United Nations Operations in the Congo - Katanga - (Tshombe) - Cables

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

United Nations Operations in the Congo - Katanga - (Tshombe) - Cables UN Secretariat Item Scan - Barcode - Record Title Page 28 Date 02/06/2006 Time 12:05:34 PM S-0875-0004-02-00001 Expanded Number S-0875-0004-02-00001 Title items-in-Peace-keeping operations - United Nations Operations in the Congo - Katanga - (Tshombe) - cables Date Created 15/06/1962 Record Type Archival Item Container S-0875-0004: Peace-Keeping Operations Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant: United Nations Operations in the Congo Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit CY 18? SSS LEO 468 16 1104 Z ETATPRIORITE UNATIONS G-732 SECGEN FROM GARDINER FOLLOWING FROM GHALEHB QUOTE: FOLLOWING APPEARS IN L'ESSOR DU KATANGA OF 15 JUNEj "PROTEST OF GENERAL MUKE "THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE HAS HANDED TO TEE PRESS THE FOLLOWING NOTE OF PROTEST SIGNED BY GENERAL MUKE, COMMANDER OF THE KATANGESE ARMED FORCES. 'THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE KATANGESE FORCES HAS BEEN SHOCKED TO LEARN THAT faY I CERTAIN ELEMENTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS.ELIZABETHVILLE ARE SPREADING INSIDIOUS PROPAGANDA OR MAKING STATEMENTS IN AN ATTEMPT TO PROVE THAT THE KATANGESE GENDARMERIE IS AN UNDISCIPLINED FORCE. HEADQUARTERS IS ALL THE MORE SURPRISED AS EVIDENCE IN THE LAST FEW DAYS HAS SHOWN THAT WITH A LITTLE GOODWILL ON BOTH SIDES, EFFECTIVE COOPERATION CAN BE ESTABLISHED BETWEEN THE TWO ARMED FORCES. •HEADQUARTERS WISHES TO RECALL THE FOLLOWING FACTS. C •ON SIX JUNE, A SARGEANT OF THE ETHIOPIAN CONTINGENT OF THE UNITED NATIONS WENT BERSERK AND BEGAN TO SHOOT HIS FELLOW SOLDIERS. THE KATANGESE GENDARMES HELPED THE ONUC SOLDIERS TO KHEMK'ir.m.l'XE SUBDUE THE ETHIOPIAN. 'ON SEVEN JUNE, A sSlGEANT OF THE TUNISIAN CONTINGENT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CAME TO CAMP UMHK DF LUBUMBASHI WITHOUT PERMISSION FOR REASONS UNKNOWN TO HEADQUARTERS. HE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY AN AFRICAN. THE TUNISIAN BirifXMliat SOLDIER WAS ARRESTED BY THE KATANGESE GENDARMES WHO TOOK HIM TO HEADQUARTERS . HEADQUARTERS IMMEDIATELY INFORMED THE CHIEF OF POLICE, MR. PIUS SAPV5E, WHO ARRANGED FOR THE TUNISIAN SOLDIER TO BE RETURNED IMMEDIATELY TO ONUC HEADQUARTERS, WHICH WAS DONE. - 2 - 'ON TWELVE JUKE, A (SOUP OF SOLDIERS OF THE MALAYAN CONTINGENT STATIONED ON JADOTVILLE ROAD WENT TO THE Vld NITY OF KIBEM6E, SIX HUNDRED METERS FROM WHERE OUR SOLDIERS WERE POSTED. THE OFFICER IN COMMAND OF THE GROUP MET THE UNITED NATIONS FORCES ON HIS WAY BACK FROM JADOTVILLE. HE WAS ARRESTED AND HIS CAR INSPECTED ALTHOUGH UN FORCES HAVE NO RIGHT TO SET UP A ROADBLOCK OR HAVE TROOPS IN THAT PLACE. 