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Salutes the Foreign Service FORMER SENIOR OFFICER Appointed To Assist Colleagues At State

George Mattis, who served as both Foreign Service and Civil Service senior officer during his 30 year career in the Department of State, has been named vice president for Foreign Affairs Services Department of CAMRAN Corp. After completing his public service in 1992, Mattis joined CAMCO Mortgage Bankers, a subsidiary of CAMRAN Corp., as a mortgage executive.

The appointment was announced on February 2, 1994, Refinancing with No Points and No Closing Costs by Mr. Camran Mostofi, President and Chief Executive Officer Program: Lower the interest rate on an existing mortgage and of CAMRAN Corp. at the company's headquarters in Falls reduce your monthly payment. Last year, Mattis personally Church, Virginia. Mostofi stated, "Mr. Mattis1 principal assisted home owners to reduce their payment an average of responsibility will be to assist both employees and retirees of $118 a month through this program. When interest rates State and other foreign affairs agencies in purchasing, dropped, many refinanced a second time, and some financing and refinancing their personal residences refinanced a third time, without paying one cent in points or expeditiously and economically. His extensive work closing costs. He can testify to the benefits of this program. experience with both Foreign Service and Civil Service His own mortgage was refinanced three times to reduce the personnel and his first-hand knowledge of their special payment by $259 a month, making the total savings over the housing needs makes him the best choice for this important life of the loan: $93,240. He has paid nothing in points or assignment." closing costs. You are eligible for this outstanding program if: you owe $125,000, or more; your interest rate is 8.0%, or Mattis outlined the two innovative programs developed to higher, your home is in DC, Maryland, or Virginia; and, you meet colleagues needs: are now residing in the home. (Even if your personal residence is rented out but you plan to move back into it * Purchase/Financing Package within three months, you may qualify.) * Refinancing with No Points and No Closing Costs Financing for both programs is offered by CAMCO Mortgage Purchase/Financing Program: Purchase a home and obtain Bankers, and real estate is handled by CAMRAN Corp., its financing in a single package and receive a rebate of up to parent company. CAMRAN Corp. has earned a solid 1% of the purchase price, and up to $800 toward closing reputation for integrity, innovation and superior client service costs, depending on the price of the home and the amount of for more than 10 years in business. the loan. This joint transaction simplifies and shortens the home buying process, cuts costs, and passes time and money savings on to you. The home must be a personal residence in Virginia that costs $150,000, or more.

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This is a paid advertisement. FOREIGNMAY 1994 SERVICEVOL. 71, NO. 5 JOURNAL

Editorial Board

Chairman BRANDON GROVE

KATHLEEN BRION JOHN ERIKSSON PHYLLIS DICHTER FORBES A Journal History 32 Lawrence Eagleburger SUSAN KEOGH-FISHER DANIEL O. NEWBERRY DONALD R. NORLAND Focus: Hippy 75TH ANNIVERSARY, JOURNAL! PHYLLIS OAKLEY ROBERT TOTH HANS N. TUCH Chronicling the Evolution of the Foreign Service 32 A Stroll Through 75 Years of the Journal The Independent Voice of the BY NANCY A. JOHNSON Foreign Service Defining the Foreign Service For the Year 2000 40 A Glimpse Into the Future Editor BY DAVID D. NEWSOM KAREN KREBSBACH Managing Editor Former Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger 46 NANCY A. JOHNSON Reflections on the Foreign Service Advertising Manager BY KAREN KREBSBACH TINA M. DREYFUS Editorial Assistlant FEATURES LIZ ALLAN Fall Back, Troops 20 Art Director Clinton’s New UN Policy CARYN J. SUKO BY DAVID CALLAHAN SUKO VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS A Captain, a Ship and a Final Battle 52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL (ISSN 0015-7279), 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990, is The Saga of the C.S.S. Alabama published monthly by the American Foreign Service BY CHRISTOPHER M. HENZE Association, a private, non-profit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views Leaving Rwanda 54 of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries are invited. Compassion and Courage Reign During Evacuation BY JAIR0 GRANADOS JOURNAL subscription: AFSA Members - $9.50 included in annual dues; others - $40; Overseas (except Canada) - $50 per year. Airmail not available. COLUMNS President’s Views 4 Second-class postage paid at Merrifield, VA and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address It’s Broke — Let’s Fix It Together changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 2101 E Street, BY F.A. TEX HARRIS N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. Indexed by Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries invited. The appearance of advertisements Speaking Out 16 herein does not imply the endorsement of the services Skating Comes From the Blade or goods offered. FAX: 202/338-8244 or 202/338- 6820. TELEPHONE: 202/338-4045. BY BRANDON GROVE JR.

© American Foreign Sertvice Association 1994 Postcard From Abroad 68 Printed in the U.S.A. To Mother

Send address changes for the BY SALLY SLOCUM FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL to AFSA, 2101 E Street NW, Washington, DC DEPARTMENTS 200037-2990 Cover Photo: Letters 6 Books 56 Dany Krist/Uniphoto Clippings and Comment 10 Index to Advertisers 67 AFSA News Pull-Out Section

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 3 It’s Broke — Let’s Fix It Together In a recent AFSA poll, three-fourths of the 900 State Department respondents called the Foreign Service assignment process “not fair.” This is no surprise, given the AMERICAN FOREIGN examples of perceived unfairness that abound in the foreign affairs agencies. - SERVICE ASSOCIATION • In State, some European and Canadian Affairs (EUR) assignments go to Civil Governing Board Service and political appointees; President: FA (TEX) HARRIS State Vice President: TODD STEWART • A political ambassador is allowed to bring not one, but two, political assistants to AID Vice President: JOHN A. PATTERSON his post abroad, funded out of EUR’s Salary and Expenses (S&E) account; USIA Vice President: RAZV1GOR BAZALA Retiree Vice President: DONALD R. NORLAND • A senior officer complains to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Secretary: CATHERINE BARRY Treasurer: GAIL LECCE that he was denied seven assignments in favor of “diversity” candidates; State Representatives: CHRISTINE FULENA DENNIS KUX • AID Administrator Brian Atwood improperly denies Limited Career Extension JOHN MARIZ (LCE) review to senior FSOs, then looks for GS employees to fill their jobs; SUE SAARNIO DAVID H. SHINN • USIA threatens to assign an unseasoned political appointee to direct its key foreign AID Representatives: LEE ANN ROSS JAMES R. WASHINGTON press centers; USIA Representative: MICHAEL HOULAHAN Retired Representatives: KATHRYN CLARK-BOURNE • FAS and FCS assignments are perceived as far from open and transparent. SAMUEL F. HART Our real problem is not the bad cases, it is the lack of a Foreign Service planning M. BRUCE HIRSHORN EDWARD L. PECK system. With few exceptions, the foreign affairs agencies do not have lists of future FAS Representative: WAYLAND BEEGHLY jobs to fill, nor skills inventories of the FS personnel to fill them. Personnel policy is FCS Representative: BARRY FRIEDMAN being made, if not in the dark, at least in deep shadows. Staff Executive Director: SUSAN REARDON These are signs of broken personnel systems, unable to cope with changing missions, Business Department Controller: KARA HARMON Accounting Assistant: SHEREE E. BEAN and new political, budgetary and planning demands. The personnel process has increas¬ Office Manager: JUDY SHINN ingly become an exercise in exceptions to meet the management and political needs of Executive Assistant: MEIKE MEISSNER Executive Assistant: LESLIE LEHMAN the Services members on the one hand, and the personal and family needs of Service Administrative Manager: MICHAEL DAILEY Administrative Assistant: DIANNA DUNBRACK members on the other. Management transparency and accountability are lacking on Labor Management General Counsel SHARON PAPP one hand; and Service discipline among some 15 percent of the Service on the other. Director: JAMES YORKE A worldwide, rank-in-person system has got to be flexible. But, this opens it up to Representative: PETER GAASERUD Staff Attorney: COLLEEN FALLON manipulation by both managers and employees. The end result is a loss of confidence Law Clerks: MEGAN CHUN Member Services Director: JANET HEDRICK in the system on both sides. That is where we are today. Representative: NORAJANE MclNTYRE USIA Representative: JULIE SMITHLINE The Reinventing Government initiative has given foreign affairs managers and Grievance Counselors: DEREK TERRELL employees a unique opportunity to overhaul our creaky personnel systems. In AID, JOAN KELSO SMEDLEY Director of Development: LORI DEC Agriculture and Commerce, management plans are underway to amalgamate the FS Professional Issues: RICHARD S. THOMPSON Retiree Liaison: WARD THOMPSON and GS systems. AID has just sent its Unified Personnel System to the Hill. In State, Congressional Liaison: RICK WEISS the personnel-reform initiative launched by Secretary Christopher to promote diversi¬ Legislative Affairs Coordinator: ROBERT CHATTEN Scholarship Coordinator and ty and Service discipline is turning into a major retooling of how the FS recruits, Systems Administrator: THERESA AURICCHIO Speakers Bureau and assigns, trains, develops and promotes its people. Dollars equal people. The traditional International Associates: GIL KULICK is being scrutinized to determine if the FS can still afford to maintain its entry exami¬ Conferences: JOHN J HARTER The American Foreign Service Association, founded in 1924 nation, merit-based promotion, open assignment systems. The answer is not clear. is the professional association of the Foreign Service and the In my view, for these undertakings to succeed over the long term, employees and official representative of all Foreign Service employees in the Department of State, the U.S. Information Agency and the managers in each FS agency must agree on the principal missions to be accomplished, Agency for International Development under the terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or retired member¬ the problems to be solved, the process and substance of the solutions. The keys are ship in AFSA is open to all current or retired employees of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Associate membership is communication, trust and partnership. This is not a zero-sum game. Foreign Service open to persons having an interest in or close association employees have as much at stake in the success and effectiveness of their agency as its with the Foreign Service. Annual dues: Active members— $85 - $188; retired members—$45 - $62; associate mem¬ managers do. Managers have as much interest as employees that the systems for bers—$50. All members are members in the Foreign Service Club. Please note: AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund recruiting, training, assigning and promoting are regarded by all as fair and equitable. donations may be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business expense for federal income tax purposes. But despite having signed partnership agreements, the old employee-manager Scholarship and AFSA Fund donations are deductible as adversarial model still prevails in the foreign affairs agencies. Except in USIA, where charitable contributions. partnership is being tried; it is business as usual. The “we-them” paradigm rules. All of Executive office, membership, grievances, professional issues, scholarship and insurance programs and Journal “us” need to engage in the reinventing of our broken personnel systems. In the long offices: 202-338-4045 FAX 202-338-6820, 202-338-8244 • General counsel and labor-management relations: 202-647- term, how we do this is as important as what we do. 8160, FAX 202-647-0265 • USIA member services: 202- — F.A. “Tex” Harris 401-6405 • Foreign Service Club: 202-338-5730.

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EQUAL HOUSING OPPORTUNITY Defining Diversity’s Limits regarding diversity. He asserts that non-minorities were building this coun¬ To the Editor: before the Civil Rights Act of 1964, try. Although their contributions are Recent discussion on the diversity “simple fairness” reigned supreme in the minimized and underpaid, minorities issue in the Foreign Service Journal offers United States. What a distortion of real¬ have worked this country’s mines, farm¬ a fascinating view of the state of the cul¬ ity! It’s common knowledge now that it lands, railroads and factories. They have ture, circa 1994. One recurring thread is has taken the force of law to correct fought valiandy in many wars in the the apparent understanding that group years of inequities, especially with regard front lines of the batdefield. ... Let’s not identity defines us and, less stated but to hiring minorities. AID and the State forget that they are taxpayers. Why still implicit, that the interests of one Department have traditionally been wouldn’t they want a fair representation group inevitably conflict with those of closed societies where minorities and in our federal government? another. women are just starting to make gains. If The de facto practice of “the right Right now, debate focuses mainly on it were up to the “fairness” Mr. Mill man for the job is the one that looks like race, ethnicity and gender; sexual orien¬ remembers, things would be far worse. me” has hurt minorities for too long. ... tation will doubtless be next. But why Mr. Mills says that minorities should Diversity is just another word for fair¬ end there? What about class? Why does not be hired based on “unique quali¬ ness, which should be promoted. While the promotion of a bankers daughter ties.” I agree with him here, they should Mr. Mills can speak his mind freely, I, contribute to “diversity” while the pro¬ be hired because they possess the quali¬ for one, am relieved he is now retired. motion of the son of a blue collar work¬ fications for the job and most of them Hopefully, very few others share his er by and large does not? Or why does do. However the Foreign Service gets viewpoint. hiring the progeny of an Asian or Latin the bonus, in many cases, of having Francisco Zamora American industrialist count as “diversi¬ employees who already speak another AID, Cairo ty” while hiring the son of an East language and/or understand the poors European emigre does not? Then again, point of view. Response to ‘The Arabists’ the religious profile of the Foreign The real issue here is whether or not To the Editor: Service in no way matches that of the the Foreign Service should reflect the I read with more than usual interest American public at large. Why not more composition of American society. I the Journal’s reviews in the February fundamentalists? The possibilities are believe it should. Blacks, Hispanics, 1994 issue of Robert Kaplans book, endless, the challenges for the statistical Asians, Native Americans and women “The Arabists: The Romance of an classifiers mind-boggling. were not just standing around while the American Elite.” ... Since I regard Mr. A social vision rooted in large part in some abstract notion of group identity has terrible consequences, for the Foreign Service community and for the country at large. The fact that so much of the “evidence” is based on crude sta¬ tistics which either trivialize or distort complex social realities is at least as dam¬ aging. Unwittingly, we are continuously constructing our own private Bosnias, with scant appreciation for the direction in which our own social rhetoric will eventually take us. John Simmons Washington, D. C. To the Editor: In your February 1994 issue, retired FSO William H. Mills makes some unenlightened and insensitive remarks "Now China took us off HER list of most favored nations...”

