THE JOHN F. KENNEDY NATIONAL SECURITY FILES

AFRICA:AFRICA: NATIONAL SECURITY FILES, 1961–1963 FIRST SUPPLEMENT

A UPA Collection from National Security Files General Editor George C. Herring

The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 Africa First Supplement

Microfilmed from the Holdings of The John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts

Project Coordinator Robert E. Lester

Guide compiled by Dan Elasky

A UPA Collection from

4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Africa, First supplement [microform]. microfilm reels. “Microfilmed from the holdings of the John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts.” Summary: Reproduces memoranda, cables, intelligence reports, correspondence, and special studies, in a chronological arrangement by country. Accompanied by a printed guide compiled by Dan Elasky entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of The John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Africa, First supplement. ISBN 1-55655-905-4 1. Africa—Foreign relations—United States—Sources. 2. United States—Foreign relations—Africa—Sources. 3. Africa—Foreign relations—1960—Sources. 4. United States—Foreign relations—1961–1963—Sources. I. Lester, Robert. II. Elasky, Dan. III. John F. Kennedy Library. IV. University Publications of America (Firm) V. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of The John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Africa, First supplement.

DT38.7 327.7306'09'046—dc22 2004048439 CIP

Copyright © 2004 LexisNexis Academic & Library Solutions, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-905-4. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Scope and Content Note ...... v

Source Note ...... ix

Editorial Note...... ix

Acknowledgments ...... ix

Abbreviations ...... xi

Reel Index

Reel 1 Africa ...... 1

Reel 2 Africa cont...... 3 Algeria ...... 3

Reel 3 Algeria cont...... 4 Angola ...... 5 Cameroon...... 5

Reel 4 Cameroon cont...... 5 Central African Republic ...... 5 Congo ...... 6

Reels 5–9 Congo cont...... 7

Reel 10 Congo cont...... 14 Dahomey ...... 14 Ethiopia...... 14

Reel 11 Gabon ...... 15 Ghana ...... 15

iii Guinea ...... 16 Ivory Coast...... 17 Kenya ...... 17 Liberia ...... 17

Reel 12 Liberia cont...... 18 Libya ...... 18 Malagasy ...... 18 Mauritania ...... 18 Morocco ...... 19

Reel 13 Morocco cont...... 19 Niger ...... 20 Nigeria ...... 20

Reel 14 Nigeria cont...... 20 Nyasaland ...... 21 Rhodesia ...... 21 Rwanda-Burundi ...... 21 Senegal ...... 22 Sierra Leone ...... 22 Somalia...... 22

Reel 15 Somalia cont...... 22 South Africa ...... 23 Sudan ...... 23

Reel 16 Sudan cont...... 23 Tanganyika ...... 23 Togo ...... 23 Tunisia ...... 24

Reel 17 Tunisia cont...... 25

Reel 18 Tunisia cont...... 26 Uganda ...... 26 Union Africaine et Malagache (UAM) ...... 26 Upper Volta ...... 26

Principal Correspondents Index...... 27

Subject Index ...... 31

iv SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE

The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963, Africa, First Supplement contains a vast collection of recently released documents on political, social, and economic developments in Africa, as well as on the Kennedy administration’s efforts both to respond to these developments and to shape them. The 1961–1963 span overlaps much of the critical period during which African societies achieved the transition from their status as colonies of European powers to that of full independence and sovereignty. The collection offers significant amounts of material on many issues of critical importance in the emergence and development of African nations. The material is organized into a general section for documents on Africa as a whole, followed by separate sections for each of thirty-two countries and the African and Malagasy Union (Union Africaine et Malagache, or UAM). Each section contains some or all of the following types of documents: diplomatic cables, military and intelligence reports, White House–State Department letters and notes, memoranda of White House conversations, political/economic assessments, personal communications between African leaders, or communications between them and John F. Kennedy, other U.S. officials, United Nations (UN) officials, or European leaders. African leaders receiving prominent coverage include Cyrille Adoula, Ahmadou Ahidjo, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Ahmed Ben Bella, Justin Bomboko, Habib Bourguiba, King Hassan II, Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Joseph Kasavubu, Tom Mboya, Joseph Mobutu, Kwame Nkrumah, Milton Obote, Sylvanus Olympio, Ahmed Sekou Toure, Haile Selassie, Moise Tshombe, and William V. S. Tubman. Four main themes, described below, run through the collection, which provides substantial amounts of material on each one.

1. The Struggle for Independence Although many former European colonies in Africa had achieved the status of sovereign states by the beginning of 1961, a few countries, like Algeria and Angola, were engaged in protracted armed and political struggles for independence. The collection provides extensive documentation of the Algerian-French conflict, the cease-fire, post- cease-fire violence, terror attacks by the Secret Army Organization (OAS), the provisional government, the ascendance of Ben Bella, Algerian sovereignty, and relations with Morocco. Even as newly sovereign countries celebrated their new status with solemn ceremonies and joyous celebrations, they faced difficult decisions on the kinds of relations they would maintain with their former European rulers. Countries like Algeria, the Belgian Congo, and Tunisia resolved, in their different ways, questions concerning the maintenance of European government institutions, the continuing presence of European professionals like teachers and technicians, and the protection of European landowners and industrialists and their often extensive properties.

v 2. The Quest for National Unity Many leaders in the newly independent nations of Africa faced formidable difficulties as they attempted to unify the various tribes, ethnic groups, and political factions in their countries. A great deal of material in this collection focuses on efforts to build stable political institutions, hold free elections, deal with parliaments, form coalitions, win power struggles, and resolve intertribal rivalries. The stability of governments was often threatened by disruptive or violent tactics by insurgent groups, such as the OAS in Algeria or Spear of the Nation and South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO) in southern Africa. There were also assassinations or attempted assassinations involving Togo’s Sylvanus Olympio, Algeria’s Mohammed Khemisti, and Ghana’s Kwame Nkrumah. A very large body of material in the collection covers the Katanga province secession and resulting civil war in the Congo. The UN’s international military force receives much coverage, as does the intense three-way diplomacy among the Congo government led by Prime Minister Cyrille Adoula and President Joseph Kasavubu, the Katanga government led by Moise Tshombe, and the UN contingent headed by Robert Gardiner and his chief, Secretary-General U Thant. The United States and many other countries also had active hands in the crisis—most notably Belgium, the former colonial ruler. Many documents provide a glimpse of the complex personalities involved, like the enigmatic Tshombe and the assertive Belgian foreign minister, Paul-Henri Spaak.

3. Progress Toward Social and Economic Development After gaining independence, African leaders sought not only to achieve national unity but also to advance the social and economic status of their societies. Tunisia retained teachers, health professionals, and business executives, even as it tried to develop the skills of its native labor force. It also formulated careful current fiscal policies and long- term economic plans. Nigeria and Sudan engaged in ambitious projects to develop roads, harbors and ports, and communications systems. The Belgian Congo attempted to implement financial controls on an often chaotic or corrupt fiscal system. To accomplish all these goals, the countries required massive amounts of international assistance. They turned to the United States, the European Economic Community, the Sino-Soviet bloc, and the nonaligned world for aid that ranged from food and drugs, to financing of national infrastructure projects, to flood relief, to import and export subsidies, to Peace Corps volunteers, to tractors and industrial machinery, to military training advisers, and to hardware like aircraft, submarines, and armored vehicles.

4. Foreign relations Most significantly, perhaps, the collection provides fascinating insights into the foreign policy strategies of both African countries and European colonial powers. The researcher can follow presidents like Algeria’s Ahmed Ben Bella, Cameroon’s Ahmadou Ahidjo, and Tunisia’s Habib Bourguiba; prime ministers like the Congo’s Cyrille Adoula; and foreign ministers like Belgium’s Paul-Henri Spaak, Nigeria’s Jaja Wachuku, and the Congo’s Justin Bomboko, as they play key roles in advancing their countries’ international positions. A key part of a president’s strategy usually involved a visit to the United States and a meeting with President Kennedy. The collection provides detailed documentation of these visits, ranging from memoranda of conversations between Kennedy and his guests to dinner toasts and joint communiqués.

vi A country’s first and foremost foreign policy concern was, typically, its new relationship with its former colonial ruler. Of nearly equal importance, however, was its relationship with the UN. The countries prized their UN membership and assigned their best diplomats to UN posts. They viewed UN participation as the most effective, or even only, forum through which they could make their voices heard and influence world events. A particularly well-respected diplomat was Tunisia’s Mongi Slim, who was elected president of the UN General Assembly in 1961. Countries like Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, and Kenya spearheaded drives toward African unity at different levels: regional groupings like the East African Federation, ideological entities like the so-called Casablanca and Monrovia groupings, and pan-African organizations. These activities culminated in the 1963 Addis Ababa conference of heads of state, which Emperor Haile Selassie conducted with great success, establishing the Organization for African Unity. A thorny problem for some countries, like Ethiopia, Libya, and Morocco, was the decision about the future of foreign military installations on their soil. The disposition of each base involved much intricate political and diplomatic maneuvering. Tunisia even fought France over its base at Bizerte. Influencing most of the important foreign policy decisions to a greater or lesser degree was the cold war tension between the Sino-Soviet bloc and the Western alliance. At the same time that the United States and its allies were determined, sometimes desperate, to build strong ties with the newly independent nations and to keep them from aligning themselves with the Communists, the African countries themselves typically insisted on the political stance of nonalignment—officially, at least, because most of the countries unofficially stood perceptibly closer to one camp than the other. Many countries praised President Kennedy’s stand in the Cuban missile crisis; yet they took pains also to commend Nikita Khrushchev’s statesmanship during the confrontation. The competitive pressures of the cold war, and the resulting diplomatic maneuvering, are obvious in the lines and between the lines of a great number of documents in this collection. Over and over, the researcher will see African presidents or prime ministers expressing their determination not to be viewed as camp members or “stooges” of either the capitalist West or the Communist East.

vii

SOURCE NOTE

The documents reproduced in this microfilm publication are donated historical materials from the John F. Kennedy Presidential Papers, National Security Files, Countries, in the custody of the John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts. The donors have dedicated their literary rights to the public.

EDITORIAL NOTE

LexisNexis has microfilmed in their entirety all National Security Files (NSF) “Country Files” documents that were declassified, sanitized, or unclassified as of January 2002 for Africa. Some individual documents and folders of documents remain classified and/or unprocessed; LexisNexis has therefore included in this NSF microfilm publication the “Document Withdrawal Sheets” for each folder. These withdrawal sheets itemize documents that have been withdrawn from the folders, due to either national security or privacy restrictions, by the staff of the John F. Kennedy Library. The table of contents lists the various African countries that are included in this supplement and have available recently declassified and or processed material.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

LexisNexis would like to acknowledge the assistance and cooperation of the John F. Kennedy Library. Mr. Stephen Plotkin and Ms. Sharon Kelly were most helpful and patient in providing the support necessary for completion of this microform. Their efforts are greatly appreciated.

ix

ABBREVIATIONS

The following abbreviations appear in this guide.

ANC African National Congress ECA Economic Commission for Africa EEC European Economic Community FLN Front de Liberation Nationale (Algeria) FRG Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) IMF International Monetary Fund JFK John F. Kennedy LBJ Lyndon Baines Johnson NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization OAU Organization for African Unity PAFMECSA Pan-African Freedom Movement for East, Central, and Southern Africa RFK Robert F. Kennedy SWAPO South West Africa People’s Organization UAM Union Africaine et Malagache (Africa and Malagasy Union) UAR United Arab Republic UK United Kingdom UMHK Union Minière du Haut Katanga UN United Nations USAID U.S. Agency for International Development USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

xi

REEL INDEX

The following is a listing of the folders that compose The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963, Africa, First Supplement. The four-digit number on the far left is the frame at which a particular file folder begins. This is followed by the file title, the date(s) of the file, and the total number of pages. Substantive issues are highlighted under the heading Major Topics, as are prominent correspondents under the heading Principal Correspondents.

Reel 1 Africa 0001 General, June 1960–January 1961. 28 pp. Major Topics: U.S. naval bases in south Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean; Nigerian students; Peace Corps; creation of independent African nations in French West Africa; Communist Party of South Africa; African students in U.S.; ANC. Principal Correspondent: Horacio Rivero. 0029 General, February 1–March 30, 1961. 32 pp. Major Topics: UN Economic Commission for Africa; housing for African delegations to UN; foreign assistance. Principal Correspondents: Woodruff Wallner; Dean Rusk; William R. Duggan; Henry J. Tasca. 0061 General, March 21–May 30, 1961. 35 pp. Major Topics: Press; illiteracy; French policies; independence of former colonies worldwide. Principal Correspondents: Chester Bowles; Carl T. Rowan; Henry S. Rowen; Walt W. Rostow; Samuel E. Belk; Lucius D. Battle. 0096 General, August 1961. 36 pp. Major Topics: South Africa; aid to African students in U.S. Principal Correspondents: Philip H. Coombs; Dean Rusk; Joseph C. Satterthwaite. 0132 General, September 1–10, 1961. 31 pp. Major Topics: G. Mennen Williams visit; African countries’ political conditions. Principal Correspondent: G. Mennen Williams. 0163 General, September 29–October 31, 1961. 36 pp. Major Topics: Racism toward African diplomats in U.S.; aid to African students in U.S.; U.S. policy toward South Africa. Principal Correspondents: George W. Ball; Samuel E. Belk; Dean Rusk. 0199 General, November 1961. 35 pp. Major Topics: Nobel Prize award to Albert Luthuli; U.S.-UK talks; G. Mennen Williams visit; African countries’ political conditions; labor problems; health care; education. Principal Correspondents: G. Mennen Williams; Dean Rusk; George P. Delaney; Ralph W. McComas; Oliver J. Caldwell.

1 0234 General, December 1961–February 1962. 40 pp. Major Topics: Foreign assistance; JFK letter to Albert Luthuli; French aid. Principal Correspondents: Samuel E. Belk; John F. Kennedy; John Kenneth Galbraith; Joseph C. Satterthwaite. 0274 General, March–April 1962. 76 pp. Major Topics: Independence movements in Southwest Africa; SWAPO; USSR civil aviation aid; Africa Freedom Day. Principal Correspondents: Joseph C. Satterthwaite; Roger Hilsman. 0350 General, May 1962. 86 pp. Major Topics: USSR civil aviation aid; African airlines; U.S.-UK talks on aid; South Africa; G. Mennen Williams visit; African countries’ political conditions. Principal Correspondents: George W. Ball; Theodore C. Achilles; Alan S. Boyd; G. Mennen Williams. 0436 General, June–July 1962. 75 pp. Major Topics: Black-white tensions in southern Africa; U.S. labor-related programs; Casablanca Group; Monrovia Group; UAM; U.S.-FRG talks; Lincoln University African Student Center; U.S.-France talks. Principal Correspondents: Joseph C. Satterthwaite; Henry Owen; James M. Gavin; Randolph A. Kidder. 0511 General, August–October 1962. 90 pp. Major Topics: Advisory Council on African Affairs; South Africa–UN dispute over southwest Africa; southern Africa independence movements, white government positions, black-white tensions, and UK-U.S. relations. Principal Correspondents: Harlan Cleveland; G. Mennen Williams; Dean Rusk. 0601 General, November–December 1962. 74 pp. Major Topics: South Africa–UN dispute over southwest Africa; racist remarks by U.S. Senator Allen J. Ellender; African reaction to Ellender remarks; U.S. contingency planning for South Africa insurgency; Communist Party of South Africa; Nelson Mandela. Principal Correspondents: Francis Plimpton; Edward R. Murrow; Joseph C. Satterthwaite. 0675 General, Memos and Miscellaneous, November 1962–February 1963. 79 pp. Major Topics: Political, economic, and social conditions; African perceptions of U.S.; Peace Corps; U.S. food aid; USAID programs. Principal Correspondent: Chester Bowles. 0754 General, March 1963. 77 pp. Major Topics: South Africa–UN dispute over southwest Africa; U.S.-UK talks; Ethiopia-Kenya-Somalia dispute; submarine sale to South Africa; military capabilities of Ghana, Nigeria, UAM states, and France. Principal Correspondents: William H. Brubeck; Dean Rusk. 0831 General, May 1963. 135 pp. Major Topics: Black-white tensions in southern Africa; South Africa subversive groups; Spear of the Nation; ANC; Pan-Africanist Congress; Albert Luthuli; Robert Sobukwe; Potlako Kitchener Leballo; U.S. embassy multiracial reception; African heads of state conference in Addis Ababa; resolutions concerning U.S. racism; OAU establishment; Addis Ababa conference participation by Haile Selassie, Kwame Nkrumah, Ahmed Sekou Tourre, Ahmed Ben Bella, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Julius Nyerere, Gamal Abdel Nasser, and Milton Obote. Principal Correspondents: Walt W. Rostow; Edward M. Korry; Dean Rusk.

2 Reel 2 Africa cont. 0001 General, July 1963. 3 pp. Major Topic: JFK meeting on Africa. Principal Correspondent: William H. Brubeck. Algeria 0004 General, January 20–April 23, 1961. 4 pp. Major Topic: French policy. 0008 General, April 24–30, 1961. 3 pp. 0011 General, June–September 1961. 3 pp. Major Topic: Libya policies. 0014 General, December 1961–January 1962. 14 pp. Major Topics: France-Algerian negotiations; U.S. food aid; FLN; Secret Army Organization (OAS). Principal Correspondent: James M. Gavin. 0028 General, February 15–28, 1962. 9 pp. Major Topic: France-Algeria cease-fire. Principal Correspondent: Dean Rusk. 0037 General, March 1–9, 1962. 5 pp. Major Topic: France-Algeria negotiations. 0042 General, March 10–15, 1962. 3 pp. 0045 General, March 16–30, 1962. 79 pp. Major Topics: France-Algeria cease-fire agreement; post-cease-fire violence; Secret Army Organization (OAS) terrorism; French parliament session; USSR recognition of provisional government; cease-fire effect on Morocco. Principal Correspondents: James M. Gavin; William J. Porter. 0124 General, April–June 1962. 156 pp. Major Topics: U.S. aid; post-cease-fire violence; Secret Army Organization (OAS) terrorism; FLN; U.S. citizens in Algeria; U.S. contingency planning; French aid; independence referendum; refugees; Europeans exodus; U.S.-France talks on aid; Algerian independence; provisional government; U.S. recognition and embassy establishment; Soviet bloc recognition and embassy establishment; post-independence conditions; JFK statement draft. Principal Correspondents: George W. Ball; Cecil B. Lyon; William J. Porter; Roger Hilsman; Dean Rusk. 0280 General, July 1–15, 1962. 134 pp. Major Topics: JFK statement; provisional government; U.S. recognition and embassy establishment; U.S. food aid; Ahmed Ben Bella. Principal Correspondents: John F. Kennedy; Dean Rusk; William J. Porter; James M. Gavin. 0414 General, July 16–August 30, 1962. 122 pp. Major Topics: International relief coordination; U.S. aid; Ahmed Ben Bella; provisional government; U.S. consulates; U.S. medical teams; U.S. recognition and embassy establishment; elections postponement; dissident military forces; Algiers unrest. Principal Correspondents: William J. Porter; James M. Gavin; Adlai E. Stevenson.