'HEADQUARTERS REGARDS THESE RECENT MOVES OF THE UNITED NATIONS AS WELL AS THE STATEMENTS AND INSIDIOUS PROPAGANDA NOW BEING SPREAD BY CERTAIN ONUC ELEMENTS AS LEADING TO ONLY ONE THING: A NEW STRAINED ATMOSPHERE BETWEEN THE TWO ARMED FORCES WHEREAS EVERYTHING IS NOW BEING DONE TO SETTLE THE VARIOUS PROBLEMS OF THE FORMER BELGIAN CONGO, A FACT WHICH SOME QUARTERS REFUSE TO RECOGNIZE.1 AFTER CHECKING WITH HI EM CHAND WE FIND ALL MUKES ALLEGATIONS TO BE FALSE A EXCEPT FOR ONE REFESRING TO TUNISIAN SERGMTi . WE SUGGEST A COUNTER DECLARATION BE RELEASED TO PRESS TOMORROW 16 JUNE ON OTHER POINTS. AWAIT YOUR ADVICE ON SIHGLE SIDE BAND AT 10 EVILLE TIME TOMORROW TO REMSE TO PRESS AT 1530Z. UNSUBQUOTE UNQUOTE PSE READ FIRST LINE IN PI..FROM GHALEB... READ THIRD LINE IN PI..NOTE DE PROTESTATION REST OK JUN1 6 1962 j I : TO3::. FILE' NO. j Q ACT-ON COMPLETED j i INSTIM.3 | j 3pt;irn U: '?.''°::.S Ctilir-jl 8jjCfjl_tl'l-S_j sss ATPRIORITE G-732 .- "° -! SECGEN FROM GARDINER -"! ._. -^ Z-"> FOLLOWING FROM GHALENB QUOTE » .;' > FOLLOWING APPEARS IB L ESSOR DU KATANGA OF 15 JUNE » ~: ' 9. SUBSUOTE PROTESTATION DU GENERAL MUKE PARA LE SECRETARIAT : ' "" ° BETAT A LA DEFENSE NATIONALS A REMIS A LA PRESSE LA NOTE DE PROTESTATIH SUIVANTE SIGP1EE PAR LE GENERAL MUKE* P 2 » COMMANDANT DES FORCES ARMEES KATANGAISES* SUBSUBQUOTE LE QUARTIER GENERAL DES FORCES KATANGAISES VIENK DAPFRENDRE AVEC ETONNEMENT QUE CERTAINS ELEMENTS DES NATIONS UNIES A ELISABETHVILLE j SE LIVRENT /? INSIDIEUSE OU FONT DES DECLARATIONS TENDANT A VOULOIR PROUVER QUE LA GENS RMERIE KATAN6AISE EST UNE FORCE INDISCIPLINEE2. LE QUARTIER * P 3 * GENERAL SETONNE DAUTANT PLUS QUE CBS BERNIERS JOURS DES FAITS PROBANTS ONT DEMONTRE QUIL SUFFIT BUN PEU DE BONNE VOLONTE DE CHACUNE DES DEUX PARTIES POUR QUUNE COLLABORATION EFFICACE ENTRE LES DEUX FORCES PHENNE JOUR. PARA LE QUARTIER GENERAL TIENT A BAPPELEH CES FAITS. PARA LE 6 JUIR » ,,SP 4 » UN SERGENT DU CONTINGENT ETHIOPIEN DES NATIONS UNIES DEVENU FOU TIRAIT SUR SES COMPATRIOTES. LES GENDARMES KATANSAIS ONT AIDE LES SOLDATS DE LONU A NEUTRALISER CE SOLDAT. PARA IE 7 JUU liKHAl 3 UK StO VUl'irn iftiv !£..->« M,^ «c,»*iruv>u**r lu^..>.._..._ .... AIDE LES SOLDATS DE LONU A NEUTRALISER CE SQLDAT. PARA LE 7 JUIN UN SER6ENT BU CONTINGENT TUNISIEN DES NATIONS UNIES SEST RENDU SANS AUTHORISETION AU CAMP UMHK DE LA * P 5 « ^iK GET OFFIER ETAIT ACCOMPAGNE DUN AFRICAIN. LQFFICIER TUNISIEN A ETE ARRETE PAR LES GENDARMES KATANGAIS QUI LONT CONDUIT AU QUARTIER GENERAL * CE DERNIER A IMMEDIATEMEBT PREVENU LE COMMISSAIRE EN CHEF N.PIUS SAPWE QUI A PRIS SES DISPOSITIONS « PS* POUR'aUE LOFFICIER TUNISIEN SOIT IMMEDIATEMENT REMIS AU QUARTIER GENERAL DE LONUC GE QUI FUT FAIT . PARA LE 12 JUIN UN GROUP DES SOLDATS DU CONTINGENT MALAIS STATIONNE SUR LA ROUTE DE JADOTVILLE SEST RENDU AUX ENVIRONS DE LA KIBEMBE A 600 METRES DES POSITIONS DE NOS SOLDATS. LE CHEF • P 7 « DE GROUPEMENT A RENCONTRE CES FORCES DE LONUEN REVENANT DE JADOTVILLE. II A ETE ARRETE ET SA VOITURE INSPECTED ALORS QUE LES FORCES DE LONU NONT AUCUN DROIT DE PLACER UN BARRAGE QUDAVOIR DES FORCES A GET ENDROIT. PARA LE QUARTIER GENERAL CONSIDERS QUE CES DERNIERS * P 8 « AGISSEMENTS DE LONU AINSI QUE LES DECLARATIONS ET LA PROPAGANDE INSIDIEUSE