6 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 Kaplan’s account in this instance as not tated to articulate my views forcefully entirely accurate, I would like to com¬ and respectfully. Experience the ment for the record. Robert P. Paganelli comforts of home I did not respond to Mr. Kaplan’s Retired FSO letter to me ... requesting an inter¬ Fredonia, NY THE WINSTON HOUSE view to discuss my role as ambassador in Damascus in the negotiations with Reach Out, Touch Someone the Syrians that led to the release of To the Editor: American hostage David S. Dodge. I We read with great interest Sherman regarded those negotiations, and still Funk’s insightful article in your March do, as highly sensitive and not issue, “The Foreign Service: An belonging in the public domain — Endangered Species?” and we offer two ever. In addition, Mr. Dodge made it concrete proposals to address the prob¬ very clear to me and others involved lem of fielding candidates for hard-to-fill in the department that any publicity positions. First, the director general could put him and his family at risk could speak with identified candidates of retaliation by his kidnappers and personally, in a two-minute telephone Luxury living those who employed them. There was call, to ask for their service in these posi¬ no question in my mind about tions. Even a brief exchange with the at its finest respecting Mr. Dodge’s wishes and senior personnel officer would reinforce -SHORT OR LONG TERM STAY- the diplomatic sensitivity of these dis¬ the sense that accepting such a position cussions. is answering a call to serve. Furnished one and two bedroom In regard to the “tone” of the talks Second, those who agree to accept the apartment homes with the Syrians, they were indeed director general’s offer could be given Fully equipped with washer and often heated and acrimonious — it written assurance that their service dryer in each apartment should be recalled that we were in a would be taken into consideration in Garage parking available virtual state of war with Syria from determining their next assignment. 24-hour front desk 1982-1983. There were frequent While candidates cannot be guaranteed exchanges of fire between U.S. and their choice of onward assignment, the Fully equipped exercise center Syrian forces in Lebanon. Although I department should state clearly that with dressing rooms and saunas exceptional service will not be forgotten. am no stranger to colorful language, Richly decorated library but however tough the talks with Bill Mozdzierz and entertainment smte Syrians were (and they were always Steve Eisenbraim On-site deli, dry cleaners tough), I used none of the profanity Jennifer Haskell and beauty salon attributed to me in Mr. Kaplan’s George Sibley account. I would like to know who Washington, D. C. Attractive rooftop sundeck with lounges was the source of these “quotes.” They make a good story, but bad diploma¬ A Call to Fortysomethings Short walk to Farragut West, cy. Suffice it to say that we persuaded To the Editor: Foggy Bottom Metro, Dupont Circle the Syrians that it was in our mutual Approximately a year ago, I requested interest to gain Mr. Dodge’s release that I would like to hear from those who Nearby shopping, grocery, and without their active cooperation had entered the Foreign Service as junior restaurants, and theaters officers at age 50 or older. In order to it would never have happened. I count Attentive, service-oriented the success of our negotiations as the expand the size of the group, I am now staff to pamper you most satisfying event of my Foreign requesting that anyone who entered at Under per diem rate Service career, and believe that senti¬ age 45 or older contact me for a ques¬ ment is shared by the cadre of tionnaire. I am in the process of collect¬ Embassy Damascus and department ing information and will share the THE WINSTON HOUSE officers who worked tirelessly and results. Please send name and address to 2140 L Street, N.W. skillfully with me to bring this about. Sally L. Lindover, 872 Massachusetts Washington, DC 20037 Regarding my relationship with Ave., Apt. 501, Cambridge, Mass., Tel. (202) 785-2200 Secretary of State (George) Shultz, we 02139.1 am a recendy retired FSO who Fax. (202) 785-5185 had profound differences on the man¬ entered after 50. agement of U.S.-Syrian relations in Sally Lindover the context of the Lebanon-Israel- Retired FSO Syrian crisis at that time. I never hesi¬ Cambridge, Mass. JBG PROPERTIES

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 7 THE ONLY CALL YOU NEED LETTERS TO MAKE! Resigning the Right Way and idealistic: to shine a bit of light on an To the Editor: obscurantist policy-making apparatus I am disappointed that the Journal and a professional subculture where loy¬ printed Mr. John Hols’s innuendo about alty can translate into a code of silence. ~s those officers who resigned to protest He succeeded, and that’s a legacy of pub¬ ExecuStay, Inc. U.S. policy in Bosnia (February 1994) lic service of which he, the son of a ... While assigned to EUR’s Office of Foreign Service officer, can be proud. Policy and Public Affairs, I worked 1-800-735-7829 Gregory L. Garland closely with Mr. (George) Kenney to Lakeland Fla. 301-251-2771 prepare press guidance dealing with the The Experts In Furnished former Yugoslavia. His decision to leave To the Editor: Short & Long-term Housing came after extended agonizing over The November Journal interview what he came to see as an immoral U.S. with the three dissidents who resigned policy in Bosnia and the State over Bosnia has stimulated an unusual Departments systemic failure to take number of thoughtful letters to the edi¬ any kind of responsibility for its formu¬ tor. Although the interview was really lation. He resigned with virtually no sav¬ about people rather than about policy, I ings, no real estate or significant invest¬ was disappointed that there was under¬ ments, and — contrary to Mr. Hols’s standably lots of strong criticism of suggestion — certainly no job offers. administration policy expressed, but lit¬ The ExecuStay Advantage He left only with his several years of tle comment about what policy should ■ Hundreds of locations in the Foreign Service experience, talent and be. In view of the wide interest, I think city or suburbs, for thirty peace of mind. a further conversation with the dis¬ days or longer. In the context of other resignations of senters on this subject would be wel¬ ■ Rates below per diem. principle, Mr. Kenneys, in fact, stands come. Chuck Cross’s excellent analysis ■ Flexible short and long-term out because his loss of employment was (Letters, January 1994) would be a good leases. ■ One, two and three bedroom not cushioned by a government retire¬ starting point for this discussion. apartments. ment, personal or family fortune, acade¬ James K. Penfield ■ Townhouses. mic appointment, or membership in the Retired FSO ■ Private homes. legal profession. His objective was simple Longbranch, Wash. ■ Fully furnished to meet your lifestyle. ■ Quality housewares including linens, fully outfitted kitchens READERS’ POLL and decorative accessories. ■ All expenses including utili¬ QUESTION ties, phone service and cable television, on one bill. ■ Maid service upon request. Should the Clinton administration link human rights to ■ Fitness centers at most locales. renewal of China’s Most Favored Nation (MFN) status? ■ Pets accepted at many locales. ■ Washers and dryers. Yes No Undecided ■ Close to shopping and enter¬ tainment. Comments ■ Many locations on public transportation routes. ■ Concierge service at some locations. ■ Major credit cards accepted. Most Importantly... ■ You make the decisions, we provide the service. ■ We meet your budget. Initials City, State or Country 932 Hungerford Drive Suite 12B Rockville, Maryland 20850 Please fax your response back to the Journal by June 10 at (202) 338-8244 or mail to FSJ, 2101 E Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Results will be published in an upcoming issue.

8 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 AMERICAN FOREIGN Since SERVICE ♦ H€f]lTH ♦ 1929 PROTECTIVE ASSOCWTION 4 T€RM UF€ ♦

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Diplomatic icon George And we paid with 40 years Soviet Union and to serve Kennan, in March 14 of Communist control in as a guide for our respons¬ remarks to the Council on Eastern Germany, es to all those troublesome : - :: Foreign Relations on his Czechoslovakia and situations.” (fefS^ 'fl hf ’ V ,%:Y. \ i 90th birthday, said that his Hungary. ... We paid all of Kennan noted that “containment policy” this because we were too America does not need a I aimed at halting the expan¬ timid to negotiate.” single policy, but rather lr ■ agsP’- sion of Soviet power into “We are now at a new “principles that accord Central and Western with the nature, the Europe was promulgat¬ needs, the interests ed so that the Soviets and the limitations of could be brought to the our country. ... Look table for serious talks closely at our own about the future of society. Look at its Europe. But when strengths and weak¬ clippings Moscow was halted in nesses, at its successes its expansionist and failures, at the attempts, Kennan con¬ age. ... For the first time in possibilities and the dan¬ and fessed that “it was one of centuries, there are no gers that confront it. ... the great disappointments great power rivalries that [Remember] that it is pri¬ of my life to discover that threaten immediately the marily by example, never comment neither our government peace of the world. ... Our by precept, that a country nor our Western European statesmen and our public such as ours exerts the allies had any interest in are unaccustomed to react¬ most useful influence entering into discussions at ing to a world situation beyond its borders, but all.” that offers no such great remember, too, that there In the New York Times and all-absorbing focal are limits to what any one Op-Ed piece, he was quot¬ points for American poli¬ sovereign country can do ed as saying, “We did pay a cy. And it is not surprising to help another, and that great deal for [the eventual that we should now be unless we preserve the Soviet collapse]. We paid hearing demands for some quality, the vigor and the with 40 years of enormous sort of a single grand strat¬ morale of our own society, and otherwise unnecessary egy of foreign policy to we will be of little use to military expenditures. ... replace our fixation on the anyone at all.”!*?

Foreign Assistance Programs Confront Old Problems For investigative reporter severe budget cutbacks: can function more Jack Anderson, old news is “AID has been forced to smoothly.” still todays news. In his streamline several overseas One Senate aide appa¬ March 17 Washington Post installations. Some coun¬ rently has doubts that column, he brought up old tries have been taken off Atwood will succeed. issues of waste and ineffi¬ the dole completely. ... “[Atwood] can solve some ciency in AID, “where a AID recently eliminated of [AID’s] problems, but succession of minor scan¬ 21 overseas missions where some are beyond his con¬ dals has given the agency a assistance is not needed or trol. AID is a huge agency, major image problem.” the recipients have been and one person can’t con¬ Anderson commented on uncooperative. AID offi¬ trol everything everyone AID Administrator Brian cials hope that by clamping does,” said the aide, who Atwood’s efforts to reform shut the main arteries of was unidentified, of

ILLUSTRATIONS BY THERESA AURICCHIO the agency at a time of waste, the entire agency course.