3 0536 General, September 1–October 15, 1962. 139 pp. Major Topics: Algiers unrest; U.S. aid; Cuban influence; U.S. recognition and embassy establishment; national assembly elections; JFK–Ahmed Ben Bella letter; Ben Bella; reforestation project; State Department assessment; official delegation to UN; Soviet bloc activities; Ben Bella–JFK talks; Cuba relations; Abdelkadar Chanderli; U.S. medical teams. Principal Correspondents: William J. Porter; Dean Rusk; James M. Gavin; Roger Hilsman; Robert W. Komer. 0675 General, October 16–December 31, 1962. 145 pp. Major Topics: U.S. aid; French aid; agricultural crisis; Cuba relations; Ahmed Ben Bella–JFK talks; Algerian leadership; Ben Bella; Soviet bloc relations. Principal Correspondents: William J. Porter; Dean Rusk; John F. Kennedy; Allan Evans. 0820 General, January–May 1963. 148 pp. Major Topics: U.S. aid; Tunisia relations; Ahmed Ben Bella; U.S. military property; G. Mennen Williams visit; French nuclear test; French properties expropriation; Mohammed Khemisti assassination; Fidel Castro visit; Gamal Abdel Nasser visit; UAR Federation. Principal Correspondents: William J. Porter; Dean Rusk; G. Mennen Williams; Charles E. Bohlen; Robert W. Komer; Jeanne Davis.

Reel 3 Algeria cont. 0001 General, June–September 1963. 102 pp. Major Topics: French aid; independence celebration; Portuguese Africa; Ahmed Ben Bella; Che Guevara visit; JFK–Cherif Guellal talks; constitution adoption; USSR aid; economy. Principal Correspondents: William J. Porter; John Root. 0103 General, Memoranda of Conversations, April 5–November 29, 1962. 51 pp. Major Topics: Abdelkadar Chanderli; French recognition; Ahmed Ben Bella–JFK talks. 0154 General, October 1963. 140 pp. Major Topics: Morocco conflict; UAR involvement; Maghreb; Haile Selassie visit; Ahmed Ben Bella; Dean Rusk; JFK–Ben Bella communication; Cuban arms aid. Principal Correspondents: John Root; William J. Porter; George W. Ball; John F. Kennedy. 0294 General, November 1963. 101 pp. Major Topics: Morocco-Algeria cease-fire; JFK–Muhammed Yazid talks; China aid; oil pipeline; Ba’th Party in Iraq. Principal Correspondent: William J. Porter. 0395 Subjects, Prime Minister Ben Bella Briefing Book, October 1962. 77 pp. Major Topics: Ahmed Ben Bella–JFK talks; foreign relations; political situation; economy; foreign assistance; U.S.-French refinery project; France-Algeria cease- fire agreement. Principal Correspondent: William J. Porter.

4 0472 Subjects, Proposed Prime Minister Ben Bella Visit 1963, July 31–October 20, 1963. 30 pp. Major Topic: Ahmed Ben Bella–JFK talks. Principal Correspondent: Robert W. Komer. Angola 0502 General, January–June 1961. 47 pp. Major Topics: UN Security Council resolution; guerrilla warfare; Portuguese colonial policies. Principal Correspondents: Samuel E. Belk; Kenneth R. Hansen. 0549 General, Presidential Task Force Report on Portuguese Territories in Africa, July 1961. 89 pp. Major Topics: Portuguese colonial policies; UN Security Council resolution; Soviet bloc activities; guerrilla warfare; U.S.-Portugal relations; NATO action; U.S. military base in Azores; Franco Nogueira; Antonio de Oliveira Salazar; Carlos Salamanca; students seeking foreign asylum. Principal Correspondents: Samuel E. Belk; Walt W. Rostow; Dean Rusk; Roger Hilsman; C. Burke Elbrick. 0638 General, Presidential Task Force Report on Portuguese Territories in Africa, July 12, 1961. 107 pp. Major Topics: Political/social conditions; Portuguese colonial policies; guerrilla warfare; white settlers; Antonio de Oliveira Salazar; Portugal political conditions; Union of Angolan Peoples; Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola; UN actions; Soviet bloc activities; economy; U.S. actions chronology; U.S.-Portugal treaties. 0745 General, January–December 1962. 6 pp. Cameroon 0751 General, 1961. 77 pp. Major Topics: Violence against Cameroon embassy in U.S.; reunification; terrorism; Union des Populations du Cameroun; closing of embassy in U.S.; Ahmadou Ahidjo; Aine-Raymond N’Thepe; Arthur J. Goldberg visit; Ahidjo U.S. visit. Principal Correspondent: Leland Barrows. 0828 General, 1962. 118 pp. Major Topics: U.S. rules on visits by foreign heads of state; Ahmadou Ahidjo–JFK talks; terrorism; Angola; Congo; U.S. aid; Kuoh Moukouri; internal defense plan. Principal Correspondents: George W. Ball; Leland Barrows; Lucius D. Battle. Reel 4 Cameroon cont. 0001 General, 1963. 61 pp. Major Topics: Jean-Faustin Betayene; Ahmadou Ahidjo–JFK talks; country profile. Principal Correspondent: Leland Barrows. Central African Republic 0062 General, 1961–1963. 67 pp. Major Topics: David Dacko; floods; Jean-Pierre Kombet; U.S. racial policies; Claude G. Ross. Principal Correspondents: Robert Melone; John H. Burns.

5 Congo 0129 General, January–April 1961. 21 pp. Major Topics: Civil war; UN military operations. 0150 General, May–September 1961. 4 pp. 0154 General, November 12–30, 1961. 45 pp. Major Topics: U.S. Senator Thomas J. Dodd visit to Katanga; Moise Tshombe; Paul- Henri Spaak; Tshombe-JFK communication; Belgium-Congo relations; Patrice Lumumba assassination UN investigation. Principal Correspondents: Lucius D. Battle; Dean Rusk. 0199 General, February 1–12, 1962. 2 pp. Major Topic: George Meany and Congo labor movement. Principal Correspondent: George McMurtrie Godley. 0201 General, Tripartite Congo Talks, May 1962, Folder 1 of 2. 11 pp. Major Topic: U.S.-UK-Belgium talks on Congo-Katanga reconciliation. Principal Correspondent: David K. E. Bruce. 0212 General, Tripartite Congo Talks, May 1962, Folder 2 of 2. 5 pp. Major Topic: U.S.-UK-Belgium talks on Congo-Katanga reconciliation. Principal Correspondent: Harold Macmillan. 0217 General, October 30–November 5, 1962. 3 pp. Principal Correspondent: George S. McGhee. 0220 General, December 1–13, 1962. 4 pp. Major Topics: Belgium-Congo relations; Moise Tshombe. Principal Correspondent: Paul-Henri Spaak. 0224 General, December 14–17, 1962. 2 pp. Major Topic: U.S. air squadron deployment. Principal Correspondent: McGeorge Bundy. 0226 General, December 18–31, 1962. 9 pp. Major Topics: Civil war; UN military operations; Cyrille Adoula; Moise Tshombe. Principal Correspondents: Bromley Smith; Lord Home. 0235 General, George Ball’s Papers, December 1962. 6 pp. Major Topics: Civil war; Moise Tshombe. Principal Correspondents: George W. Ball; Chester Bowles. 0241 General, January 1–15, 1963. 6 pp. Major Topics: Civil war; Moise Tshombe. Principal Correspondent: Carl Kaysen. 0247 General, February 1–April 15, 1963. 10 pp. Major Topic: Cyrille Adoula. 0257 General, October 11–November 22, 1963. 10 pp. Major Topics: Cyrille Adoula–JFK talks; post–civil war administration. 0267 Cables, Stogner/Thryrng Case, February 1962. 49 pp. Major Topics: U.S. Army Attaché Hulen D. Stogner murder; Elizabeth Thryrng imprisonment and release. Principal Correspondents: George McMurtrie Godley; Dean Rusk; Edmund A. Gullion. 0316 Cables, London Talks [May 1962]. 41 pp. Major Topic: U.S.-UK-Belgium talks on Congo-Katanga reconciliation. Principal Correspondent: David K. E. Bruce. 0357 Cables, May 25–29, 1962. 3 pp.

6 0360 Cables, June 1–7, 1962. 48 pp. Major Topics: Congo-Katanga reconciliation; Moise Tshombe–Cyrille Adoula talks; international aid; U.S. citizens in UN Congo positions; U.S. aid. Principal Correspondents: Lewis Hoffacker; Dean Rusk; Edmund A. Gullion. 0408 Cables, June 8–13, 1962. 56 pp. Major Topics: Congo-Katanga reconciliation; U.S. aid; Moise Tshombe–Cyrille Adoula talks; Belgium-Congo relations; Paul-Henri Spaak on Congo reconciliation; Katanga tax collection; international aid; UN operations; Robert Gardiner; financial controls. Principal Correspondents: Dean Rusk; Edmund A. Gullion. 0464 Cables, June 14–15, 1962. 51 pp. Major Topics: Congo-Katanga reconciliation; U.S. aid; financial brigade; UN operations; Robert Gardiner; international aid; financial controls. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Dean Rusk. 0515 Cables, June 16–20, 1962. 51 pp. Major Topics: Michel Streulens; financial controls; international aid. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Dean Rusk. 0566 Cables, June 21–30, 1962. 183 pp. Major Topics: Congo-Katanga reconciliation; protection of Moise Tshombe in Leopoldville; Joseph Kasavubu–JFK communication; UN involvement; Tshombe–Cyrille Adoula talks; Robert Gardiner; Paul-Henri Spaak on Congo reconciliation; Justin Bomboko; international aid; Katanga taxation; Belgium-U.S. reconciliation plan; U.S. aid; military assistance; government reorganization; final communiqué; Tshombe-Adoula talks suspension; Katanga economic sanctions; financial controls. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Dean Rusk; George W. Ball; Adlai E. Stevenson. 0749 Cables, July 1–6, 1962. 126 pp. Major Topics: Congo-Katanga reconciliation; Italy aid; financial controls; draft constitution; Justin Bomboko; France aid; Cleophas Kamitatu; Moise Tshombe; Joseph Desiree Mobutu; Cyrille Adoula; U Thant; UN–Congolese army relations; Katanga independence celebrations; FRG aid; UN intervention; U.S. aid. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Dean Rusk; Charles W. Yost. 0875 Cables, July 7–15, 1962. 128 pp. Major Topics: Congo-Katanga reconciliation; U.S. aid; Paul-Henri Spaak on Congo reconciliation; Belgian policies; Justin Bomboko; Cleophas Kamitatu; financial controls; UMHK and Societe Generale; draft constitution; Congo-Katanga roadblock; Moise Tshombe; Nigerian battalion. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Dean Rusk; Douglas MacArthur II. Reel 5 Congo cont. 0001 Cables, July 16–23, 1962. 139 pp. Major Topics: Congo-Katanga reconciliation; Moise Tshombe; Cyrille Adoula; Robert Gardiner; Congo-Katanga roadblock violence; Katanga women’s march; Jean Back; Jaja Wachuku; draft constitution; Paul-Henri Spaak on Congo reconciliation; Belgian policies; UMHK finances; Societe Generale; UN intervention; Gardiner press conference; U Thant.

7 Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Dean Rusk; Charles W. Yost; Lewis Hoffacker; George W. Ball. 0140 Cables, July 24–31, 1962. 125 pp. Major Topics: Diamond marketing; Congo-Katanga reconciliation; U.S. proposal; Moise Tshombe; Cyrille Adoula; Adoula-JFK communication; Robert Gardiner; U Thant; Ellud Wambe Mathu; Nigeria mediation; Senegal mediation; India military aid; Tshombe-JFK communication; UN intervention. Principal Correspondents: George W. Ball; Charles W. Yost; Lewis Hoffacker; Joseph Palmer II; Dean Rusk; U Thant. 0265 Cables, August 1–6, 1962. 79 pp. Major Topics: Congo-Katanga reconciliation; Nigeria intervention; Paul-Henri Spaak on Congo reconciliation; Belgian policies; government reorganization; U.S. proposal; financial controls; Italian military aid; Katanga air blockade; new provinces creation. Principal Correspondents: Joseph Palmer II; W. Wendell Blancke; Dean Rusk; George McMurtrie Godley. 0344 Cables, August 7–9, 1962. 107 pp. Major Topics: Katanga air blockade; Congo-Katanga reconciliation; U.S. proposal; French UN payment arrears; Mobil Oil; U.S. military aid; Cyrille Adoula; Belgium- Congo relations; UK policies. Principal Correspondents: Charles W. Yost; Edmund A. Gullion; Dean Rusk. 0451 Cables, August 10–15, 1962. 147 pp. Major Topics: George W. Ball–Moise Tshombe talks cancellation; UN members’ payment arrears; Edmund A. Gullion; Katanga military forces; mercenaries; Congo-Katanga reconciliation; U.S. proposal; Ralph Bunche. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Adlai E. Stevenson; Dean Rusk; David H. McKillop; Roger W. Tubby; George W. Ball. 0598 Cables, August 16–21, 1962. 115 pp. Major Topics: UN troops; Katanga-Congo military engagements; military airlift; Congo-Katanga reconciliation; UN plan; Cyrille Adoula and Moise Tshombe response to UN plan; Robert Gardiner; U Thant; Hubert F. Julian release; new provinces creation. Principal Correspondent: Edmund A. Gullion. 0713 Cables, August 22–26, 1962. 79 pp. Major Topics: Katanga political parties; Georges Denis; Cyrille Adoula; UMHK finances; Congo-Katanga reconciliation; UN plan; Moise Tshombe response to UN plan. Principal Correspondent: Edmund A. Gullion. 0792 Cables, August 27–31, 1962. 106 pp. Major Topics: Antoine Gizenga release; Angolan military training in Congo; Congo- Katanga reconciliation; UN plan; UN military intervention contingencies; Moise Tshombe response to UN plan; UMHK withholding of dividend payments; financial controls; mercenaries; Lewis Hoffacker; Jaja Wachuku. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; Dean Rusk; Douglas MacArthur II. 0898 Cables, Hoffacker Mission, August 1962. 28 pp. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; Dean Rusk.

8 Reel 6 Congo cont. 0001 Cables, September 1–5, 1962. 102 pp. Major Topics: Congo-Katanga reconciliation; Moise Tshombe response to UN plan; Tshombe meetings with tribal chiefs; UN troops stationing in Katanga; UN reaction to Tshombe response; Paul-Henri Spaak on Congo reconciliation; Cyrille Adoula on Tshombe; UN plan implementation. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; Dean Rusk; Douglas MacArthur II. 0103 Cables, September 6–9, 1962. 87 pp. Major Topics: UN plan implementation; UN troops stationing in Katanga; Cyrille Adoula implementation of UN plan; Antoine Gizenga release; Cleophas Kamitatu political activities; David Y. Tshombe; international aid; UMHK finances; Mahmoud Khiary; Sebastien Kini; Congo-Katanga reconciliation; UN plan implementation; new constitution. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; Douglas MacArthur II; Paul-Henri Spaak; Adlai E. Stevenson. 0190 Cables, September 10–15, 1962. 132 pp. Major Topics: Congo-Katanga reconciliation; UN plan implementation; Katanga referendum; draft constitution; UMHK cooperation with UN plan; Katanga-UN military engagement; Paul-Henri Spaak on UN plan implementation; Congo army movements; Moise Tshombe press statement; U.S. citizens in UN Congo operations; Howard Brinton. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; Dean Rusk. 0322 Cables, September 16–23, 1962. 95 pp. Major Topics: Congo-Katanga reconciliation; UN plan implementation; draft constitution; Congo army movements; Moise Tshombe response to UN plan; Cyrille Adoula implementation of UN plan; UN reconnaissance aircraft downing; Robert Gardiner. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; Dean Rusk. 0417 Cables, September 24–30, 1962. 167 pp. Major Topics: Congo-Katanga reconciliation; Paul-Henri Spaak on UN plan; George C. McGhee visit; Cyrille Adoula implementation of UN plan; Katanga-India troop conflicts; Moise Tshombe on draft constitution; Tshombe implementation of UN plan. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; Dean Rusk; George W. Ball. 0584 Cables, October 1–2, 1962. 5 pp. Major Topic: Michel Streulens. Principal Correspondent: Adlai E. Stevenson. 0589 Cables, October 5, 1962. 5 pp. Major Topic: UN plan implementation. Principal Correspondent: George W. Ball. 0594 Cables, October 6–7, 1962. 3 pp. 0597 Cables, October 9–10, 1962. 2 pp.

9 0599 Cables, October 11, 1962. 11 pp. Major Topics: Cease-fire; Congo-Katanga reconciliation; draft constitution; Cyrille Adoula rejection of UN plan elements; Adoula political difficulties; George C. McGhee visit. Principal Correspondents: Jonathan Dean; Dean Rusk. 0610 Cables, October 12, 1962. 6 pp. Major Topic: UN plan implementation. Principal Correspondent: Dean Rusk. 0616 Cables, October 13, 1962. 3 pp. 0619 Cables, October 15, 1962. 4 pp. 0623 Cables, October 16, 1962. 2 pp. 0625 Cables, October 19–31, 1962. 154 pp. Major Topics: Congo-Katanga reconciliation; amnesty for political crimes; U.S. aid; cease-fire; Cyrille Adoula implementation of UN plan; Moise Tshombe implementation of UN plan; international aid for army modernization; Ralph Bunche. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; Dean Rusk. 0779 Cables, November 1–7, 1962. 125 pp. Major Topics: Congo-Katanga reconciliation; Cyrille Adoula implementation of UN plan; Moise Tshombe implementation of UN plan; JFK-Adoula communication; international aid; oil company operations/finances in Katanga; Italy military aircraft aid; Ellud Wambe Mathu; U.S. handling of Cuba crisis; draft constitution; Congo attack on Kongolo, Katanga. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Dean Rusk; Jonathan Dean; Adlai E. Stevenson. Reel 7 Congo cont. 0001 Cables, November 8–19, 1962. 255 pp. Major Topics: Katanga economy; UMHK operations/finances; Congo-Katanga reconciliation; Cyrille Adoula implementation of UN plan; Moise Tshombe implementation of UN plan; Robert Gardiner; amnesty; UN military planning; Joseph Kasavubu; Katanga business tax; George C. McGhee; Ellud Wambe Mathu; Kenneth Keating–Tshombe talks; bombings by Katanga aircraft; UN- Congo military action against Katanga; Congo military aircraft needs; Israel rockets. Principal Correspondents: Dean Rusk; Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; Douglas MacArthur II; Lewis Hoffacker; Adlai E. Stevenson; George C. McGhee. 0256 Cables, November 20–26, 1962. 157 pp. Major Topics: UN military planning; Ahmadou Ahidjo; Congo control of Katanga revenues; Congo-Katanga reconciliation; Cyrille Adoula implementation of UN plan; Moise Tshombe implementation of UN plan; UMHK payments; Robert Gardiner; Belgium-Congo relations; Adoula-parliament relations; bombings by Katanga aircraft; Paul-Henri Spaak on Congo reconciliation; Congo military aircraft needs; Joseph Desiree Mobutu; international aid for army modernization. Principal Correspondents: Jonathan Dean; George C. McGhee; Douglas MacArthur II; James L. O’Sullivan; Dean Rusk; Edmund A. Gullion; Adlai E. Stevenson.