QUE CETAINS ELEMENTS OS LONU PROPAGENT ACTUELLEMENT NE PEUVENT ABOUTIH QUA UNE SEULE CHOSE* TENDRE A NOUVEAU LE CLIMAT ENTRE LES DEUX FORCES ARMEES EN PRESENCE ALORS OUACTUELLEMENT TOUT EST FAIT POUR RESOUDRE LES DIFFERENTS PROBLEMES DE LEX-CONGO * P 9 " BELGE CHOSE QUE CERTAINS NE PEUVENT ADMETTRE. UNSUBSUBQUOTE . PARA AFTER CHECKING WITH PREM CHANS WE FIND ALL MUKES ALLEGATIONS TO BE FALSE EXCEPT FOR ONE REFERRING TO TUNISIAN SERGENT. WE SUGGEST A COUNTER DECLARATION BE RELEASED TO PRESS TOMORROW 16 JUNE ON OTHER POINTS. AWAIT YOUR ADVICE » ^ P 10/18 * ON SINGLE SIDE BAND AT 10 EVILLE TIME TOMORROW TO RELEASE TO PRESS AT 15302. UNSUBQUOTE UNQUOTE + COL G-732 15 « 7 12 600 1$ 15302 + PSE READ FIRST LINE IN Pi..FROM GHALEB... TENDRE A NQUVEAU L£ CLIMAT ENTRE LES DEUX FORCES ARMEES EN PRESENCE ALORS QUACTUELLEMENT TOUT EST FAIT POUR RESOUDRE LES DIFFERENTS PROBLEMES DE LEX-CONGO * P 9 * BELGE GHOSE QUE CERTAINS NE PEUVENT ADMETTRE. UNSUBSUBflUQTE . PARA AFTER CHECKING WITH PREH CHAND WE FINS ALL MUKES ALLEGATIONS TO BE FALSE EXCEPT FOR ONE REFERRING TO TUNISIAN SERGENT. WE SUGGEST A COUNTER DECLARATION BE RELEASED TO PRESS TOMORROW 16 JUNE ON OTHER POINTS. AWAIT TOUR AJJVICE • v P 10/IS « ON SINGLE SIDE SAND AT 10 EVILLE TIME TOMORROW TO RELEASE TO PRESS AT 1530Z. UNSUBQUOTE UNQUOTE + COL S-732 15 (S 7 12 600 1« 15302 + P5E READ FIRST LINE IN PI..FROM GHALEB... READ THIRD LINE IN Pi..NOTE BE PROTESTATION... REST OK * TOO LEO ft _. , , , u. .,,r. ,n ^«^ COMPLETED f LTF ; INITIALS m ; „ -" >"«iTOnB«^w<a.| UNATIONS uj"~!° tor^cp?;p!£ >-••*«»;„•,,. jj NY * j r 6-748 SEC6EN FROM GARDINER / /?' FOLLOWING FOR ROL2 BENNETT FROM PREMCHAND EVILLE (UNCLAS HILPERS 2619) COLON QUOTE MTfSELF AND ALL RANKS KTANGA AREA THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND MESSAGE TO WORK IN CLOSE ASSOCIATION WITH YOU DURING OUR SHORT TENURE OF * KB/27 * DUTY TOGETHER, ON BEHALF OF ALL RANKS KATANGA AREA PLEASE ACCEPT OUR SINCERE GOOD WISHES FOR THE FUTURE. GOT MY FIRST BOGIE YESTERDAY . UNQUOTE + COL G-74S 2019 * INCOMING CLEAR CABLE Unofficial translation Tos Secretary-General From: Gardiner Dates 21 June 1962 No. 0-755 Following is text of today's radio telephonic conversation with Elisabethville: Quote Radio telephonic conversation between President Tshombe at Leopoldville and Minister Kimba at Elisabethville on 21 June 1962 at 1800 hours. Minister Kimba - We arrived at Kongolo at 1125 a.m. and heard the wvidence of Colonel Kimwanga. According to this evidence, a number of soldiers of the A.N.C. were beyond Luika. A.N.C. soldiers were also at Solie, at Kitule; also soldiers at Kaseya and Sbombo. Two weeks ago there was a skirmish between the Katangese gendarmerie and the A.N.C. at Luika. Yesterday an engagement between the Katangese gendarmerie and soldiers of the A.N.C. took place at Kaseya, thirty-six kls. from Kongolo. One Katangese soldier was slightly wounded. The situation * , has become calm again after this engagement. Colonel Kimwanga sa/0{ that after yesterday's attack a