10 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 Lord Takes Heat for Debacle in China

“The point man for the According to Sciolino, convinced a wavering Clinton administration on Lord’s situation is due to secretary of state that China, [Winston] Lord has trying to balance Cold-War canceling his trip to emerged as the bane of offi¬ ideas on how to deal with China would deprive cial Washington ... which an authoritarian state and him of the opportunity has begun to blame him the evolving bottom-line to carry an unambigu¬ both for Secretary of State rules on how to make a ous message to China’s Warren Christopher’s con¬ profit from the world’s leaders and might frontational trip to Beijing fastest growing economy. irreparably damage and for the China policy Sciolino said that it was Sino-American relations. linking trade and human Lord and National Security Instead of keeping the rights,” reported Elaine Adviser Anthony Lake who diplomatic volume low dur Sciolino in The New York devised the policy shift to ing the visit, the two men admitted they have fought Times on March 27, refer¬ one of “intense, high-level turned it up full blast.” for more emphasis on eco¬ ring to the assistant secre¬ engagement with the According to Sciolino, nomics in foreign policy, tary of state for East Asian Chinese. members of the economic but say criticism of Lord is and Pacific Affairs. “It was Mr. Lord who team headed by Lord unfair. 1*5 Oakley Chosen For Top Job Career FSO Phyllis Clinton family friend and Oakley, now acting chief of former assistant secretary of 50 years ago Refugee Programs, has been agriculture, Carol Tucker tapped to head a proposed Foreman, was also consid¬ FSOs Drafted For WWII State Department office on ered for the job. The “Editors Column” in the May 1944 Journal refugee, migration and pop¬ Nevertheless, the Post comments on the willingness of Foreign Service officers ulation affairs, according to endorsed Oakley, saying she to serve in the armed forces. “All members of our State Department sources. is “not only well qualified, Foreign Service have from the outset been keen to serve Oakley may have but in a position to land their country in its armed forces. A large number sought received a little help from running.” eagerly to resign for the duration in order to enter mili¬ the Washington Post, howev¬ “Rising global instability tary service. They were told they were more useful to er, which opined in a is moving refugees and their government in their present occupations than March 17 editorial that “the migrants increasingly holding a commission in the armed forces and their res¬ respected professional toward the center of ignations were not permitted. They are no less keen to official American con¬ serve now, since the draft rules have been made applica¬ cern. The United ble to them. States cannot afford “[But] there is a strange inconsistency in the drafting to lag in preparing of members of the Foreign Service while legislation lies its positions for the before Congress ... to add urgently to the career person¬ major United nel. ... On the one hand, trained men are removed at Nations conference the most critical period of the war; on the other, needs on population and of the Foreign Service are deemed so great that [it is pro¬ development posed] to bring men without actual sendee experience opening in Cairo into the higher ranks. in September. “We do not dispute the ruling which has now come The White into effect. We do express hope that our officers will in House needs to get the armed forces be allocated tasks which, at any rate, the best suited person in may partially utilize their skills and natural abilities. ought to be an easy choice. the job as quickly as possi¬ Their special training and background should not go for But she apparently had ble. We think it’s Mrs. naught when every blow against the Axis counts.” IT some stiff competition: Oakley.” §T

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 * 11 clippings and comment Case of the Homeless Zaire Diplomats For Zairian diplomats in revenue collected for entry some diplomatic spouses their salaries and rents with Washington, a prestigious visas has mysteriously dis¬ are relying on babysitting monies collected from visa overseas post has turned appeared. Gas and water at income to feed their kin. fees. The ambassador into a hand-to-mouth exis¬ the New Hampshire The budget crunch was so responded by chastising the tence. For the last two Avenue mansion have been severe that the State staff “for talking only of years Department was persuaded their rights and not of their President to lift the diplomatic obligations.” Mobutu Sese immunity of four Zairians “Not surprisingly,” Bartz Seko has so that their landlords wrote, “the career diplo¬ neglected to could evict them, reported mats have banded together pay the diplo¬ Diane Bartz, and a local against the ambassador, mat's salaries church is providing food to spending long hours dis¬ and to make at least one Zairian diplo¬ cussing financial woes and the monthly mat's family. the case of the disappearing disbursement The tight financial situ¬ [visa] cash. ‘The relation¬ of $12,000 to ation has led to infighting ship between the ambas¬ $15,000 required to sup¬ cut off because the bills are over the small supply of sador and the diplomats is port the embassy. unpaid, the embassy is cash and real estate — not good,’ said a Zairian, Washington City Paper sadly in need of repairs and three houses — available to resorting to traditional on March 11 reported that many calls go unanswered the nine diplomatic fami¬ diplomatic understate¬ the embassy payroll is because of insufficent staff. lies. The diplomats asked ment.” §*S months overdue and the Deprived of salaries, the ambassador to cover Continued on page 14.

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Keeping Up With Ambassador Lawrence The First Family recent¬ places [Lawrence’s] net ly vacationed at the 17- worth at about $300 mil¬ bedroom, 13-bathroom lion, and there were those Coronado, Calif., home of who cynically wondered u Larry Lawrence, who was about his breadth of v recently appointed ambas¬ diplomatic experience for X ou can kill as many people as you sador to Switzerland. the post,” noted the Post. want to; you can throw them out of The Washington Post “Fie presented his creden¬ their homes; you can put them into reported on March 29 that tials in Bern only last concentration camps; you can shell Lawrence’s nomination Tuesday.” their towns until their children die and was recently approved after His wife Shelia greeted a long Senate delay. the Clintons at the cou¬ they live like rats in the gutter. You can “Forbes magazine ple’s home. I5? do all that on international prime time, and then months later you can be After 50 Years, FSO Deane Hinton Retires received in Geneva and have the world’s finest diplomats only too ready to get Deane Fiinton, the State Fiinton has served under you to sign an agreement.” Department’s longest serv¬ every president since Fiarry ing Foreign Service officer, S. Truman, The Washington — John Fox, on the policy planning staff has “called it quits after a Post reported on March 30. under Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger, 30-year government career.” Fie also was U.S. represen¬ commenting on the West’s failure to act in Bosnia. The New York Times A former ambassador to tative to the Economic March 17 Zaire, El Salvador, Panama, Community in Brussels Costa Rica and Pakistan, from 1976-1979. §*S

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Skating Comes from the Blade

This is an open letter to the new class of Foreign Service officers. The title is taken from comments made by Canada’s Olympic skating champion Elvis Stojko in a recent interview. It was April of 1959 when I joined qualities had been tested during the the Foreign Service. I had rented a assaults of the McCarthy era which furnished room on N Street in obliged the Foreign Service to reaffirm Georgetown above the Sealtest its ethos and draw upon its moral Milk depot, with a kitchen win¬ resolve in unusual ways. There was, dow that provided a view across too, a larger sense of common purpose the Potomac to Rosslyn. One of outside one’s own responsibilities felt the most prominent buildings on by many. the skyline then was Arlington Not all that occurred in those earlier Towers, in whose somewhat years was positive, of course. Our remodeled basement garage the Service reflected the prejudices and next A-100 training class for new injustices of the time, as any woman, FSOs was about to convene. I was minority, or Foreign Service wife could 30 and full of enthusiasm. tell you. I was, nevertheless, fortunate My big hope was to begin my to have Rupert Lloyd, a black officer, as career in sub-Saharan Africa, my first DCM when Abidjan became which was intruding only in a gen¬ an embassy, and Carol Laise as country eral way on U.S. policy concerns. I director during my service in India. encountered no difficulty at all in With acceptance of professionalism being assigned to Abidjan, a new came the responsibilities of discipline. three-man consulate under It is fair to say that the phrase “needs of Donald Norland, who was under the Service” met with a salute more Consul General Dumont in often than a frantic search for escape Dakar, who reported to Ambassa¬ routes. It would have been unthinkable dor Floughton in Paris. to have jobs perceived as hardships or Our consular district was vast, not “career enhancing” go unfilled for including the Upper Volta, Niger months. and Dahomey, as well as the Ivory Coast. In an epic airgram to the Heroes. My generation had department characterizing this them in the persons of such terrain, I noted that if you stepped professionals as George back from the map and looked Kennan, Chip Bohlen and Tommy thoughtfully at these four coun¬ Thompson, and in David Bruce and tries together they resembled a big Ellsworth Bunker, as well. Many of us poodle, an observation that did wanted to be a lot like them. We want¬ not particularly help to establish ed to have knowledge and insight that my credentials. My next assign¬ even presidents needed. It is no coinci¬ “The Skater,” by Gilbert Stuart. ment abroad was to New Delhi. dence that some of these men were our Commitment to service and a per¬ nation’s experts on Russia at various vasive sense of professionalism are times, and in Kennan’s case, until thoughts that come to mind as I look today. Through fate and timing, these back on the years from 1960-80. These diplomats had a near monopoly on

16 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 what Americas leaders knew about the valuable. Ambassadors, too, are becom¬ Soviet Union. Each, too, had his own ing less “extraordinary,” and are appoint¬ Always More panache. For me, Phil Habib, with his ed with less care. The very forms and unflinching honesty and courage and purposes of our representation abroad Than You'd almost guiltily concealed gentleness, are being re-examined, as they urgendy Expect For was the last of the heroes. must be when the world and our priori¬ And then there were mentors: col¬ ties change while budgets dry up. Less Than leagues who chose, from time to time, Ybu'd Think. to be like elders around a campfire Troubling, too, are todays family Welcome to The Virginian. You'll teaching young bucks the secrets of issues. The biggest “people enjoy a spacious how to hunt. They cared about passing problem” the Foreign Service suite with a fully knowledge on because they sensed that faces is the dilemma of two working equipped kitchen this was how values, professionalism spouses: one is in the Foreign Service and amenities like and style were often learned. I will and the other has a rewarding career never forget friends such as Frank elsewhere, and the Foreign Service HBO, exercise Meloy, John Jova or Elwood Williams spouse is about to be sent abroad. We facilities, saunas, III, that wonderful Germanist in a applaud the changes in our society that free continental breakfast, same wheelchair. What a privilege it was to have created this dilemma, but how are day laundry and valet as well as have lunch with them! families to resolve such crises without maid service. All this and more, for Loy Henderson was the equivalent anguish? less than of todays under secretary for manage¬ For most of my career there was no an ordinary ment when 1 arrived in Washington. Family Liaison Office in the State hotel room. Henderson knew the Service like few Department or community liaison offi¬ It's a short others and managed it for six years. We cer at post, nor was there an Overseas walk to the had, I think, a remarkable faith in “the Briefing Center to address this ques¬ Rosslyn system,” largely due to the caliber of tion, as well as, for example, the needs Metro, or our free shuttle mas the people in charge. To be sure, there of Foreign Service children growing up morning and evening. National was an “old boy” network; there is abroad, teenagers, adoption, divorce, Airport, the today. There was no effective grievance single parents, families with their own process. But continuity and consisten¬ parents to care for, and many other National cy in leadership did make a positive dif¬ poignant situations. The creation and Foreign ference. What a sad message is being funding of these innovative services is Affairs sent today about the importance of an immense accomplishment. Training good management and the Foreign The Connecticut Avenue apartment Center, and Service itself, when there have been building in which my wife Mariana most government buildings are four under secretaries for management and I live today is about a half hour’s only minutes away. in the past five years, two of whom had walk from the N Street address in Tire Virginian. For over a decade, no previous experience in the State Georgetown where I started out. tire first Department. Today, as I look from its roof deck choice of across the Potomac at Rosslyn’s skyline corporate Life abroad has changed. We still in its fully developed chaos, it is a par¬ join the Foreign Service to work ticular joy to me to know that the and federal long years overseas. The thrill of Foreign Service Institute now has a per¬ travelers. encountering new cultures and chal¬ manent new home at Arlington Hall, Especially those who know a great lenges has not diminished. But the where training can finally meet need. value when they find one. threat of terrorism, as it is perceived, is The Foreign Service Act of 1980 transforming the environment in and how it is applied is both a boon which we work and live, and increas¬ and threat to the quality of the Foreign ingly isolating us within American- Service. It is paradoxical that the pro¬ built ghettos. At many posts, a constant motion threshold and time-in-class flow of official visitors and messages, constraints intended to improve the now including fax and e mail, can Service are too often doing the oppo¬ become stifling. site: Many of our most talented officers Washington sometimes acts these are being forced out because their very 1500 Arlington Blvd, Arlington, VA 22209 (703) 522-9600/800-275-2866 days as if its embassies weren’t needed accomplishments have catapulted FAX: (703)525-4462 when, in fact, they have never been more them to senior ranks, and our person-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 17 SPEAKING OUT nel managers decline to apply the lim¬ You who are entering system. Find out how to become an ited career extensions foreseen in legis¬ effective manager. Remember that we the Service are the envy of lation. This is a visionless waste of tal¬ are in this together: secretaries, commu¬ ent our country can ill afford. us all. My advice to you? nicators, civil service employees, people What has been changing, too, since Play it straight, always. from other agencies. Know that you 1980 is the spirit of the Service, specif¬ need your family as much as they need ically allegiance to service itself. With Never lose pride in America you. Keep listening and learning. Laugh diminished prospects for promotion to or forget our values. Think a lot and have fon. and within the senior ranks for years to broadly, struggle for excel¬ Todays issues, many of them still ill- come, many officers must view the defined and unfamiliar, are every bit as Foreign Service as a 20-year stint (or lence and speak out. daunting, intricate and vital as those less) with second careers to follow. Self¬ our country faced in the late 1940s. A promoters abound. Dubious values of personnel decisions by drawing on the very different era lies ahead, just as it the “Me Generation” are re-enforced as accumulated knowledge and experience did then. A previous generation and people feel obliged to push themselves of the past. It would be able to offer the my own, doggedly, with difficulty but forward for advancement under the political leadership our most skilled and successfully, served our leaders through conditions that prevail. informed professionals because it the Cold War. You are now the fresh What is needed most? If I had to would know who they were. skaters with new blades needed in the cite just one visionary step it would be You who are entering the Service are rink to choreograph unimaginably dif¬ to create the permanent, career execu¬ the envy of us all. My advice to you? ferent patterns on the ice. tive under secretary position foreseen in Play it straight, always. Never lose pride Good luck and Godspeed. Secretary Christian Herter’s 1960 in America or forget our values. Think report on the State Department, and broadly, struggle for excellence and Brandon Grove retired from the reiterated in “State 2000” last year. This speak out. Take an aggressive interest, Foreign Service inApriL He served as office, serving as a gyroscope for secre¬ for the nations sake, in the well-being ambassador to Zaire and was direc¬ taries of state, would provide stability and relevance of the Foreign Service; it tor of the Foreign Service Institute and continuity, and improve policy and is much more than a separate personnel from 1988-1992. WeVe Built a Team to Serve You. ♦♦ In Maryland, Virsinia and D.C., Coldwell Banker Stevens Property Management Inc. provides superior leasins and property manasement service to absentee home downers. We have a full-time staff of expertly trained property manasers ready to serve your needs.