10 0413 Cables, November 27–30, 1962. 158 pp. Major Topics: Prime ministerial candidates; Congo-Katanga reconciliation; Cyrille Adoula implementation of UN plan; Moise Tshombe implementation of UN plan; UMHK payments; Joseph Kasavubu; UMHK payments; U.S. airlift; Paul-Henri Spaak on Congo reconciliation; Belgium-Congo relations; Adoula-parliament relations; Adoula-UMHK talks; Katanga economic sanctions. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Adlai E. Stevenson; Charles W. Yost; Jonathan Dean; Charles W. Yost; Dean Rusk. 0571 Cables, December 1–6, 1962. 151 pp. Major Topics: Moise Tshombe–JFK communication; amnesty; Cyrille Adoula trip to UN; UMHK payments; Katanga economic sanctions; Albert Ndela; Congo- Katanga reconciliation; Adoula implementation of UN plan; Adoula-parliament relations; Paul-Henri Spaak on UMHK; international aid for army modernization; Tshombe press interview; Michel Streulens; UN radio broadcasts; Katanga expulsion of Italian diplomat. Principal Correspondents: Jonathan Dean; Dean Rusk; Edmund A. Gullion; Charles W. Yost; Douglas MacArthur II. 0722 Cables, December 7–11, 1962. 126 pp. Major Topics: UMHK payments to Congo; USSR aid offers; Paul-Henri Spaak on UMHK; Cyrille Adoula implementation of UN plan; Moise Tshombe implementation of UN plan; Michel Streulens; UN military planning; Katanga possible reprisals against UMHK. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; Douglas MacArthur II; Adlai E. Stevenson; Dean Rusk. 0848 Cables, December 12–15, 1962. 98 pp. Major Topics: UMHK payments; USSR involvement; Katanga copper/cobalt embargo; Moise Tshombe proposal on UMHK; Philippines aircraft aid; Belgium- Congo relations; Paul-Henri Spaak on UMHK; Cyrille Adoula response to Tshombe proposal on UMHK. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; Douglas MacArthur II; George W. Ball.

Reel 8 Congo cont. 0001 Cables, December 16–19, 1962. 116 pp. Major Topics: Cyrille Adoula–parliament relations; Moise Tshombe proposal on UMHK; U.S. military aid; UN-Congo military forces; Katanga military forces; U.S. military mission. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; G. Mennen Williams; Dean Rusk. 0117 Cables, December 20–27, 1962. 139 pp. Major Topics: U.S. military mission; UMHK payments; Belgium-Congo relations; France policies; U.S. military aid; Kwame Nkrumah–Moise Tshombe communication; UN military actions against Katanga; Ralph Bunche; Cyrille Adoula; Tshombe; Congo-Katanga reconciliation; UN military planning; Congo government military planning; Joseph Desiree Mobutu; UN helicopter downing in Katanga; international military aircraft aid; parliament suspension.

11 Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Douglas MacArthur II; Kwame Nkrumah; William P. Mahoney Jr.; Dean Rusk; Adlai E. Stevenson; Jonathan Dean. 0256 Cables, December 28–31, 1962. 158 pp. Major Topics: UN military action against Katanga; Moise Tshombe flight to Rhodesia; UN psychological operations; Ralph Bunche; UN occupation of Elisabethville; amnesty; Paul-Henri Spaak on UN military action; PAFMECSA conference; Cyrille Adoula; U Thant statement on Congo-Katanga; UN request for military assistance. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Douglas MacArthur II; Dean Rusk; Jonathan Dean; Francis Plimpton; Adlai E. Stevenson; U Thant. 0414 Cables, January 1–5, 1963. 173 pp. Major Topics: Moise Tshombe return to Elisabethville; UN military action against Katanga; Justin Bomboko; UN troops misconduct; Ralph Bunche; Cyrille Adoula; Paul-Henri Spaak on UN military action; PAFMECSA conference; U Thant– subordinates communications; UN troops killing of Katanga civilians; UK-Adoula relations; UK policies; insubordination of UN Congo commanders. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; Dean Rusk; Douglas MacArthur II; Adlai E. Stevenson. 0587 Cables, January 6–10, 1963. 133 pp. Major Topics: Moise Tshombe return to Elisabethville; UN military action against Katanga; UN troops unauthorized capture of Jadotville; Tshombe threats against UMHK facilities; Katanga sabotage; UMHK payments; U.S. aid to Katanga; expulsion of UK and Belgian consuls. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; Francis Plimpton; Dean Rusk. 0720 Cables, January 11–20, 1963. 191 pp. Major Topics: Expulsion of UK and Belgian consuls; missing Katanga bank cash; UMHK payments; Moise Tshombe political status; UN military action against Katanga; Kwame Nkrumah on Tshombe; U Thant–Nkrumah communication; U.S. bridge material for UN troops; Katanga gendarmerie military integration; Robert Gardiner; Tshombe proclamation of secession end; JFK–Cyrille Adoula communication; U.S.-UK-Belgium postsecession activities; prominent Katangans for postsecession leadership roles; attack on UK embassy; U.S. return of seized aircraft; UN-Tshombe talks; Communist activities. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Adlai E. Stevenson; Jonathan Dean; Dean Rusk; Douglas MacArthur II; John F. Kennedy.

Reel 9 Congo cont. 0001 Cables, January 21–31, 1963. 121 pp. Major Topics: Amnesty; UN troops occupation of Kolwezi; military reorganization; UN force strength; UN-Congo joint operations; postsecession reconstruction; Katanga gendarmerie military integration; Belgium aid; Harlan Cleveland visit; Paul-Henri Spaak on postsecession Katanga; Moise Tshombe political status; Joseph Ileo; U.S.-USSR confrontation in Congo; Cyrille Adoula–Cleveland talks. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Adlai E. Stevenson; Douglas MacArthur II; Dean Rusk; Jonathan Dean.

12 0122 Cables, February 1963. 188 pp. Major Topics: Harlan Cleveland visit; international military aid for army modernization; Katanga gendarmerie military integration; Moise Tshombe political status; Cyrille Adoula political status; missing Katanga bank cash; Joseph Ileo; EEC aid; Katanga officers oath of allegiance; UN-Congo joint operations; Congo-Katanga reconciliation; UN peacekeeping missions financing; rural development aid; Adoula visit to Katanga; Adoula visit to Brussels; Belgium- Congo relations. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Jonathan Dean; Harlan Cleveland; Douglas MacArthur II; George W. Ball. 0310 Cables, March 1963. 162 pp. Major Topics: Cyrille Adoula visit to Brussels; Belgium-Congo relations; Paul-Henri Spaak; UN force levels; USSR-Congo relations; Adoula-parliament relations; UN investigation of Patrice Lumumba murder; Moise Tshombe political status; international aid for army modernization; Katanga military capabilities; Belgium aid; Katangan gendarmerie activity in bush; parliament reorganization; Tshombe political status; Joseph Kasavubu address to parliament; UN financing of Congo operations; UN military training mission establishment; Justin Bomboko; UN technical assistance. Principal Correspondents: Douglas MacArthur II; Edmund A. Gullion; Charles E. Bohlen; Dean Rusk; James L. O’Sullivan; Francis Plimpton. 0472 Cables, April–May 1963. 170 pp. Major Topics: Refugee camp; U.S.-Belgium talks; Adlai E. Stevenson; Paul-Henri Spaak; Belgium UN payment arrears; UN technical assistance; UN financing of Congo operations; UN aid for army modernization; Belgium military training aid; Israel military training aid; Justin Bomboko; Cyrille Adoula; UN troops withdrawal; raid on Moise Tshombe palace; Katanga partition; U.S.-Belgium economic aid; JFK–Joseph Desiree Mobutu talks on military aid. Principal Correspondents: Jonathan Dean; James L. O’Sullivan; Charles W. Yost; Adlai E. Stevenson; Edmund A. Gullion; Dean Rusk. 0642 Cables, June–July 1963. 173 pp. Major Topics: Intertribal violence; UN troops withdrawal; USAID import assistance; Antoine Gizenga release; Ahmed Sekou Toure; Moise Tshombe political status; U.S. airplane gift to Congo; monetary policy reform; Katanga gendarmerie military integration; Portugal relations; U.S.-Belgium future roles in Congo; U.S.- Belgium economic aid; internal security after UN withdrawal; retention of non-UN multilateral peacekeeping force; U.S. airmen unit withdrawal; UK relations; UN- Belgium claims. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Dean Rusk; Jonathan Dean; Charles W. Yost. 0815 Cables, August 1963. 121 pp. Major Topics: Monetary policy reform; UN troops withdrawal; missing Katanga bank cash; U.S.-Belgium economic aid; Congo (Brazzaville) political unrest; Fulbert Youlou resignation; France role in Brazzaville unrest; UN troops retention through June 1964; recognition of new Brazzaville government. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; Francis T. McNamara; W. Wendell Blancke; Dean Rusk.

13 Reel 10 Congo cont. 0001 Cables, September 1963. 81 pp. Major Topics: UN troops civil relations; UN troops retention through June 1964; gendarmerie activity; Congo (Brazzaville) political unrest; monetary policy reform; UN financing of Congo operations; Cyrille Adoula; Paul-Henri Spaak on Belgium aid; Adoula-parliament relations. Principal Correspondents: Dean Rusk; Francis T. McNamara; Douglas MacArthur II; Adlai E. Stevenson; Edmund A. Gullion. 0082 Cables, October–November 1963. 139 pp. Major Topics: Parliament dissolution by Joseph Kasavubu; UN operations leadership and morale; UN troops retention through June 1964; U.S. airplane gift to Congo; UN financing of Congo operations; Cyrille Adoula political status; U.S. recognition of new Brazzaville government; labor unrest; state of exception; Jean Anany; U.S. relations with Brazzaville government; U.S. economic aid; Angola- Portuguese conflict; Moise Tshombe political status; USSR diplomats expulsion. Principal Correspondents: Edmund A. Gullion; George W. Ball; W. Wendell Blancke; Dean Rusk. Dahomey 0221 General, January 1961–March 1962. 8 pp. Major Topics: Political crisis; Hubert Maga. Principal Correspondent: Converse Hettinger. 0229 General, October–November 1963. 10 pp. Major Topic: Political crisis. Principal Correspondent: Charles P. Bohlen. Ethiopia 0239 General, February 1961–February 1962. 76 pp. Major Topics: JFK message to ECA; Haile Selassie–JFK communication; Amharic Bible gift to JFK; Haile Selassie University establishment; U.S. military aircraft aid. Principal Correspondents: John F. Kennedy; Dean Rusk; Arthur L. Richards; John Kenneth Galbraith. 0315 General, March–October 1962. 81 pp. Major Topics: U.S.-Ethiopia talks on defense and disarmament; U.S. military aircraft aid; U.S. Project Mercury tracking station (Zanzibar) removal; Haile Selassie; Ato Ketema Yifru; Somalia relations; Chester Bowles visit. Principal Correspondents: Arthur L. Richards; Dean Rusk; Chester Bowles. 0396 General, November 1962–May 1963. 79 pp. Major Topics: U.S. military aid; U.S. handling of Cuban missile crisis; Somalia relations; Eritrea reunification with Ethiopia; extension of U.S. base at Kagnew; reform policies; U.S. aid; Abdurahman Hussein; trachoma vaccine from U.S.; Edward M. Korry; Haile Selassie political status. Principal Correspondents: Dean Rusk; Arthur L. Richards; Sheldon B. Vance; R. Sargent Shriver.

14 0475 General, June–July 1963. 67 pp. Major Topics: U.S. military aid to Somalia; officials talks with JFK; Kenya-Ethiopia defense pact; Nikita Khrushchev message to Africa leaders; extension of U.S. base at Kagnew. Principal Correspondents: Edward M. Korry; Dean Rusk. 0542 General, August–November 1963. 75 pp. Major Topics: Officials U.S. visit; Ethiopian Somalis uprising; U.S. military aid to Somalia; Haile Selassie mediation of Algeria-Morocco conflict; JFK-Selassie communication; OAU conference in Addis Ababa; withdrawal of Ethiopian troops from UN Congo force. Principal Correspondents: Edward M. Korry; Dean Rusk. 0617 Subjects, Haile Selassie’s Visit, October 1963. 61 pp. Principal Correspondents: Dean Rusk; Sheldon B. Vance. 0678 Subjects, Haile Selassie’s Visit, October 1963; September–October 1963. 68 pp. Major Topics: U.S. military and economic aid; Somalia relations; coffee quota; JFK- Selassie toasts; joint communiqué; JFK talking points on African interference with Portuguese and South African participation in UN; U.S. military aid to Somalia. Principal Correspondents: Edward M. Korry; George W. Ball; John F. Kennedy; Haile Selassie. 0746 Subjects, Haile Selassie’s Visit, October 1963; Memoranda of Conversation. 36 pp. Major Topics: JFK-Selassie talks; U.S. military aid; U.S. military aid to Somalia; Dean Rusk–Selassie talks; nuclear test ban treaty; U.S.-USSR relations; international relations; extension of U.S. base at Kagnew. 0782 Subjects, Haile Selassie’s Visit, October 1963; Briefing Book, Index and Parts I–III. 53 pp. Major Topics: Somalia relations; U.S. military aid to Somalia; internal political reform; U.S. military and economic aid; OAU evolution; Southern Africa policies. 0835 Subjects, Haile Selassie’s Visit, October 1963; Briefing Book, Parts IV–VI. 55 pp. Major Topics: International aid; Selassie 1954 U.S. visit. 0890 Subjects, Haile Selassie’s Visit, October 1963; Briefing Book, Part VII and Brief Memorandum. 17 pp. Major Topics: Maps; background materials.

Reel 11 Gabon 0001 General, 1961–1963. 109 pp. Major Topics: JFK–Leon M’ba communication; requested U.S. railroad construction aid; Aristide Issembe–JFK talks. Principal Correspondents: Leon M’ba; John F. Kennedy; Dean Rusk. Ghana 0110 General, September 1961. 22 pp. Major Topics: Military cadets training in USSR; Kwame Nkrumah; Volta River project; Duncan Sandys. Principal Correspondent: Francis H. Russell. 0132 General, October 1961. 14 pp. Major Topics: Duncan Sandys; Francis H. Russell. 0146 General, November 1961. 7 pp.

15 0153 General, December 16–31, 1961. 4 pp. Major Topic: Volta River project. 0157 General, January–March 1962. 5 pp. Principal Correspondent: Francis H. Russell. 0162 General, July–August 1962. 6 pp. 0168 General, September 1962. 19 pp. Major Topic: Kwame Nkrumah assassination attempt. 0187 General, October 1962. 18 pp. Major Topic: JFK–Kwame Nkrumah communication. Principal Correspondent: William P. Mahoney Jr. 0205 General, November–December 1962. 18 pp. Major Topic: Anti-Nkrumah activity. Principal Correspondent: William P. Mahoney Jr. 0223 General, March–April 1963. 3 pp. Major Topic: Patrice Lumumba murder investigation. Principal Correspondent: William P. Mahoney Jr. Guinea 0226 General, January–May 1961. 9 pp. Major Topic: U.S. aid. Principal Correspondent: Dean Rusk. 0235 General, September 1961–March 1962. 24 pp. Major Topics: Luther Hodges visit; Ahmed Sekou Toure; Soviet bloc relations; political crisis; JFK–Sekou Toure communication; economic mission to U.S. Principal Correspondents: Dean Rusk; William H. Attwood. 0259 General, April–June 1962. 27 pp. Major Topics: Seydou Conte–JFK talks; economic mission to U.S.; U.S. aid; Portuguese Guinea–Portugal conflict. Principal Correspondents: William H. Atwood; Dean Rusk. 0286 General, “Guidelines for Policy and Operations,” April 1962. 55 pp. Major Topic: State Department policy operations and guidelines. 0341 General, July–September 1962. 31 pp. Major Topics: IMF quota; Ahmed Sekou Toure; Seydou Conte; JFK–Sekou Toure talks. Principal Correspondents: Dean Rusk; William H. Atwood. 0372 General, October 1–10, 1962. 40 pp. Major Topics: Relations with Soviet bloc, U.S., France, and other African countries; JFK–Ahmed Sekou Toure talks background materials. Principal Correspondent: Roger Hilsman. 0412 General, October 12–31, 1962. 41 pp. Major Topics: JFK–Ahmed Sekou Toure talks; U.S. aid; Soviet bloc aid; France relations; USSR use of Conakry airport; relations with Soviet bloc, France, and U.S.; African unity. Principal Correspondent: Dean Rusk. 0453 General, November 1962–March 1963. 15 pp. Major Topic: JFK–Ahmed Sekou Toure talks. Principal Correspondents: Dean Rusk; William H. Attwood. 0468 General, April 1963. 13 pp. Major Topics: U.S. aid; Seydou Conte U.S. visit. Principal Correspondents: Charles E. Bohlen; William H. Attwood.

