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Studies in the Linguistic Sciences UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Llb'RARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN MODERN LANGUAGE NOTICE: Return or renew all Library Materialsl The Minimum Fee (or each Lost Book is $50.00. The person charging this material is responsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for discipli- nary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN ModeriJLanp & Lb Library ^rn 425 333-0076 L161—O-I096 Che Linguistic Sciences PAPERS IN GENERAL LINGUISTICS ANTHONY BRITTI Quantifier Repositioning SUSAN MEREDITH BURT Remarks on German Nominalization CHIN-CHUAN CHENG AND CHARLES KISSEBERTH Ikorovere Makua Tonology (Part 1) PETER COLE AND GABRIELLA HERMON Subject to Object Raising in an Est Framework: Evidence from Quechua RICHARD CURETON The Inclusion Constraint: Description and Explanation ALICE DAVISON Some Mysteries of Subordination CHARLES A. FERGUSON AND APIA DIL The Sociolinguistic Valiable (s) in Bengali: A Sound Change in Progress GABRIELLA HERMON Rule Ordering Versus Globality: Evidencefrom the Inversion Construction CHIN-W. KIM Neutralization in Korean Revisited DAVID ODDEN Principles of Stress Assignment: A Crosslinguistic View PAULA CHEN ROHRBACH The Acquisition of Chinese by Adult English Speakers: An Error Analysis MAURICE K.S. WONG Origin of the High Rising Changed Tone in Cantonese SORANEE WONGBIASAJ On the Passive in Thai Department of Linguistics University of Illinois^-^ STUDIES IN THE LINGUISTIC SCIENCES PUBLICATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN EDITORS: Charles W. Kisseberth, Braj B. Kachru, Jerry L. Morgan REVIEW EDITORS: Robert N. Kantor and Ladislav Zgusta EDITORIAL BOARD: Eyamba G. Bokamba, Chin-chuan Cheng, Peter Cole, Georgia M. Green, Hans Henrich Hock, Yamuna Kachru, Henry Kahane, Michael J. Kenstowicz, Chin-W. Kim and Howard Maclay. AIM: SLS is intended as a forum for the presentation of the latest original research by the faculty and especially students of the Department of Linguistics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Especially invited papers by scholars not associated with the University of Illinois will also be in- cluded. SPECIAL ISSUES: Since its inception SLS has been devoting one issue each year to restricted, specialized topics. A complete list of such special issues is given on the back cover. The following special issues are under preparation: Fall 1979: Relational Grammar and Semantics, edited by Jerry L. Morgan; Fall 1980: Papers on Diachronic Syntax, edited by Hans H. Hock; Fall 1981: Studies in Language Variation: Nonwestern Case Studies, edited by Braj B. Kachru; Fall 1982: South Asian Linguistics: Syntax and Semantics, edited by Yamuna Kachru. BOOKS FOR REVIEW: Review copies of books (in duplicate) may be sent to the Review Editors, Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, Department of Linguistics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IlHnois, 61801. SUBSCRIPTION: There will be two issues during the academic year. Requests for subscriptions should be addressed to SLS Subscriptions, Department of Linguistics, 4088 Foreign Languages Building, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801. Price: $5.00 (per issue) STUDIES IN THE LINGUISTIC SCIENCES EDITORS Charles W. Kisseberth Braj B. Kachru, Jerry L. Morgan REVIEW EDITORS Robert N. Kantor and Ladislav Zgusta EDITORIAL BOARD Eyamba G. Bokamba, Chin-chuan Cheng, Peter Cole, Georgia M. Green, Hans Henrich Hock, Yamuna Kachru, Henry Kahane, Michael J. Kenstowicz, C hin-W. Kim, and Howard Maclay. VOLUME 9, NUMBER 1 SPRING, 1979 DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 61801 ^10 K.9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Anthony Britti: Quantifier Repositioning 1 Susan Meredith Burt: Remarks on German Nominal ization 17 Chin-Chuan Cheng and Charles W. Kisseberth: Ikorovere Makua Tonology (Part 1) 31 Peter Cole and Gabriel la Hermon: Subject to Object. Raising in an Est Framework: Evidence from Quechua 65 Richard D. Cureton: The Inclusion Constraint: Description and Explanation 91 Alice Davison: Some Mysteries of Subordination 105 Charles A. Ferguson and Afia Dil: The Sociolinguistic Variable (s) in Bengali: A Sound Change in Progress? 