massive attack could take place on 25 June. We ourselves have noted and seen some is broken-down vehicles and some cars in good working order. The vehicles were on the road leading from Kongolo to Ebombo. There was also a tank truck at Ebombo. Major Selamani, who went with me, said that he had seen several soldiers. A detailed report on the air reconaissance will follow. TVe did not -2- reconnoitre ICamipinij this reconaissance did not take place in the morning because of bad visibility; it did not take place in the afternoon either because of lack of gasoline. The present report has / been approved by the delegates of the United Nations and of Katanga. President Tshombe observed to Mr. Kiraba that there was a contradiction betY/een him and the representative of the United Nations who had told Mr.
Recommended publications
  • Questions Concerning the Situation in the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)
    QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE SITUATION IN THE CONGO (LEOPOLDVILLE) 57 QUESTIONS RELATING TO Guatemala, Haiti, Iran, Japan, Laos, Mexico, FUTURE OF NETHERLANDS Nigeria, Panama, Somalia, Togo, Turkey, Upper NEW GUINEA (WEST IRIAN) Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela. A/4915. Letter of 7 October 1961 from Permanent Liberia did not participate in the voting. Representative of Netherlands circulating memo- A/L.371. Cameroun, Central African Republic, Chad, randum of Netherlands delegation on future and Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Gabon, Ivory development of Netherlands New Guinea. Coast, Madagascar, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, A/4944. Note verbale of 27 October 1961 from Per- Togo, Upper Volta: amendment to 9-power draft manent Mission of Indonesia circulating statement resolution, A/L.367/Rev.1. made on 24 October 1961 by Foreign Minister of A/L.368. Cameroun, Central African Republic, Chad, Indonesia. Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Gabon, Ivory A/4954. Letter of 2 November 1961 from Permanent Coast, Madagascar, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Representative of Netherlands transmitting memo- Togo, Upper Volta: draft resolution. Text, as randum on status and future of Netherlands New amended by vote on preamble, was not adopted Guinea. by Assembly, having failed to obtain required two- A/L.354 and Rev.1, Rev.1/Corr.1. Netherlands: draft thirds majority vote on 27 November, meeting resolution. 1066. The vote, by roll-call was 53 to 41, with A/4959. Statement of financial implications of Nether- 9 abstentions, as follows: lands draft resolution, A/L.354. In favour: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, A/L.367 and Add.1-4; A/L.367/Rev.1. Bolivia, Congo Brazil, Cameroun, Canada, Central African Re- (Leopoldville), Guinea, India, Liberia, Mali, public, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo Nepal, Syria, United Arab Republic: draft reso- (Brazzaville), Costa Rica, Dahomey, Denmark, lution and revision.
