Foundational Literacy Glossary of Terms
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Discovering Semantic Links Between Synonyms, Hyponyms and Hypernyms Ricardo Avila, Gabriel Lopes, Vania Vidal, Jose Macedo
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Computer and Systems Engineering Vol:13, No:6, 2019 Discovering Semantic Links Between Synonyms, Hyponyms and Hypernyms Ricardo Avila, Gabriel Lopes, Vania Vidal, Jose Macedo Abstract—This proposal aims for semantic enrichment between Other approaches have been proposed to identify such glossaries using the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) mappings (see Section IV), but they are still far from perfect. vocabulary to discover synonyms, hyponyms and hyperonyms In general, previous studies have tried to directly identify semiautomatically, in Brazilian Portuguese, generating new semantic relationships based on WordNet. To evaluate the quality of this different types of relationships, usually with the help of proposed model, experiments were performed by the use of two sets dictionaries such as WordNet. On the other hand, we propose containing new relations, being one generated automatically and the an enrichment strategy using a two-step approach. In the first other manually mapped by the domain expert. The applied evaluation step, we apply the use of a crawler to collect synonyms, metrics were precision, recall, f-score, and confidence interval. The hyponyms, and hyperonyms to generate an XML file, then results obtained demonstrate that the applied method in the field of Oil Production and Extraction (E&P) is effective, which suggests that we generate new relationships between the instances and it can be used to improve the quality of terminological mappings. determine the initial ontology mapping with approximate The procedure, although adding complexity in its elaboration, can be matches of equality. Then, using a unified lexical ontology reproduced in others domains. -
Semantic Shift, Homonyms, Synonyms and Auto-Antonyms
WALIA journal 31(S3): 81-85, 2015 Available online at www.Waliaj.com ISSN 1026-3861 © 2015 WALIA Semantic shift, homonyms, synonyms and auto-antonyms Fatemeh Rahmati * PhD Student, Department of Arab Literature, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch; Tehran, Iran Abstract: One of the important topics in linguistics relates to the words and their meanings. Words of each language have specific meanings, which are originally assigned to them by the builder of that language. However, the truth is that such meanings are not fixed, and may evolve over time. Language is like a living being, which evolves and develops over its lifetime. Therefore, there must be conditions which cause the meaning of the words to change, to disappear over time, or to be signified by new signifiers as the time passes. In some cases, a term may have two or more meanings, which meanings can be different from or even opposite to each other. Also, the semantic field of a word may be expanded, so that it becomes synonymous with more words. This paper tried to discuss the diversity of the meanings of the words. Key words: Word; Semantic shift; Homonym; Synonym; Auto-antonym 1. Introduction person who employed had had the intention to express this sentence. When a word is said in *Speaking of the language immediately brings the absence of intent to convey a meaning, it doesn’t words and meanings immediately to mind, because signify any meaning, and is meaningless, as are the they are two essential elements of the language. words uttered by a parrot. -
Glossary and Bibliography for Vocabularies 1 the Codes (For Example, the Dewey Decimal System Number 735.942)
Glossary and Bibliography for Controlled Vocabularies Glossary AACR2 (Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd edition) A content standard published by the American Library Association (ALA), Canadian Library Association (CLA), and Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP). It is being replaced by RDA. abbreviation A shortened form of a name or term (for example, Mr. for Mister). See also acronym and initialism. access point An entry point to a systematic arrangement of information, specifically an indexed field or heading in a work record, vocabulary record, or other content object that is formatted and indexed in order to provide access to the information in the record. acronym An abbreviation or word formed from the initial letters of a compound term or phrase (for example, MoMA, for Museum of Modern Art). See also initialism and abbreviation. ad hoc query Also called a direct query. A query or report that is constructed when required and that directly accesses data files and fields that are selected only when the query is created. It differs from a predefined report or querying a database through a user interface. administrative entity In the context of a geographic vocabulary, a political or other administrative body defined by administrative boundaries and conditions, including inhabited places, nations, empires, nations, states, districts, and townships. administrative data In the context of cataloging art, information having to do with the administrative history and care of the work and the history of the catalog record (for example, insurance value, conservation history, and revision history of the catalog record). See also descriptive data. algorithm A formula or procedure for solving a problem or carrying out a task. -