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ast October, when a Clinton’s around the globe become a choice L contingent of U.S. between inaction or American interven¬ Rangers was ambush¬ New U.N. tion,” Secretary of State Warren ed in Mogadishu, Christopher said at his nomination Somalia, the casual¬ hearing in January 1993. “It will be our ties included not just Policy administrations policy to encourage 18 Americans, but also hopes for other nations and the institutions of expanded U.S. involvement in U.N. policy lies discarded, another awaits to collective security, especially the U.N., military operations around the globe. be created. In many parts of the foreign to do more of the worlds work to deter Despite evidence that U.S. planners had policy world, PRD-13 — the contents aggression, relieve suffering, and to erred in Somalia, many believed that the of which have been widely leaked — has keep the peace.” Clintons choice for lives of U.S. troops could no longer be generated as much confusion as clarity. U.N. ambassador, Madeleine Albright, entrusted to incompetent U.N. author¬ The guidelines of the directive are moved vigorously after taking office to ities. President Clintons campaign com¬ straightforward enough: They spell out make the case for a greater reliance on mitment to a new era of U.N. activism, in detail the conditions which must be collective security in language seldom already weakened by early fall 1993, was met before U.S. forces will join U.N. heard during the Bush years. In broad eroded further after the Mogadishu operations. Less clear, however, is the terms she argued that collective security massacre. degree to which the guidelines will be had never been given a fair chance in Clinton is set to sign a completed followed and what impact they will have the past. The League of Nations set up Presidential Review Directive, PRD- on U.N. capabilities in the 1990s. At after World War I had been fatally 13, which outlines stringent guidelines precisely the time when a beleaguered flawed, while the Cold War prevented for U.S. participation in future U.N. United Nations needs all the help it can the United Nations from being fully operations. Despite officials’ assurance get, many worry that the Clinton effective. In the new era, she argued, that the guidelines will be implement¬ administration, reacting to isolationist U.S. foreign policy was heading toward ed flexibly, they have the potential to pressures at home, is abdicating a strong multilateralism and preventive diplo¬ remove the United States from the leadership role in revitalizing the organi¬ macy. “We are going to have to open peacekeeping business. Meanwhile, on zation. There is also concern that the our minds to broader strategies in mul¬ Capitol Hill an effort is under way to new directive is not part of a broader tilateral forums,” she said. “We need to legally restrict the executive branch’s strategic framework being created by the project our leadership where it counts power to involve the United States with Clinton administration and therefore long before a smoldering dispute has a U.N. actions. The notion of “assertive that the guidelines, however carefully chance to flare into the crisis of the multilateralism,” so much in vogue sculpted, will be of little real use. week.” during the first part of 1993, now The Clinton administration pledged Albright attacked critics of U.N. seems like a distant dream. a new commitment to the United peacekeeping performance as unfair. Yet if one vision of American U.N. Nations. “We cannot let every crisis The potential for fraud and misman-

V I H N

20 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 agement existed in the United Nations Public Supports U.N. Peacekeeping Missions as it did in any large organization, she said. The real problem plaguing U.N. As a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, the United activities was not corruption but rather States has strongly supported U.N. peacekeeping operations, which was under¬ “the sheer improvisational character of scored in a recent nationwide poll of 700 Americans. The poll was conducted by the Program on International Policy Attitudes, sponsored by the Center for the Study of the system. This produces major gaps Policy Attitudes and the Center for International and Security Studies at the University' in institutional capacity on one hand of Maryland. and inefficiencies on the other. In fact, The poll Indicates that: the small peace-keeping staff at U.N. • The overwhelming majority supports U.N. peacekeeping in principle. headquarters is superlative, and steps • The majority is ready to support spending substantially more on U.N. peace¬ are now being taken to increase its size keeping than the United States actually now spends. However, this attitude may and effectiveness.” not be readily apparent because the majority imagines that the United Sates spends much more than it does and feels that this imagined amount is too high. But the year 1993, instead of • Only a minority is concerned that the United States is paying more than its fair being a watershed for U.N. share relative to other countries for U.N. peacekeeping. revival, proved to be a time of • The majority perceives the average American as less supportive of and more resis¬ mounting questions among U.S. policy tant to spending money on U.N. peacekeeping than they themselves are. — Program on International Policy Attitudes analysts about forging new security ties with the United Nations. There were tensions between U.S. officials and Support for UN Peacekeeping Secretary General Boutros Boutros- 100 Percent Favor Ghali, charges of U.N. mismanage¬ 90 ment of the large Cambodia peace¬ 84 83 81 80 keeping operation, and grave doubts 73 69 about the wisdom of an expanding 70 U.N. role in war-torn Bosnia. At the 60 same time, the U.N. intervention in 50 Somalia, first thought to be a success, 40 - started to go awry. Clinton officials ' 30 began to take a harder look at plans for 20 la expanding U.S. participation in U.N. ’ 7:7 operations. “We developed a better 10 understanding of the political and j k 0 T i u structural reforms that need to take T In General Civil War Atrocities Rights To Burundi place in the institution to be able to ful¬ Violations [ Strongly fill the role that we wish it would,” says H-- ■ -i Somewhat Douglas J. Bennet, assistant secretary of Willingness to Spend state for international organization affairs. As an Individual As a Percentage of US Outside the administration there continued to be no consensus over the role that the United Nations should play in U.S. national security policy. A special panel appointed by President Bush in 1991 was divided when it fin¬ ished its study in September 1993. While most panelists envisioned a new and ambitious post-Cold War role for the United Nations, other members, led by former U.N. ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick, thought such a role was unworkable. The dissenters attacked “the conventional wisdom that the post-Cold War world is ready for a revi- Willing to Actual Median Actual Spend Average Proposed (Median) Taxpayer Spends

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 21 talized United Nations.” They argued Michael Doyle, deputy director of the directive, four working subgroups were that there was a “dangerous incoher¬ International Peace Academy in New organized to focus on a range of issues ence in the United Nations’ collective York, a think tank that studies U.N. involved in revitalizing the United security operations” and said that the issues. The tone of Clinton’s remarks Nations, two chaired by the State United States had to be ready to defend implied that the U.N. was some kind of Department and two chaired by its interests alone. rogue elephant when in reality, notes Defense. The groups analyzed the A week before the U.S. Rangers Doyle, the Security Council is “domi¬ broad role of peacekeeping in U.S. for¬ stumbled upon disaster in Mogadishu, nated by the United States” and cannot eign policy, the shortcomings of the President Clinton gave his first address initiate peacekeeping operations with¬ U.N. system and options for reforming before the U.N. General Assembly. out U.S. approval. Edward Luck, presi¬ it, the role of regional organizations in The speech was uninspired and in a dent of the United Nations Association, multilateral operations, the options for news conference the same day Clinton a nonprofit organization, considered funding U.N. operations, and the laid out a long list of conditions that Clinton’s speech “a terrible embarrass¬ potential for new legislation to guide would have to be met before U.S. ment.” Says Luck: “The canard that the U.S. involvement in U.N. operations. troops would join any U.N. operation secretary general is running our foreign The NSC directive laid out a series of in Bosnia. He implied that such policy is the height of absurdity. We’re demanding deadlines for each compo¬ demanding conditions should apply to the ones with the veto. There are 178 nent of the review’s work, but all U.N. operations. “The United countries with no veto. They have no inevitably the process took longer than Nations simply cannot become chance to say no, no ability to say no.” expected. It was not until the early engaged in every one of the world’s summer that a draft of the presidential conflicts,” Clinton said in his speech. The administrations public cold review directive was completed. “If the American people are to say yes shoulder to the United Nations Although news stories based on to the U.N. peacekeeping, the United reflected the pessimism of its leaks portrayed the first draft of the Nations must know when to say no.” private deliberations. The interagency directive as a radical document, a State Clinton’s comments at the United review of U.N. policy had begun with Department official closely involved Nations “met with derision and aston¬ high hopes in early 1993. Following with the drafting process denies that ishment” among U.N. officials, recalls the instructions of a Feb. 15 NSC Continued, on page 24.

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GERMANY Tel. (0228) 376 550 Fax. (0228) 371 420 BELGIUM Tel. (02) 716 4860 Fax. (02) 716 4760 FRANCE Tel. (1) 44 71 36 78 Fax. (1) 44 71 36 96 All guarantees are subject to terms and conditions. Call today for details. Continued from page 22. Luck says the administration was What is the likelihood of success?” major substantive changes were made “bowing to the neo-isolationist move¬ Third, PRD-13 provides guidance between the first and final drafts. “It ment in Congress.” He says the admin¬ for the command and control of U.S. was a essentially a conservative docu¬ istration, faced with criticism of U.N. troops in U.N. operations. American ment from the beginning,” the official operations, seen by many as unfair and forces could still be placed under for¬ says. In contrast to the early public exaggerated, “instead of standing up, eign U.N. commanders, but this rhetoric of top administration officials, put its tail between its legs and ran as arrangement would be avoided in the review groups focused more on the fast as possible. That did a lot of harm operations that are considered too dangers than the opportunities of an to U.S. credibility around the world complex and dangerous. Fourth, the expanded U.S.-U.N. partnership. and started the unravelling of the pos¬ new U.N. policy calls for a more equi¬ Events in Somalia strengthened this sibility for a stronger role for the U.N.” table sharing of the cost of peacekeep¬ outlook. “The PRD changed very little As codified in PRD-13, the new ing operations. Under a formula set up in response to Somalia,” says Bennet. U.N. policy has four central compo¬ in 1973, the United States pays 30 per¬ The thrust of the document is “very nents. First, and most broadly, U.S. cent of the cost of peacekeeping opera¬ much the same. The effect of our forces will not join a U.N. peacekeep¬ tions; the Clinton administration experience in Somalia was to affirm the ing operation unless the administration wants to reduce that to 25 percent. validity of the policy.” Clintons nega¬ believes that international security is Finally, PRD-13 calls for reform efforts tive U.N. speech and the administra¬ threatened, that a major disaster to improve the management and effi¬ tions new hardline stance toward the requires outside intervention or that ciency of peacekeeping operations. United Nations after the Mogadishu gross violations of human rights need This idea, long supported by experts in massacre simply made public the to be addressed. Second, as National the U.N. community, was embraced in retreat which had already occurred in Security Adviser Anthony Lake Clintons September speech when he private. To some observers, it was this explained in February, the administra¬ called for the “creation of a genuine change in tone of U.S. statements that tion will ask a number of hard ques¬ U.N. peacekeeping headquarters with was most painful. At a time when other tions: “Is there a clearly defined mis¬ a planning staff, with access to timely nations were looking for U.S. leader¬ sion? A distinct end point? How much intelligence, with a logistics unit that ship on multilateral issues, Edward will it cost? Are the resources available? can be deployed on a moments notice, and a modern operations center with global communications.” Absent from both PRD-13 and the Clinton administrations public state¬ ~ - - ments has been any mention of creating A Classic AU-Suite Property a U.N. rapid deployment force. Ideally Located in Historic Following the Gulf War, there were Foggy Bottom. widespread calls for a new commitment to implementing Article 43 of the U.N. Our 225 spacious suites offer full Charter to give the Security Council kitchens, mitii-bars, and comfortable authority to deploy forces under its living areas. The highly acclaimed command to counter aggression. A Garden Cafe features contemporary 1992 report by Secretary General American regional cuisine and seasonal Boutros-Ghali laid out a plan for par¬ outdoor dining. tially resuscitating Article 43, saying that Convenient to the State Department, the a U.N. capability for using military Kennedy Center, Georgetown, Metro, force “is essential to the credibility of the and the free MUSEUMS AND United Nations as a guarantor of inter¬ MONUMENTS. national security.” On Capitol Hill, Special AFSA fates available. some lawmakers have argued that the United States should take the lead in this effort. “The coalition-building Stute&/aza,fflo£el process that proved successful in the Gulf War does not constitute an ade¬ 2117 E Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 quate paradigm for all interventions the (202) 061 -8200 • (800)424-2859 U.N. may deem necessary,” Sen. Joseph R. Biden Jr. (D-Del.) has observed. “We should strive to create circumstances Continued on page 26.