16 0481 General, May 1963. 25 pp. Major Topics: R. Sargent Shriver–Ahmed Sekou Toure talks; U.S. aid; Seydou Conte U.S. visit; Antoine Gizenga release in Congo. Principal Correspondents: William H. Atwood; Dean Rusk. 0506 General, June–July 1963. 16 pp. Major Topics: USSR use of Conakry airport; U.S. aviation activity. Principal Correspondents: George W. Ball; Thomas A. Cassilly; Dean Rusk. 0522 General, September–November 1963. 5 pp. Major Topic: U.S. aid. Principal Correspondent: James I. Loeb. Ivory Coast 0527 General, January–September 1961. 9 pp. Major Topics: RFK visit; U.S. aid to Ghana. Principal Correspondent: Rubert A. Lloyd. 0536 General, October 1, 1961–March 22, 1962. 7 pp. Major Topics: Felix Houphouet-Boigny U.S. visit; visiting party members. Principal Correspondent: R. Borden Reams. 0543 General, March 23–April 30, 1962. 14 pp. Major Topics: USAID staff reduction; Felix Houphouet-Boigny honorary degrees. Principal Correspondent: R. Borden Reams. 0557 General, August 1962–January 1963. 6 pp. Major Topic: Felix Houphouet-Boigny. Kenya 0563 General, 1961. 31 pp. Major Topics: JFK–Tom Mboya communications on Congo and Berlin; JFK talks with Mboya and Kenneth Kaunda; student airlift aid by U.S.; gift to JFK. Principal Correspondent: Richard Freund. 0594 General, 1962. 86 pp. Major Topics: Jomo Kenyatta U.S. visit; Ronald Ngala U.S. visit; U.S. aid; Tom Mboya U.S. visit; labor and training development. Principal Correspondents: Richard Freund; Dean Rusk. 0680 General, 1963. 33 pp. Major Topics: Constitution and postelection government; Jomo Kenyatta–JFK communication on Birmingham racial situation; East African Federation formation; Tom Mboya. Principal Correspondents: Richard Freund; Laurence C. Vass. Liberia 0713 General, 1961. 103 pp. Major Topics: JFK–William V. S. Tubman communication on Congo; Monrovia conference of African leaders; William R. Tolbert; JFK-Tubman talks; U.S. aid. Principal Correspondents: Dean Rusk; Elbert G. Mathews. 0816 General, 1962. 106 pp. Major Topics: Political prospects; Monrovia free port transfer by U.S.; Israeli arms aid; JFK–William V. S. Tubman communication; Chester Bowles on Congo prospects; Tubman state of state address; Africa relations; international relations; economic policy; government operations. Principal Correspondents: L. M. Dunn; Elbert G. Mathews; Charles E. Rhetts; Chester Bowles.

17 0922 General, 1963. 97 pp. Major Topics: USAID program delays; possible plots against William V. S. Tubman; Sylvanus Olympio assassination; Tubman personal security arrangements; S. Edward Peal; Charles D. Sherman; U.S. aid; Jehovah’s Witnesses expulsion; JFK-Tubman communication. Principal Correspondent: Charles E. Rhetts.

Reel 12 Liberia cont. 0001 Subjects, Tubman Briefing Book, October 19–20, 1961. 71 pp. Major Topics: JFK–William V. S. Tubman talks; economic policy and planning; U.S. aid; government operations; Monrovia free port transfer by U.S.; South Africa sanctions. Libya 0072 General, February 1961–August 1962. 137 pp. Major Topics: Mohieddine Fekini–JFK talks; U.S. economic aid; Algeria policy; Belgrade conference of nonaligned nations; nuclear test ban; U.S. Palestine policy; Lewis Clark; independence tenth anniversary celebration; G. Mennen Williams visit; political conditions; leadership quality; U.S. military aid request; Crown Prince Hasan al-Rida al-Sanusi U.S. visit. Principal Correspondents: John W. Jones; John Dorman; George W. Ball; Robert S. McNamara. 0209 General, September–December 1962 and Undated. 131 pp. Major Topics: Crown Prince Hasan al-Rida al-Sanusi talks with JFK; Marble Arch airfield use by U.S.; Wheelus Air Force Base retention by U.S.; U.S. Air Force jet use to transport crown prince; U.S. missile sales to Israel; U.S. military aid; U.S. Palestine policy; U.S. economic aid. Principal Correspondent: John W. Jones. 0340 General, 1963. 82 pp. Major Topics: Barce earthquake; U.S. emergency aid; economic conditions; Wheelus Air Force Base retention by U.S.; U.S. economic aid; U.S. Information Service operations; U.S. military aid; Ladies Day in Tripoli; E. Allan Lightner; Mohieddine Fekini–JFK talks. Principal Correspondents: John Dorman; E. Allan Lightner; Dean Rusk. Malagasy 0422 General, 1961–1963. 81 pp. Major Topics: Ralph A. Dungan–Albert Tevoedjre talks; U.S. training for African leaders; UAM; African representation in UN Security Council; Rwanda-Burundi international aid; JFK-UAM communication on Cuban missile crisis; C. Vaughan Ferguson; J. Roland Jacobs; Philibert Tsiranana; U.S. civil rights policies. Principal Correspondents: Dean Rusk; C. Vaughan Ferguson. Mauritania 0503 General, 1961–1963. 89 pp. Major Topics: Mauritania relations; UN membership application; Moktar Ould Daddah–JFK talks; political and economic overview. Principal Correspondents: Walter J. Stoessel Jr.; Philip M. Kaiser; Dean Rusk.

18 Morocco 0592 General, January–October 1961. 129 pp. Major Topics: JFK–King Mohammed communication; U.S. military bases phaseout; USSR military presence; King Hassan II; political reorganization; Jack Counihan; Spain relations; G. Mennen Williams visit; U.S. bases conversion; U.S. military aid; U.S. economic aid; Mauritania relations; air force MIGs use of U.S. base. Principal Correspondents: Dean Rusk; John F. Kennedy; Charles W. Yost; Philip W. Bonsal. 0721 General, November–December 1961. 117 pp. Major Topics: Air force MIGs use of U.S. base; Ahmed Balafrej–JFK talks; Rabat anti-French civil disorder; Ahmed Ben Bella; U.S. economic aid; political conditions; USSR and U.S. military aid; U.S. military bases phaseout; Spain relations. Principal Correspondents: Philip W. Bonsal; Dean Rusk; George W. Ball. 0838 General, January–June 1962. 121 pp. Major Topics: France military aid; USSR and U.S. military aid; U.S. military bases phaseout; Ali Bengelloun–JFK talks; Ahmed Ben Bella transport to Rabat by U.S.; Hassan II state U.S. visit; Hassan II–Charles de Gaulle talks. Principal Correspondents: Philip W. Bonsal; George W. Ball; Dean Rusk.

Reel 13 Morocco cont. 0001 General, July–December 1962. 103 pp. Major Topics: Hassan II on Charles de Gaulle; John H. Ferguson; USSR shipyard construction at Tangier; U.S. aid; Spain relations; USSR military shipment; U.S. military bases phaseout; JFK–Hassan II communication on Cuban crisis; USSR overflights en route to Cuba; Marvine Howe; demonstrations against U.S. bases. Principal Correspondents: Oliver M. Marcy; Dean Rusk; John H. Ferguson. 0104 General, January–April 1963. 144 pp. Major Topics: Cabinet reorganization; floods; U.S. relief; U.S. military bases phaseout; Hassan II state visit to U.S.; Tunisia relations; Ahmed Ben Bella–U.S. talks; Baha’i members trial and sentencing; U.S. bases property disposition. Principal Correspondents: John H. Ferguson; John F. Kennedy; Dean Rusk. 0248 General, Folder (A), October 1963. 94 pp. Major Topics: Algeria-Morocco conflict; political conditions; U.S. military aid request; alleged U.S. air transport aid to Moroccans; UN involvement in Algeria-Morocco conflict. Principal Correspondents: John H. Ferguson; Dean Rusk; William J. Porter. 0342 General, Folder (B), October 1963. 82 pp. Major Topics: Algeria-Morocco conflict; political conditions; U.S. military aid; UN involvement in Algeria-Morocco conflict; JFK–Hassan II communication; Hassan II–Ahmed Ben Bella meeting in Mali; JFK–Haile Selassie communication; Algeria-Morocco cease-fire. Principal Correspondents: John H. Ferguson; Dean Rusk; Francis Plimpton; George W. Ball; John F. Kennedy; William J. Porter; William J. Handley. 0424 General, October 26, 1963. 29 pp. Major Topics: Algeria-Morocco conflict; Algeria-Morocco cease-fire; U.S. meetings with Moroccan and Algerian emissaries; USSR on cease-fire.

19 Principal Correspondents: John H. Ferguson; William J. Porter; Dean Rusk; Walter J. Stoessel Jr. 0453 General, November 1963. 101 pp. Major Topics: U.S. military aid; U.S. military bases phaseout; Ahmed Ben Bella political status. Principal Correspondents: Robert W. Komer; John H. Ferguson; Dean Rusk. 0554 Subjects, King Hassan Visit, March 1963, Memoranda of Conversations. 22 pp. Major Topics: JFK–Hassan II talks; Maghreb political relationships. 0576 Subjects, Hassan Briefing Book, March 27–29, 1963. 48 pp. Major Topics: Hassan II state visit to U.S.; Maghreb political relationships; U.S. military bases phaseout; Voice of America radio station at Tangier. 0624 Subjects, King Hassan Visit, March 1963. 87 pp. Major Topics: Egypt relations; Hassan II goals and policies; international aid; Hassan II state visit to U.S.; U.S. aid; JFK–Hassan II talks. Principal Correspondents: Robert W. Komer; Dean Rusk. Niger 0711 General, 1961–1963. 49 pp. Major Topics: Hamani Diori; racial discrimination in U.S. against ambassador and family; Saidon Djermakoye; independence ceremonies; goodwill mission to U.S.; U.S. aid. Principal Correspondent: Mercer Cook. Nigeria 0760 General, February–May 1961. 86 pp. Major Topics: Nnamdi Azikiwe; Peace Corps education and industrial development programs; economic development progress and needs; U.S. development aid; Abubakar Tafawa Balewa U.S. visit. Principal Correspondents: Joseph H. Palmer; G. Mennen Williams; Dean Rusk. 0846 General, June–July 1961. 71 pp. Major Topics: Economic delegation talks with JFK; U.S. development aid; Chester Bowles press conference in Lagos; U.S. versus Soviet bloc in Africa. Principal Correspondents: Walt W. Rostow; Joseph N. Greene Jr. 0917 General, August–October 1961. 57 pp. Major Topics: U.S. cocoa standards compliance; U.S. aid; Peace Corps volunteer Margery Michelmore controversy. Principal Correspondents: Samuel E. Belk; Joseph H. Palmer.

Reel 14 Nigeria cont. 0001 General, November 1961–May 1962. 66 pp. Major Topics: U.S. aid; Lagos conference of African chiefs of state; Casablanca Group; Monrovia Group; Abubakar Tafawa Balewa on U.S. nuclear testing; western Nigeria political unrest. Principal Correspondents: Samuel E. Belk; Joseph H. Palmer; Fowler Hamilton; Dean Rusk.

20 0067 General, June–August 1962. 54 pp. Major Topics: Police forces; Western Nigeria political unrest; parliamentary delegation–JFK talks; Security Council African representation. Principal Correspondents: Joseph H. Palmer; Dean Rusk. 0121 General, September–December 1962. 62 pp. Major Topics: EEC relations; arms smuggling from Ghana; western Nigeria political unrest; U.S. handling of Cuban missile crisis; Mozambique refugees; Tanganyika political and economic conditions; U.S. aid to Tanganyika. Principal Correspondents: Joseph H. Palmer; Joseph N. Greene Jr. 0183 General, 1963. 59 pp. Major Topics: Ghana relations; Togo coup effects; G. Mennen Williams visit; JFK– Abubakar Tafawa Balewa communication via communications satellite; Dean Rusk–Taja Wachuku talks; U.S. aid. Principal Correspondents: G. Mennen Williams; Joseph N. Greene Jr. 0242 Subjects, Azikiwe Case, May 24–June 30, 1962. 31 pp. Major Topic: Chukwuma Azikiwe detention in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Principal Correspondents: Joseph H. Palmer; David K. Edminster. 0273 Subjects, Report of the Special U.S. Economic Mission to Nigeria, June 17, 1961. 142 pp. Major Topics: U.S. economic mission; economic and political prospects; national plans; international aid. 0415 Subjects, Balewa Briefing Book, July 25–28, 1961, General–Substantive Papers. 112 pp. Major Topics: JFK talking points for Abubakar Tafawa Balewa U.S. visit; joint communiqué; foreign relations; arms control; China in UN; USSR “troika” proposal for UN; African representation in UN; Southwest Africa policies; Angola policies; South Africa policies; apartheid; West Africa political union; U.S. aid; EEC relations; cocoa prices and standards; Peace Corps operations. 0527 Subjects, Balewa Briefing Book, July 25–28, 1961, Biographical. 20 pp. Nyasaland 0547 General, 1961–1963. 49 pp. Major Topics: Hastings Kamuzu Banda–JFK talks; Peace Corps operations; independence; Rhodesia relations; U.S. aid. Principal Correspondent: Dean Rusk. Rhodesia 0596 General, September–October 1961. 8 pp. 0604 General, September–November 1962. 9 pp. Major Topic: Nyasaland development prospects. Principal Correspondent: Chester Bowles. 0613 General, October 1963. 3 pp. Major Topic: JFK–Roy Welensky talks. Rwanda-Burundi 0616 General, May 1962. 4 pp. Major Topic: Belgium relations. Principal Correspondent: Douglas MacArthur II. 0620 General, August 20–31, 1962. 2 pp.

21 Senegal 0622 General, 1961. 108 pp. Major Topics: LBJ attendance at independence ceremonies; foreign relations; Leopold Senghor–JFK talks; U.S. aid; French relations. Principal Correspondent: Philip M. Kaiser. 0730 General, 1962. 61 pp. Major Topics: U.S. aid; Moktar Ould Daddah–JFK talks. Principal Correspondent: Philip M. Kaiser. 0791 General, January 1963–January 1964. 73 pp. Major Topics: U.S. aid; Leopold Senghor–JFK communication; World Festival of Negro Arts; OAU conference in Dakar. Principal Correspondent: Philip M. Kaiser. Sierra Leone 0864 General, 1961–1963. 15 pp. Somalia 0879 General, 1961. 65 pp. Major Topics: Soviet bloc aid; U.S. economic aid; flooding; U.S. relief aid; Mahdi Ismail; Abdillahi Dualeh; international aid to Somali students in Czechoslovakia. Principal Correspondents: Andrew G. Lynch; Dean Rusk. Reel 15 Somalia cont. 0001 General, January–October 1962. 114 pp. Major Topics: Abdirascid Ali Scermarche U.S. visit; Ethiopia dispute; UK relations; U.S. aid for Chisimaio port; police forces assessment; USSR aid; Omar Mohallim Mohamed–JFK talks; U.S. aircraft aid. Principal Correspondents: Andrew G. Lynch; Thomas M. Judd; Dean Rusk. 0115 General, November–December 1962. 101 pp. Major Topics: Abdirascid Ali Scermarche U.S. visit; Ethiopia dispute; U.S. civil aircraft aid; FRG military aid; Abdirascid-JFK talks; U.S. military aid; U.S. aid for Chisimaio port; Abdirascid-Rusk talks; nonalignment policy; Kenya dispute; Horace G. Torbert Jr. Principal Correspondents: Thomas M. Judd; Dean Rusk; Robert W. Komer. 0216 General, January–June 1963. 119 pp. Major Topics: Abdirascid Ali Scermarche–JFK talks; U.S. economic aid; U.S. military aid; Mogadiscio civil disorder; U.S. embassy stoning; UK relations break; Aden Abdullah Osman; Ethiopia dispute; Kenya dispute; Soviet bloc aid; U.S. military survey team. Principal Correspondents: Thomas M. Judd; Dean Rusk; Horace G. Torbert Jr.; Roger Hilsman. 0335 General, July–November 1963. 154 pp. Major Topics: UK relations break; Kenya dispute; Ethiopia dispute; Aden Abdullah Osman; U.S. military aid; Kenya-Somalia talks; Somalia role in Kenya officials assassination; Ethiopian attacks on Somali nomads in Ogaden region; Aden– Haile Selassie communication; Abdirascid Ali Scermarche; Soviet bloc aid; China military aid; Aden Abdullah Osman–Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. talks. Principal Correspondents: Horace G. Torbert Jr.; Dean Rusk; George W. Ball.

22 0489 Subjects, Scermarche Briefing Book, November 27–December 2, 1962. 90 pp. Major Topics: Abdirascid Ali Scermarche–JFK talks; Ethiopia dispute; international aid; U.S. military aid; U.S. aid for Chisimaio port. South Africa 0579 General, October 30–November 19, 1963. 41 pp. Major Topics: UN Security Council consideration of apartheid; student refugees; U.S. neutrino research in underground mine; U.S. submarine sale. Principal Correspondents: Joseph C. Satterthwaite; Dean Rusk. Sudan 0620 General, 1961. 177 pp. Major Topics: Ibrahim Abboud U.S. visit; USSR aid; U.S. economic aid; Abboud-JFK talks; foreign relations. Principal Correspondents: James S. Moose Jr.; Dean Rusk; Walt W. Rostow; Harold H. Saunders. 0797 General, January–May 1962. 167 pp. Major Topics: U.S. road aid; U.S. space overflights ban; USSR air rights agreement; Abu Ranat; JFK–Ibrahim Abboud communication on USSR air rights; Congo policy; Seaboard-Sudan airways contract. Principal Correspondents: James S. Moose Jr.; Chester Bowles; Dean Rusk; George W. Ball; Thomas W. McElhiney.

Reel 16 Sudan cont. 0001 General, June 1962–August 1963. 111 pp. Major Topics: USSR air rights agreement; Seaboard-Sudan airways contract; U.S. road aid; economic development plan; international aid; Africa relations; Congo policy; U.S. Cuba policy; Yemen relations; Soviet bloc relations; political unrest in southern Sudan. Principal Correspondents: Thomas W. McElhiney; Dean Rusk; William M. Rountree; J. Wayne Fredericks. 0112 Subjects, Abboud Briefing Book, October 4–6, 1961. 106 pp. Major Topics: Ibrahim Abboud U.S. visit; political organization; economic conditions; Abboud-JFK talks; U.S.-Arab relations; Africa relations; U.S. economic aid; USAID assistance; Congo policy; Peace Corps operations; international aid. Tanganyika 0218 General, 1962. 5 pp. Principal Correspondent: William Leonhart. 0223 General, 1963. 7 pp. Major Topic: JFK–Julius Nyerere communication. Principal Correspondent: Dean Rusk. Togo 0230 General, January–December 1961. 32 pp. Major Topics: JFK–Sylvanus Olympio communication; Ghana relations. Principal Correspondent: Leon B. Poullada.

