2016 State of Our Watersheds Report Northwest Olympic Peninsula

Home , Lyre River, Ozette River, Pysht River

yaɫo·wisbadaxǐ q – tup̓aɫiq, ducǐ ʔi·ʔi·ʔiq, ca̓̌ ʔawiq, du·pica·dax ̌ haʔubaqey, hi·da·cǐ siq, kʷicǐ ·ye·ʔiq, xǐ ktu·biq, hiktu·biq, ba·ckʷa·dʔiq, sǔ ca̓̌ siq, ʔubabiq- q̓atiksǐ ƛ̓ ʔuyak ti·caʔa·ʔaɫ. ʔuxǎ wa·ɫ qʷa·qik ʔusubaqey. ʔuc·̌ a·ʔaka̓ ·ɫ ʔis ̌ ʔuca̓̌ ·ʔaki̓ dica·ɫ.

The places- the ocean, the mountain, the fresh water, all the variety of foods, the beach, the land, the animal, the bird, the bug, the tree, the plant give thanks for them. Use what you may need. Take care of them and they will take care of you.

Makah Tribe Located on the northwest tip of the lower 48 states, the Makah always have utilized the bounty of the sea and the forests. From seals to salmon to whales, the sea was – and still is – a large part of the livelihood of the Makah. With- in their territory, the Makah had many summer and permanent villages. The five permanent villages – the Wa’atch, Tsoo-Yess, Diaht, Ozette Seattle and Ba’adah – were located in forests and on beaches. In the early 1800s, these villages were home to between 2,000 and 4,000 Makah. The Makah are highly skilled mariners, coming from a long line of ancestors who used sophis- ticated navigational and maritime skills to travel the rough waters of the Pacific Ocean and the Strait of Juan de Fuca to hunt whales and seals as well as travel. In 1855, the Makah, repre- sented by 42 tribal dignitaries, negotiated and signed a treaty with the United States retaining their right to whale and hunt, fish and gather as they always had. Today, tribal headquarters are located in Neah Bay, Wash.

Makah Tribe 87 Recovering Habitat Means Prioritizing and Restoring Located on the northwest corner of the Olympic Peninsula, the Makah’s Area of Concern includes many independent streams that flow from the foothills of the northern Olympic Mountains and enter the shores of the Strait of Juan de Fuca or the Pacific Ocean. The largest watersheds are the Sekiu, Hoko, Clallam, Pysht, Tsoo Yess, Ozette and Lyre rivers. Chinook, coho, chum, sockeye and winter steelhead occur in the area’s watersheds, with the Ozette sockeye being listed as “threatened” under the Endangered Spe- cies Act. Beginning in the late 1800s, the strait region has been heavily logged, with severe consequences to the health of its watersheds and salmon habitat. Today the region is predominantly rural, and industrial forestland management is widespread. The restoration strategy developed for the Area of Concern con- sists of maintaining and improving the ecosystem productivity and genetic diversity for all salmonid species by protecting highly pro- ductive habitats and populations, and restoring impaired habitat and depressed populations. The approach is to prioritize habitat Debbie Preston, NWIFC Debbie Preston, restoration, protection and enhancement activities with regard to The Waatch River is one of several rivers where the Makah the specific habitat conditions of each individual watershed. Tribe is removing noxious weeds and creosote pilings as well as The short-term focus is on habitat restoration activities such as: restoring habitat. • Large woody debris placement; • Riparian planting; • Fish-barrier culvert removal; • Nearshore fill removal; and • Conservation easements.1

Long-term habitat recovery focuses on the restoration and protection of habitat-forming processes. Insufficient time has elapsed to assess the progress toward the goals and objectives of this habitat recovery strategy. Only general conditions and trends can be highlighted. Sharing Plans and Cooperation Key to Recovery The Makah Tribe works independently natural resource agencies to protect, prop- there must be salmon to harvest. There and cooperatively with state and federal erly manage and recover salmon, since hab- must be real gains in habitat protection and agencies to monitor and implement res- itat is being damaged and destroyed faster restoration for salmon to survive. And for toration projects. But the Tribe has some than it can be restored. For the Tribe’s trea- this to happen, the federal and Washington concerns about the lack of sufficient com- ty-reserved rights to harvest salmon and state governments need to provide leader- mitment by federal and Washington state other natural resources to have meaning, ship and the necessary resources.