    [Show full text]
  • Jeremy Mcmaster Rich
    Jeremy McMaster Rich Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences Marywood University 2300 Adams Avenue, Scranton, PA 18509 570-348-6211 extension 2617 [email protected] EDUCATION Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Ph.D., History, June 2002 Thesis: “Eating Disorders: A Social History of Food Supply and Consumption in Colonial Libreville, 1840-1960.” Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Phyllis Martin Major Field: African history. Minor Fields: Modern West European history, African Studies Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. M.A., History, December 1994 University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. B.A. with Honors, History, June 1993 Dean’s List 1990-1991, 1992-1993 TEACHING Marywood University, Scranton, PA. Associate Professor, Dept. of Social Sciences, 2011- Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN. Associate Professor, Dept. of History, 2007-2011 Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN. Assistant Professor, Dept. of History, 2006-2007 University of Maine at Machias, Machias, ME. Assistant Professor, Dept. of History, 2005-2006 Cabrini College, Radnor, PA. Assistant Professor (term contract), Dept. of History, 2002-2004 Colby College, Waterville, ME. Visiting Instructor, Dept. of History, 2001-2002 CLASSES TAUGHT African History survey, African-American History survey (2 semesters), Atlantic Slave Trade, Christianity in Modern Africa (online and on-site), College Success, Contemporary Africa, France and the Middle East, Gender in Modern Africa, Global Environmental History in the Twentieth Century, Historical Methods (graduate course only), Historiography, Modern Middle East History, US History survey to 1877 and 1877-present (2 semesters), Women in Modern Africa (online and on-site courses), Twentieth Century Global History, World History survey to 1500 and 1500 to present (2 semesters, distance and on-site courses) BOOKS With Douglas Yates.
    [Show full text]
  • British Withdrawal from India, 1945
    Problem Based Learning (PBL) and ‘Reacting to the Past’ Role Play ‐ Take Home Workshop Pack for History Leaving Certificate British Withdrawal from India, 1945-1947 British Withdrawal from India, 1945‐1947 The Secession of Katanga, 1960 –1965 Problem Based Learning (PBL) Aims and Objectives of the Workshop • To inform in-service teachers about the total education strategy and teaching and learning technique of integrating PBL and Reacting to the Past as an efficient Pedagogy. • PBL challenges learners to tackle real problems and issues related to their area of study or their professional domain and is a total education strategy as well as being a teaching and learning technique. Furthermore, PBL is flexible as a pedagogical approach and can be used cross curriculum and as a scaffold for group work, case studies, independent research, presentations, seminar discussions and written reports. • PBL can be utilized to tackle Development issues such as population growth and carrying capacity, independence and interdependence, individual and community, resource development and resource depletion, renewable energy, ecological footprint, fair trade, production & consumption, injustices and inequalities, culture, ethics, human rights, local, national and international governance, legislation, cooperation, competition, needs and wants and much more. ‘Reacting to the Past’ Role Play • Reacting to the Past is a pedagogy involving collaborative role playing in history-based games. • Role playing has long been used as a novel, engaging, and active learning method in which students spontaneously act out characters assigned to them within a social scenario (Bolton, 1979, 1998; Ladousse, 1987; Livingston, 1983; McCaslin, 2005; O’Toole & Dunn, 2002; Thiagarajan, 1996). • Practitioners and theorists alike have suggested that role playing produces numerous benefits.