23 0262 General, January–February 1962. 56 pp. Major Topics: Sylvanus Olympio U.S. visit; Africa relations. Principal Correspondents: Leon B. Poullada; George W. Ball. 0318 General, March–May 1962. 71 pp. Major Topics: Sylvanus Olympio U.S. visit; Africa relations; Congo policy; Rwanda- Burundi independence; U.S. aid. Principal Correspondents: Leon B. Poullada; George W. Ball. 0389 General, June–December 1962. 37 pp. Major Topic: France relations. Principal Correspondents: Leon B. Poullada; Dean Rusk. 0426 General, January 1–15, 1963. 60 pp. Major Topics: Military coup; Sylvanus Olympio assassination; Kwame Nkrumah; Antoine Meatci. Principal Correspondents: William P. Mahoney Jr.; Robinson McIlvaine; Dean Rusk. 0486 General, January 16–22, 1963. 48 pp. Major Topics: Diplomatic recognition of new government; Nicholas Grunitzky. Principal Correspondents: Leon B. Poullada; Dean Rusk. 0534 General, January 23–31, 1962. 71 pp. Major Topics: Ghana involvement in Sylvanus Olympio assassination; chronology of military coup; post-coup government; diplomatic recognition of new government; Nicholas Grunitzky; French involvement in military coup; assassination investigation; IAMO Commission. Principal Correspondents: Leon B. Poullada; Dean Rusk; Raymond L. Perkins. 0605 General, February 1–10, 1963. 61 pp. Major Topics: Post-coup government; diplomatic recognition of new government; Nicholas Grunitzky; assassination inquiry; IAMO Commission; Ghana takeover intentions. Principal Correspondents: Leon B. Poullada; Charles E. Rhetts; Dean Rusk. 0666 General, February 10–28, 1963. 40 pp. Major Topics: Post-coup government; diplomatic recognition of new government; Nicholas Grunitzky; assassination inquiry; IAMO Commission; Ghana takeover intentions; Bonito Olympio; Felix Houphouet-Boigny; Ghana takeover intentions. Principal Correspondents: Leon B. Poullada; Dean Rusk; James W. Wine. 0706 General, March 1963. 61 pp. Major Topics: Diplomatic recognition of new government; UN involvement in Togo crisis; African military intervention. Principal Correspondents: William P. Mahoney Jr.; Dean Rusk; Raymond L. Perkins; Leon B. Poullada. 0767 General, April–November 1963. 50 pp. Major Topics: Diplomatic recognition of new government; elections; Nicholas Grunitzky. Principal Correspondents: Leon B. Poullada; Dean Rusk. Tunisia 0817 General, May–June 1961. 13 pp. Major Topics: JFK–Habib Bourguiba Sr. talks; foreign relations. Principal Correspondent: Walter N. Walmsley Jr.

24 0830 General, July–December 1961. 83 pp. Major Topics: U.S. airlift of Tunisian troops from Congo; Bahi Ladgham–JFK talks; French claims over Sahara; France-Tunisia conflict over Bizerte military base; political and economic conditions; France-Tunisia negotiations; U.S. aid. Principal Correspondents: Dean Rusk; Walter N. Walmsley Jr.; George W. Ball. Reel 17 Tunisia cont. 0001 General, January–December 1962. 97 pp. Major Topics: France-Tunisia negotiations; France-Tunisia conflict over Bizerte military base; multilateral aid; U.S. aid; State Department policy operations and guidelines; Habib Bourguiba Sr. Principal Correspondents: Walter N. Walmsley Jr.; Dean Rusk; Francis H. Russell. 0098 General, January–November 1963. 33 pp. Major Topics: Czech-Tunisian air agreement; JFK–Habib Bourguiba Jr. talks. Principal Correspondents: Francis H. Russell; Dean Rusk. 0131 Subjects, Bourguiba Visit May 3–5, 1961, Briefing Book (2) Procedural Arrangements. 40 pp. Major Topic: Habib Bourguiba Sr. U.S. visit. 0171 Subjects, Bourguiba Visit May 3–5, 1961, Briefing Book (3) Political Problems. 28 pp. Major Topics: Habib Bourguiba Sr. U.S. visit; UN role; Africa relations; France relations; U.S. aid. 0199 Subjects, Bourguiba Visit May 3–5, 1961, Briefing Book (4) Economic Problems. 48 pp. Major Topics: Habib Bourguiba Sr. U.S. visit; economic conditions and long-term planning; labor development; U.S. aid; Tunisian University; Algerian refugees food aid. 0247 Subjects, Bourguiba Visit May 3–5, 1961, Briefing Book (5) Biographic Information. 35 pp. Major Topic: Habib Bourguiba Sr. U.S. visit. 0282 Subjects, Bourguiba Visit May 3–5, 1961, Briefing Book (6) Miscellaneous. 20 pp. Major Topics: Habib Bourguiba Sr. U.S. visit; JFK–Mongi Slim talks; JFK–Habib Bourguiba Jr. talks; Dwight D. Eisenhower–Bourguiba Sr. talks. 0302 Subjects, Bizerte Crisis, June 28–July 22, 1961. 74 pp. Major Topics: France-Tunisia conflict over Bizerte military base; UN involvement; Bahi Ladgham. Principal Correspondents: Walter N. Walmsley Jr.; Dean Rusk; Cecil B. Lyon. 0376 Subjects, Bizerte Crisis, July 23–31, 1961. 165 pp. Major Topics: France-Tunisia conflict over Bizerte military base; UN involvement; France-Tunisia cease-fire; U.S. airlift of Tunisian troops from Congo; Dag Hammarskjold on France-Tunisia dispute; U.S. mediation; Charles de Gaulle; Habib Bourguiba Sr. Principal Correspondents: Walter N. Walmsley Jr.; Dean Rusk; Cecil B. Lyon. 0541 Subjects, Bizerte Crisis, August 1–10, 1961. 133 pp. Major Topics: Bahi Ladgham–JFK talks; France-Tunisia conflict over Bizerte military base; UN involvement. Principal Correspondents: Walter N. Walmsley Jr.; Dean Rusk; Adlai E. Stevenson; George W. Ball.

25 Reel 18 Tunisia cont. 0001 Subjects, Bizerte Crisis, August 11–30, 1961. 134 pp. Major Topics: France-Tunisia conflict over Bizerte military base; UN involvement; JFK–Habib Bourguiba Sr. communication. Principal Correspondents: Walter N. Walmsley Jr.; Dean Rusk; Francis Plimpton; Adlai E. Stevenson; James M. Gavin.

0135 Subjects, Bizerte Crisis, September 1, 1961–May 18, 1962. 80 pp. Major Topics: France-Tunisia conflict over Bizerte military base; France-Tunisia negotiations; France-Tunisia prisoners exchange. Principal Correspondents: Walter N. Walmsley Jr.; Dean Rusk; Adlai E. Stevenson; James M. Gavin; Chester Bowles. Uganda 0215 General, 1961–1963. 177 pp. Major Topics: JFK–Benedicto Kiwanuka talks; UK-Uganda talks; U.S. aid; Milton Obote U.S. visit; JFK-Obote talks; East Africa relations; Central Africa Federation relations; Obote press conference; Obote on U.S. racial policies; Obote– G. Mennen Williams talks. Principal Correspondents: Hendrik Van Oss; McGeorge Bundy; W. Kennedy Cromwell; Olcott H. Deming. 0392 Subjects, Obote Briefing Book, October 22–23, 1962. 46 pp. Major Topics: Milton Obote U.S. visit; JFK-Obote talks; U.S. aid. Union Africaine et Malagache (UAM) 0438 General, April 9, 1962–September 23, 1963. 49 pp. Major Topics: State Department policy operations and guidelines; heads of state meeting. Principal Correspondent: Charles F. Darlington. Upper Volta 0487 General, 1961. 30 pp. Major Topic: U.S. aid. 0517 General, 1962–1963. 29 pp. Major Topics: U.S. aid; USAID program delays; Maurice Yameogo; opposition activities. Principal Correspondent: Thomas S. Estes.

26 PRINCIPAL CORRESPONDENTS INDEX

The following index is a guide to the major correspondents in this microfilm publication. The first number after each entry refers to the reel, while the four-digit number following the colon refers to the frame number at which a particular file folder containing correspondence by the person begins. Hence, 1: 0350 refers to the folder that begins at Frame 0350 of Reel 1. By referring to the Reel Index, which constitutes the initial section of this guide, the researcher will find the folder title, inclusive dates, and a list of Major Topics and Principal Correspondents, arranged in the order in which they appear on the film.

Achilles, Theodore C. Brubeck, William H. 1: 0350 1: 0754; 2: 0001 Attwood, William H. Bruce, David K. E. 11: 0235, 0259, 0341, 0453, 0468, 0481 4: 0201, 0316 Ball, George W. Bundy, McGeorge 1: 0163, 0350; 2: 0124; 3: 0154, 0828; 4: 0224; 18: 0215 4: 0235, 0566; 5: 0001, 0140, 0451; Burns, John H. 6: 0417, 0589; 7: 0848; 9: 0122; 4: 0062 10: 0082, 0678; 11: 0506; 12: 0072, Caldwell, Oliver J. 0721, 0838; 13: 0342; 15: 0335, 1: 0199 0797; 16: 0262, 0318, 0830; Cassilly, Thomas A. 17: 0541 11: 0506 Barrows, Leland Cleveland, Harlan 3: 0751, 0828; 4: 0001 1: 0511; 9: 0122 Battle, Lucius D. Cook, Mercer 1: 0061; 3: 0828; 4: 0154 13: 0711 Belk, Samuel E. Coombs, Philip H. 1: 0061, 0163, 0234; 3: 0502, 0549; 1: 0096 13: 0917; 14: 0001 Cromwell, W. Kennedy Blancke, W. Wendell 18: 0215 5: 0265; 9: 0815; 10: 0082 Darlington, Charles F. Bohlen, Charles E. 18: 0438 2: 0820; 9: 0310; 10: 0229; 11: 0468 Davis, Jeanne Bonsal, Philip W. 2: 0820 12: 0592, 0721, 0838 Dean, Jonathan Bowles, Chester 5: 0792, 0898; 6: 0001, 0103, 0190, 1: 0061, 0675; 4: 0235; 10: 0315; 0322, 0417, 0599, 0625, 0779; 11: 0816; 14: 0604; 15: 0797; 7: 0001, 0256, 0413, 0571, 0722, 18: 0135 0848; 8: 0001, 0117, 0256, 0414, Boyd, Alan S. 0587, 0720; 9: 0001, 0122, 0472, 1: 0350 0642

27 Delaney, George P. Hansen, Kenneth R. 1: 0199 3: 0502 Deming, Olcott H. Hettinger, Converse 18: 0215 10: 0221 Dorman, John Hilsman, Roger 12: 0072, 0340 1: 0274; 2: 0124, 0536; 3: 0549; Duggan, William R. 11: 0372; 15: 0216 1: 0029 Hoffacker, Lewis Dunn, L. M. 4: 0360; 5: 0001, 0140; 7: 0001 11: 0816 Home, Lord Edminster, David K. 4: 0226 14: 0242 Jones, John W. Elbrick, C. Burke 12: 0072, 0209 3: 0549 Judd, Thomas M. Estes, Thomas S. 15: 0001, 0115, 0216 18: 0517 Kaiser, Philip M. Evans, Allan 12: 0503; 14: 0622, 0730, 0791 2: 0675 Kaysen, Carl Ferguson, C. Vaughan 4: 0241 12: 0422 Kennedy, John F. Ferguson, John H. 1: 0234; 2: 0280, 0675; 3: 0154; 13: 0001, 0104, 0248, 0342, 0424, 0453 8: 0720; 10: 0239, 0678; 11: 0001; Fredericks, J. Wayne 12: 0592; 13: 0104, 0342 16: 0001 Kidder, Randolph A. Freund, Richard 1: 0436 11: 0563, 0594, 0680 Komer, Robert W. Galbraith, John Kenneth 2: 0536, 0820; 3: 0472; 13: 0453, 0624; 1: 0234; 10: 0239 15: 0115 Gavin, James M. Korry, Edward M. 1: 0436; 2: 0014, 0045, 0280, 0414, 1: 0831; 10: 0475, 0542, 0678 0536; 18: 0001, 0135 Leonhart, William Godley, George McMurtrie 16: 0218 4: 0199, 0267; 5: 0265 Lightner, E. Allan Greene, Joseph N., Jr. 12: 0340 13: 0846; 14: 0121, 0183 Lloyd, Rubert A. Gullion, Edmund A. 11: 0527 4: 0267, 0360, 0408, 0464, 0515, 0566, Loeb, James I. 0749, 0875; 5: 0001, 0344, 0451, 11: 0522 0598, 0713, 0792, 0898; 6: 0001, Lynch, Andrew G. 0103, 0190, 0322, 0417, 0625, 14: 0879; 15: 0001 0779; 7: 0001, 0256, 0413, 0571, Lyon, Cecil B. 0722, 0848; 8: 0001, 0117, 0256, 2: 0124; 17: 0302, 0376 0414, 0587, 0720; 9: 0001, 0122, MacArthur, Douglas, II 0310, 0472, 0642, 0815; 10: 0001, 4: 0875; 5: 0792; 6: 0001, 0103; 0082 7: 0001, 0256, 0571, 0722, 0848; Hamilton, Fowler 8: 0117, 0256, 0414, 0720; 9: 0001, 14: 0001 0122, 0310; 10: 0001; 14: 0616 Handley, William J. Macmillan, Harold 13: 0342 4: 0212

28 Mahoney, William P., Jr. Porter, William J. 8: 0117; 11: 0187, 0205, 0223; 2: 0045, 0124, 0280, 0414, 0536, 0675, 16: 0426, 0706 0820; 3: 0154, 0294, 0395; Marcy, Oliver M. 13: 0248, 0342, 0424 13: 0001 Poullada, Leon B. Mathews, Elbert G. 16: 0230, 0262, 0318, 0389, 0486, 11: 0713, 0816 0534, 0605, 0666, 0706, 0767 M’ba, Leon Reams, R. Borden 11: 0001 11: 0536, 0543 McComas, Ralph W. Rhetts, Charles E. 1: 0199 11: 0816, 0922; 16: 0605 McElhiney, Thomas W. Richards, Arthur L. 15: 0797; 16: 0001 10: 0239, 0315, 0396 McGhee, George C. Rivero, Horacio 4: 0217; 7: 0001, 0256 1: 0001 McIlvaine, Robinson Root, John 16: 0426 3: 0154 McKillop, David H. Rostow, Walt W. 5: 0451 1: 0061, 0831; 3: 0549; 13: 0846; McNamara, Francis T. 15: 0620 9: 0815; 10: 0001 Rountree, William M. McNamara, Robert S. 16: 0001 12: 0072 Rowan, Carl T. Melone, Robert 1: 0061 4: 0062 Rowen, Henry S. Moose, James S., Jr. 1: 0061 15: 0620, 0797 Rusk, Dean Murrow, Edward R. 1: 0029, 0096, 0163, 0199, 0511, 0754, 1: 0601 0831; 2: 0028, 0124, 0280, 0536, Nkrumah, Kwame 0675, 0820; 3: 0549; 4: 0154, 0267, 8: 0117 0360, 0408, 0464, 0515, 0566, Oss, Hendrik Van 0749, 0875; 5: 0001, 0140, 0265, 18: 0215 0344, 0451, 0792, 0898; 6: 0001, O’Sullivan, James L. 0190, 0322, 0417, 0599, 0610, 7: 0256; 9: 0310, 0472 0625, 0779; 7: 0001, 0256, 0413, Owen, Henry 0571, 0722; 8: 0001, 0117, 0256, 1: 0436 0414, 0587, 0720; 9: 0001, 0310, Palmer, Joseph, II 0472, 0642, 0815; 10: 0001, 0082, 5: 0140, 0265 0239, 0315, 0396, 0475, 0542, Palmer, Joseph H. 0617; 11: 0001, 0226, 0235, 0259, 13: 0760, 0917; 14: 0001, 0067, 0121, 0341, 0412, 0453, 0481, 0506, 0242 0594, 0713; 12: 0340, 0422, 0503, Perkins, Raymond L. 0592, 0721, 0838; 13: 0001, 0104, 16: 0534, 0706 0248, 0342, 0424, 0453, 0624, Plimpton, Francis 0760; 14: 0001, 0067, 0547, 0879; 1: 0601; 8: 0256, 0587; 9: 0310; 15: 0001, 0115, 0216, 0335, 0579, 13: 0342; 18: 0001 0620, 0797; 16: 0001, 0223, 0389, 0426, 0486, 0534, 0605, 0666, 0706, 0767, 0830; 17: 0001, 0098, 0302, 0376, 0541; 18: 0001, 0135

29 Russell, Francis H. Torbert, Horace G., Jr. 11: 0110, 0157; 17: 0001, 0098 15: 0216, 0335 Satterthwaite, Joseph C. Tubby, Roger W. 1: 0096, 0234, 0274, 0436, 0601; 5: 0451 15: 0579 U Thant Saunders, Harold H. 5: 0140; 8: 0256 15: 0620 Vance, Sheldon B. Selassie, Haile 10: 0396, 0617 10: 0678 Vass, Laurence C. Shriver, R. Sargent 11: 0680 10: 0396 Wallner, Woodruff Smith, Bromley 1: 0029 4: 0226 Walmsley, Walter N., Jr. Spaak, Paul-Henri 16: 0817, 0830; 17: 0001, 0302, 0376, 4: 0220; 6: 0103 0541; 18: 0001, 0135 Stevenson, Adlai E. Williams, G. Mennen 2: 0414; 4: 0566; 5: 0451; 6: 0103, 1: 0132, 0199, 0350, 0511; 2: 0820; 0584, 0779; 7: 0001, 0256, 0413, 8: 0001; 13: 0760; 14: 0183 0722; 8: 0117, 0256, 0414, 0720; Wine, James W. 9: 0001, 0472; 10: 0001; 17: 0541; 16: 0666 18: 0001, 0135 Yost, Charles W. Stoessel, Walter J., Jr. 4: 0749; 5: 0001, 0140, 0344; 7: 0413, 12: 0503; 13: 0424 0413, 0571; 9: 0472, 0642; 12: 0592 Tasca, Henry J. 1: 0029

30 SUBJECT INDEX

The following index is a guide to the major topics in this microform publication. The first number after each entry refers to the reel, while the four-digit number following the colon refers to the frame number at which a particular file folder containing information on the subject begins. Hence, 15: 0797 directs the researcher to the folder that begins at Frame 0797 of Reel 15. By referring to the Reel Index, which constitutes the initial section of this guide, the researcher will find the folder title, inclusive dates, and a list of Major Topics and Principal Correspondents, listed in the order in which they appear on the film.