Recovery Efforts Show Signs of Improvement But Still Lagging in Key Indicators A review of key environmental indicators for the Makah area county) needed to address the issues and implement actions to re- shows improvements in the removal of forest road barriers and store and protect habitat and to monitor and enforce compliance of the installation of large woody debris structures, but degradation existing regulations. In addition, funding shortfalls for large-scale of water quantity, road densities and forestland cover. In general, projects contribute to the slow pace of progress. there is a shortage of staff at all levels (e.g., federal, state, tribal,

88 Makah Tribe Review of the trend for these key environmental indicators since the 2012 State of Our Watersheds Report shows improvement for some indicators and a steady loss for others in habitat status:

Trend Since Trial Indicator Status SW 1 Report From 1960, peak flows have shown an increasing trend on the Hoko mainstem. If this trend continues as Water Quantity - Peak Flows anticipated under predicted climate change conditions, this may pose a significant impact to salmonid Declining runs. From 1960, summer mean low flows have shown an decreasing trend on the Hoko mainstem. If this trend Water Quantity - Low Flows continues as anticipated under predicted climate change conditions, this may pose a significant impact to Declining salmonid runs. In the Makah Area of Concern, 32 waterbodies were placed on the 303(d) list for water pollution in 2012. Water temperature was by far the most common pollutant which was in all but two of the waterbodies. The Hoko River Water Quality Concerns was the most impaired waterbody by total length with 11.0 miles impaired by water temperature.

Since 2011, forest landowners have continued to implement their Road Maintenance and Abandonment Forest Roads Plans in the Makah Area of Concern. Almost 53% of the 1,518 culverts have been fixed, leaving about Improving 47% to be repaired by 2021. 19 watersheds, representing 83% of the land area, may not be properly functioning because of road Road Densities densities that exceed 3 miles/square mile. Declining

The 2011 forest cover conditions of watersheds in the Makah Area of Concern varied widely but most were in the moderate to healthy categories. However, since 2006, most of the watersheds appear to have Forestland Cover been trending toward a reduced forest cover. The highest reductions were in the Sail River-Frontal Strait Declining of Juan De Fuca (10.9%), Big River (10.7%) and Upper Hoko River (9.6%) watersheds. The legacy and impacts of historic logging practices that harvested riparian zones is still felt as there is a reduced quantity and quality of large woody debris (LWD) available to being recruited to and retained in Large Woody Debris many streams in the Makah Tribe's Area of Concern. Since 2012, the Tribe has been working to design Improving and install engineered logjams in 1.3 miles of the mainstem Pysht River and other rivers to improve instream habitat complexity, floodplain connectivity and flood risk attenuation.

The Tribe continues to work toward the protection and restoration of healthy and functional nearshore, estuarine and river habitat, restoring those areas that are degraded, and conducting research to understand the organisms and the habitats they occupy. Looking Ahead Although the watersheds within the Makah Area of Concern and conservation easements. We are doing our part to buy what continue to sustain salmonid species, significant threats to fish land we can in the Area of Concern, but the threat of land transfers habitat remain. Land-use practices particularly associated with for- to other private ownership could isolate these lands from monitor- estry activities and road maintenance continue to alter watershed ing as well as collecting important cultural plants. We will need processes, resulting in degradation of water quality, water quantity, improved communication and cooperation between the myriad of and stream channel complexity. There is a need for greater com- natural resources managers in the area to hold the line, much less munication and cooperation between natural resources managers improve, fish habitat. to assure achievement of the goals set in the watershed recovery It is troublesome that important repairs to some of these prob- plans for the region. lem road and stream crossings have been delayed with a five- Current habitat conditions and trends speak to the need for year extension, meaning continued serious harm to these import- continued restoration efforts focused on degraded habitat and ant streams. It is deceptive to think of the Olympic Peninsula as increased protection of existing properly functioning habitat. To healthy for fish. In concert with climate change, current land-use improve habitat for salmon, significant progress must be made practices hasten the threat of extinction of the salmon that are a in restoring habitat and stream function with large woody debris central part of the cultural identity of Makah people. placement; riparian planting and fencing; culvert barrier removal;

Makah Tribe 89 Makah Tribe WRIA 19 and portions of WRIA 20

Neah Bay W a S

a r t c a Land Jurisdiction h i R t iv e o r f T s J o o u - n a Y e n s S iver a s eki u R R d iv e e e r Clallam F

c u Bay c r a O e iv R o k

c o H i er m R iv f lalla k C i r C r O la ive z l r R c e e t e r v t i h t R e b g s Bi y a R m P iv U e r P r e iv r R e v in i w T R «¬112 Lake st in e w Ozette W T L t y s r 0 5 Miles a e E R i ´ ver

Lake Crescent Land Jurisdiction Tribe County City/UGA/Municipal Military State National Park Service Other Federal U.S. Forest Service