GLOSSARY of USAGE Presbyterian College English Department a A, an Use a Before a Consonant Sound, an Before a Vowel Sound
GLOSSARY OF USAGE Presbyterian College English Department A a, an Use a before a consonant sound, an before a vowel sound. a heavy load, a nap, a sound; an island, an honest man, an umpire. accept, except As a verb, accept means "to receive"; except means "to exclude." Except as a preposition also means "but." Every senator except Mr. Browning refused to accept the bribe. We will except (exclude) this novel from the list of those to be read. advice, advise Advice is a noun; advise is a verb. I advise you to follow Estelle's advice. affect, effect Affect is a verb meaning "to act upon, to influence, or to imitate." Effect may be either a verb or a noun. Effect as a verb means "to cause or to bring about"; effect as a noun means "a result or a consequence." The patent medicine did not affect (influence) the disease. Henry affected the manner of an Oxford student. (imitated) Henry effected a change in his schedule. (brought about) The effect (result) of this change was that he had no Friday classes. aggravate Aggravate means "to make more grave, to worsen." A problem or condition is aggravated. A person is not aggravated; a person is annoyed. CORRECT: The heavy rains aggravated the slippery roads. CORRECT: The drivers were annoyed by the slippery roads. INCORRECT: The drivers were aggravated by the slippery roads. CORRECT: Her headache was aggravated by the damp weather. INCORRECT: She was aggravated by driving in the heavy traffic. CORRECT: She was annoyed by driving in the heavy traffic. -
Glossary of Linguistic Terms
Glossary of Linguistic Terms accent Often used to refer to distinctive pronuncia tions which differ from that of Received Pronunciation It differs from dialect which includes syn tax and vocabulary as well acronym A word formed from the initial letters of the words which make up a name, e.g. NATO (from North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) active A clause in which the subject is the actor of the verb; in a passive clause the actor is not the grammatical subject; seep. 14 addressee The person being addressed or spoken to in any form of discourse adjective In traditional grammar a word which de scribes a noun, as happy in 'the happy man'; an adjective phrase is a group of one or more words fulfilling the function of an adjective; seep. 11 adverb In t:r:aditional grammar a word which de scribes a verb; in 'he ran slowly', slowly describes how he ran An adverb phrase is a group of one or more words fulfilling the function of an adverb; see p. 11 affix A morpheme which is attached to another word as an inflection or for derivation Affixes include prefixes at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end of a word, e.g. un-god-ly with prefix un- and suffix -ly A derivational affix is used to form a new word, e.g. the suffix -less with hope gives the new word hopeless; an inflectional affix marks grammatical relations, in comes, the -s marks third person singular present indicative 159 160 Glossary alliteration The repetition of the same sound at the beginning of two or more words in close proximity, e.g. -
12 Morphology and Lexical Semantics
248 Beth Levin and Malka Rappaport Hovav 12 Morphology and Lexical Semantics BETH LEVIN AND MALKA RAPPAPORT HOVAV The relation between lexical semantics and morphology has not been the subject of much study. This may seem surprising, since a morpheme is often viewed as a minimal Saussurean sign relating form and meaning: it is a concept with a phonologically composed name. On this view, morphology has both a semantic side and a structural side, the latter sometimes called “morphological realization” (Aronoff 1994, Zwicky 1986b). Since morphology is the study of the structure and derivation of complex signs, attention could be focused on the semantic side (the composition of complex concepts) and the structural side (the composition of the complex names for the concepts) and the relation between them. In fact, recent