Abboud, Ibrahim UMHK JFK communication 15: 0797 proposal 7: 0848 U.S. visit and JFK talks 15: 0620; talks 7: 0413 16: 0112 UN Abdirascid Ali Scermarche plan 5: 0598; 6: 0103, 0322, 0417, general 15: 0335 0599, 0625, 0779; 7: 0001, JFK talks 15: 0115, 0216, 0489 0256, 0413, 0571, 0722 Rusk, Dean, talks 15: 0115 trip 7: 0571 U.S. visit 14: 0879; 15: 0115 Advisory Council on African Affairs Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1: 0511 OAU conference 1: 0831; 10: 0542 Africa Adoula, Cyrille see Africa and Malagasy Union Brussels visit 9: 0122, 0310 see Southern Africa Cleveland, Harlan, talks 9: 0001 see Southwest Africa general 4: 0226, 0749; 5: 0001; 8: 0117; see individual countries 9: 0472; 10: 0001 Africa and Malagasy Union JFK general 1: 0436; 12: 0422 communication 5: 0140; 6: 0779; meeting 18: 0438 8: 0720 military capabilities 1: 0754 talks 4: 0257 Africa Freedom Day Katanga visit 9: 0122 1: 0274 parliament relations 7: 0256, 0413, African National Congress (ANC) 0571; 8: 0001; 9: 0310; 10: 0001 1: 0001, 0831 political difficulties 6: 0599 Agriculture political status 10: 0082 Algeria crisis 2: 0675 on Tshombe, Moise 6: 0001 Ahidjo, Ahmadou Tshombe, Moise, talks 4: 0360, 0408, general 7: 0256 0566 JFK talks 3: 0828; 4: 0001 UK relations 8: 0414 U.S. visit 3: 0751

31 Aircraft and aircraft industry refugees 2: 0124; 17: 0199 Congo 8: 0720; 9: 0642; 10: 0082 Selassie, Haile, visit 3: 0154 Somalia 15: 0001, 0115 Soviet bloc relations 2: 0536, 0675; Airlines 3: 0001 1: 0350 Tunisia relations 2: 0820 Airports and airways UAR involvement 3: 0154 Guinea 11: 0412, 0506 UN delegation 2: 0536 Libya 12: 0209 U.S. Airspace, international law aid 2: 0124, 0414, 0536, 0675, 0820 13: 0001; 15: 0797; 16: 0001; 17: 0098 citizens 2: 0124 Algeria consulates 2: 0414 agricultural crisis 2: 0675 contingency planning 2: 0124 Castro, Fidel, visit 2: 0820 medical teams 2: 0414, 0536 China aid 3: 0294 military property 2: 0820 constitution 3: 0001 recognition 2: 0124, 0414, 0536 Cuba relations 2: 0536, 0675; 3: 0154 USSR recognition 2: 0045 dissident military 2: 0414 see also Algiers, Algeria economy 3: 0001, 0395 see also Front de Liberation Nationale elections 2: 0414, 0536 Algiers, Algeria Europeans exodus 2: 0124 civil unrest 2: 0536 foreign relations 3: 0395 general 2: 0414 France Al-Sanusi, Hasan al-Rida aid 2: 0675; 3: 0001 U.S. visit 12: 0072, 0209 cease-fire 2: 0028, 0045; 3: 0395 Amnesty negotiations 2: 0014, 0037 Congo 6: 0625; 7: 0001, 0571; 8: 0256; nuclear test 2: 0820 9: 0001 policy 2: 0004 Anany, Jean properties expropriation 2: 0820 10: 0082 recognition 3: 0103 ANC general 2: 0124 see African National Congress Guevara, Che, visit 3: 0001 Angola independence 2: 0124; 3: 0001 Cameroon relations 3: 0828 international relief 2: 0414 Congo military training 5: 0792 Khemisti, Mohammed, assassination economy 3: 0638 2: 0820 guerrilla warfare 3: 0502, 0549, 0638 leadership 2: 0675 NATO action 3: 0549 Libya policies 2: 0011; 12: 0072 Nigeria relations 14: 0415 Morocco political conditions 3: 0638 cease-fire 3: 0294 Popular Movement for the Liberation of conflict 3: 0154; 10: 0542; 13: 0248, 3: 0638 0424 Portugal conflict 10: 0082 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, visit 2: 0820 Soviet bloc activities 3: 0549, 0638 oil pipeline 3: 0294 students 3: 0549 political assessment 2: 0536 UN political conditions 3: 0395 actions 3: 0638 post-cease-fire violence 2: 0045, 0124 resolution 3: 0502, 0549 post-independence conditions 2: 0124 U.S. actions chronology 3: 0638 provisional government 2: 0124, 0414 white settlers 3: 0638 refinery project 3: 0395 Apartheid reforestation 2: 0536 14: 0415; 15: 0579

32 Armed services movements 6: 0190, 0322 Algeria dissidents 2: 0414 UN relations 4: 0749 Congo Belgium relations 4: 0154, 0220, 0408, army 6: 0190, 0322 0875; 5: 0001, 0265, 0344; 7: 0256, reorganization 9: 0001 0413, 0848; 8: 0117; 9: 0001, 0122, French-speaking states 1: 0754 0310, 0642 Katanga 5: 0451; 8: 0001; 9: 0310 Belgium-UN claims 9: 0642 see also International military forces Bowles, Chester, views 11: 0816 Arms control and disarmament Cameroon relations 3: 0828 general 14: 0415 civil war 4: 0129, 0226, 0235, 0241 U.S.-Ethiopia talks 10: 0315 Communist activity 8: 0720 Arms trade constitution 6: 0103 U.S. submarines sale 15: 0579 Cuban missile crisis 6: 0779 Assassination diamond marketing 5: 0140 Kenya 15: 0335 EEC aid 9: 0122 Khemisti, Mohammed 2: 0820 Ethiopia withdrawal 10: 0542 Lumumba, Patrice 4: 0154 financial controls 4: 0408, 0464, 0515, Nkrumah, Kwame, attempt 11: 0168 0566, 0749, 0875; 5: 0265, 0792 Olympio, Sylvanus 11: 0922; 16: 0426 France relations 4: 0749; 8: 0117 Atlantic Ocean FRG aid 4: 0749 U.S. naval bases 1: 0001 government reorganization 4: 0566; Awards, medals, and prizes 5: 0265; 9: 0310 Luthuli, Albert 1: 0199 internal security 9: 0642 Azikiwe, Chukwuma international aid 4: 0360, 0408, 0464, Cambridge, Massachusetts, detention 0515, 0566; 6: 0103, 0779 14: 0242 intertribal violence 9: 0642 Azikiwe, Nnamdi Israel rockets 7: 0001 13: 0760 Italy aid 4: 0749; 5: 0265; 6: 0779 Azores Kasavubu, Joseph, address 9: 0310 U.S. base 3: 0549 Katanga Back, Jean cease-fire 6: 0599, 0625 5: 0001 engagements 5: 0598 Balafrej, Ahmed reconciliation 4: 0201, 0360, 0408, JFK talks 12: 0721 0464, 0566, 0749, 0875; Balewa, Abubakar Tafawa 5: 0001, 0140, 0265, 0344, Addis Ababa conference 1: 0831 0451, 0598, 0713, 0792; JFK talks 14: 0183, 0415 6: 0001, 0103, 0190, 0322, on nuclear testing 14: 0001 0417, 0599, 0625, 0779; U.S. visit 13: 0760; 14: 0527 7: 0001, 0256, 0413, 0571; Ball, George W. 8: 0117; 9: 0122 4: 0235; 5: 0451 revenues 7: 0256 Banda, Hastings Kamuzu labor unrest 10: 0082 JFK talks 14: 0547 Lumumba, Patrice, murder investigation 9: 0310 Belgian Congo amnesty 6: 0625; 7: 0001, 0571; Meany, George, views 4: 0199 8: 0256; 9: 0001 military aircraft 7: 0001, 0256 army airlift 5: 0598; 7: 0413 modernization 6: 0625; 7: 0256, assistance 4: 0566 0571; 9: 0122, 0310, 0472

33 Belgian Congo cont. airplane 9: 0642; 10: 0082 military cont. air squadron 4: 0224 planning 8: 0117 military aid 5: 0344; 8: 0117 reorganization 9: 0001 reconciliation plan 5: 0140, 0265, monetary policy 9: 0642, 0815; 10: 0001 0344, 0451 new provinces creation 5: 0265, 0598 USSR confrontation 9: 0001 Nigeria mediation 5: 0140, 0265 U.S.-Belgium talks 9: 0472 non-UN peacekeeping 9: 0642 withdrawal 9: 0642 parliament USSR dissolution 10: 0082 activity 7: 0848 suspension 8: 0117 aid 7: 0722 Philippines aircraft aid 7: 0848 diplomats expulsion 10: 0082 Portugal relations 9: 0642 relations 9: 0310 prime ministerial candidates 7: 0413 U Thant statement 8: 0256 reconciliation plan 4: 0566 see also Elisabethville, Congo refugee camp 9: 0472 see also Katanga Province, Congo rural development 9: 0122 see also Kongolo, Congo seized aircraft return 8: 0720 Belgium Senegal mediation 5: 0140 Congo state of exception 10: 0082 aid 9: 0001, 0310, 0472, 0642, 0815 Sudan policy 15: 0797; 16: 0001, 0112 claims 9: 0642 Thryrng-Stogner case 4: 0267 consul expulsion 8: 0587, 0720 Togo policy 16: 0318 relations 4: 0154, 0220, 0408, 0566, Tshombe, Moise, protection 4: 0566 0875; 5: 0001, 0265, 0344; Tunisia troop airlift 16: 0830; 17: 0376 7: 0256, 0413, 0848; 8: 0117, UK 0587, 0720; 9: 0122, 0815 policies 5: 0344; 8: 0414 Katanga policy 8: 0720 relations 9: 0642 Rwanda-Burundi relations 14: 0616 UMHK royalty payments 7: 0256, 0413, tripartite Congo talks 4: 0212, 0360 0571, 0722, 0848; 8: 0117, 0587, UN arrears 9: 0472 0720 U.S. talks 9: 0472 UN Belgrade, Yugoslavia aid 9: 0310 conference 12: 0072 mediation 4: 0566 Ben Bella, Ahmed military operations 4: 0129, 0226, Addis Ababa conference 1: 0831 0408, 0464, 0749; 5: 0001, general 2: 0124, 0414, 0820; 3: 0001, 0140, 0598, 0792; 6: 0001, 0154; 12: 0721 0103, 0190; 8: 0001, 0256, Hassan II talks 13: 0342 0414, 0587, 0720; 9: 0001, JFK 0122, 0310, 0472, 0642, 0815; communication 3: 0154 10: 0001, 0082 letter 2: 0536 planning 7: 0001, 0256, 0722; talks 2: 0536, 0675; 3: 0103, 0395, 8: 0117 0472 reconciliation plan 5: 0598, 0713, political status 13: 0453 0792; 6: 0001, 0103, 0190, Rabat move 12: 0838 0322, 0589, 0610 U.S. talks 13: 0104 technical aid 9: 0472 Bengelloun, Ali U.S. JFK talks 12: 0838 aid 4: 0360, 0408, 0464, 0566, 0749, Betayene, Jean-Faustin 0875; 6: 0625; 10: 0082 4: 0001

34 Bomboko, Justin China 4: 0566, 0749, 0875; 8: 0414; 9: 0310 Algeria aid 3: 0294 Bourguiba, Habib, Jr. Somalia military aid 15: 0335 JFK talks 17: 0282, 0098 UN membership 14: 0415 Bourguiba, Habib, Sr. Chisimaio, Somalia Eisenhower, Dwight D., talks 17: 0282 U.S. port aid 15: 0001, 0115, 0489 general 17: 0001, 0376 Chronologies JFK Togo coup 16: 0534 communication 18: 0001 U.S. actions in Portuguese territories talks 16: 0817 chronology 3: 0638 U.S. visit 17: 0131, 0171, 0199, 0247, Civil aviation 0282 Guinea 11: 0506 Bowles, Chester USSR aid 1: 0274, 0350 on Congo 11: 0816 Civil liberties Ethiopia visit 10: 0315 U.S. 12: 0422 Nigeria visit 13: 0846 Civil-military relations Bridges and tunnels UN Congo force 10: 0001 U.S. bridge material for UN troops Civil unrest 8: 0720 see Riots and disorders Brinton, Howard Clark, Lewis 6: 0190 12: 0072 Brussels, Belgium Cleveland, Harlan Adoula, Cyrille, visit 9: 0122, 0310 Adoula, Cyrille, talks 9: 0001 Bunche, Ralph Congo visit 9: 0001, 0122 5: 0451; 6: 0625; 8: 0117, 0256, 0414 Cocoa and chocolate Cambridge, Massachusetts 13: 0917; 14: 0415 Azikiwe, Nnamdi, detention 14: 0242 Coffee Cameroon Ethiopia quota 10: 0678 Ahidjo, Ahmadou, U.S. visit 3: 0751 Colonialism and colonial affairs Ahidjo-JFK talks 3: 0828; 4: 0001 independence 1: 0061 Angola relations 3: 0828 Southwest Africa independence 1: 0274, Congo relations 3: 0828 0511 country profile 4: 0001 see also Belgian Congo embassy in U.S. 3: 0751 see also French West Africa Goldberg, Arthur, visit 3: 0751 see also Independence movements internal defense plan 3: 0828 see also Portuguese colonies reunification 3: 0751 Communism terrorism 3: 0751, 0828 Congo activity 8: 0720 U.S. aid 3: 0828 Communist Party Casablanca Group South Africa 1: 0001, 0601 1: 0436; 14: 0001 Conferences Castro, Fidel Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1: 0831 Algeria visit 2: 0820 Lagos, Nigeria 14: 0001 Central Africa Federation nonaligned nations 12: 0072 Uganda relations 18: 0215 OAU 14: 0791 Central African Republic UAM 18: 0438 floods 4: 0062 Congo and U.S. racial policies 4: 0062 see Belgian Congo Chanderli, Abdelkadar Congo (Brazzaville) 2: 0536; 3: 0103 see French Congo

35 Constitutional law general 2: 0124 see Constitutions Somalia, UK break 15: 0216, 0335 Constitutions Togo 16: 0486, 0534, 0605, 0706, 0767 Algeria 3: 0001 see also Sovereignty Congo Djermakoye, Saidon general 6: 0103 U.S. racial discrimination 13: 0711 Tshombe, Moise, views 6: 0417 Dodd, Thomas J. Conte, Seydou Katanga visit 4: 0154 general 11: 0341 Dualeh, Abdillahi JFK talks 11: 0259 14: 0879 U.S. visit 11: 0468, 0481 Dungan, Ralph A. Contingency planning Tevoedjre, Albert, talks 12: 0422 1: 0601; 2: 0124 Earthquakes Counihan, Jack Libya 12: 0340 12: 0592 East African Federation Criminal investigations 11: 0680 Olympio, Sylvanus, assassination ECA 16: 0605, 0666 see Economic Commission for Africa Cuba Economic assistance Algeria relations 2: 0536, 0675; 3: 0154 Morocco 12: 0721 missile crisis 6: 0779; 10: 0396; Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) 13: 0001; 14: 0121; 16: 0001 1: 0029; 10: 0239 Czechoslovakia Economic indicators Tunisia air agreement 17: 0098 Algeria 3: 0001, 0395 Dacko, David Angola 3: 0638 4: 0062 general 1: 0675 Dahomey Katanga 7: 0001 political crisis 10: 0221, 0229 Libya 12: 0340 de Gaulle, Charles Nigeria 13: 0760 Hassan II talks 12: 0838 Rhodesia 14: 0604 Hassan II views 13: 0001 Sudan 16: 0112 Tunisia conflict views17: 0376 Economic policy Denis, Georges Liberia 11: 0816; 12: 0001 5: 0713 Nigeria 14: 0273 Diori, Hamani Sudan 16: 0001 13: 0711 Tunisia 17: 0199 Diplomatic and consular service Economic sanctions Algeria 2: 0124, 0414, 0536 see International sanctions Cameroon 3: 0751 Education Congo 8: 0587, 0720; 10: 0082 1: 0199 Katanga 7: 0571 EEC racism in U.S. 1: 0163 see European Economic Community UK embassy attack 8: 0720 Egypt UN African delegations 1: 0029 Morocco relations 13: 0624 U.S. Elections embassy stoning 15: 0216 Algeria 2: 0414, 0536 general 1: 0831; 2: 0124; 3: 0828 Congo 7: 0413 Diplomatic recognition Katanga 6: 0190 Algeria 2: 0124, 0414; 3: 0103 Togo 16: 0767 French Congo 9: 0815; 10: 0082

36 Elisabethville, Congo Fiscal policy Tshombe, Moise, palace raid 9: 0472 Congo controls 4: 0408, 0464, 0515, UN occupation 8: 0256 0566, 0749, 0875; 5: 0265, 0792 Ellender, Allen J. FLN African reaction 1: 0601 see Front de Liberation Nationale Employment and unemployment Floods 1: 0199, 0436 Central African Republic 4: 0062 Eritrea Morocco 13: 0104 Ethiopia reunification 10: 0396 Somalia 14: 0879 Ethiopia Food assistance Bowles, Chester, visit 10: 0315 1: 0675; 2: 0014, 0124 coffee quota 10: 0678 Foreign assistance and Cuban missile crisis 10: 0396 see International assistance Eritrea reunification 10: 0396 Foreign relations ethnic Somalis uprising 10: 0542 Algeria 3: 0395 international aid 10: 0835 Ethiopia 10: 0746 international relations 10: 0746 Liberia 11: 0816 JFK Nigeria 14: 0415 gift 10: 0239 Portugal 3: 0549 talks 10: 0475 Senegal 14: 0622 Kenya pact 10: 0475 Somalia 15: 0115 maps 10: 0890 Sudan 15: 0620; 16: 0001, 0112 medical assistance 10: 0396 Togo 16: 0262, 0318 political reforms 10: 0396; 10: 0782 Tunisia 16: 0817; 17: 0171 regional disputes 1: 0754 West Africa union 14: 0415 Haile Selassie University 10: 0239 see also Diplomatic recognition Somalia relations 10: 0315, 0396, 0678, see also International assistance 0782; 15: 0001, 0115, 0216, 0335, Forests and forestry 0489 Algeria reforestation 2: 0536 Southern Africa policies 10: 0782 France U.S. Africa policies 1: 0061 aid 10: 0239, 0315, 0396, 0678, aid 1: 0234; 2: 0124 0746, 0782 Algeria base extension 10: 0396, 0475, aid 2: 0675; 3: 0001 0746 cease-fire 2: 0028, 0045; 3: 0395 military aid 10: 0396 expropriation 2: 0820 talks 10: 0315 negotiations 2: 0014, 0037 see also Addis Ababa, Ethiopia nuclear test 2: 0820 Ethnic groups policy 2: 0004 see Minority groups and Brazzaville unrest 9: 0815 European Economic Community (EEC) Congo relations 4: 0749; 8: 0117 Congo aid 9: 0122 Guinea relations 11: 0412 Nigeria 14: 0121, 0415 military capabilities 1: 0754 Fekini, Mohieddine Morocco military aid 12: 0838 JFK talks 12: 0072, 0340 parliament session 2: 0045 Ferguson, C. Vaughan Sahara claims 16: 0830 12: 0422 Senegal relations 14: 0622 Ferguson, John H. and Togo coup 16: 0534 13: 0001 Togo relations 16: 0389