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DETROIT IVl E M p H i s m PHILADELPHIA. BALTIMORE Continued from page 24. that do not impose upon the United States the onus either to act unilaterally or to galvanize a U.N. action in which If you need to< we supply the preponderance of military power. ... The time has come: The travel this spring, United States, in conjunction with other key nations, should now designate forces under Article 43 of the United stay at home with us! Nations Charter.” “ One of the most charming hotels n the presidential campaign in one of the best locations in the city.” Washington Post O trail, Clinton embraced in $86 per room night including continental breakfast for two. principle the need for the Rate available through June 30, 1994. United Nations to create a rapid Long term rates available. deployment force. Albright referred to • Only 5 blocks from State Department this commitment during her nomina¬ • Overlooking historic Pennsylvania Ave. tion hearings, and in May 1993, com¬ • Close to White House, Georgetown, monuments, museums and shops. mented that there “is much work to be • Charming European-style hotel rooms and done in creating a U.N. military capa¬ suites, most with fully equipped kitchens bility to engage in combat operations.” • Special short and long term stay amenities Yet Albright laid out no plans the • Cafe Lombardy, serving Italian specialties Hotel Lombardy 20191 Street, NW Clinton administration had for doing FOR RESERVATIONS: 000/424-5406 or 202/020-2600 Washington, DC this work, and during Clintons first EAR 202/072-0503 20006 year in office no significant steps were taken toward making a U.N. rapid deployment force a reality. The com¬ pletion of PRD-13 now makes clear that this goal has been abandoned by the administration — if, indeed, it was “IN TUNE” ever seriously entertained in the first place. The document is virtually silent with your storage needo... regarding Article 43 issues such as ear¬ marking forces for U.N. use and reviv¬ Our temperature-controlled ing the Military Staff Committee, the vault space is designed to arm of the security council which is oiler the very latest in supposed to run U.N. military opera¬ security and care for your tions. Assistant Secretary Bennet says valued possessions. that the rapid deployment force con¬ cept was abandoned because it was • Piano.i deemed too ambitious at a time when • Carpets the United Nations was still struggling • Oriental Ruga with more limited enterprises. “We thought at this point that it was better • Antique Furniture to get the U.N.’s structure for manag¬ Fine Art Collections • ing peacekeeping in good shape.” This newest and finest facility of its kind in the greater Washington Another State official puts the point area is the ideal solution tor your special storage needs. more bluntly: the rapid deployment force idea “met reality and was left READ FOR YOURSELF. .. about our Top Hat Service. Hundreds of somewhere along the road.” original letters from satisfied customers available at our office. Although PRD-13 was essentially completed by late fall, finalizing of the directive was delayed by a struggle between the State Department and the m INTERSTATE 703•569*2121 or l 800*745*MOVE Defense Department over who would EXCELLENCE IN MOVING & STORAGE 5801 Rolling Road, Springfield, VA 22152 pay the costs of future U.N. operations.

26 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 Each department accused the other of seeking greater control over such opera¬ tions while avoiding budgetary respon¬ sibility. The compromise that was even¬ tually reached directed that the State Department would pay the bills and take the lead in those U.N. operations that held little danger of turning into combat situations, such as when U.S. troops are part of a U.N. contingent monitoring a peace agreement. In more dangerous situations like Somalia, where combat is possible, U.S. partici¬ pation would be managed by the Defense Department, with the costs coming out of the defense budget. Apart from this disagreement, which was resolved by January, the drafting of the presidential directive has not been an unusually contentious process and the final document represents a consen¬ HOME AWAY sus within the administration. While the shaping of U.N. policy inside the government has been charac¬ FROM HOME terized by only modest friction, the broader public debate over Americas For FARA Members future role in U.N. operations has been For all FARA members we are proud to provide more explosive. In recent months, the administration has found itself sand¬ the best hotel values in the Washington, D.C. wiched between critics who envision a Metropolitan Area. Our housing inventory offers more activist United Nations and those properties featuring studios, one-bedroom, two that lambaste Clinton officials for plac¬ bedroom apartments, spacious suites and hotel ing too much faith in a flawed institu¬ rooms. You make the choice. tion. The guidelines in PRD-13 can be Each location has unique proximity to seen as a compromise between these major federal centers around the Nation’s Capital conflicting demands. To advocates of a greater U.S. role in including FSI, State Department, the Pentagon, U.N. operations, PRD-13 represents a Arlington, National Airport, Old Town Alexandria, disturbing step backwards by the Foggy Bottom Metro Station, Georgetown, the administration. The new guidelines, Kennedy Center and the White House. says Michael Doyle, are “extremely For more information on location, fea¬ constraining. Strictly implemented, tures and rates of participating FARA hotels call they’ll bar participation in anything.” Doyle and others worry about the Direct: (703) 684-1825 impact of the policy on the United Nations’ already overtaxed peacekeep¬ Fax#: (703) 548-0266 ing capacity. With 70,000 soldiers now in the field under the U.N. flag, and FREE SHUTTLE SERVICE peacekeeping costs for 17 separate TO N.F.A.T.C. operations running at $3.5 billion annually, the United Nations needs all the support it can get these days. In early March, Kofi Annan, head of the U.N. peacekeeping office, commented eava that the U.N. had reached the limits of FORE1GM AFFAIRS RECREATION ASSOCIATION its available peacekeeping capacity. FARA HOUSING DIVISION, 610 Bashford Lane, Alexandria, VA 22314

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 27 I 1 AUTHORIZED EXPORTER “Frankly, if the response of govern¬ tion passed by the Senate in February. GENERAL ELECTRIC ments remains the way it is today, we couldn’t get another operation off the The sparring between Democrats ground,” Annan said. “We can’t get and Republicans over empow¬ troops because we haven’t got the ering the United Nations is money to pay for them or the staff to linked inextricably to a larger debate GENERAL ELECTRONICS manage them.” over when and where the United States INC. While nobody believes that the should intervene militarily. During the United States should shoulder more of last year this debate has taken place in the financial burden of U.N. operations, an atmosphere of intense confusion, □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS the United States is one of the few coun¬ and one common complaint about the □ RANGES □ MICROWAVE OVENS □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS tries that can provide the kind of highly U.N. directive is that it has been pre¬ □ WASHERS□ SMALL APPLIANCES capable forces that the United Nations pared in a conceptual vacuum. “The □ AUDIO EQUIPMENT□ TELEVISION needs if it is to take on more difficult chal¬ policy codifies common sense,” says □ DISHWASHERS □ TRANSFORM ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG lenges. Because the “British and French Bill Durch, an analyst with the Stimson (Please check box) are up to the hilt” in their contribution of Center in Washington. “But without Available for All Electric such forces, says Doyle, the U.S. role is strategic guidance it’s going to be diffi¬ Currents/Cycles becoming increasingly crucial. cult to implement this thing. You’ll get In Washington’s political climate, inconsistencies.” Immediate Shipping/Mailing however, efforts to expand that role are But this just confirms to some From our Local Warehouse likely to remain problematical. Right- observers that the whole project has wing distrust of multilateral activism avoided the larger issues. On the one We Can Also Furnish and international organizations, long a hand, says Thomas Weiss, an expert on Replacement Parts for theme in American politics, has again U.N. issues at Brown University’s Most Manufactures become salient in recent months. Watson Institute for International Despite the constricting nature of PRD- Studies, the “number of conditions SHOWROOM General Electronics, Inc. 13, Republican legislators who have being applied can effectively keep us 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. been briefed on the document “still out of the peacekeeping business.” On Washington, D C 20016 worry that there’s a hidden agenda for the other hand, talk of flexible imple¬ Tel (202) 362 8300 more robust measures,” says one House mentation makes it clear that “if you FAX (202) 363 6538 TWX 710 822 9450 staffer. Senate Minority Leader Bob want to get involved you’ll find a way GENELECINC WSH Dole has taken the lead in signalling the to get involved.” administration that such measures As in several foreign policy controver¬ would encounter opposition on the sies of the last year, the ambiguities sur¬ Hill. Complaining that “it is not in rounding U.N. policy stem from a lack America’s interests to let the U.N. of presidential leadership. While define our foreign policy” and that the Clinton has proven to be a forceful “U.N. peacekeeping account is now an leader on some overseas issues, like aid to exploding international entitlement the former Soviet Union and trade rela¬ program,” Dole introduced legislation tions with Japan, other foreign policy on Jan. 25 aimed at restraining the exec¬ matters have been left in the hands of utive branch’s freedom in dealing with the bureaucracy as White House ener¬ the United Nations. Dole’s bill sought to gies have gone into pushing the domes¬ bar U.S. troops from serving under for¬ tic policy agenda. “The problem we eign command in U.N. operations or have here is that there is an effort from from serving in any standing U.N. army. below to try to make up for a lack of It also demanded that Congress be a full leadership from above,” says Edward partner in decisions to commit U.S. Luck of the U.N. review. “You can’t have forces to U.N. operations and insisted mid-level people in the bureaucracy upon a more equitable financing sys¬ deciding fundamental questions of tem to stop the United Nations from national interest. It should be from the “shortchanging” the United States. top, with the president setting national The Dole bill had little chance of pas¬ priorities and letting the strategies flow sage in its original form, but some of from that.” its more mild elements regarding the consultation of Congress were incor¬ David Callahan is a freelance writer porated into State Department legisla¬ based in Princeton, N.J. Our Suites Feel Like Home,

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BY NANCY A. JOHNSON

he magazine was born in March 1919, The State Department was not exacdy warm to shortly after the end of World War I. the idea. “There were quite a few skeptics around the Created by The American Consular Department of State who had not even approved of Association, the publication grew out of the our having started the association in the first place enthusiasm of two youthful consular officers, and who looked askance on almost everything James Barclay Young and Wesley Frost. The connected with it,” pointed out Young in the 1944 pair’s first effort was a 12-page newsletter Journal piece. “The mere mention of printed mat¬ known as The Consular Bul¬ ter, statements issuing from the letin, which would officially be AMERICAN department into print, made them renamed the American Foreign CONSULAR wince as though they were gun-shy.” Service Journal in 1924, which Young admitted that the pair’s would be amended to the first venture, which was rejected by Foreign Service Journal in 1951. the department “mostly on account Neither man knew much about of lack of dignity of format and size,” starting a publication but, as Young was “somewhat of a frustration, but recalled in a piece he wrote for the it did not dishearten us sufficiently March 1944 issue of the Journal “I to cause abandonment of the idea.” never explored the matter of our rela¬ Shortly thereafter, a New York print¬ tive knowledge as I imagine it might er agreed to take the editors’ raw have discouraged us. ... We had started The premier issue, 1919 material and produce a monthly an association among the officers of the publication. “He [the printer] was to Service and were taking their money as dues and had furnish the paper, cliches, etc., including illustra¬ almost nothing to offer them in return ... except good tions (such as they were) and he had advertisement intentions and some few plans.” rights.”

qIn AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE + * JOURNAL * *

1920s 1930s 1950s 32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 ON OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE

Proofs were sent back to the editors — and the Consular Service and American business to the end State Department — each month for approvals. that the latter may benefit to the full from the com¬ “Each proof had to be sent to [Assistant Secretary] mercial activities of the Consular representatives of Wilbur Carrs office for his approval before it was our government.” accepted for publication,” Young wrote. He admitted The first issue carried only two advertisements — he was surprised the Bulletin actually made it into one for the Liberty bread slicer and another for the print each cycle. “Each month the proof of the Challenge Machinery Co., which manufactured Bulletin rested somewhere on the assistant secretary’s printing presses. By October 1924, the Bulletin had desk, and days went by.... Wesley Frost and I used to drawn 21 advertisers to the fold. go to Mr. Carrs desk now and then ... and lift the More than 30 years after the magazines birth, proof out from under a pile of papers and place it on Young recalled that the publication “left much to be top of the pile, but even at that, our issues were usu¬ desired ... and contained a considerable amount of ally about a month late.” what was nothing more nor less than rubbish, was Nevertheless, Vol. 1, No. 1, dated March 15, was nevertheless a printed periodical devoted to the inter¬ promptly mailed to members of the association and ests of the Service.” others who paid the $1.50 yearly subscription rate. According to the masthead, the bulletin was “pub¬ In October 1924, the Rogers Act combined the lished monthly to further American business interests consular and diplomatic services, and The in foreign lands through the Consular Service.” I he American Consular Association evolved into the first page of the first issue looks like a flow chart for American Foreign Service Association (AFSA). embassies of 1994, featuring a graph linking “I desire to congratulate the Foreign Service offi¬ American business, the Department of State and for¬ cers on the new organization which brings into eign business. An editors note explained the need “to happy coordination both branches of our Foreign further the closer relations between the United States Service,” Secretary of State Charles E. Hughes wrote