129 Gabriel la Hermon: Rule Ordering Versus Global ity: Evidence from the Inversion Construction 139 Chin-W. Kim: Neutralization in Korean Revisited 147 David Odden: Principles of Stress Assignment: A Crosslinguistic View 157 Paula Chen Rohrbach: The Acquisition of Chinese by Adult English Speakers: An Error Analysis 177 Maurice K.S. Wong: Origin of the High Rising Changed Tone in Cantonese 193 Soranee Wongbiasaj : On the Passive in Thai 207 Studies in the Linguistic Sciences Volume 9, Number 1, Spring 1979 QUANTIFIER REPOSITIONING Anthony Brlttl Quantifier repositioning processes are examined in a number of languages. Every language has an unmarked sentence position (USP) for quantifiers with regard to the NPs which they bind. It is assumed that in USP a quantifier is in con- struction with its bound NP. USP Is either pre-nominal or post-nominal in a given language. A quantifier repositioning process moves a quantifier out of USP. There are two clear-cut types of quantifier re- positioning. In the first, a quantifier is moved out of con- struction with its bound NP such that the quantifier commands the NP. In the second, a quantifier is moved such that it remains in construction with its bound NP. A third process, which may or may not be a quantifier repositioning process, yields an output with a quantifier and two coreferential NPs bound by it. These three processes are differently constrained hierarchically in different languages and may interact with each other in a particular language in what may be a principled way. A Relational Grammar generalization about quantifier re- positioning is shown to be both partly false and partly in- adequate. The actual facts of natural language are more complex than this generalization can account for.* In their "Notes on Relational Grammar", Postal and Perlmutter intro- duce the notion term and give a characterization of it by means of syntactic behavioral properties. We will be concerned with one of these: 1. Only terms can launch floating quantifiers (Perlmutter and Postal, 197A, p. 1). This statement has often been accepted simply at face value; its veracity has thus far not been empirically examined. Herein we will take a close look at 1. It will be shown to be both partly Inadequate as a generali- zation and also false as an exceptionless fact about language. As it is stated, 1. is only about a process of quantifier floating. Whether there exist other rules which move nouns or quantifiers relative to one another has not been discussed extensively in the literature.^' This matter will be taken up in section II of this study. It will be demonstrated that there are several types of quantifier repositioning, and that these are subject to the same hierarchical constraints In some languages as are expressed in 1. In its usual interpretation 1. is taken to mean that only, though not necessarily all, terms in a given language may launch quantifiers. This — will be shown to be false in section III below. For each sort of quantifier defined in section II, there is at least one exception. In section I, a few preliminary matters will be disposed of. I Preliminaries A bi-level model of the relational grammar sort will be assumed. We will be concerned with quantifiers at that point in a derivation where they are in construction with^^ a noun phrase. For the relation which holds between a quantifier and a noun phrase, we will employ terminology from the predicate calculus binding . The question of the underlying status of quantifiers and how they come to be in construction with the NPs which they bind is not of concern here 3) Any discussion of quantifier repositioning entails that there exist in a sentence a position out of which a quantifier may be moved — an unmarked sentence position (USP) . When in USP, we will assume that a quantifier is in construction with a NP which it binds. Granting this assumption, it is usually fairly easy to demonstrate USP in a language. There are, of course, basically only two possibilities for USP —pre-nominal and post-nominal. The task which then presents itself is to find which of these is USP when a quantifier is in construction with a NP which it binds. In Literary Tamil, for example, a quantifier may occur either pre- nominally or post-nominally for subjects, direct objects and indirect objects: 2. a. yella: manitar-kal-um po:na:r-kal all man- pl:-inclusive went- pi: b. manitar-kal yella :-m po:na:r-kal (V * 0/V ) "All the men went," 3. a. na:n yella: manltar-kal-ay-um pa:rtte:n I all man- pl:-obj .-incl. saw b. na:n manitar-kal yella :-r-ay-um pa:rtte:n c. na:n manitar-kal-ay yella:-m pa:rtte:n "I saw all the men." 4. a. na:n yella: manitar-kal-itam-um aday kututte:n I all man -pl:-ind.obj .-incl. it ga'&e b. na:n manitar-kal yella :-r-itam-um aday kututte:n c. na:n manitar-kal-itam yella:-m aday kututte:n Three possibilities show up in these examples: yella : occurs prenomi- nally, it occurs between the head noun on one side and the case and r : inclusive morphemes on the other, or with the head noun and case morpheme on one side and the inclusive morpheme on the other. If yella : occurs to the right of the inclusive morpheme, ungrammaticality results. We may conclude, then, that the quantifier remains in construction with the NP which it binds. Which of these different possibilities represents USP? To answer this, we look at oblique NPs. With comitatives, instrumentives, locatives, and passive agents, a quantifier may appear only pre-nominally 5.
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