Located on the northwest corner of the steelhead occur in the area’s watersheds; the Olympic Peninsula, the Makah’s Area of Ozette sockeye is listed as threatened under Concern includes many independent streams the Endangered Species Act. Many other sal- 6% 1% that flow from the foothills of the northern monid populations are considered critical or 11% Olympic Mountains and enter the shores depressed from historic levels.1 Traditionally 12% of theTribe Strait of Juan de Fuca or the Pacific flourishing off of land and sea, the Makah Ocean. Tribe had villages and fishing camps most City/Municipal 19% The largest watersheds are the Sekiu, often associated with stream mouths where Hoko,State Clallam, Pysht, Tsoo-Yess, Ozette and they could take advantage of plentiful fish LyreCount rivers.y Easily weathered sedimentary and shellfish resources. With the Point No

rock,NP Ssandstones, and siltstones of the Twin Point and Makah treaties of 1854-55, the River Formation occur in the western water- tribes agreed to cede their lands to the U.S. shedsUSF Sfrom and including the Pysht. Streams government in exchange for retaining their 51% to the east of the Pysht have a mixed geol- rights to hunt, fish and gather in their usu- ogy, including less erodible basalt from the al and accustoms areas. Beginning in the Crescent Formation in headwaters, glacial late 1800s, the strait region has been heav- outwash in the lower plain, and siltstones of ily logged, with severe consequences to the the Twin River Formation to the west. The health of its watersheds and salmon habitat. stream channels in the region change quickly Today the region is predominantly rural, and to variations in flow and sediment inputs. industrial forest land management is wide- Chinook, coho, chum, sockeye and winter spread.

Data Sources: Makah 2016,2 SSHIAP 2004,3 USFWS 2014,4 WADNR 2014a,5 WADNR 2014b,6 WADOT 2012,7 WADOT 2013,8 WAECY 1994,9 WAECY 2011a,10 WAECY 201311

90 Makah Tribe Makah Tribe Lack of Funding for Co-Manager Response Co-management refers to the process under which Washington state and the treaty Indian Tribes cooperatively exer- cise their authority as managers of the salmon resource. The co-management O z e structure was created in 1984, in response t te R to a U.S. Supreme Court decision uphold- iv e ing U.S. District Judge George Boldt’s r 1974 ruling in US v. Washington (the Boldt decision) that the tribes have a treaty right entitling them to half of all har- H ok vestable salmon returning to their Usual o O ze tte and Accustomed fishing areas. The Boldt Rd

decision also requires the state to main- N tain the habitat on which salmon depend. A The Makah Tribe has some concerns E with the lack of sufficient commitment C by federal and Washington state natural O resources agencies to protect, properly C I Lake Ozette manage and recover salmon as salmon F habitat is being damaged and destroyed I faster than it can be restored. C A

One of the biggest contributing factors P in the lack of co-manager involvement is that the area is poorly staffed and fund- ed. Frequently, positions remain unfilled when people retire. Therefore you have Tivoli Island overloaded staff who have such a large area of coverage that they cannot feasi- bly review every proposal in detail, espe- cially field review. Some state agencies are better than others, but in a region that takes over 2 hours to travel one-way to a location, this means that there is a large amount of ground that co-managers ´ aren’t engaging in. Some state agencies even have to deploy staff from Olym- 0 3 Miles pia (some 4.5 hours away) because they won’t hire a representative for the area. Sockeye Salmon Distribution The area’s resources are more vulnerable because of this. It is embarrassing the lack Spawning of resources that go into the area in com- parison to other regions with ESA-listed Road Rearing salmon species. In addition, state agencies have been cutting their monitoring Stream within the region, therefore increasing Presence the pressure upon the tribes to take up the and Washington state governments need to the Makah Tribe ended its commercial fish- slack. Only through federal funding grant provide leadership and the necessary re- ery in 1974 and ceased all ceremonial and awards that the Tribe secures have we been sources. subsistence fishing in 1982. Even so, sock- able to continue much of the monitoring. The recovery of Lake Ozette sockeye eye numbers have not rebounded. Devel- Sometimes the Tribe has had to pay the provides an excellent example of where oping and implementing a plan to stop the state to operate these monitoring stations. the federal and state governments could downward trend of the species and return it For the Tribe’s treaty-reserved rights to align their agencies and programs and lead to a healthy, naturally self-sustaining con- harvest salmon and other natural resources a more coordinated recovery effort. Lake dition and protect treaty-guaranteed tribal to have meaning, there must be salmon to Ozette sockeye were listed as a threatened fishing rights requires serious commitment harvest. There must be real gains in habi- species under the Endangered Species Act and the provision of ample resources by tat protection and restoration for salmon to (ESA) in 1999.1 In an effort to protect and co-managers. survive. And for this to happen, the federal increase the number of spawning sockeye,

Data Sources: SSHIAP 2004,2 SWIFD 2014,3 WADNR 2014c,4 WADOT 2012,5 WAECY 2011a6

Makah Tribe 91 Makah Tribe Forest Cover Conditions The 2011 forest cover conditions of watersheds in the Makah Area of Concern varied widely but most were in the moderate to healthy categories. However, since 2006, most of the watersheds appear to have been trending toward a reduced rate of forest cover change. The highest reductions were in the Sail River-Frontal Strait of Juan De Fuca (10.9%), Big River (10.7%) and Upper Hoko River (9.6%) watersheds.