Foreign Service Journal

1960s 1980s 1990s 1970s FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1991 • 33 The Journal reported FSOs’ assignments, leaves, retirements, illnesses and social lives in its “Items” column. Right, con¬ suls confer in northern Mexico, July 1922; below, “Consul and Mrs. Anderson receive Admiral and Mrs. Coontz” in Washington, November 1925.

both branches of the riages, births, deaths, illnesses, fires, Foreign Service, desire to accidents, and vacation and retirement make it plain that the activities of officers and their families. future of this magazine By March 1925, the magazine was lies entirely with its read¬ beginning to boldly comment on State ers, who are at the same Department activities. “From the time its owners, managers moment [Charles Evans Hughes] took and contributors. office, the State Department and the However, the main pur¬ Foreign Service felt a new force and pose of the Journal will directing control in all their activities, be inspirational and not not only in the formulation and carry¬ in the October 1924 premier issue of educational, and personality will be at a ing out of policies but also in the the now-renamed American Foreign premium in its columns.” administration and reorganization of Service Journal. “I trust that the phrase Cole, a consular officer, was followed the Foreign Service. ... He placed him¬ ‘Foreign Service’ will never become in January 1929 in the editorship by self squarely behind the movement to hackneyed. I hope the thought of ser¬ Augustus E. Ingram, a retired consul reorganize the Foreign Service and vice to our country will ever be upper¬ general. In the first years, consular offi¬ improve the Department of State. In most. It means hard work, unfailing cers contributed most of the articles, speaking of the diplomatic and consular loyalty, deserved distinction. There is and despite pleas for contributions, service he stated: ‘Their work is not always one remedy when routine those from the diplomatic arm virtually understood and appreciated by the becomes irksome, and that is renewed ignored the Journal Travel articles and American people. ... A man must be zeal. There is endless fascination in the diplomatic history pieces were staples of thoroughly trained in order to succeed study of peoples, of their institutions, of the magazine of this era (“Horseback in any line; this applies no less to diplo¬ their lives, of their aspirations. Keep up Rides about Mexico City,” “By macy than it does to other work. The the zest of intimate study. There is no Automobile to Caracas,” “Tuba Fishing tasks to be accomplished are too impor¬ post which will not yield valuable in the Perak River”). Secretary of State tant to be left to inexperienced hands, return in knowledge and experience. I Hughes advised young officers that or to men chosen as a reward for polit¬ look for a new esprit de corps. The “Success in any career is primarily in the ical obligations.’ American Foreign Service should be satisfaction you get out of work,” and a “How successfully this program of second to none.” few foreign policy articles reflected the career building and Foreign Service bet¬ In an editorial in this first issue, editor broadening range of diplomatic inter¬ terment has been achieved is amply Felix Cole noted that, “The American ests (“The Foreign Service and vouched for in the Rogers Act [signed Foreign Service Journal... owes its exis¬ Agriculture,” “The Department and into law May 24, 1924]. ... The Foreign tence to the fortunate legacies of good¬ American Enterprise Abroad”). Service is now an interchangeable unit; will and finance bequeathed it by the But a major appeal to readers of that the scale of salaries has been substantially Bulletin, which, phoenix-like, died to time were the pages devoted to person¬ increased; representation allowances have give it birth. Mindful of these legacies, nel items such as transfers and assign¬ been provided; a retirement system is the editors of the Journal representing ments and personal issues such as mar¬ achieved; stability is now assured by

34 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 statute; and under the administrative reg¬ a delightful tea.” A separate section list¬ In a two-part piece that ran ulations, promotion to the grade of min¬ ed transfers and promotions. The mag¬ November and December of 1937, ister on a basis of merit is contemplated.” azine now included columns on books FSO Selden Chapin authored one of The Journal publicly shared its and sports, and women — presumably the magazines first analytical pieces on financial statement in its August 1925 officers’ spouses — occasionally wrote the Service, lamenting “certain possible issue, revealing average printing costs of bylined articles. The Journal apologized defects in the structure and administra¬ $400 for 1,200 copies a month, half of for missed editorials “due to a delay in tion of the Foreign Service,” and sug¬ which went to members. “The revenues receiving materials from officers in the gested reforms such as the addition of of the Journal are received from three field.” AFSA scholarships and AFSA allowances “to cover important expendi¬ sources,” wrote Association Business meetings were noted and a Journal essay tures” and requiring officers to serve a Manager Edwin C. Wilson “First, a contest was begun. certain amount of time in the United quarterly allotment of $500 made by A long series of articles profiled the States. the Association as a contribution many buildings that had been home to Amusing anecdotes of life in the toward expenses of publication; second, the Department of State. In a piece in Service were duly noted, such as funds received from advertising; third, the October 1930 magazine, Secretary Ambassador George Allen’s remem¬ subscriptions and sales of individual of State Frank B. Kellogg wrote on the brance of how he missed a 1934 assign¬ copies of the Journal. The second item, Foreign Service as an instrument for ment in Moscow, which would fateful¬ funds received from advertising, is the peace. Here, for the first time the ly change the course of his career. largest single source of revenue, serving Foreign Service was depicted as “the first “When I had finished a three-year by itself to cover the actual cost of print¬ line of defense ... preventing misunder¬ tour in Shanghai in 1934,1 was granted ing.” In August 1925, the Journal standing and building up the good home leave, but since there were no reported a profit of $686.85 for the understanding which is the greatest funds to pay for official transportation, I quarter that ended June 30. assurance against war.” bought passage on a cheap, but slow The Journals costs that year, from The Great Depression hit the freighter,” he wrote in the July 1954 highest to lowest, were printing, Foreign Service just like the rest of Journal “For six weeks I was out of com¬ postage, clerical assistance and sta¬ America. Allowances were cut, and munication with Washington. When I tionery, according to the report. The families returned home from abroad as finally arrived at the Department... the magazine was mailed; 620 went to a cost-saving measure. All government Chief of Personnel said, ‘Where the devil members; 180 went to private sub¬ employees were furloughed for a month have you been?... It’s too bad, but you’ve scribers; and 220 were free to public and the Journal provided advice on how missed a good chance. Ambassador libraries, universities, chambers of com¬ to survive a payless month. Bullitt has been yelling for personnel and merce and government officials. In 1933 the Journal attempted to six weeks ago I ordered your transfer to explain the new Democratic administra¬ Moscow. [But there was no way to get in With Henry Stimson’s arrival tion of President Franklin D. Roosevelt as secretary of state in 1929, and his policies in a series of articles on a new intellectual atmos¬ the New Deal, but the articles by econ¬ phere permeated the Foreign Service. omist Henry Deimel Jr. were not enthu¬ The Journal reported and printed the siastically received by the conservative secretary’s testimony before congres¬ members of the Foreign Service, wrote sional committees, extracts from his retired FSO Smith Simpson in his speeches and formal messages to the November 1984 article tracing the Foreign Service. In the 1930s the col¬ Journals history. umn, “News Items from the Field,” was added to include social activities and personal items from posts abroad. Correspondents report¬

ed from each post on thc * ,N HOUR “ ' ISOO COPIES AH K ,,*■ such mundane items as, “The American charge d’affaires and Mrs. -;:;'Co.,,0c Sheldon Whitehouse were Cn,U-rv.‘><>

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 35 The Journal frequently reprinted photos of embassy staffs from around the world. At the Foreign Service right, the staff in Surabaya (Soerabaya), to meet post-war Indonesia, included Consul R.R. Winslow responsibilities, (seated), an invoice clerk, a correspondence drawing 60 essays. clerk, a stenographer (seated) and a jani¬ First-prize winner tor/messenger, April 1925. Below, the con¬ James Orr Denbys sular staff at Salina Cruz, Mexico, in 1927 essay in the February consisted of only Consul Paul H. Foster, here pictured with his dog, Flappers. 1945 Journal observed that “the task of the American Foreign Service Officer is to study a vast and always changing pat¬ recounted stories of transfers and reas¬ tern. He must dedicate himself to this signments under dangerous and trying task with sincerity and patience, with war conditions and provided glimpses good judgement and a sense of balance ... of life and work in war zones of Europe Very properly [people] will look upon the and Asia. Service as, in peace times, the nations first First Secretary George Kennan’s line of defense.” August 1942 account, which chroni¬ A three-person Editorial Board was cled the internment and repatriation added to help advise the editor and of Americans at the Berlin Embassy assistant editor, in January 1933. following the outbreak of war Under the Editorial Board chair¬ between Germany and the United manship of Henry Villard, who held States on Dec. 11, 1941, was one of the post from 1939-48, the Journal was several war reports published during crowded with pieces on the Manpower those years. and Foreign Service acts of 1946. The Articles on diplomacy considered generalist-specialist issue raged as a touch with you], so I sent a vice consul neutrality and the conduct of diplomat¬ controversy of the day. The role of the from Bucharest.’ So I was sent as vice ic relations in wartime, the question of new foreign aid agency was debated, as consul to Patras and have been in the appeasement and relations with Vichy, was the joining of the Civil Service and Near East area during practically all my refugees, prisoners of war, the protec¬ the Foreign Service. service since then.” tion and evacuation of U.S. citizens from the war zones and the use of war Tfhe chaos of the McCarthy years World War II permanently propaganda. Foreign policy concerns was reflected in the pages of the changed the United States’ included the control of exports and for¬ Journal In May 1954, FSO international standing, as eign funds. FSO Henry Villards article Feon Poullada wrote about the effect of well as the role, size, composition and on the role of Foreign Service officers in the anti-communism wave on the scope of activities of the Foreign Service. the liberation of North Africa was a rare Foreign Service and the problems of Many of the issues that emerged Journal scoop and the story was picked post-war personnel expansion. “Next after the war were similar to those tak¬ up by The New York Times and the St. came the security investigations which ing center stage today in the post-Cold Louis Post-Dispatch. cast doubt on the cherished tradition of War atmosphere: handling refugee During the war, the Journal was objectivity in Foreign Service report¬ flows, the use of economic sanctions as praised in a February 1945 letter to the ing,” he wrote. “The loyalty of individ¬ a diplomatic tool, the lure of neutrality, editor for its “courage and open-mind¬ ual Foreign Service officers was the protection of citizens in war zones, edness,” by FSO Allan Dawson, who impugned and in some cases resulted in crafting diplomatic strategies for ethnic also added, “It is now, thank God, far dismissals of officers with records of conflict, supporting democratization from the smug and stodgy house organ long service. ... An atmosphere of dis¬ through foreign aid. it used to be.” trust, fear and suspicion descended over The American Foreign Service Journal Issues after the war included war the Foreign Service as a whole. ... of the war years reflected many of these crime trials, relief efforts abroad and the Promotions and assignments were sus¬ themes and commemorated heroes and expansion and professionalism of the pended while everyone was investigated heroines now forgotten: Foreign Service Foreign Service in a world of growing and a general feeling of insecurity per¬ officers and their families who were international responsibilities. Recogn¬ meated the service. interned in Manila, Baden-Baden, izing the need for change, the Journal “Before the Foreign Service could Tokyo, Vichy and Rome. The Journal sponsored an essay contest on improving even begin to recover from these blows