work in morphology has been concerned almost exclusively with the composition of complex names for concepts – that is, with the struc- tural side of morphology. This dissociation of “form” from “meaning” was foreshadowed by Aronoff’s (1976) demonstration that morphemes are not necessarily associated with a constant meaning – or any meaning at all – and that their nature is basically structural. Although in early generative treat- ments of word formation, semantic operations accompanied formal morpho- logical operations (as in Aronoff’s Word Formation Rules), many subsequent generative theories of morphology, following Lieber (1980), explicitly dissoci- ate the lexical semantic operations of composition from the formal structural -
Studies in the Linguistic Sciences
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Llb'RARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN MODERN LANGUAGE NOTICE: Return or renew all Library Materialsl The Minimum Fee (or each Lost Book is $50.00. The person charging this material is responsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for discipli- nary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN ModeriJLanp & Lb Library ^rn 425 333-0076 L161—O-I096 Che Linguistic Sciences PAPERS IN GENERAL LINGUISTICS ANTHONY BRITTI Quantifier Repositioning SUSAN MEREDITH BURT Remarks on German Nominalization CHIN-CHUAN CHENG AND CHARLES KISSEBERTH Ikorovere Makua Tonology (Part 1) PETER COLE AND GABRIELLA HERMON Subject to Object Raising in an Est Framework: Evidence from Quechua RICHARD CURETON The Inclusion Constraint: Description and Explanation ALICE DAVISON Some Mysteries of Subordination CHARLES A. FERGUSON AND APIA DIL The Sociolinguistic Valiable (s) in Bengali: A Sound Change in Progress GABRIELLA HERMON Rule Ordering Versus Globality: Evidencefrom the Inversion Construction CHIN-W. KIM Neutralization in Korean Revisited DAVID ODDEN Principles of Stress Assignment: A Crosslinguistic View PAULA CHEN ROHRBACH The Acquisition of Chinese by Adult English Speakers: An Error Analysis MAURICE K.S. WONG Origin of the High Rising Changed Tone in Cantonese SORANEE WONGBIASAJ On the Passive in Thai Department of Linguistics University of Illinois^-^ STUDIES IN THE LINGUISTIC SCIENCES PUBLICATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN EDITORS: Charles W. Kisseberth, Braj B. -
Automatic Labeling of Troponymy for Chinese Verbs
Automatic labeling of troponymy for Chinese verbs 羅巧Ê Chiao-Shan Lo*+ s!蓉 Yi-Rung Chen+ [email protected] [email protected] 林芝Q Chih-Yu Lin+ 謝舒ñ Shu-Kai Hsieh*+ [email protected] [email protected] *Lab of Linguistic Ontology, Language Processing and e-Humanities, +Graduate School of English/Linguistics, National Taiwan Normal University Abstract 以同©^Æ與^Y語意關¶Ë而成的^Y知X«,如ñ語^² (Wordnet)、P語^ ² (EuroWordnet)I,已有E分的研v,^²的úË_已øv完善。ú¼ø同的目的,- 研b語言@¦已úË'規!K-文^Y²路 (Chinese Wordnet,CWN),è(Ð供完t的 -文YK^©@分。6而,(目MK-文^Y²路ûq-,1¼目M;要/¡(ºº$ 定來標記同©^ÆK間的語意關Â,因d這些標記KxÏ尚*T成可L應(K一定規!。 因d,,Ç文章y%針對動^K間的上下M^Y語意關 (Troponymy),Ðú一.ê動標 記的¹法。我們希望藉1句法上y定的句型 (lexical syntactic pattern),úË一個能 ê 動½取ú動^上下M的ûq。透N^©意$定原G的U0,P果o:,dûqê動½取ú 的動^上M^,cº率將近~分K七A。,研v盼能將,¹法應(¼c(|U-的-文^ ²ê動語意關Â標記,以Ê知X,體Kê動úË,2而能有H率的úË完善的-文^Y知 XÇ源。 關關關uuu^^^:-文^Y²路、語©關Âê動標記、動^^Y語© Abstract Synset and semantic relation based lexical knowledge base such as wordnet, have been well-studied and constructed in English and other European languages (EuroWordnet). The Chinese wordnet (CWN) has been launched by Academia Sinica basing on the similar paradigm. The synset that each word sense locates in CWN are manually labeled, how- ever, the lexical semantic relations among synsets are not fully constructed yet. In this present paper, we try to propose a lexical pattern-based algorithm which can automatically discover the semantic relations among verbs, especially the troponymy relation. There are many ways that the structure of a language can indicate the meaning of lexical items. For Chinese verbs, we identify two sets of lexical syntactic patterns denoting the concept of hypernymy-troponymy relation. -
Applied Linguistics Unit III