Forest Cover Rate of Change: 2006-2011 Percent Forest Cover Rate of Change 2011  High Rate of Forest Cover Change (> -5%) Healthy Forest Conditions (>75%) Good Forest Conditions (65-75%)  Low Rate of Forest Cover Change (-1% to -5%) Moderate Forest Conditions (50-65%) ( No Change (1% to -1%) Sa il R Poor Forest Conditions (30-50%) ive r-F W aro

a n ta t l S c t h ra it o R f J iv u e an T r D 0 5 Miles s e Federal Lands o Fu o ca -Y e s ´ s Sekiu River R  iv e r  er iv  R o ok H   r ve llam R i rk la  C C O lla ver z e i r  R e t t b r t e h ( e iv s m R ig  reek y R C U BBig River P iv is  e ll r E r  e r v i e R v Upper Hoko RIver in i ( w T( R st in eTwin Rivew r L  W T ( y t re   s   R a

E i ver Crescent Lake- Lyre River( Barnes Creek (

2006 2011 k k e e re re C C is s l li El El

Forest cover conditions have a tremen- main exception was the Upper Hoko River 10% each) were in the Sail River-Frontal dous impact on watershed processes and watershed where some poor forest cover Strait of Juan De Fuca, Big River and Up- thus on salmonid habitat. Changes in forest conditions exist. The Sekiu River has ex- per Hoko River watersheds. The high rate cover can affect the rate of solar radiation tensive sedimentation problems, lack of of loss in Upper Hoko River is particularly reaching the stream surface, the delivery LWD, extensive riparian areas dominated significant because of the poor forest con- of water, large woody debris (LWD), sed- by hardwoods, and the reduced age of the ditions in that watershed. Notable excep- iments and nutrients to stream channels, as surrounding forests as important habitat tions to the general negative trend in forest well as bank and channel stability. When limiting factors.1 Excess sedimentation cover loss were in the Barnes Creek, Cres- the rate of change increases, it means that and a lack of LWD are primary factors that cent Lake-Lyre River and Twin River wa- the watershed canopy is being removed, affect channel stability, impact incubating tersheds where conditions have remained typically through logging, faster than it can salmon eggs, and therefore limit salmon relatively unchanged. While the overall grow back. production in the Hoko River watershed.2 forest cover conditions are generally good, The 2011 forest cover conditions of the An analysis of forest cover rate of change the rate of forest cover change in most of different watersheds in the Makah Area between 2006 and 2011 shows an increase the watersheds appears to be trending neg- of Concern varied widely but most were in forest cover loss in most of the water- ative. in the moderate to healthy categories. The sheds. The highest reductions (of about

Data Sources: SSHIAP 2004,3 USGS 2014,4 WAECY 2006,5 WAECY 2011a,6 WAECY 2011b7

92 Makah Tribe Makah Tribe Large Woody Debris The legacy and impacts of historic logging practices that harvested riparian zones is still felt as there is a reduced quantity and quality of large woody debris (LWD) available to be recruited to and retained in many streams in the Makah Tribe’s Area of Concern. Since 2012, the Tribe has been working to design and install engineered logjams in 1.3 miles of the mainstem Pysht River and other rivers to improve instream habitat complexity, floodplain connectivity and flood risk attenuation. Healthy stream channels for salmonids requires a steady recruitment and retention of

W a large woody debris to promote channel com- a

n t c h a R plexity. Wood helps form pools and other im- i v e e r T

c s o o S portant rearing areas, stores sediment and or- - t Y r O e a s r s Sekiu Rive i t ganic matter, and influences water quality by R i o c v e f r i r ve J f i u providing thermal refugia. Biologically, LWD R a i o n ok H provides cover for fish from predators and ref- c d e

a F r u P ve c uge from high streamflow, in addition to of- m R i a lalla O rk C z C r e a ive fering organic processing. The abundance of tt ll R e e r t R r e h iv s b R iv ig y e m B P N r salmonids is often closely linked to the abun- U e l r so e v r k n i e e C R v e S

