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Morning and Afternoon Peak-Hour Vehicle Trip Generation At MORNING AND AFTERNOON PEAK-HOUR VEHICLE TRIP GENERATION AT MID-RISE, TRANSIT-ORIENTED APARTMENTS NEAR BAY AREA RAPID TRANSIT (BART) STATIONS A Project Presented to the faculty of the Department of Civil Engineering California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Civil Engineering by Gurpreet Singh Dhaliwal FALL 2012 ©2012 Gurpreet Singh Dhaliwal ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii MORNING AND AFTERNOON PEAK-HOUR VEHICLE TRIP GENERATION AT MID-RISE, TRANSIT-ORIENTED APARTMENTS NEAR BAY AREA RAPID TRANSIT (BART) STATIONS A Project by Gurpreet Singh Dhaliwal Approved by: ____________________________________, Committee Chair Kevan Shafizadeh, Ph.D., P.E., PTP, PTOE ____________________________ Date iii Student: Gurpreet Singh Dhaliwal I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the project. ___________________________, Dean _____________________ Emir José Macari, Ph.D. Date Department of Civil Engineering iv Abstract of MORNING AND AFTERNOON PEAK-HOUR VEHICLE TRIP GENERATION AT MID-RISE, TRANSIT-ORIENTED APARTMENTS NEAR BAY AREA RAPID TRANSIT (BART) STATIONS by Gurpreet Singh Dhaliwal The impact of Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) proximity on morning and afternoon peak-hour vehicle trips generated by Transit-Oriented Apartments (TOAs) was observed. BART is one of the busiest rail transit system in the U.S. located in the. It connects San Francisco and the Peninsula region to the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. Ten TOAs, both in the East Bay and Peninsula region, were selected near ten BART stations. The morning and afternoon peak-hour volumes were observed from 6:00 a.m. to 9:30 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. to 7:30 p.m., and then compared with the peak-hour trips estimated by the Trip Generation Manual (8th Edition) published by the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE). The analysis and comparison of observed trip generation data with ITE estimates suggests that fewer peak-hour vehicle trips were generated both in the morning and afternoon, however the impact varied from site to site. Most TOAs showed a reduction in v the morning and afternoon peak-hour volumes. In the morning, about 19% fewer vehicle trips were produced; whereas in the afternoon, about 50% fewer vehicle trips were produced. It is hypothesized that this reduction in peak-hour trips can be attributed, in part, to the TOA’s proximity to BART. ______________________________________, Committee Chair Kevan Shafizadeh, Ph.D., P.E., PTP, PTOE __________________________ Date vi DEDICATION I dedicate this project to my parents who inspired me and helped me as well to reach this point. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my father, mother, and brother for continuously encouraging me to finish this project. I also cannot overlook the patience and support of my wife and daughter. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Kevan Shafizadeh for his invaluable advice and direction in completing this project. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Dedication ......................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 2. BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 3 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) ..................................................................... 3 Transit-Oriented Apartments (TOAs) .............................................................. 4 3. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................... 9 Trip Data Collection ........................................................................................ 9 Data Analysis ................................................................................................. 11 Estimation of ITE Trips ................................................................................. 11 Data Comparison ........................................................................................... 12 4. INFORMATION ABOUT SELECTED TOAs ...................................................... 13 Union City ..................................................................................................... 14 Hayward ......................................................................................................... 16 ix Fremont .......................................................................................................... 19 Concord .......................................................................................................... 21 Colma ............................................................................................................. 23 South San Francisco ...................................................................................... 25 Walnut Creek ................................................................................................. 27 Berkeley ......................................................................................................... 29 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................. 40 6. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 53 Appendix A Observed Data .......................................................................................... 55 Appendix B Trip Rate For Mid-Rise Apartments......................................................... 65 Appendix C BART Ridership ....................................................................................... 67 References ......................................................................................................................... 70 x LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Distance Between Selected TOAs and the Nearest BART Stations ....................... 34 2. Walk Score Scale .................................................................................................... 38 3. Selected TOAs and Their City’s Walk Scores ........................................................ 39 4. A.M. and P.M. Peak-Hour Periods for Selected TOAs ........................................... 40 5. Number of Observed A.M. and P.M. Peak-Hour Trips vs. ITE-Estimated Peak- Hour Trips ............................................................................................................... 42 6. Observed and ITE-Estimated Peak-Hour A.M. and P.M. Trip Rate ....................... 49 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 BART System Map ................................................................................................... 4 2. Projected Demand for Housing Near Transit in 10 U.S. Transit Regions ................ 7 3. Union City – Avalon Apartments ............................................................................ 15 4. Hayward – Montelena Apartment Homes ............................................................... 17 5. Hayward – City Centre Apartment Homes ............................................................. 18 6. Fremont – Archstone Apartment Communities ...................................................... 20 7. Concord – Park Central Apartments ....................................................................... 22 8. Colma – La Terrazza Apartments ........................................................................... 24 9. South San Francisco – Archstone Apartment Communities ................................... 26 10. Walnut Creek – Trinity House Apartment Homes .................................................. 28 11. North Berkeley – Acton Apartments ....................................................................... 30 12. Downtown Berkeley – Berkeleyan Apartments ...................................................... 31 13. Size and Occupancy of Selected TOAs ................................................................... 32 14. Selected TOA Locations ......................................................................................... 35 15. BART’s Average Daily Ridership in September & October 2012 ......................... 36 16. Percent Reduction in A.M. Peak-Hour Trips Compared with ITE ......................... 44 17. Percent Reduction in P.M. Peak-Hour Trips Compared with ITE .......................... 45 18. Comparison of Observed A.M. Peak-Hour Trips with ITE .................................... 47 xii 19. Comparison of Observed P.M. Peak-Hour Trips with ITE ..................................... 48 20. Comparison of Observed A.M. Peak-Hour Trip Rate with ITE ............................. 50 21. Comparison of Observed P.M. Peak-Hour Trip Rate with ITE .............................. 51 22. A.M. & P.M. Peak-Hour Trip Rate for All TOAs Combined ................................. 52 xiii 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this project was to analyze the vehicle trips generated
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