36 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 there came a series of administrative of both personal and professional con¬ noted that “the annual number of measures, prompted chiefly by the cern over this decision. Since all of us applicants for the Foreign Service exam¬ urgent need for economy [and] many owe our present professional status, be ination dropped from a high of 10,000 were summarily dismissed under the it high or low, to the same system of to less than 5,000. Perhaps more signif¬ RIF program.” evaluating performance that carried icant is the warning in the Herter This widespread feeling of uneasi¬ John Davies to the top of the Service, Report that ‘there is a substantial attri¬ ness prompted the creation of the so- can anyone doubt the serious effect on tion between application and possible called Wriston Committee, the Public service efficiency and morale of the appointment, and that attrition is par¬ Committee on Personnel, to make rec¬ implications of the Davies decision? We ticularly marked among the applicants ommendations to strengthen the pro¬ who are dedicating our minds and ener¬ who appear the best qualified.’ fessional service. Articles on personnel gies to a lifetime in the Foreign Service “Approximately one in four individ¬ issues were prominent during this time, will do our best and hope that we shall uals who pass the written examination with the piece, “New Foreign Service not become ‘security risks’ through fail¬ does not appear for the orals, and one in Problems of Placement,” becoming the ing to meet ‘the standards required’ five of those who pass the orals declines first in a series on implementing the when, in this or that area of foreign appointment. Today, as compared to 20 Wriston Report, which recommended affairs with which we are concerned, years ago, a large proportion of superior incorporating a significant number of the course of history takes an unfavor¬ college graduates in almost every acade¬ civil service positions into the Foreign able turn. ... mic discipline go to graduate school. Service. “Meanwhile, many officers, and par¬ Moreover, since the end of World War Security issues were written about ticularly those engaged in the front line II the job mobility and salary of the during this period, but the range of diplo¬ of the intellectual, moral and material highly competent specialized person matic concerns was growing, evidenced struggle of the age will have the added have increased substantially. ... The by the large number of articles published burden of knowing that in the perfor¬ Foreign Service has begun paying seri¬ on diplomacy and the press, the role of mance of their duties they may, today, ous attention to these facts, but more propaganda, aiding business interests, tomorrow or ten years hence, be found flexibility is required. While new offi¬ international trade arbitration, the role of to have shown ‘a definite lack of judge¬ cers must, as always, be willing to serve Congress, and, for die first time, an arti¬ ment, discretion and reliability’ with in any capacity anywhere in the world if cle on science in foreign affairs. the harsh penalty which can flow from called upon, the Service could do more Fiistory and travel articles contin¬ such a finding.” at the earlier stages of a Foreign Service ued to be common and “News from career to meet individual job prefer¬ the Field” was augmented by two pages In a three-part series in 1963, retired ences.” of photos of families and activities ambassador George Kennan, an In the 1960s, development issues abroad and a “News from the active FSO from 1926-53, dis¬ and the Third World became promi¬ Department” column. cussed the growth of the Department of nent themes. “The Decade of Maintaining the integrity and stan¬ State and the diffusion of policy-mak¬ Development: Challenges to U.S. dards of the Foreign Service never ing authority, concluding that there are Foreign Policy” and “Economic ceased to be fodder for Journal pieces. many dangers in In December 1954, an unsigned “bigness.” As today, Journal editorial commented on the the budget and its “termination” of John Paton Davies impact on the from the Foreign Service, whose warn¬ Foreign Service con¬ ings on the growing influence of com¬ tinued to be a con¬ munism in China caused his dismissal cern, as did prob¬ on grounds of security. lems of ambassadors “A Security Hearing Board has and consular offi¬ unanimously found that John Paton cers, the lack of a Davies’ lack of judgment, discretion, “swearing-out cere¬ and reliability raise a reasonable doubt mony” and recruit¬ that his continued employment in the ment and retention Foreign Service of the United States is of junior officers. clearly consistent with the interests of In a February national security.” The Secretary of 1964 article, three State reached the same conclusion and junior officers, terminated Mr. Davies’ employment. ... Margaret Beshore, fill- ~~"""* “There are probably few officers in Robert Kaufman, The oral examination caused much anxiety to entrants throughout the Service who do not feel a deep sense and Edward Nef Foreign Service history, as seen in this 1925 cartoon.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 37 Who says Foreign Service be important and articles dissected the officers don’t have a Nixon administration’s foreign policy sense of humor? For more than 20 years during and U.S. security policy and considered the 1960s and 1970s, the the dynamics of development. There popular “Life and Love in were also more articles on FSO family the Foreign Serivce” issues. series often invited read¬ At an AFSA luncheon for old China ers to substitute lively hands, the foreign policy establishment quotes for real ones in old acknowledged 22 years of silence and movie stills. In this 1964 photo, the quote was, paid belated homage to FSO John “But — but the security Service and some of his colleagues officer doesn’t like our (such as Davies) who “were persecuted bringing classified for being right.” Historian Barbara despatches home from the Tuchman’s and Service’s remarks were embassy.” printed in the March 1973 Journal. Nolting on the origin and development Latter-day Foreign Service heros, Development in Africa” were two of of the U.S. commitment in Vietnam. diplomats Cleo Noel and Curt Moore, many articles on development. Latin In an editorial in July 1964, Editor who were taken hostage and murdered America and Africa emerged as impor¬ Shirley Newhall evaluated responses to in Sudan in 1973, were memorialized tant regions of the world to the United a poll about the the Foreign Service in 1973 in an editorial in the April States and science was acknowledged as Journal. “General approval was issue. Opined an unsigned editorial, a critical part of foreign policy. expressed ... There was no clear guid¬ “Ambassador Cleo Noel turned to his “The Journal is pleased to have in ance to its editors, however, in pointing host, the ambassador of Saudi Arabia, this issue several articles on Africa, a the way to [whether members wanted] thanked him for his hospitality, and continent until recendy little known to a new Foreign Affairs, an improved with his DCM Curt Moore, was led most Americans, including most offi¬ house organ, or a mellow vehicle of away to his death. In their final act, cers of the Foreign Service,” an whimsy and humor. In general the for¬ these men displayed to their captors, to unsigned editorial pointed out in May eign policy advocates seem in the ascen¬ the other hostages, and to a watching 1964. “Today, with approximately 60 dancy, with a strong downbeat on cri¬ world an inestimable courage and the posts in Africa and over 400 officers tiques of service administration and highest form of dedication. serving there, with AID missions in policy. Adverse comments included “Both men were aware of the perils many countries and the Peace Corps ‘Put some life in the publication.’ One of their tasks and did not shrink from valiantly carrying out its varied func¬ respondent wrote, ‘You are hoping to them. Both knew that while the United tions in the villages, Africa looms large make the Journal a better one; my reac¬ States would, in the event of their cap¬ as an area in which American interests tion, is why have it at all?’ Many letters ture, make every effort to effect their and responsibilities have greatly noted genuine improvement, however, release, no major political concessions increased.” and even some courage in the face of would be made or pressed on others. In the early 1960s, the Journal was controversy.” “In that tragic week in early March, redesigned to include more graphics, Cleo and Curt reminded us all that ours though the magazine continued to In the 1970s AFSA won State is not just a job, nor even just a profes¬ prominently feature births, marriages Department, AID and USIA elec¬ sion. It is a calling. It requires a special and deaths. A “Department of Dissent” tions to become the labor union for spirit with the added dimension of was added along with the popular Foreign Service personnel. A larger, sep¬ courage and dedication.” “Washington Letter” by Ted Olson that arate section of “AFSA News” reflected reported gossip and political trends in more of the bread-and-butter issues of In the early 1980s, the Journal took the capital. The American Association the day, such as promotion and tenure on a more journalistic tone. For the of Foreign Service Women (AAFSW) issues, AFSA scholarship programs and first time in its history, the Journals penned its own column, as did AFSA tax tips for FSOs. A January 1973 arti¬ editors were journalsm professionals. News. Paul Child, the FSO husband of cle offered a comparative look at The magazine was expanded to 48 celebrity gourmet Julia Child, wrote a German and American Foreign Service pages and several new columns were monthly photographic column, employee-management relations, added: Clippings, Diplomacy, “Behind the Shutter,” and many which pointed out that the German Suggestion Box, 10-25-50 Years Ago, Journal covers of that period featured system used a Personnel Council that Periodical Reviews and a “Journal' fea¬ his photos. In the late 1960s more con¬ had a consultative voice in administra¬ ture on the lighter side of Foreign troversial topics were addressed, such as tive matters and unionization was per¬ Service life. An AFSA editorial, the July 1968 article by FSO Frederick mitted. Professional issues continued to “Association Views,” was added and

38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 the Journal officially adopted the slo¬ gan, “The Independent Voice of the Foreign Service” to further enhance its image as a periodical that sought to speak out about problems in the Service as a first step toward solving them. The monthly became one of the first association journals in Washington to use desktop publish¬ ing, buying a typesetting unit in the early 1980s. In 1984, a cover article featured a profile of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The validity of USIA programs such as Voice of America were debated and President Reagan’s efforts to deal with terrorists were critiqued. Many more articles the day now vied for space alongside During much of the 1980s, foreign policy focused on policy issues, such as a Foreign Service officers. Reporting on news was often the subject of Journal February 1984 debate by advocates the difficult issues of the Foreign commentary. This 1984 photo aboard Air Force One shows the four major policy¬ and dissenters of U.S. policy in south¬ Service — homosexuality, diversity, makers of the Nixon administration: ern Africa. dissent and resignation — were all National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger, The magazine became more edito¬ featured topics that sparked lively Secretary of State William Rogers, rially and graphically sophisticated in reader debate. President Nixon and Under Secretary the 1990s, developing more breadth Today’s Journal averages between U. Alexis Johnson. and depth, reflecting the changing 68 and 72 pages, nearly half full- Foreign Service. Professional journal¬ color, with eight anchored sections per issue, which subsidize most of the ists and leading economic thinkers of and an average of 65 advertisements Journals expenses. The cover price is now $3.50 and the printing budget hovers around $12,000 an issue. Its Editorial Board has 12 members. Today’s magazine is more broadly read, as well. In addition to Foreign Service readers, the magazine is now widely distributed from Capitol Hill Editors Editorial Board Chairpersons to foreign affairs specialists inside and 1993 Karen Krebsbach 1992: Brandon Grove 1967 Daniel Newberry outside the Beltway. 1990 Anne Stephenson- 1990: Howard Schaffer 1966 John H. In its 75 years, the Journals editor¬ Yang 1988: Anthony C.E. Statesman ial content has changed; its budget 1988 Ann Luppi Quainton 1965 William H. 1981 Stephen R. has changed; its look has changed. 1987: Stephen Handley Dujack Eisenbraun 1963 Edwin M.J. Yet, as the torch has been passed 1968 Shirley Newhall Kretzmann down through the generations of edi¬ 1964 Loren Carroll 1985: A. Stephen Telkins 1956 Gwen Barrows 1984: Edwin M.J. 1961 Woodruff Wallner tors and Editorial Board chairpersons, 1952 Lois Perry Jones Kretzmann 1960 James K. Penfield its role has remained the same: to be a 1949 Joan David 1982: John D. Stempel 1958 W.T.M. Beale Jr. forum for Foreign Service profession¬ 1940 Jane Wilson 1981: H. Kenneth Hill 1956 William R. Tyler al issues and U.S. foreign policy issues 1937 George H. Butler 1977: Joel M. Woldman 1955 Joseph Palmer II 1935 Herbert S. Bursley through articles, columns and readers’ 1974: Ralph Stuart 1953 Ray L. Thurston 1929 Augustus E. letters. Smith 1951 Avery F. Peterson Ingram 1972: Teresita C. 1950 John M. Allison This mandate has never been more 1924 Felix Cole important, as the Foreign Service 1923 Harry M. Larkein Schaffer 1948 Edmund A. 1922 Frederick Simpich 1971: John D. Stempel Gullion Journal heads toward its next 75 years 1922 DeWitt C. Poole, 1969: David T. Schneider 1939 Henry S. Villard of service to its readers. Frederick Simpich 1968: Malcolm McLean 1938 George H. Buder 1919: J.W. Young Nancy A. Johnson is managing edi¬ tor of the Foreign Service Journal.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 39 DEFINING THE FOREIGN SERVICE FOR TH

BY DAVID D. NEWSOM

he phone call from the edi¬ tor’s office at the Foreign Service Journal asked that I write a lead article for its 75th anniversary issue. As a I member of the Foreign [K Service of the United States, active and retired, for 47 of those 75 years, I a s „r aV« ^ . „d body could not say no. ,attered ddsc^. tts The subject: the Future °f the Foreign Service or * the Foreign Service of the £ J 1 ce XS «a^'“'officesc es abroad. se^0 have^„etai publ' “”„„iC0 ttot a^"*, ,etvr bas \ Future. Either title requires a loollook into that oto£t ene otox ssex 1 subatar .Tisbineht-1dsb®®ht. v,„ the 6 ;.a hi supP the reSetittit \ - . . st tbe xna a se V S future and conjures up questions that today tvtabV aa^® fnodd either bVW its nnanciai^^£ "rUcu®staooe es. t0^ repr detlt \ future and conjures up questions t0 a >n uode^ nSibie tot0 ^ otlcbeSe o the otve ^ beC8® -tseeUV e many Foreign Service officers and ^treav^^endr etl<£ ^.dlce r« \ trouble many Foreign Service o 0 «ete ®\nFtoo ' tryrng ptesett oBBBoda lA a thefhe yasbrns , debtrty. _ _ _„ch r^ to a contemplating the service as a career. b Che .«. fa dduai^i idehtjw-ro ettl fot ttsuche ^ w^xll& which \ those contemplating the service as n6 otf a _„nui^teq ata ' oa Uasi' _ vas \ \VA:II _ n e ■ . the f-rvi^S fro© a vhat Will the Foreign Service as we know it today have a significant role in future v.*,,«s. vrvy ire” cal' si **• >.,ss. Vi Ic foreign policy? ...a with thetM «reS ^ce ® both Will a career in the Foreign Service x sS bv . n cohhected ctib6 P n tbe Se ^ it Totetgb d a meet the needs of officers and their r°ot Thape - the deWahdsJ^oroe.. t^£.e thr- ^ x lS trred t ^ ,eet » nts at course ° &u cf^^, families? Will officers find satisfaction in such . ■s%“ a career? some „ the®- ^.r«ee« - _f iw r c ac>-— S e was to c ttltermedtaty standi & cap* Servi

c tash aa ^s cb uh wUty tbe ToteU Mand i« •«* “S* ** „"1 *;i > r _ , a, «*«St a.'""' ? .««>

„ sincere1^’ Very sl

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FOREIGN SERVICE JCXJR^ -TAF^ OF .seen6 YEAR 2000 TH

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the s .i.M* ‘° .Tj» «‘“ v t,eSt the t set eh ana nd' e F > " rirn. X’«* - £ f issues ° d oUt Y°Vot* i« £ o£ tne ec e s«Tv,u^ “ ,°»»»” t to «"VYA'%“U Ot Wi'a £Ote^-. ot nas fft tnat t*e waga ’ the end staf y. me®**** both

aro was confidential, officers went where they were 35*- -1,,e\t ° -rte v>h° -tournat ° e*ce)i ^ count . The f aoes an ^ QUl assigned, promotions were frequent, politics were not n s t * ,.tatt*** eaCeach\i ro°xts xts ^.piishwen ^ be. setv JOUurn ge aCC g rvi ce a factor, and duties were more exciting. Such nostal¬ vlC re J° Ian^aJiieenge „s •and aCc °foundaL the 9 e Ser chattcn - Aevesves ° • 11 P.Ss _ gia can be a major barrier to clear views of both the vecades- i«ote present and the future. And, after all, maybe it was „ troent ° vie at not quite like that. veP \\ those «tion. Stereotypes: Cut away the assumptions of an elite, and pubttes

effete, Eastern-establishment, all-male club, unre¬ u°r„t«««"’' sponsive to the elected political structure and more concerned with interests of the foreigner than of America. Like all stereotypes, these had elements of truth, not yet totally eliminated.

