best ideas (rather than best complete examples) and advance beyond today’s best practice.

Advantages Develop the most advanced international model, avoid many past mistakes, and set a new standard.

Disadvantages One cannot establish a next-generation facility without next generation human resources of trained, experienced staff. Also, there is no professional consensus as to what the next- generation zoo actually is. What if the innovative direction taken can’t be sustained or doesn’t achieve the desired results? During this discussion, it was decided the new India Zoo should be planned to meet international best practice standards, but with built-in opportunities to advance when staff reach appropriate levels of training and experience.

New Zoo - Primary Components

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2.0 SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT CRITERIA The Development Criteria that have been established in this report • The operation of the facility would require a total of 235 approx. • One of the requirements of the TOR was to demonstrate that and drive the development of the Master Plan are summarized as staff upon completion of phase 2 in 2016. Phase 1 would require the facility would maintain an operating surplus during its life. follows: 135 staff. The study estimates that an operating surplus of an average of • The budget estimate for the entire proposal as defined by the Rs 5.4 m can be maintained over the first five years. (i.e. to • Emphasis has been placed on creating another world class TOR is Rs ---- million, with phase 1 at Rs --- million . These figures 2019) attraction for the City of India. The collection of attractions are inclusive of all startup and animal purchasing costs, but proposed in this study is currently unique throughout the world. exclusive of any works outside the site, consultants fees and services connection fees. • The complex comprises two open zoos (the Day Zoo , one Safaris (the daytime Safari) a Biodiversity Museum, Conservation and Breeding Centers and all necessary support facilities.

• The theme for the zoo centers around the “Deserts of the World” with the Day Zoo presenting to the visitor a journey through the three habitats of Africa, Arabia and Asia.

• The project should be constructed in 3 phases over a period of 2 years, with Phase 1 completed at the end of 2014 and Phase 2 at the end of 2015.

• It is proposed that phase 1 comprises the Entry Plaza, a substantial portion of the Day Zoo, The Veterinary Centre and Breeding and Conservation areas together with the necessary services and support facilities. Phase 2 would bring the Zoo on line in its entirety. The subsequent phases would add the daytime safaris and additional exhibits and attractions to progressively enhance the visitor experience.

• It is estimated that the annual attendance for phase 1 in 2015 would be approximately 800,000 and this figure would rise to around 2.1 million in 2016 at the completion of Phase 2.

• The total projected capacity for the Day Zoo can be expected to reach 1.1 million people giving a maximum design capacity of 6,500 people per day.

• The total projected capacity for the day Zoo can be expected to reach 1.0 million people.

New Zoo - Main Entrance

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