    [Show full text]
  • Front Matter.P65
    Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files CONGO 1960–January 1963 INTERNAL AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 755A, 770G, 855A, 870G, 955A, and 970G and FOREIGN AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 655A, 670G, 611.55A, and 611.70G Project Coordinator Robert E. Lester Guide Compiled by Martin Schipper A UPA Collection from 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Congo, 1960–January 1963 [microform] : internal affairs and foreign affairs / [project coordinator, Robert E. Lester]. microfilm reels ; 35 mm. Accompanied by a printed guide, compiled by Martin Schipper, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Congo, 1960–January 1963. “The documents reproduced in this publication are among the records of the U.S. Department of State in the custody of the National Archives of the United States.” ISBN 1-55655-809-0 1. Congo (Democratic Republic)—History—Civil War, 1960–1965—Sources. 2. Congo (Democratic Republic)—Politics and government—1960–1997—Sources. 3. Congo (Democratic Republic)—Foreign relations—1960–1997—Sources. 4. United States. Dept. of State—Archives. I. Title: Confidential US State Department central files. Congo, 1960–January 1963. II. Lester, Robert. III. Schipper, Martin Paul. IV. United States. Dept. of State. V. United States. National Archives and Records Administration. VI. University Publications of America (Firm) VII. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Congo, 1960–January 1963. DT658.22 967.5103’1—dc21 2001045336 CIP The documents reproduced in this publication are among the records of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biography of Dr. Joseph Mbelolo Ya Mpiku: a Congolese True to His Roots, Looking Beyond the World He Lives In
    Kennesaw State University DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University Master of Arts in Professional Writing Capstones Professional Writing Spring 4-23-2018 The biography of Dr. Joseph Mbelolo Ya Mpiku: A Congolese true to his roots, looking beyond the world he lives in. Zola Matingu Kennesaw State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/mapw_etd Part of the Technical and Professional Writing Commons Recommended Citation Matingu, Zola, "The biography of Dr. Joseph Mbelolo Ya Mpiku: A Congolese true to his roots, looking beyond the world he lives in." (2018). Master of Arts in Professional Writing Capstones. 37. https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/mapw_etd/37 This Capstone is brought to you for free and open access by the Professional Writing at DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master of Arts in Professional Writing Capstones by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Capstone: The biography of Joseph Mbelolo Ya Mpiku: A Congolese true to his roots, looking beyond the world he lives in Capstone for the Master of Arts in Professional Writing Kennesaw State University, May 2018 Presented by Zola Matingu Committee members: Dr. Laura McGrath and Dr. Laura Howard 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 3 Preface 4 Chapter One: The Kimpese Years 5 Chapter Two: Nivelles and Liège 8 Chapter Three: Wellesley 13 Chapter Four: Back to Belgium 23 Chapter Five: Return to Zaïre 28 Chapter Six: Another shot at democracy 35 Chapter Seven: Establishing a legacy 40 Notes 46 Bibliography 48 2 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS A great thank you to my father, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • ZAIRE Predicament and Prospects
    ZAIRE Predicament and Prospects A Report to the Minority Rights Group (USA) by J. C. Willame et al. UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE CONTENTS Summary v Preface by Minority Rights Group (USA) ix Maps xii Abbreviations xiv Part I: Understanding the Unending Crisis in Zaire 1 Jean-Claude Willame 1 The Structure of Society 2 2 Economic Structures and Prospects 8 3 Political Structures and Prospects 14 4 Urgent Issues 19 Notes 21 iv Part II: Frameworks for Preventive Diplomacy 23 5 A Framework for Action to Arrest Further Violence in Zaire 24 Jean-Claude Willame 6 How Best to Provide International Economic Aid in Zaire 27 Hugues Leclercq 7 Violence in Zaire 31 Peter Rosenblum Appendix: Rwandan Refugees in Kivu, Zaire 37 Catharine Newbury Notes to Appendix 41 Chronology, 1960–96 42 About the Authors 49 About the Institute 51 v UNDERSTANDING THE UNENDING CRISIS IN ZAIRE Jean-Claude Willame To the astonishment of many observers, Zaire contin- ues to exist. Despite the implosion of key social, politi- cal, and economic structures since the beginning of the 1990s, Zairians have developed a set of informal SUMMARY arrangements that enables them to survive and pre- vents the societal explosion one would have expected. Belgian colonial rule created a society, but not a strong centralized state, out of a network of mobile and autonomous households. In the postcolonial period, attempts to establish the total unification of Zairian society through the cult of the Supreme Chief and acceptance of a party-state ran up against ethnic and mostly regional loyalties. In regions such as Shaba, Kasai, Kivu, and Kongo, these loyalties are still strong.
