Proceedings of the National Workshop on Effects of Habitat Alteration on Salmonid Stocks
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Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 105 Proceedings of the National Workshop on Effects of Habitat Alteration on Salmonid Stocks Edited by: C. D. Levings, L. B. Holtby, and M. A. Henderson DFO -11 Lib 11 1ary 111 / 11MPO 1111 Bibliothèque1111 II 12018946 QL 626 C314 #105 c.2 Fisheries Pêches and Oceans et Océans Canad13. 3r-/ Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 105 ii e z Proceedings of the National Workshop on O Effects of Habitat Alte R Yceans on Salmonid Stoc YID 27 1989 Edited by BIBLIOTHÈQUE Pêches & Océans C.D. Levings Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Biological Sciences Branch, West Vancouver Laboratory, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, B.C. V7V 1N6 L.B. Holtby Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Biological Sciences Branch, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C. V9R 5K6 and M.A. Henderson Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Biological Sciences Branch, 555 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, B.C. V6B 5G3 Scientific Excellence Resource Protection & Conservation Benefits for Canadians DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS 0 TTA WA 1989 Published by Publié par Fisheries Pêches 1*11 and Oceans et Océans Communications Direction générale Directorate des communications Ottawa K1 A 0E6 ©Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1989 Available from authorized bookstore agents, other bookstores or you may send your prepaid order to the Canadian Government Publishing Centre Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, Ont. K 1 A 0S9 Make cheques or money orders payable in Canadian funds to the Receiver General for Canada A deposit copy of this publication is also available for reference in public libraries across Canada. Catalogue No. Fs 41-311105E ISBN 0-660-13232-X ISSN 0706-6481 DF0/4174 Communications Directorate Nicole Deschênes Director General John Camp Director Gerald J. Neville Editorial and Publishing Services LEVINGS, C. D., L. B. HOLTBY, AND M. A. HENDERSON [ED.]. 1989. Proceedings of the National Workshop on effects of habitat alteration on salmonid stocks. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 105: 199 p. Contents Abstract/Résumé Introduction 1 METHODOLOGIES FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF THE EFFECTS OF HABITAT ALTERATION ON YIELD (CHAIRMAN : M. HENDERSON) Environmental Priorities : Placing Habitat in Hierarchic Perspective. R. A. Ryder and S. R. Kerr 2-12 Experimental Designs for Estimating Transient Responses to Habitat Alteration: Is It Practical to Control for Environmental Interactions? Carl J. Walters, Jeremy S. Collie, and Timothy Webb 13-20 Utility of Spawner-Recruit Relations for Evaluating the Effect of Degraded Environment on the Abundance of Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Reg. R. Reisenbichler 21-32 The Ecology of Fish and Populations : Dealing with Interactions Between Levels. B. J. Shuter and H.A. Regier 33-49 The Puget Sound Runs of Salmon: An Examination of the Changes in Run Size Since 1896. Lewis J. Bledsoe, David A. Somerton, and C. Macgill Lynde 50-61 EMPIRICAL EXAMPLES OF THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL HABITAT CHANGES ON STOCKS (CHAIRMAN : J. PAYNE) Observed and Simulated Effects of Climatic Variability, Clear-Cut Logging, and Fishing on the Numbers of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and Coho Salmon (O. kisutch) Returning to Carnation Creek, British Columbia. L. Blair Holtby and J. Charles Scrivener 62-81 Juvenile Salmonid Responses to Log Storage in Littoral Habitats of the Fraser River Estuary and Babine Lake. D. A. Levy. T. G. Northcote, K. J. Hall, and I. Yesaki 82-91 Habitat Alteration and Changes in Abundance of Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook Salmon (O. tshawytscha) in Oregon's Coastal Streams. James A. Lichatowich 92-99 The Use of Smolt Survival Estimates to Quantify the Effects of Habitat Changes on Salmonid Stocks in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Rivers, California. Martin A. Kjelson and Patricia Little Brandes 100-115 Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Estuarine Habitat: A Transfer Experiment Can Help Evaluate Estuary Dependency. C. D. Levings, C. D. McAllister, J.S. Macdonald, T. J. Brown, M. S. Kotyk, and B. A. Kask 116-122 EMPIRICAL EXAMPLES OF THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL HABITAT CHANGES ON STOCKS (CHAIRMAN: L. B. HOLTBY) Differential Survival of Grays Harbor Basin Anadromous Salmonids Water Quality Implications. David Seiler 123-135 Protecting Fraser River Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) from Wastewaters : An Assessment. James A. Servizi 136-153 The Impact of Habitat Damage on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Catches. Walton D. Watt 154-163 WHAT IS THE PERMISSIBLE DEGREE OF INFERENCE OR EXTRAPOLATION IN ASSIGNING EFFECTS OF HABITAT ALTERATION TO A STOCK? (CHAIRMAN : C. D. LEVINGS) Science, Inference, and the Law: The Ultimate Fish Story. Andrew R. Thompson and Harriet Rueggeberg 164-172 Habitat Models and Their Predictive Capability to Infer Habitat Effects on Stock Size. C. S. Shirvell 173-179 The Adaptive Significance of Marginal Populations : A General Perspective. G. G. E. Scudder 180-185 REPORTS OF THE WORKING GROUPS Report of the Working Group on Methodologies for the Quantification of the Effects of Habitat Alteration on Yield 186-187 Report of the Working Group on Physical Effects on Salmonid Stocks 188-190 Report of the Worlcing Group on Chemical Effects on Salmonid Stocks 191-193 Report of the Working Group on Permissible Levels of Inference in Habitat Management for Salmonids 194-195 Closing Remarks. J. C. Davis 196-197 Acknowledgments 198 Abstracts of Papers Given at the Workshop but not Submitted for Publication 199 iv Abstract LEVINGS, C. D., L. B. HOLTBY, AND M. A. HENDERSON [ED.]