i r a r dance of LWD. in l C e t w R e e C T i k t in s r C Lake s u e o e w L l S e v W T y i Lack of LWD was identified as a major Ozette k ll st re e C a R r E ive e r e salmonid habitat limiting factor for many k watersheds including but not limited to the 0 5 Miles Lake Crescent Hoko River, Sekiu River, Pysht River, Nel- ´ son Creek, Susie Creek, Salt Creek, Colville Creek, Waatch River, Tsoo Yess River, Ozette River and Big River.1,2 The dominant land use in the low elevation areas of these watersheds is industrial forestry which historically involved the removal of nearly all large tress from riparian zones during logging. As a result, the riparian vegetation was consequently converted from native, old-growth coniferous forests to tree plantations dominated by hardwood like red cedar. The overall trend of the effects from logging have included decreased size, abundance, quality, mobility and species composition, as well as an increased depletion rate of LWD being recruited to streams.3 10 In addition, many of the larger streams and rivers were used to float logs to downstream mills before extensive logging roads were Kramer 1953 Kramer built. Stream reaches were cleared of log- 1953 map depicting removed and existing logjams jams to allow navigation. Throughout the last century, and particularly in the last 60 or 70 years, LWD was removed in the Ozette River in the belief that it helped fish or would- re duce flooding.4 A total of 26 large jams on the Ozette River were removed in 1952 alone.5 Similar activities were carried out on the Clal- lam River,6 East Twin River7 and Hoko River.8 Placement of LWD has been identified as an important habitat restoration action in the area.9 Since 2012, the Makah Tribe has been working to design and install engineered logjams in 1.3 miles of the mainstem Pysht River as well as 0.5 miles of the Hoko River to improve instream habitat complexity, floodplain

connectivity and flood risk attenuation. NWIFC Debbie Preston, Data Sources: SSHIAP 2004,11 WAECY 2011a12 Large woody debris

Makah Tribe 93 Makah Tribe Roads as a Limiting Factor Since 2011, forest landowners have continued to implement their Road Maintenance and Abandonment Plans (RMAP) in the Makah Area of Concern. Almost 53% of the 1,518 culverts have been fixed, leaving 47% to be repaired by 2021. Also, 19 watersheds, representing 83% of the land area, may not be properly functioning because of road densities that exceed 3 miles/square mile. Forests roads serve many important fish passage issues. The RMAP data shows ies Service guidelines for salmon habitat functions. If not properly constructed or that almost 53% of the identified 1518 cul- characterize watersheds with road densities maintained, they can become a source of verts in the Makah Area of Concern were greater than 3 mi/sq mi of watershed area sediments to streams which degrade fish fixed and 47% are yet to be fixed and re- as “not properly functioning”.4 Watersheds habitat and water quality.1 Furniss et al.2 main barriers to fish. This repair rate rep- were classified as “properly functioning concluded that the sediment contribution resents an increase of 16% since 2011, and condition” when road densities were less per unit area from roads is often much is a positive trend that should have a posi- than 2 mi/sq mi and “at risk” when values greater than all other forest activities com- tive impact on fish habitat and water qual- were 2-3 mi/sq mi. A total of 19 watersheds bined. Also, many culverts at forest road ity in the Makah Area of Concern. There representing 83% of the land area had road crossings may constitute fish barriers. are an additional 129 non-RMAP culverts densities above 3 mi/sq mi and this could Washington State Forest and Fish law in the Area of Concern. be a major limiting factor on salmonid pro- requires most forest landowners to have a Cederholm et al.3 found that fine sedi- duction. Extensive sedimentation resulting Road Maintenance and Abandonment Plan ment in salmon spawning gravels increased from high road densities and landslides was (RMAP), a schedule for any repair work by 2.6-4.3 times in watersheds with more reported for many watersheds by Smith.5 needed to upgrade road systems at stream than 4.1 miles per square mile (mi/sq mi) crossings and address aquatic habitat and of land area. The National Marine Fisher-

RMAP Culvert Repair Status

53% 47%

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a er iv R P o k o H r ve m R i lalla rk C C a r O ll ive z e R e r r t t h t b e e iv s R k y m ig ree R B C P iv U is e ll r E r e v r i e R v in i w T R st in Lake e w L W T y Ozette st re a R E iver ´ 0 10 Miles Lake Crescent

RMAP Status Road Density Per HUC <1 Mi/SqMi .! Not Fixed 1.0 - 2.0 Mi/SqMi .! Fixed 2.0 - 3.0 Mi/SqMi # Non-RMAP Barrier Culverts >3.0 Mi/SqMi Data Sources: SSHIAP 2004,6 WADNR 2014c,7 WADNR 2014d,8 WAECY 2011a9