    [Show full text]
  • America's War in Angola, 1961-1976 Alexander Joseph Marino University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2015 America's War in Angola, 1961-1976 Alexander Joseph Marino University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the African History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Marino, Alexander Joseph, "America's War in Angola, 1961-1976" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 1167. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/1167 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. America’s War in Angola, 1961-1976 America’s War in Angola, 1961-1976 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History by Alexander J. Marino University of California, Santa Barbara Bachelor of Arts in History, 2008 May 2015 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council ______________________________________ Dr. Randall B. Woods Thesis Director ______________________________________ Dr. Andrea Arrington Committee Member ______________________________________ Dr. Alessandro Brogi Committee Member ABSTRACT A study of the role played by the United States in Angola’s War of Independence and the Angolan Civil War up to 1976. DEDICATION To Lisa. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • THE CONGO COMPROMISE ERIC ROULEAU African Correspondent of *Ie Monde
    57 THE CONGO COMPROMISE ERIC ROULEAU African Correspondent of *Ie Monde EVEN though one should no longer be surprised at events in the Congo, developments in this former Belgian colony at the beginning of August must have astonished a great many people. Events unrolled as though there had never been a year of anarchy, of civil war, of political assassinations, and of dictator­ ship. Previously irreconcilable enemies were reunited in the best of parliamentary traditions, deliberated together, elected the administrative officers of both Houses, and gave their con­ fidence to a government whose head had been proposed by the President of the Republic. All this undoubtedly constitutes a posthumous victory for Patrice Lumumba who, until his tragic death, ceaselessly demanded the meeting of parliament. Twice, after his removal last September by President Kasavubu, the Houses had given him their vote of confidence, explicitly condemning the steps taken by the Head of State. Twice, anti-Lumumbist forces had claimed that the votes had been faked. But the extended parliamentary recess had clearly shown that the accusers did not believe in their own accusations. It is now confirmed: the Lumumbists have consistently held the majority inside parliament. The coalition government established at Leopoldville on 2 August is not the one of which Patrice Lumumba dreamed. The Presidency and the key portfolios of Defence, of Foreign Affairs, of Finance and of Information are not in the hands of his supporters. On the other hand, the Lumumbist bloc enjoys a large majority within the heart of the cabinet and, as well as the two Vice-Presidencies (Gizenga and Sendwe), possesses the important Ministries of the Interior and of Justice.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Congo Crisis, 1960-1961
    The Congo Crisis, 1960-1961: A Critical Oral History Conference Organized by: The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars’ Cold War International History Project and Africa Program Sponsored by: The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars September 23-24, 2004 Opening of Conference – September 23, 2004 CHRISTIAN OSTERMANN: Ladies and gentlemen I think we’ll get started even though we’re still expecting a few colleagues who haven’t arrived yet, but I think we should get started because we have quite an agenda for this meeting. Welcome all of you to the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; my name is Christian Ostermann. I direct one of the programs here at the Woodrow Wilson Center, the Cold War International History Project. The Center is the United States’ official memorial to President Woodrow Wilson and it celebrates, commemorates Woodrow Wilson through a living memorial, that is, we bring scholars from around the world, about 150 each year to the Wilson center to do research and to write. In addition to hosting fellowship programs, the Center hosts 450 meetings each year on a broad array of topics related to international affairs. One of these meetings is taking place today, and it is a very special meeting, as I will explain in a few moments. This meeting is co-sponsored by the Center’s Cold War International History project and 1 the Center’s Africa Program, directed by former Congressman Howard Wolpe. He’s in Burundi as we speak here, but some of his staff will be joining us during the course of the day.
    [Show full text]
  • The Congo Crisis, 1960
    The Congo Crisis, 1960 CRISIS BACKGROUND GUIDE Vancouver Model United Nations The Twentieth Annual Session | January 29–31, 2021 Dear Delegates, William Tsai Secretary-General My name is Annushka Agarwal, and I am delighted to be directing the Historical Crisis Committee at this year’s iteration of VMUN, alongside your chair, Alec Yang, and crisis staff, Logan Higgins. For some context on me, I am currently in Grade 11 at West Point Grey Academy, and my interests include reading Russian literature, finding good math Vivian Gu puns, and contemplating the possibility of socialist utopia. Director-General This year, the HCC will be tackling the Congo Crisis of 1960, a period of post- Derek Wu independence conflict in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo. Prior to Chief of Staff 1960, the Congo was subject to the brutal repression of Belgian colonial rule, and consequently, continues to suffer from numerous sociocultural and economic divisions. Tyler Rosenzweig Independence was undoubtedly a necessity for the Congolese nation, but it also requires Director of Logistics politicians to navigate the uncharted territory of state building and decolonization in a way that is hindered by rampant instability and a lack of legitimacy around government institutions. While the Congo’s history is perhaps not the most well-known, it is in essence composed of the same story as every other postcolonial state: victimization, Joyce Chen emancipation, and hopefully, political reincarnation. USG General Assemblies Given that this is an advanced committee with a relatively complex topic, delegates will Ethan Jasny benefit from ensuring they have a reasonable knowledge of the political landscape of this USG Specialized Agencies time period, both from reading this backgrounder and ideally from consulting external sources as well.