37 France cont. Government reorganization Tunisia Congo 4: 0566; 5: 0265; 9: 0310 conflict 16: 0830; 17: 0001, 0302, Morocco 12: 0592; 13: 0104 0376, 0541; 18: 0001, 0135 Grunitzky, Nicholas relations 17: 0171; 18: 0135, 0135 16: 0486, 0534, 0605, 0666, 0767 UN arrears 5: 0344 Guellal, Cherif U.S. talks 1: 0436; 2: 0124 JFK talks 3: 0001 French Congo Guerrilla warfare diplomatic recognition 9: 0815 Angola 3: 0502, 0549, 0638 France relations 9: 0815 Guevara, Che political unrest 9: 0815; 10: 0001 Algeria visit 3: 0001 U.S. relations 10: 0082 Guinea Youlou, Fulbert, resignation 9: 0815 and African unity 11: 0412 French West Africa airport 11: 0412, 0506 independence 1: 0001 economic mission to U.S. 11: 0235, FRG 0259 see Germany, Federal Republic of foreign relations 11: 0372 Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) France relations 11: 0412 2: 0014, 0124 Hodges, Luther, visit 11: 0235 Gabon IMF quota 11: 0341 U.S. aid 11: 0001 political crisis 11: 0235 Gardiner, Robert RFK visit 11: 0527 4: 0408; 5: 0001, 0598; 6: 0322; Soviet bloc aid 11: 0412 7: 0001; 8: 0720 U.S. aid 11: 0226, 0259, 0412, 0468, Gemstones 0481, 0522 Congo diamonds 5: 0140 U.S. aviation 11: 0506 Germany, Federal Republic of (FRG) USSR relations 11: 0235 Congo aid 4: 0749 Gullion, Edmund A. Somalia military aid 15: 0115 5: 0451 U.S. talks 1: 0436 Hammarskjold, Dag Ghana 17: 0376 arms smuggling 14: 0121 Harbors and ports military capabilities 1: 0754 Somalia 15: 0001, 0115, 0489 Nigeria relations 14: 0183 Hassan II Nkrumah, Kwame, opposition 11: 0205 Ben Bella, Ahmed, talks 13: 0342 and Olympio, Sylvanus, assassination on de Gaulle, Charles 13: 0001 16: 0534 de Gaulle, Charles, talks 12: 0838 USSR military aid 11: 0110 general 12: 0592 Togo relations 16: 0230, 0605, 0666 JFK U.S. aid 11: 0527 communication 13: 0001, 0342 Volta project 11: 0110, 0153 talks 13: 0554, 0624 Gifts and private contributions U.S. visit 12: 0838; 13: 0104, 0554, Amharic Bible 10: 0239 0576, 0624 Gizenga, Antoine Health facilities and services 5: 0792; 6: 0103; 9: 0642; 11: 0481 1: 0199 Goldberg, Arthur J. Higher education Cameroon visit 3: 0751 Haile Selassie University 10: 0239 Government officials Highways, streets, and roads see Officials Sudan 15: 0797; 16: 0001

38 Hodges, Luther Ethiopia 10: 0396, 0678, 0746, 0782, 11: 0235 0835 Hoffacker, Lewis France aid 1: 0234; 2: 0124 5: 0792 FRG aid 4: 0749; 15: 0115 Homicide general 1: 0029, 0234 Lumumba, Patrice, investigation Ghana 11: 0527 9: 0310; 11: 0223 Guinea 11: 0226, 0259, 0412, 0468, Stogner, Hulen D. 4: 0267 0481, 0522 see also Assassination Katanga 8: 0587 Houphouet-Boigny, Felix Kenya 11: 0594 11: 0536, 0543, 0557; 16: 0666 Liberia 11: 0713, 0922; 12: 0001 Howe, Marvine Libya 12: 0072, 0209, 0340 13: 0001 Morocco 12: 0592; 13: 0001, 0104, Hussein, Abdurahman 0624 10: 0396 Niger 13: 0711 IAMO Commission Nigeria 13: 0760, 0846, 0917; 14: 0001, 16: 0534, 0605, 0666 0183, 0273, 0415 Ileo, Joseph Nyasaland 14: 0547 9: 0001, 0122 Senegal 14: 0622, 0730, 0791 Illiteracy Somalia 14: 0879; 15: 0115, 0216, 1: 0061 0335, 0489 IMF Sudan 15: 0620; 16: 0001, 0112 see International Monetary Fund Tanganyika 14: 0121 Immigration and emigration Togo 16: 0318 Europeans exodus 2: 0124 Tunisia 16: 0830; 17: 0001, 0171, 0199 Independence Uganda 18: 0215, 0392 see Independence movements Upper Volta 18: 0487, 0517 see Sovereignty USSR aid 15: 0620 Independence movements International military forces Katanga 4: 0749 Congo 8: 0256; 9: 0642 India Elisabethville occupation 8: 0256 Congo military aid 5: 0140 Ethiopia withdrawal 10: 0542 Katanga troop conflicts 6: 0417 general 16: 0706 Indian Ocean Katanga civilians killing 8: 0414 U.S. naval bases 1: 0001 Nigerian Congo battalion 4: 0875 UN Insurgency commanders insubordination South Africa 1: 0601, 0831 8: 0414 Togo 16: 0426 in Congo 4: 0129, 0226, 0408, 0464, Internal security 0749; 6: 0001, 0103; 8: 0001, Congo 9: 0642 0256, 0587, 0720; 9: 0001, International assistance 0122, 0310, 0472, 0642, 0815; Algeria 2: 0124, 0414, 0675, 0820; 10: 0001, 0082 3: 0395 Congo financing 9: 0122, 0310, Belgian Congo 6: 0779 0472; 10: 0001, 0082 Burundi 12: 0422 troops civil relations 10: 0001 Cameroon 3: 0828 troops misconduct 8: 0414 Congo 4: 0360, 0408, 0464, 0515, 0566, U.S. bridge material 8: 0720 0749, 0875; 6: 0103, 0625; 9: 0122, International Monetary Fund (IMF) 0310, 0472, 0642, 0815; 10: 0082 Guinea quota 11: 0341

39 International sanctions 0451, 0598, 0713, 0792; Katanga 4: 0566; 7: 0413, 0571, 0848 6: 0001, 0103, 0190, 0322, South Africa 12: 0001 0417, 0599, 0625, 0779; International security 7: 0001, 0256, 0413, 0571; Cameroon plan 3: 0828 8: 0117; 9: 0122 Iraq Dodd, Thomas J., visit 4: 0154 Ba’th Party 3: 0294 economic sanctions 4: 0566; 7: 0413, Ismail, Mahdi 0571; 0848 14: 0879 economy 7: 0001 Israel gendarmerie 8: 0720; 9: 0001, 0122, Congo military training 9: 0472 0310, 0642; 10: 0001 Congo rockets 7: 0001 India troop conflicts 6: 0417 U.S. missile sales 12: 0209 Italy diplomat expulsion 7: 0571 Issembe, Aristide mercenaries 5: 0451, 0792 JFK talks 11: 0001 military Italy capabilities 9: 0310 Congo aid 4: 0749 engagements 5: 0598 Katanga, diplomat expulsion 7: 0571 forces 5: 0451; 8: 0001 Ivory Coast officers oath to Congo 9: 0122 USAID operations 11: 0543 oil companies 6: 0779 Jacobs, J. Roland partition 9: 0472 12: 0422 political parties 5: 0713 Jehovah’s Witnesses postsecession leadership 8: 0720 Liberia expulsion 11: 0922 postsecession reconstruction 9: 0001 Johnson, Lyndon Baines (LBJ) referendum 6: 0190 Senegal visit 14: 0622 revenues control 7: 0256 Julian, Hubert F. roadblock 4: 0875; 5: 0001 Congo release 5: 0598 sabotage 8: 0587 Kamitatu, Cleophas secession end 8: 0720 general 4: 0749, 0875 Spaak, Paul-Henri, views 9: 0001 political activities 6: 0103 tax collection 4: 0408, 0566 Kasavubu, Joseph Tshombe, Moise, and chiefs 6: 0001 general 7: 0001, 0413 UK embassy attack 8: 0720 JFK communication 4: 0566 UMHK 4: 0875; 5: 0001, 0713, 0792; parliament 7: 0722 address 9: 0310 UN helicopter downing 8: 0117 dissolution 10: 0082 UN reconciliation plan 5: 0713, 0792 U.S. aid 8: 0587 Katanga Province, Congo women’s march 5: 0001 Adoula, Cyrille, visit 9: 0122 air blockade 5: 0265, 0344 Kaunda, Kenneth aircraft bombings 7: 0001, 0256 JFK talks 11: 0563 bank cash missing 8: 0720; 9: 0122, Keating, Kenneth 0815 Tshombe, Moise, talks 7: 0001 business tax 7: 0001 Kennedy, Robert F. (RFK) civilians killing 8: 0414 Guinea visit 11: 0527 Congo Kenya cease-fire 6: 0599, 0625 Ethiopia pact 10: 0475 reconciliation 4: 0212, 0360, 0408, gift to JFK 11: 0563 0464, 0566, 0749, 0875; government 11: 0680 5: 0001, 0140, 0265, 0344, labor development 11: 0594

40 regional disputes 1: 0754 Libya Somalia airfield use, U.S. 12: 0209 dispute 15: 0115, 0216, 0335 Algeria policy 2: 0011; 12: 0072 talks 15: 0335 earthquake 12: 0340 student airlift 11: 0563 economy 12: 0340 U.S. aid 11: 0594 independence celebration 12: 0072 Kenyatta, Jomo leadership 12: 0072 JFK communication 11: 0680 and nuclear tests 12: 0072 U.S. visit 11: 0594 political conditions 12: 0072 Khemisti, Mohammed Tripoli 12: 0340 assassination 2: 0820 U.S. aid 12: 0072, 0209, 0340 Khiary, Mahmoud U.S. Information Agency operations 6: 0103 12: 0340 Khrushchev, Nikita S. Lightner, E. Allan Africa message 10: 0475 12: 0340 Kini, Sebastien Lincoln University African Student 6: 0103 Center Kiwanuka, Benedicto 1: 0436 JFK talks 18: 0215 Lumumba, Patrice Kombet, Jean-Pierre assassination investigation 4: 0154; 4: 0062 9: 0310; 11: 0223 Kongolo, Congo Luthuli, Albert attack 6: 0779 1: 0199, 0234, 0831 Korry, Edward M. Maga, Hubert 10: 0396 10: 0221 Labor-management relations, general Maghreb Congo 10: 0082 3: 0154; 13: 0554, 0576 Labor unions Mandela, Nelson Meany, George, views on Congo 1: 0601 4: 0201 Manpower training programs Ladgham, Bahi Kenya 11: 0594 general 17: 0302 Tunisia 17: 0199 JFK talks 16: 0830; 17: 0541 Maps Lagos, Nigeria Ethiopia 10: 0890 conference 14: 0001 Massachusetts LBJ see Cambridge, Massachusetts see Johnson, Lyndon Baines Mathu, Ellud Wambe Leballo, Potlako Kitchener 5: 0140; 6: 0779; 7: 0001 1: 0831 Mauritania Liberia Morocco relations 12: 0503, 0592 Africa relations 11: 0816 political and economic conditions economic policy 11: 0816; 12: 0001 12: 0503 government 11: 0816; 12: 0001 UN membership 12: 0503 international relations 11: 0816 M’ba, Leon Israel military aid 11: 0816 JFK communication 11: 0001 Jehovah’s Witnesses expulsion Mboya, Tom 11: 0922 general 11: 0680 political prospects 11: 0816 JFK talks 11: 0563 U.S. aid 11: 0713, 0922; 12: 0001 U.S. visit 11: 0594 see also Monrovia, Liberia

41 McGee, George C. Military operations Congo visit 6: 0417, 0599 Kongolo attack 6: 0779 Meany, George Military personnel and Congo labor 4: 0199 Congo, U.S. airmen 9: 0642 Meatci, Antoine Katanga 16: 0426 gendarmerie 8: 0720; 9: 0001, 0122, Medical assistance 0310, 0642; 10: 0001 2: 0536; 10: 0396 mercenaries 5: 0451, 0792 Michelmore, Margery Military strategy Nigeria controversy 13: 0917 Congo government 8: 0117 Military aircraft UN in Congo 7: 0001, 0256, 0722; Congo 6: 0779; 7: 0001, 0256; 8: 0117 8: 0117 Ethiopia 10: 0239, 0315 Military supplies and property MIGs on U.S. base 12: 0592, 0721 U.S. in Algeria 2: 0820 UN 6: 0322; 8: 0117 Military training Military assistance Angola in Congo 5: 0792 Algeria 3: 0154 Congo aid 9: 0310, 0472 Congo 4: 0566; 5: 0140, 0265, 0344; Ghanaians in USSR 11: 0110 6: 0625, 0779; 7: 0256, 0413, 0571; Military weapons 8: 0117; 9: 0122, 0310, 0472 U.S.-Israel sales 12: 0209 Ethiopia 10: 0239, 0315, 0396 Minority groups JFK-Mobutu talks 9: 0472 Angola whites 3: 0638 Liberia 11: 0816 Ethiopian Somalis uprising 10: 0542 Libya 12: 0072, 0209, 0340 see also Racial conflict Morocco 12: 0592, 0721, 0838; Mobil Oil 13: 0001, 0248, 0342, 0453 5: 0344 Somalia 10: 0475, 0542, 0678, 0746, Mobutu, Joseph Desiree 0782; 15: 0115, 0216, 0335, 0489 4: 0749; 7: 0256; 8: 0117; 9: 0472 UN request 8: 0256 Mogadiscio, Somalia Military aviation civil disorder 15: 0216 Congo 4: 0224; 5: 0598; 7: 0413 Mohamed, Omar Mohallim Katanga air blockade 5: 0265, 0344 JFK talks 15: 0001 Katanga bombings 7: 0001, 0256 Mohammed (Morocco king) Military bases, posts, and reservations JFK communication 12: 0592 Bizerte, Tunisia 16: 0830; 17: 0001, Moktar, Ould Daddah 0302, 0376, 0541; 18: 0001, 0135 JFK talks 12: 0503; 14: 0730 Morocco 12: 0592, 0721, 0838; Monetary policy 13: 0001, 0104, 0453, 0576 Congo 9: 0642, 0815; 10: 0001 U.S. Monrovia, Liberia base in Azores 3: 0549 11: 0713, 0816; 12: 0001 Kagnew base extension 10: 0396, Monrovia Group 0475, 0746 1: 0436; 14: 0001 Military discipline Morocco UN Congo commanders 8: 0414 Algeria UN troops misconduct 8: 0414 cease-fire 3: 0294 Military forces conflict 3: 0154; 10: 0542; 13: 0248, U.S. naval bases 1: 0001 0424 Military officers Baha’i members trial 13: 0104 Katanga oath to Congo 9: 0122 and Cuban missile crisis 13: 0001 economic assistance 12: 0721

42 Egypt relations 13: 0624 Congo floods 13: 0104 battalion 4: 0875 and France-Algeria cease-fire 2: 0045 mediation 5: 0140, 0265 France military aid 12: 0838 and Cuban missile crisis 14: 0121 international aid 13: 0624 economy 13: 0760; 14: 0273 Mauritania relations 12: 0503, 0592 EEC relations 14: 0121, 0415 political conditions 12: 0721; 13: 0248, foreign relations 14: 0415 0342 Ghana relations 14: 0183 political reorganization 12: 0592; international aid 14: 0273 13: 0104 JFK-officials talks 13: 0846; 14: 0067 Spain relations 12: 0592, 0721; military capabilities 1: 0754 13: 0001 Mozambique refugees 14: 0121 Tunisia relations 13: 0104 Peace Corps 13: 0760; 14: 0415 U.S. police 14: 0067 aid 12: 0592; 13: 0001, 0624 on South Africa 14: 0415 bases 12: 0592, 0838; 13: 0001, students 1: 0001 0104, 0453, 0576 and Togo coup 14: 0183 flood aid 13: 0104 U.S. military aid 12: 0592, 0721; aid 13: 0760, 0846, 0917; 14: 0001, 13: 0248, 0342, 0453 0183, 0415 USSR cocoa standards 13: 0917 military 12: 0592 economic mission 14: 0273 overflights 13: 0001 western Nigeria unrest 14: 0001, 0067, see also Rabat, Morocco 0121 Moukouri, Kuoh see also Lagos, Nigeria 3: 0828 Nkrumah, Kwame Mozambique Addis Ababa conference 1: 0831 refugees in Nigeria 14: 0121 assassination attempt 11: 0168 Nasser, Gamal Abdel general 11: 0110; 16: 0426 Addis Ababa conference 1: 0831 JFK communication 11: 0187 Algeria visit 2: 0820 opposition activity 11: 0205 NATO on Tshombe, Moise 8: 0720 Angola action 3: 0549 Tshombe, Moise, communication Ndela, Albert 8: 0117 7: 0571 U Thant communication 8: 0720 Negotiations Nogueira, Franco France-Algeria 2: 0014 3: 0549 France-Tunisia 18: 0135 North Atlantic Treaty Organization see also Treaties and conventions see NATO Ngala, Ronald N’Thepe, Aine-Raymond U.S. visit 11: 0594 3: 0751 Niger Nuclear testing independence ceremonies 13: 0711 Algeria 2: 0820 officials U.S. visit 13: 0711 Balewa, Abubakar Tafawa, views U.S. aid 13: 0711 14: 0001 Nigeria ban 12: 0072 Angola relations 14: 0415 treaty 10: 0746 on apartheid 14: 0415 Nyasaland Bowles, Chester, visit 13: 0846 Banda-JFK talks 14: 0547 independence 14: 0547

43 Nyasaland cont. Pan-African Freedom Movement for East, Peace Corps 14: 0547 Central, and Southern Africa Rhodesia relations 14: 0547 (PAFMECSA) U.S. aid 14: 0547 8: 0256, 0414 Nyerere, Julius Pan-Africanist Congress Addis Ababa conference 1: 0831 1: 0831 JFK communication 16: 0223 Parliaments OAS see Public administration see Secret Army Organization Peace Corps OAU general 1: 0001, 0675 see Organization for African Unity Michelmore, Margery, controversy Obote, Milton 13: 0917 Addis Ababa conference 1: 0831 Nigeria 13: 0760; 14: 0415 JFK talks 18: 0215, 0392 Nyasaland 14: 0547 press conference 18: 0215 Sudan 16: 0112 on U.S. racial policies 18: 0215 Peal, S. Edward U.S. visit 18: 0215, 0392 11: 0922 Williams, G. Mennen, talks 18: 0215 Petroleum and petroleum industry Officials Algeria refinery 3: 0395 Algeria 2: 0675 Katanga 6: 0779 Congo candidates 7: 0413 Philippines Katanga postsecession 8: 0720 Congo aircraft aid 7: 0848 Libya quality 12: 0072 Physics U.S. training 12: 0422 neutrino research 15: 0579 Olympio, Bonito Pipelines 16: 0666 oil 3: 0294 Olympio, Sylvanus Police assassination 11: 0922; 16: 0426, 0534, Nigeria 14: 0067 0605, 0666 Somalia 15: 0001 JFK communication 16: 0230 Political conditions U.S. visit 16: 0262, 0318 Algeria 2: 0124; 3: 0395 Opinion and attitude surveys Angola 3: 0638 Africa on U.S. 1: 0675 Congo 10: 0082 Organization for African Unity (OAU) Dahomey crisis 10: 0221, 0229 conference 14: 0791 Ethiopia reforms 10: 0782 establishment 1: 0831 general 1: 0132, 0199, 0350, 0675 general 10: 0542, 0782 Guinea crisis 11: 0235 Osman, Aden Abdullah Liberia 11: 0816 general 15: 0216 Libya 12: 0072 Roosevelt, Franklin D., Jr., talks Morocco 12: 0721; 13: 0248, 0342 15: 0335 Nigeria 14: 0273 Selassie, Haile, communication Portugal 3: 0638 15: 0335 Sudan 16: 0001, 0112 PAFMECSA Tanganyika 14: 0121 see Pan-African Freedom Movement for Togo 16: 0534, 0605, 0666 East, Central, and Southern Africa Tunisia 16: 0830 Palestine Upper Volta 18: 0517 12: 0072, 0209 Political parties Ba’th Party, Iraq 3: 0294 Katanga 5: 0713