Applied Linguistics Unit III D ISCOURSE AND VOCABUL ARY We cannot deny the fact that vocabulary is one of the most important components of any language to be learnt. The place we give vocabulary in a class can still be discourse-oriented. Most of us will agree that vocabulary should be taught in context, the challenge we may encounter with this way of approaching teaching is that the word ‘context’ is a rather catch-all term and what we need to do at this point is to look at some of the specific relationships between vocabulary choice, context (in the sense of the situation in which the discourse is produced) and co-text (the actual text surrounding any given lexical item). Lexical cohesion As we have seen in Discourse Analysis, related vocabulary items occur across clause and sentence boundaries in written texts and across act, move, and turn boundaries in speech and are a major characteristic of coherent discourse. Do you remember which were those relationships in texts we studied last Semester? We call them Formal links or cohesive devices and they are: verb form, parallelism, referring expressions, repetition and lexical chains, substitution and ellipsis. Some of these are grammatical cohesive devices, like Reference, Substitution and Ellipsis; some others are Lexical Cohesive devices, like Repetition, and lexical chains (such us Synonymy, Antonymy, Meronymy etc.) Why should we study all this? Well, we are not suggesting exploiting them just because they are there, but only because we can give our learners meaningful, controlled practice and the hope of improving them with more varied contexts for using and practicing vocabulary. -
Morphemes by Kirsten Mills Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, 1998
Morphemes by Kirsten Mills http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng/morpheme.htm Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, 1998 Introduction Morphemes are what make up words. Often, morphemes are thought of as words but that is not always true. Some single morphemes are words while other words have two or more morphemes within them. Morphemes are also thought of as syllables but this is incorrect. Many words have two or more syllables but only one morpheme. Banana, apple, papaya, and nanny are just a few examples. On the other hand, many words have two morphemes and only one syllable; examples include cats, runs, and barked. Definitions morpheme: a combination of sounds that have a meaning. A morpheme does not necessarily have to be a word. Example: the word cats has two morphemes. Cat is a morpheme, and s is a morpheme. Every morpheme is either a base or an affix. An affix can be either a prefix or a suffix. Cat is the base morpheme, and s is a suffix. affix: a morpheme that comes at the beginning (prefix) or the ending (suffix) of a base morpheme. Note: An affix usually is a morpheme that cannot stand alone. Examples: -ful, -ly, -ity, -ness. A few exceptions are able, like, and less. base: a morpheme that gives a word its meaning. The base morpheme cat gives the word cats its meaning: a particular type of animal. prefix: an affix that comes before a base morpheme. The in in the word inspect is a prefix. suffix: an affix that comes after a base morpheme. -
From Phoneme to Morpheme Author(S): Zellig S
Linguistic Society of America From Phoneme to Morpheme Author(s): Zellig S. Harris Source: Language, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1955), pp. 190-222 Published by: Linguistic Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/411036 Accessed: 09/02/2009 08:03 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=lsa. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Linguistic Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Language. http://www.jstor.org FROM PHONEME TO MORPHEME ZELLIG S. HARRIS University of Pennsylvania 0.1. -
Morpheme Master List
Master List of Morphemes Suffixes, Prefixes, Roots Suffix Meaning *Syntax Exemplars -er one who, that which noun teacher, clippers, toaster -er more adjective faster, stronger, kinder -ly to act in a way that is… adverb kindly, decently, firmly -able capable of, or worthy of adjective honorable, predictable -ible capable of, or worthy of adjective terrible, responsible, visible -hood condition of being noun childhood, statehood, falsehood -ful full of, having adjective wonderful, spiteful, dreadful -less without adjective hopeless, thoughtless, fearless -ish somewhat like adjective childish, foolish, snobbish -ness condition or state of noun happiness, peacefulness, fairness -ic relating to adjective energetic, historic, volcanic -ist one who noun pianist, balloonist, specialist -ian one who noun librarian, historian, magician -or one who noun governor, editor, operator -eer one who noun mountaineer, pioneer, commandeer, profiteer, engineer, musketeer o-logy study of noun biology, ecology, mineralogy -ship art or skill of, condition, noun leadership, citizenship, companionship, rank, group of kingship -ous full of, having, adjective joyous, jealous, nervous, glorious, possessing victorious, spacious, gracious -ive tending to… adjective active, sensitive, creative -age result of an action noun marriage, acreage, pilgrimage -ant a condition or state adjective elegant, brilliant, pregnant -ant a thing or a being noun mutant, coolant, inhalant Page 1 Master morpheme list from Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Suffixes, Prefixes, and Roots for