    [Show full text]
  • The Congo Question: Conflicting Visions of Independence
    EMPORIA STATE RESEARCH STUDIES Vol. 43, no. 1, p. 26-37 (2006) The Congo question: Conflicting visions of independence JONATHAN J. COLE -- History Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 ([email protected]) INTRODUCTION Communauté) in 1958, which offered autonomy as an intermediate step toward independence. Nevertheless, it It was November 30, 1960. Only half a year prior, Patrice would be wholly naive to say that Britain or France had Lumumba, the first democratically elected Prime Minister of willfully dismantled their empires simply to appease the Congo, had addressed thronging crowds in honor of the nationalist sentiments in the colonies or to avoid military formal declaration of Congolese independence. But on this entanglement with insurrectionary groups. In fact, both day, he bore no reminder of his status as the preeminent Britain and France had shown their resolve to retain their political figure in the nation. He no longer wore the maroon colonies in the face of such pressure in Kenya against the sash of the order of the Crown, Belgium’s highest decoration, Mau Mau insurrection and in Algeria against the FLN (Front but rather the marks of a man beaten, tortured, and spat upon, de Libération Nationale). Instead, the process of the high fashion of the political prisoner. Yet in the face of decolonization, as cultivated by Europe and the United States, death, Patrice Lumumba’s last letter to his wife Pauline represented the renegotiation of power on the continent, a expressed his undying dream of independence, both for the means of preserving European and American interests and Congo and the entire African continent.
    [Show full text]
  • Yale-UN Oral History Project Ambassador George Mcghee
    ST/DPI ORAL HISTORY (02)/M23 Yale-UN Oral History Project Ambassador George McGhee James S. Sutterlin, Interviewer 9 May 1990 New York, New York NOTICE This is a transcript of a tape-recorded interview conducted for the United Nations. A draft of this transcript was edited by the interviewee but only minor emendations were made; therefore, the reader should remember that this is essentially a transcript of the spoken, rather than the written word. RESTRICTIONS This oral history transcript may be read, quoted from, cited, and reproduced for purposes of research. It may not be published in full except by permission of the United Nations, Dag Hammarskjöld Library. u (Ji) r----....---......-------It .......~~t-.., rll:l'> N8;,;·C/:1CUUI.TING j YUN INTERVIEW ". MAY 9, 1990 ;AMBASSADOR GEORGE MCGHEE THE CARLISLE HOTEL, NEW YORK CITY INTERVIEWER: JAMES SUTTERLINlU!\Jj'-; /.. CC',Ii ; \: ''o ...J/ l.. k ....... L ......... .. -' TABLE OF CONTENTS The Congo Crisis us policy on the Congo 1-5; 8-11; 24-26 Division of responsibilities in the state Department 5-6 Contact with spaak 6; 11-13 Development of ..u Thant Plan" 7; 14-16 us view of UN efforts 8; 13-14; 26-32 us mission to survey UN military needs 13 McGhee's relations with Tshombe 16-18; 20-21 Contacts with Mobutu 18 Contacts with senators Dodd, George and Nixon 21-23 McGhee's attitude toward Tshombe and Katanga 23-26 The position of Ambassador Gullion 32-33 Assessment of the outcome 33-34 JS Ambassador McGhee, first I want to thank you for participating in this Yale Oral History Project, and I'd like to begin, if I might, by asking you to identify the position you were in the state Department, in which you had some responsibility for the conduct of U.S.
    [Show full text]