Makah Tribe Makah Tribe Hoko River Flow The Hoko River streamflow has experienced a steady and alarming trend. Winter peak flow values show an increasing trend while summer mean low flow values show a decreasing trend. Both trends have been predicted to occur because of climate change and now are a reality in the Hoko. These trends may indicate that salmon habitat and other aquatic ecosystem functions may not be adequately protected under current management regime. The magnitude, timing and variability alteration of the age and composition of although there were gaps during that peri- of low streamflows and the magnitude and the surrounding forest cover. The relatively od. The data show that over time, winter frequency of high streamflows are critical younger tree stands are believed to be as- peak flow values have increased while to salmonid survival and production. Be- sociated with an increased frequency and summer mean low flow values showed a cause of its low elevation and dependence severity of peak flows. decreasing trend at precisely the time when on precipitation, the Hoko River basin is Low flows contribute to high water tem- streamflow is needed the most and when naturally susceptible to low water flows in peratures and limit the spawning distribu- water temperatures are at their highest. the summer and early winter like the oth- tion of fall Chinook to less stable areas of Both trends have been predicted to occur er rain dominant watersheds in the region. the mainstem, possibly increasing the like- because of climate change and now are a However, human factors seem to be con- lihood of scour of redds during peak flow reality in the Hoko. These trends may indi- tributing to the problems of low and peak events.2 The timing of these flows can also cate that salmon habitat and other aquatic flows. One of these factors is water with- be a problem for coho salmon.3 ecosystem functions may not be adequate- drawals for municipal water use.1 Another Streamflow data has been collected for ly protected under current management re- factor is forestry land-use practices and the the Hoko River by the USGS since 1963, gime.

Neah Both photos were taken Bay ´ $+ 0 4 Miles looking upstream near

W River Mile 10 at the base aa tc h of the Hoko Falls from R iv e T r s same general location. The o o - er Y Sekiu Riv e high water picture (top) s s R i er v iv with the chinook salmon er R o ok H .! was taken on Oct. 3, 2013, and the low water picture $+ (bottom) was taken Oct.

$+ k C r a 2, 2014. ll $+ e r r b e iv m ig R U B

Lake Ozette $+ Hatchery .! Stream Gage Joe Hinton, Makah Tribe (2) Tribe Makah Joe Hinton, S t r a i t o f J u a n Hokod e River Mean Low Flow Hoko River Mean Peak Flow F u c a )

) 35 s fs f 30 17000 c (c (

25 w 12000 o low l 20 F F

r r 15 7000 e e v

i 10 Riv R 5 2000 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Water Year Water Year

Data Sources: SSHIAP 2004,4 USGS 2015,5 WAECY 2011a6

Makah Tribe Makah Tribe Water Quality In the Makah Area of Concern, 32 waterbodies were placed on the 303(d) list for water pollution in 2012. Water temperature was by far the most common pollutant, which was in all but two of the waterbodies. The Hoko River was the most impaired waterbody by total length, with 11.0 miles impaired by water temperature.

Polluted Water Bodies - 2012

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O e J s er u s Seki u Riv a R n iv c e r Clallam d i er iv e f R Bay F ko i o u H c

c a a er iv P k R e lallam re C C ek O a re er ll r C iv z e e R e r v n t t i e h t b R e g re s Bi y R m G k P e N iv U e e r els r C r p e o e iv r k n e e e C R v S

i e r re a D in C C l ro w R ek t o T ie C ke t in s Lake d s r Cree e w u e W T S L e Ozette k t y s r k a e R E w ive Si ash r C Pollutant re So e k u th Lake Crescent C re Temperature ek Dissolved Oxygen ´ pH 0 5 Miles Bacteria Fine Sediment Data Sources: SSHIAP 2004,2 WAECY 2011a,3 WAECY 20134 The federal Clean Water Act requires include cool temperatures, high dissolved ies. Other pollutants were dissolved oxy- states to monitor and report water pollution oxygen, natural nutrient concentrations, gen, pH, bacteria, and fine sediment and on waters that have been assessed. Waters and low level of pollutants.1 If the values of mercury (Lake Ozette is highest in Wash- that do not meet water quality standards these factors exceed the desired range for a ington state). The Hoko River was the most because they are too polluted are called im- specific location and time of year, the abil- impaired waterbody by total length with paired. They are placed on a list for future ity of surface waters to sustain these fish 11.0 miles impaired by water temperature. actions to reduce the pollution. The 303(d) populations is impaired. There were many occurrences in which the list comprises those waters that are in the In the Makah Area of Concern, 32 wa- 7-day mean of daily maximum values (7- polluted water category, for which ben- terbodies were placed on the 303(d) list DADM) exceeded the temperature criteri- eficial uses such as drinking, recreation, for water pollution in 2012, the latest year on of 16˚C for the Hoko River. Deep Creek aquatic habitat, and industrial use are not for which data is available. Water tempera- has 8.8 miles impaired by water tempera- being met. ture was by far the most common pollutant ture, dissolved oxygen, and fine sediment. Water quality requirements for salmonids which was in all but two of the waterbod-

Relative stream length impaired by pollutants <1% 4% 3% 7%

86%

Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Bacteria pH Fine Sediment NWIFC Debbie Preston, Coho survey of a tributary of the Hoko River.