44 Political unrest Ranat, Abu see Insurgency 15: 0797 see Political conditions Reconnaissance see Riots and disorders UN aircraft downing 6: 0322 Popular Movement for the Liberation of Refugees Angola Algeria 2: 0124 3: 0638 Congo camp 9: 0472 Portugal food aid 17: 0199 Angola conflict 10: 0082 in Nigeria 14: 0121 Congo relations 9: 0642 South Africa students 15: 0579 political conditions 3: 0638 Religion and religious organizations Portuguese Guinea conflict 11: 0259 Baha’i members trial 13: 0104 treaties 3: 0638 RFK UN role, African views 10: 0678 see Kennedy, Robert F. U.S. relations 3: 0549 Rhodesia Portuguese colonies economic prospects 14: 0604 3: 0001, 0502, 0549, 0638 Nyasaland relations 14: 0547 Portuguese Guinea Riots and disorders Portugal conflict 11: 0259 Algiers unrest 2: 0414, 0536 Prisoners of war Congo (Brazzaville) 9: 0815; 10: 0001 France-Tunisia exchange 18: 0135 Ethiopian Somalis 10: 0542 Property Mogadiscio, Somalia 15: 0216 Algeria expropriation 2: 0820 Nigeria (western) unrest 14: 0001, 0067, Protection of foreign visitors 0121 Azikiwe, Chukwuma 14: 0242 Rabat, Morocco 12: 0721 Psychological warfare Somalia, U.S. embassy 15: 0216 UN in Congo 8: 0256 Sudan (southern) 16: 0001 Public administration Robbery and theft Congo parliament 8: 0117 Katanga bank 8: 0720; 9: 0122, 0815 Ethiopia reforms 10: 0396 Ross, Claude G. Kenya 11: 0680 4: 0062 Liberia 11: 0816; 12: 0001 Rusk, Dean Rabat, Morocco 3: 0154; 14: 0183; 15: 0115 anti-French civil disorder 12: 0721 Russell, Francis H. Ben Bella, Ahmed, move 12: 0838 11: 0132 Racial conflict Rwanda-Burundi southern Africa 1: 0436, 0831 Belgium relations 14: 0616 Racial discrimination independence 16: 0318 African diplomats in U.S. 1: 0163 international aid 12: 0422 Djermakoye, Saidon, in U.S. 13: 0711 Sabotage Ellender, Allen J. 1: 0601 Katanga 8: 0587 U.S. 1: 0831; 4: 0062; 11: 0680; Sahara Desert 18: 0215 French claims 16: 0830 see also Apartheid Salamanca, Carlos see also Racial conflict 3: 0549 Radio Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira UN broadcasts 7: 0571 3: 0549, 0638 Voice of America 13: 0576 Sandys, Duncan Railroads 11: 0110, 0132 Gabon 11: 0001

45 Science and technology Somalia see Space programs China military aid 15: 0335 Seaboard Ethiopia Sudan airways contract 15: 0797; dispute 15: 0001, 0115, 0216, 0335, 16: 0001 0489 Secret Army Organization (OAS) relations 10: 0315, 0396, 0678, 0782 2: 0014, 0045, 0124 floods 14: 0879 Sekou Toure, Ahmed FRG military aid 15: 0115 Addis Ababa conference 1: 0831 international aid 15: 0489 general 9: 0642; 11: 0235, 0341 Kenya JFK assassination, role 15: 0335 communication 11: 0235 dispute 15: 0115, 0216, 0335 talks 11: 0341, 0372, 0412, 0453 talks 15: 0335 Shriver, R. Sargent, talks 11: 0481 nonalignment policy 15: 0115 Selassie, Haile police 15: 0001 Addis Ababa conference 1: 0831 regional disputes 1: 0754 Aden communication 15: 0335 Soviet bloc aid 14: 0879 and Algeria-Morocco 10: 0542 students in Czechoslovakia 14: 0879 Algeria visit 3: 0154 UK relations 15: 0001, 0216, 0335 general 10: 0315, 0782, 0890 U.S JFK communication 10: 0239, 0542; aid 14: 0879; 15: 0216 13: 0342 aircraft aid 15: 0001, 0115 JFK-Selassie talks 10: 0746 embassy stoning 15: 0216 political status 10: 0396 military aid 10: 0475, 0542, 0678, Rusk-Selassie talks 10: 0746 0746, 0782; 15: 0115, 0216, U.S. visits 10: 0617, 0678, 0835 0335, 0489 Haile Selassie University USSR aid 15: 0001, 0216 10: 0239 see also Chisimaio, Somalia Senegal see also Mogadiscio, Somalia Congo mediation 5: 0140 South Africa foreign relations 14: 0622 apartheid 15: 0579 France relations 14: 0622 Communist Party 1: 0001, 0601 LBJ visit 14: 0622 contingency planning 1: 0601 U.S. aid 14: 0622, 0730, 0791 general 1: 0096, 0163, 0350 Senghor, Leopold neutrino research 15: 0579 JFK Nigeria views 14: 0415 communication 14: 0791 sanctions 12: 0001 talks 14: 0622 student refugees 15: 0579 Sherman, Charles D. subversive groups 1: 0831 11: 0922 UN Shipbuilding and repairing dispute 1: 0511, 0601, 0754 USSR shipyard, Morocco 13: 0001 role, African views 10: 0678 Shriver, R. Sargent U.S. submarines 1: 0754; 15: 0579 Sekou Toure, Ahmed, talks 11: 0481 Southern Africa Slim, Mongi black-white tensions 1: 0831 JFK talks 17: 0282 Ethiopia policies 10: 0782 Smuggling independence movements 1: 0511 arms from Ghana 14: 0121 racial conflict 1: 0436 Sobukwe, Robert Southwest Africa 1: 0831 independence movements 1: 0274

46 South West Africa People’s Organization South Africa refugees 15: 0579 see SWAPO in U.S. 1: 0001 Sovereignty Submarines Algeria South Africa 1: 0754; 15: 0579 independence 2: 0124; 3: 0001 Sudan U.S. recognition 2: 0536 Africa relations 16: 0001, 0112 colonies independence 1: 0061 Congo policy 15: 0797; 16: 0001, 0112 French West Africa 1: 0001 and Cuban missile crisis 16: 0001 independence referendum 2: 0124 economy 16: 0001, 0112 Niger independence 13: 0711 foreign relations 15: 0620 Nyasaland 14: 0547 international aid 16: 0001, 0112 Rwanda-Burundi independence Peace Corps 16: 0112 16: 0318 political organization 16: 0112 Senegal 14: 0622 political unrest 16: 0001 see also Diplomatic recognition Seaboard contract 15: 0797; 16: 0001 see also Independence movements Soviet bloc relations 16: 0001 Soviet Union U.S. see USSR aid 15: 0620, 0797; 16: 0001, 0112 Spaak, Paul-Henri space overflights 15: 0797 on Congo aid 10: 0001 USAID operations 16: 0112 on Congo reconciliation 4: 0408, 0566, Yemen relations 16: 0001 0875; 5: 0001, 0265; 6: 0001, 0190; SWAPO 7: 0256, 0413 1: 0274 general 4: 0154; 9: 0310, 0472 Tanganyika on postsecession Katanga 9: 0001 Nyerere-JFK communication 16: 0223 on UMHK 7: 0571, 0722, 0848 political conditions 14: 0121 on UN Congo operation 8: 0256, 0414 U.S. aid 14: 0121 on UN Congo plan 6: 0417 Taxation Space programs Katanga 4: 0408, 0566; 7: 0001 JFK-Balewa satellite communication Telecommunications 14: 0183 JFK-Balewa via satellite 14: 0183 U.S. Project Mercury 10: 0315 Terrorism Spain Cameroon 3: 0751, 0828 Morocco relations 12: 0592, 0721; Secret Army Organization 2: 0045, 0124 13: 0001 Tevoedjre, Albert Spear of the Nation Dungan, Ralph A., talks 12: 0422 1: 0831 Thryrng, Elizabeth Stevenson, Adlai E. 4: 0267 9: 0472 Togo Stogner, Hulen D. Africa relations 16: 0262, 0318 4: 0267 Congo policy 16: 0318 Streulens, Michel coup 14: 0183; 16: 0534 4: 0515; 6: 0584; 7: 0571, 0722 elections 16: 0767 Student aid France relations 16: 0389 in U.S. 1: 0096, 0163 Ghana relations 16: 0230, 0605, 0666 Students military coup 16: 0426, 0534 Angola 3: 0549 Olympio, Sylvanus, assassination Kenya, U.S. aid 11: 0563 16: 0426, 0534 Nigeria 1: 0001 post-coup recognition 16: 0486, 0534, Somalis in Czechoslovakia 14: 0879 0605, 0666, 0706, 0767

47 Togo cont. Tubman, William V. S. UN involvement 16: 0706 Congo views 11: 0713 U.S. aid 16: 0318 general 11: 0816 Tolbert, William R. JFK 11: 0713 communication 11: 0816, 0922 Torbert, Horace G., Jr. talks 11: 0713; 12: 0001 15: 0115 opposition plots 11: 0922 Treaties and conventions personal security 11: 0922 nuclear test ban 10: 0746 Tunisia U.S.-Portugal 3: 0638 Africa relations 17: 0171 see also Negotiations Algeria relations 2: 0820 Tripoli, Libya Czechoslovakia air agreement 17: 0098 Ladies Day in Tripoli 12: 0340 economic plans 17: 0199 Tshombe, David Y. foreign relations 16: 0817 6: 0103 France Tshombe, Moise conflict 16: 0830; 17: 0001, 0302, Adoula, Cyrille 0376, 0541; 18: 0001, 0135 talks 4: 0360, 0408, 0566 negotiations 18: 0135 views 6: 0001 relations 17: 0171 Ball, George W., talks 5: 0451 prisoners exchange 18: 0135 on constitution 6: 0417 labor development 17: 0199 flight from Congo 8: 0256 Morocco relations 13: 0104 general 4: 0749; 5: 0001 multilateral aid 17: 0001 JFK communication 4: 0154; 5: 0140; political/economic conditions 16: 0830 7: 0571 troop airlift 16: 0830; 17: 0376 Keating, Kenneth, talks 7: 0001 UN involvement 17: 0171, 0302, 0376, Nkrumah, Kwame 0541; 18: 0001 communication 8: 0117 U.S. aid 16: 0830; 17: 0001, 0171, 0199 views 8: 0720 Tunisian University palace raid 9: 0472 17: 0199 political status 9: 0001, 0122, 0310, UAM 0642; 10: 0082 see Africa and Malagasy Union press UAR interview 7: 0571 see United Arab Republic statement 6: 0190 UAR Federation protection in Leopoldville 4: 0566 2: 0820 secession end 8: 0720 Uganda and tribal chiefs 6: 0001 and Central Africa Federation 18: 0215 Tshombe, Moise, political status 8: 0720 East Africa relations 18: 0215 UMHK JFK-Kiwanuka talks 18: 0215 proposal 7: 0848; 8: 0001 JFK-Obote talks 18: 0215 threats 8: 0587 UK talks 18: 0215 UN U.S. aid 18: 0215, 0392 plan implementation 6: 0417, 0625, UMHK 0779; 7: 0001, 0256, 0413, 0722 see Union Minière du Haut Katanga talks 8: 0720 UN on UN plan 5: 0598, 0713, 0792; see United Nations 6: 0001, 0322 Union Africaine et Malagache (UAM) Tsiranana, Philibert see Africa and Malagasy Union 12: 0422

48 Union des Populations du Cameroun 9: 0001, 0122, 0310, 0472, 3: 0751 0642, 0815; 10: 0001, 0082 Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK) military training 9: 0310 Adoula, Cyrille, talks 7: 0413 plan 5: 0598, 0713, 0792; 6: 0001, dividend withholding 5: 0792 0103, 0190, 0322, 0589, 0610 finances 5: 0001, 0713; 6: 0103; 7: 0001 planning 7: 0001, 0256, 0722; general 4: 0875 8: 0117 Katanga reprisals 7: 0722 France arrears 5: 0344 royalty payments 7: 0256, 0413, 0571, France-Tunisia conflict 17: 0171, 0302, 0722, 0848; 8: 0117, 0587, 0720 0376, 0541 Tshombe, Moise, threats 8: 0587 helicopter downing, Katanga 8: 0117 UN plan cooperation 6: 0190 housing, African delegations 1: 0029 Union of Angolan Peoples membership application 12: 0503 3: 0638 members’ payment arrears 5: 0451 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics military assistance 8: 0256 see USSR radio broadcasts 7: 0571 United Arab Republic (UAR) Security Council 12: 0422; 14: 0067 and Algeria-Morocco conflict 3: 0154 South Africa dispute 1: 0511, 0601, United Kingdom (UK) 0754 Adoula, Cyrille, relations 8: 0414 Togo involvement 16: 0706 Congo Tshombe, Moise, talks 8: 0720 consul expulsion 8: 0587, 0720 UN arrears 9: 0472 policies 5: 0344; 8: 0414 U.S. citizens in Congo 6: 0190 relations 9: 0642 USSR “troika” proposal 14: 0415 Katanga policy 8: 0720 U Thant subordinates 8: 0414 Somalia relations 15: 0001, 0216, 0335 Upper Volta tripartite Congo talks 4: 0212, 0360 opposition activities 18: 0517 Uganda talks 18: 0215 U.S. aid 18: 0487, 0517 U.S. talks 1: 0199, 0350 USAID programs 18: 0517 United Nations (UN) U.S. Agency for International Adoula, Cyrille, trip 7: 0571 Development (USAID) Africa representation 14: 0415 assistance 9: 0642; 16: 0112 Algeria delegation 2: 0536 Congo aid 9: 0642 and Algeria-Morocco 13: 0248, 0342 general 11: 0543 Angola Ivory Coast operations 11: 0543 actions 3: 0638 Liberia operations 11: 0922 resolution 3: 0502, 0549 programs 1: 0675; 11: 0922; 18: 0517 China membership 14: 0415 Sudan operations 16: 0112 Congo Upper Volta 18: 0517 army relations 4: 0749 U.S. Information Agency claims 9: 0642 Libya operations 12: 0340 financing 9: 0122, 0310, 0472; USSR 10: 0001, 0082 Algeria relations 2: 0045, 0124, 0536, mediation 4: 0566 0675; 3: 0001; 13: 0424 military operations 4: 0129, 0226, Angola activities 3: 0549, 0638 0408, 0464, 0749; 5: 0001, civil aviation aid 1: 0274, 0350 0140, 0598, 0792; 6: 0001, Congo 0103, 0190; 7: 0001; 8: 0001, activity 7: 0848 0256, 0414, 0587, 0720; aid 7: 0722

49 USSR cont. Wachuku, Jaja Congo cont. 5: 0001, 0792; 14: 0183 diplomats expulsion 10: 0082 War relations 9: 0310 Algeria cease-fire 2: 0124 Cuban missile crisis 6: 0779; 10: 0396; Algeria-Morocco 13: 0248, 0342, 0424 13: 0001; 14: 0121; 16: 0001 Congo 4: 0129, 0226, 0235, 0241, 0408, Ghana, USSR aid 11: 0110 0464, 0749; 5: 0001, 0140, 0598; Guinea 6: 0001, 0103, 0190, 0322; 7: 0001; aid 11: 0412 8: 0001, 0256, 0414, 0587; 9: 0001, air rights 11: 0412, 0506 0122 relations 11: 0235 Welensky, Roy Morocco JFK talks 14: 0613 military aid 12: 0721, 0838; 13: 0001 Wheelus Air Force Base overflights 13: 0001 12: 0209, 0340 relations 13: 0424 Williams, G. Mennen shipyard 13: 0001 Africa visit 1: 0132, 0199, 0350 Somalia aid 14: 0879; 15: 0001, 0216, Algeria visit 2: 0820 0335 Libya visit 12: 0072 Sudan Mauritania visit 12: 0592 aid 15: 0620 Nigeria visit 14: 0183 airspace use 15: 0797; 16: 0001 Obote, Milton, talks 18: 0215 relations 16: 0001 Women “troika” proposal 14: 0415 Katanga march 5: 0001 U.S. relations 10: 0746 Tripoli Ladies Day 12: 0340 U.S.-USSR in Africa 13: 0846 World Festival of Negro Arts U.S.-USSR in Congo 9: 0001 14: 0791 U Thant Yameogo, Maurice on Congo-Katanga 8: 0256 18: 0517 general 4: 0749; 5: 0001, 0140, 0598 Yazid, Muhammed Nkrumah, Kwame, communication JFK talks 3: 0294 8: 0720 Yemen subordinates relations 8: 0414 Sudan relations 16: 0001 Vaccination and vaccines Yifru, Ato Ketema trachoma 10: 0396 10: 0315 Violence Youlou, Fulbert Algeria after cease-fire 2: 0045 resignation 9: 0815 Congo 4: 0875; 5: 0001; 9: 0642 Yugoslavia Voice of America see Belgrade, Yugoslavia Morocco station 13: 0576 Zanzibar Volta River U.S. tracking station 10: 0315 project 11: 0110, 0153

50 THE JOHN F. KENNEDY NATIONAL SECURITY FILES

Africa: National Security Files, 1961–1963 Asia and the Pacific: National Security Files, 1961–1963 Latin America: National Security Files, 1961–1963 The Middle East: National Security Files, 1961–1963 U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe: National Security Files, 1961–1963 Vietnam: National Security Files, 1961–1963

THE LYNDON B. JOHNSON NATIONAL SECURITY FILES

Africa: National Security Files, 1963–1969 Asia and the Pacific: National Security Files, 1963–1969 Latin America: National Security Files, 1963–1969 The Middle East: National Security Files, 1963–1969 The United Nations: National Security Files, 1963–1969 U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe: National Security Files, 1963–1969 Vietnam: National Security Files, November 1963–June 1965 Vietnam, Special Subjects: National Security Files, 1963–1969 Western Europe: National Security Files, 1963–1969

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