. 1989. Proceedings of the National Workshop on Effects of Habitat Alteration on Salmonid Stocks. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 105: 199 p. Participants in a National Workshop on Effects of Habitat Alteration on Salmonid Stocks were generally uneasy about our ability to make quantitative predictions regarding the effects of habitat changes on salmonid production. Fish habitat management was revealed as a complex business that must deal with an intrinsically variable resource living in an often unstable environment and harvested by a dynamic fishery. Habitat managers need the best possible information available to them and even then substantial judgement is needed to interpret data and make the best possible decision. Methodologies for predicting effects are becoming available through such techniques as linking life history models, an approach requiring long-term data sets consisting of many different variables for model develop- ment and verification. It was recommended that for each species of concern there should at least be an outline of a life history model which indicates stages sensitive to various habitat alterations to guide management actions. It was acknowledged that physical changes, including landscape effects and water quantity, are more easily measured than chemical effects, possibly because physical variables are usually measurable by standard engineer- ing techniques. Chemical effects are more subtle and frequently the substances thought to be deleterious cannot be easily measured in the field. Sublethal effects may lead to increased mortality due to predation, disease, or food limitation and these effects are very difficult to evaluate for populations. With both physical and chemical effects, the conse- quences of the habitat changes must be assessed through a population model. Because of the current scientific difficulties in quantifying the effects of habitat change on salmonid populations, it appears that significant judgement or inference is required to interpret even major project data bases that deal with impacts on salmonid populations. Résumé LEVINGS, C. D., L. B. HOLTBY, AND M. A. HENDERSON [ED.]. 1989. Proceedings of the National Workshop on Effects of Habitat Alteration on Salmonid Stocks. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 105: 199 p. Les participants à un atelier national sur les effets de l'altération de l'habitat sur les stocks de salmonidés étaient en général inquiets au sujet de notre capacité à faire des prévi- sions quantitatives concernant les effets des modifications de l'habitat sur la production de salmonidés. La gestion de l'habitat du poisson est complexe car on doit tenir compte d'une ressource intrinsèquement variable qui vit dans un milieu souvent instable et qui fait l'objet d'une pêche dynamique. Les gestionnaires de l'habitat ont besoin des meilleures informations possibles ; même alors, il leur faut beaucoup de jugement pour interpréter les données et prendre la décision la meilleure possible. Les méthodes permettant de pré- dire les effets deviennent accessibles grâce aux techniques comme celle consistant à lier des modèles de cycle vital, une approche qui exige des séries de données à long terme comprenant un grand nombre de variables différentes qui aideront à élaborer et à vérifier les modèles. On a recommandé de donner au moins, pour chaque espèce présentant un intérêt, les grandes lignes d'un modèle de cycle vital qui indiqueraient les stades sensibles à diverses modifications de l'habitat afin de guider les gestionnaires. On a reconnu que les modifications physiques, y compris les effets sur le paysage et la quantité d'eau, sont mesurées plus facilement que les changements chimiques, probablement parce que les vari- ables physiques sont habituellement mesurables par des techniques courantes de génie. Les effets chimiques sont plus subtils et il arrive souvent que les substances considérées comme nocives soient difficilement mesurables sur le terrain. Les effets sublétaux peuvent mener à une mortalité accrue causée par la prédation, la maladie ou la quantité limitée de nourriture et ces effets sont très difficiles à évaluer pour les populations. Les consé- quences des modifications de l'habitat, qui ont des effets tant physiques que chimiques, doivent être évaluées à l'aide d'un modèle de population. En raison des difficultés qu'ont actuellement les scientifiques à quantifier les effets de la modification de l'habitat sur les populations de salmonidés, il semble qu'il faille beaucoup de jugement ou d'esprit de déduc- tion pour interpréter même les bases de données recueillies dans le cadre de grands projets qui portent sur les répercussions pour les populations de salmonidés.