96 Makah Tribe Makah Tribe

Forest Cover Conditions Citations 1 Smith, C. 1999. Salmon and steelhead habitat limiting factors in the western Strait of Juan de Fuca. Lacey, WA: Chapter Summary Washington State Conservation Commission. 1 Golder Associations. 2009. Water Resource Invento- 2 Ibid. ry Area 20 Watershed Management Plan. Prepared for: Clallam 3 SSHIAP. 2004. Hillshade derived from University of County, Jefferson County, and the WRIA 20 Planning Unit. Washington Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Olympia, WA: Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. Makah Tribe: WRIA 19 and portions of WRIA 20 4 USGS. 2014. Watershed Boundary Dataset 12-Digit (Sixth 1 North Olympic Peninsula Lead Entity for Salmon. 2015. Level) Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUCs) Polygons. Downloaded Water Resource Inventory Area 19 (Lyre-Hoko) Salmonid Recov- from Washington Department of Ecology. U.S. Geological Survey, ery Plan. Clallam County, WA. in cooperation with others. 2 Makah Tribe. 2016. Shapefile of Umbrella Creek Acqui- 5 WAECY. 2006. C-CAP Land Cover. Modified from sition. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 3 SSHIAP. 2004. Hillshade derived from University of Coastal Services Center (CSC)/Coastal Change Analysis Program Washington Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Olympia, WA: (C-CAP). Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Ecology. Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. 6 WAECY. 2011a. NHD Major Areas, Streams, and 4 USFWS. 2014. Polygons of FWS Approved Boundaries. Waterbodies. 1:24000. From U.S. Geological Survey (in Falls Church, VA: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. cooperation with others) National Hydrography Dataset. Olympia, 5 WADNR. 2014a. Washington State DNR Managed Land WA: Washington Department of Ecology. Parcels. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Natural Re- 7 WAECY. 2011b. C-CAP Land Cover. Modified from sources. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 6 WADNR. 2014b. Washington State Non-DNR Major Coastal Services Center (CSC)/Coastal Change Analysis Program Public Lands (NDMPL) Polygons. Olympia, WA: Washington (C-CAP). Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Ecology. Department of Natural Resources. 7 WADOT. 2012. Linear representation of Washington Large Woody Debris State Routes (GIS Feature Class SR500kLRSSPS). Olympia, WA: 1 Smith, C. 1999. Salmon and steelhead habitat limiting Washington Department of Transportation. factors in the western Strait of Juan de Fuca. Lacey, WA: 8 WADOT. 2013. Polygons depicting the boundaries of Washington State Conservation Commission. Tribal Lands in Washington State. Olympia, WA: Washington De- 2 Smith, C. 2000. Salmon and Steelhead Habitat Limiting partment of Transportation. Factors in the North Washington Coastal Streams of Water 9 WAECY. 1994. Polygons of Washington State Shorelines Resource Inventory Area 20. Lacey, WA: Washington State and Boundary. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Ecology. Conservation Commission. 10 WAECY. 2011a. NHD Major Areas, Streams, and Wa- 3 Bisson, P., R. Bilby, M. Bryant, C. Dolloff, G. Grette, R. terbodies. 1:24000. From U.S. Geological Survey (in cooperation House, M. Murphy, K. Koski & J. Sedell. 1987. Large woody debris with others) National Hydrography Dataset. Olympia, WA: Wash- in forested streams of the Pacific Northwest: past, present and ington Department of Ecology. future. In: E. Salo & T. Cundy (eds). Proceedings of a Symposium 11 WAECY. 2013. City Boundaries and Urban Growth Ar- on Forestry/Fishery Interactions, Contribution Number 57. Seattle, eas Polygons. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Ecology. WA: University of Washington. pp. 143-190. 4 NOAA. 2009. Recovery Plan for Lake Ozette Sockeye Lack of Funding for Co-Manager Response Salmon. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1 Endangered and Threatened Species: Threatened Status 5 Kramer, R. 1952. Completion report by Stream Clearance for Ozette Lake Sockeye Salmon in Washington, Final Rule. unit on Clallam River and East Twin River. December 1952. Federal Register 64. 25 March 1999. Olympia, WA: Department of Fisheries. 2 SSHIAP. 2004. Hillshade derived from University of 6 Kramer, R. 1953. Completion report by Stream Clearance Washington Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Olympia, WA: unit on Ozette and Big Rivers. April 1953. Olympia, WA: Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. Department of Fisheries. 3 SWIFD. Statewide Washington Integrated Fish 7 Ibid. Distribution. 2014. Washington State Department of Fish and 8 Martin, D., L. Benda, C. Coho, S. Cooke, D. Vagt, D. Wildlife & Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. Monaghan, N. Currence & M. McHenry. 1995. Hoko River 4 WADNR. 2014c. Washington State DNR Transportation watershed analysis watershed administrative unit 1903023 Polylines. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Natural resource assessment report and prescriptions. Cavenham Forest Resources. Industries and Rayonier Timberlands. 5 WADOT. 2012. Linear representation of Washington 9 North Olympic Peninsula Lead Entity for Salmon. State Routes (GIS Feature Class SR500kLRSSPS). Olympia, WA: 2015. Water Resource Inventory Area 19 (Lyre-Hoko) Salmonid Washington Department of Transportation. Recovery Plan. Clallam County, WA. 6 WAECY. 2011a. NHD Major Areas, Streams, and 10 Kramer. 1953. Completion report. Waterbodies. 1:24000. From U.S. Geological Survey (in 11 SSHIAP. 2004. Hillshade derived from University of cooperation with others) National Hydrography Dataset. Olympia, Washington Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Olympia, WA: WA: Washington Department of Ecology. Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. 12 WAECY. 2011a. NHD Major Areas, Streams, and Waterbodies. 1:24000. From U.S. Geological Survey (in

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cooperation with others) National Hydrography Dataset. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Ecology. Hoko River Flow 1 Smith, C. 1999. Salmon and steelhead habitat limiting Roads as a Limiting Factor factors in the western Strait of Juan de Fuca. Lacey, WA: 1 Cederholm C., L. Reid & E. Salo. 1981. Cumulative Washington State Conservation Commission. effects of logging road sediment on salmonid populations in the 2 Ibid. Clearwater River, Jefferson County, Washington. In: Salmon 3 Currence, N. 1999. Sekiu coastal watershed analysis Spawning Gravel: a Renewable Resource in the Pacific Northwest module F. Fish habitat assessment. Sekiu Coastal Watershed Proceedings. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, State of Analysis. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. Washington Water Research Center. pp. 38–74. 4 SSHIAP. 2004. Hillshade derived from University of 2 Furniss, M., T. Roelofs & C. Yee. 1991. Road construction Washington Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Olympia, WA: and maintenance. Influences of forest and rangeland management Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. on salmonid fishes and their habitats. Bethesda, MD: American 5 USGS. 2015. Online data from USGS gauge #12043300 Fisheries Society, Special Publication 19. pp. 297-324. at Hoko River near Sekiu, WA. U.S. Geological Survey. 3 Cederholm et al. Cumulative effects of logging road. 6 WAECY. 2011a. NHD Major Areas, Streams, and 4 National Marine Fisheries Service. 1996. Coastal Salmon Waterbodies. 1:24000. From U.S. Geological Survey (in Conservation: Working Guidance for Comprehensive Salmon cooperation with others) National Hydrography Dataset. Olympia, Restoration Initiatives on the Pacific Coast. WA: Washington Department of Ecology. 5 Smith, C. 2000. Salmon and Steelhead Habitat Limiting Factors in the North Washington Coastal Streams of Water Water Quality Resource Inventory Area 20. Lacey, WA: Washington State 1 Spence, B., G. Lomnicky, R. Hughes & R. Novitzki. Conservation Commission. 1996. An ecosystem approach to salmonid conservation. TR- 6 SSHIAP. 2004. Hillshade derived from University of 4501-96-6057. Corvallis, OR: ManTech Environmental Research Washington Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Olympia, WA: Services Corp. Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. 2 SSHIAP. 2004. Hillshade derived from University of 7 WADNR. 2014c. Washington State DNR Transportation Washington Digital Elevation Model (OEM). Olympia, WA: Polylines. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Natural Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. Resources. 3 WAECY. 2011a. NHD Major Areas, Streams, and 8 WADNR. 2014d. Washington State Road Maintenance Waterbodies. 1:24000. From U.S. Geological Survey (in and Abandonment Planning (RMAPs) Points. Olympia, WA: cooperation with others) National Hydrography Dataset. Olympia, Washington Department of Natural Resources. WA: Washington Department of Ecology. 9 WAECY 2011a. NHD Major Areas, Streams, and 4 WAECY. 2013. Water Quality Assessment 303(d) Waterbodies. 1:24000. From U.S. Geological Survey (in Polygons. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Ecology. cooperation with others) National Hydrography Dataset. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Ecology.

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