As we look ahead, we must presume that the THE WHITE HOUSE United States will remain a major force in the WASHINGTON world well into the 21st century, and that, what¬

ever the mood of its citizenry, elected adminis¬ March 25, 1994 trations will find the need to deal effectively with the problems of that world. As long as the nation-state exists — and predictions of its demise seem premature — the traditional tasks of diplomacy will be important: assessing and reporting developments in other societies and persuasively pursuing the interests of one’s own country in bilateral and multilateral set¬ ™^w^5SP2%-0ays« « „pporter. tings. The requirements for individuals with As the vo- Seventy-fift language skills and knowledge and sensitivity regarding other cultures will remain. the the'foreS"J!^Ce as Assignments and resources for training will continue to be essential. r lns a nCe the national debate ^ P °vocative 3J° handful J Until, ifit ever, thetne willingness andana capaci-capaci¬ ty of the peoplee of the United States to play port1 3 a truly global role returns, the involvement ' " the » of American diplomacy will be limited by »««»i.h„ ,or / L SS «- *>. 7 fu a hard look at the necessity for action. The ture success day of “What are we going to do about it?” is already being replaced by “Do we have to do anything about it?” Presumably the latter question will still apply — and demand the skills and its place in the world economy, the language of the scientist and the required — on such political and secu¬ recognition in Washington will more demographer to bring the foreign poli¬ rity issues as the proliferation of and more be given to those who can cy component into interagency deliber¬ weapons of mass destruction and the help American business find deals and ations and effectively lead specialist del¬ resolution of conflicts that pose a clear those reporting officers who can make egations in international negotiations. threat to U.S. interests. In these areas, their assessments relevant to that search. Human rights, mandated as a foreign however, in both the field and in The Foreign Commercial Service is not policy issue by Congress, appeared high Washington, an effective future role for likely to return to the State Department on the diplomatic agenda in the Carter the Foreign Service as an institution will fold, but its work of export promotion administration. The Reagan team belat¬ depend not only on traditional skills will continue to need assessments of edly reached the conclusion that how but also on the capacity of its members markets that the Foreign Service can governments treated their peoples could to implement policy and to face the provide. The services political/military not be avoided; they added democrati¬ competition of intelligence and military function will be joined increasingly by a zation. Although the balance between agencies moving into diplomatic fields. political/economic function. The line these issues and concerns of trade and Diplomacy is more public than it between the political and the economic security may vary, they have become an has ever been. With communications will become even more blurred than it integral part of U.S. foreign policy. No that outrun diplomatic reporting, is today; the degree to which this is rec¬ issues are more intrusive or require growing democratization, and the use ognized with enthusiasm in the depart¬ greater diplomatic skill. Although many of television as a political tool, the ment and the Service will have much to Foreign Service officers still lack enthu¬ Foreign Service of tomorrow must not do with the longer-term usefulness and siasm for promoting these objectives, only understand policies but must also satisfaction of FSOs. others have demonstrated their capacity skillfully participate in explaining them Beyond these issues lie others even less to do so. The Foreign Service of the to audiences beyond the foreign offices part of the traditional diplomatic agenda future will require this involvement of the world. The totally uncommu¬ of the past. Moreover, they are marked by more and more; challenges exist on nicative diplomat is a creature of the a greater involvement with primarily every continent. past; hearers tend today to wonder what domestic agencies. Two — narcotics and is being hidden. “No comment” is no terrorism — have intensely political Beyond the substantive agenda, longer an answer. aspects, both national and international, four other factors will determine and the Foreign Service has adapted the role and survival of the Whether the Foreign Service effectively to these challenges. Foreign Service: the relationship to the has an influential future in Less traditional are the scientific and politician; service to U.S. citizens; the major national policies will social issues: the environment, oceans, management of overseas operations; depend on its performance in two other refugees and migration, population, and the ability to adapt to the changing areas, the economic and the newly health, human rights and democratiza¬ nature of American society. emerging social and scientific issues, and tion. These involve not only a wider To be useful and recognized, Foreign not just on the capacity of its members range of domestic agencies, each with a Service officers must relate effectively to to provide die talents in the “political” slice of the foreign policy pie; they place the elected and appointed officials of an function. To survive as an influential FSOs in the direction of programs and administration; the service is subordi¬ player in the foreign policy arena, the projects. These issues are transnational, nate to that political structure. This Foreign Service officer of tomorrow and often requiring diplomatic intervention relationship has always been a special those who assess performances must in the domestic affairs of other coun¬ problem for the Foreign Service. The turn away from the mind-set that only tries. In the days when political and career of a Foreign Service officer will the political is important and that to be strategic issues held sway, interference see several changes of administration. tainted by issues that have a U.S. in the domestic affairs of others was Each change will bring to government domestic component is contrary to the considered a controversial, often covert, people from a political campaign, often diplomatic culture. Otherwise, officers act. Today, issues cannot be truly new to the ways of Washington and the in embassies risk becoming little more resolved without overtly breaching the national government. New presidents than travel agents and support staffs for ancient norms of sovereignty. may, on the campaign trail, have made Washington delegations from other The days are past when officers deal¬ commitments on foreign policy issues. agencies. ing with the environment, oceans, or Once in office, the administration The Service must, therefore, assume population issues were lonely voices in encounters Foreign Service officers who an effective role in the making and obscure corners of the department. say that what has been promised cannot implementation of economic and trade Now these are front-page issues, be done — or can only be done with policy, including new issues such as demanding different talents and per¬ serious consequences. Presidents and communications. As the nation shifts to spectives. The Foreign Service of the their staffs are not pleased. They ask, a greater emphasis on competitiveness future will need those who can speak “Who are these people? Obviously they

42 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 worked for and supported the policies levels. The concept of a professional the Service may vary from one admin¬ of the previous administration. How diplomatic service detached from poli¬ istration to another and tends to grow can we trust them?” tics has never been fully accepted in the less the longer an administration is in Further irritation arises on both sides United States. In both the executive office, but the practice will not go away. over ambassadorial appointments; to branch and Congress, efforts to pro¬ Foreign Service officers appointed to administrations such appointments are mote the role of the Service have been senior positions ultimately come face to one of the last unchallenged forms of seen as bureaucratic self-protection and face with the realities of American poli¬ political patronage. The presentation of elitist. Two trends began in the Carter tics through relations with the White evidence of a nominees unsuitability administration and were accentuated in House and Congress. And, over the not only does not outweigh the coun¬ the Reagan years. One, officers were years, many officers have demonstrated terpressure of large campaign contribu¬ penalized for their prominent associa¬ a capacity to understand and relate to tions but often increases irritation with tion with a past administrations policies politicians in the field and in the Foreign Service. In the White repudiated by the newcomers and, two, Washington, without themselves House and the Congress, the presiden¬ political appointments were made in becoming identified with one party or tial appointment prerogative is given positions traditionally held by Foreign another. But invulnerability to the great weight. The recognition of the Service officers. The Carter administra¬ political process is diminishing, and the advisability of sending professionals to tion expanded the practice of outside vulnerability of officers, even at lower the more sensitive — and, perhaps, less appointments at the deputy assistant levels, to partisan and ideological cur¬ attractive — posts around the world, secretary level. The Reagan administra¬ rents has increased. nevertheless, remains. The Foreign tion continued the policy and, in the Interaction with the political struc¬ Service of the future should, by demon¬ second term, ended the practice of ture of the nation presents and will con¬ strated competence, seek to preserve naming a career officer to be undersec¬ tinue to present dilemmas for the indi¬ that recognition. retary for political affairs. In the vidual Foreign Service officer, especially The threat to the participation of the Clinton administration no senior posi¬ in areas where policies are controversial. Foreign Service in higher and more sat¬ tion on the seventh floor of the State Do you play a sycophant’s role? Do you isfying areas of foreign policy comes not Department is held by a Foreign Service curb honest reporting and avoid risky from the ambassadorial appointments officer except for that of executive secre¬ decisions because of the likely conse¬ process, but from politicization at other tary. The degree of impact of politics on quences? In recent history, the strong

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 43 belief existed that individual Foreign tion will not be needed less. Even if greater diversity of both gender and eth¬ Service officers have fallen from favor greater consolidation and computeriza¬ nic origin. Pressed by the initiative of and taken the blame for failures when tion of many consular functions is the departments leadership, the policies they have faithfully carried out instruc¬ achieved, the personal interest of the of the White House, and by litigation, tions of their superiors. It is not in the consul will remain an important part of it has been a painful process. interests of a secretary of state to have an the Services responsibility and relation¬ Two other essential adaptations have obsequious service, concerned primarily ship to the public at home. also changed the policies and opportu¬ with protecting individual careers and Management of the far-flung and nities of assignment: the two-career reputations against the vagaries of policy often financially strapped diplomatic family and the special needs of the phys¬ and unexpected developments, yet that network will continue to challenge the ically disadvantaged. The Bureau of is the natural result of incidents in which wisest administrators. Security will Personnel has worked over many years competent officers are believed to have remain a concern. Reports by eminent to create opportunities both for FSO been left “hanging in the wind.” citizens will pile up with suggestions —- couples and for spouses of officers. It is The recognition by secretaries of state sometimes accepted — on how the now engaged in determining how to of the sanctity of a career service varies process can be improved. And Congress make overseas service possible for the from one administration to another. In will, as in many areas, be looking over handicapped. For those looking at the recent years secretaries who have clearly managements shoulders. Tinkering is future of the Service, the hope exists that stood by the service and expressed full not likely to end. todays efforts will eventually create a confidence in the service have been rare; plateau in which the need to recognize they have had other batdes to fight. The future of the Foreign Service one individual over another for the sake The true constituency of the Foreign as a separate personnel system of equalizing the past will lessen. It is Service lies in the U.S. citizens served by and as a career will depend ulti¬ hard, at the moment, to see this hap¬ embassies and consulates abroad. With mately not just on administrative skills, pening. The imperative to maintain a more extensive travel and greater com¬ but on its adaptation to the social balance in the Service, once achieved, plications in many areas for Americans changes in society as well. The most will require constant effort. living and working abroad, this func¬ obvious adaptation has been in creating Today, acceptance in the department INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE When youre over there, you don t need to worry about vour home over When you choose Allied Realty Corp. to manage your property or find you a rental home, you don't need to worry. We're the Washington area's largest, oldest and most trusted property managers, with more than 50 years of experience renting and managing a 500-property portfolio. Here's why: • Highest rental value for your home • Large selection of rental properties • Professionally trained leasing staff • 24-hour maintenance service • Multi-lingual staff Call Aaron Dodek, CPM, Realty Senior Vice President / CORP. (301) 656-7000 SINCE 1940 ra (301) 656-8600 fax (301) 907-4766 Professional Property Managers |JJ LOCAL PRESENCE

44 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 of these policies of differentiation is gerated. In part, it is undoubtedly a complicated by a surplus of primarily reflection of the pain of a long period PeaVe your white male senior officers who feel of transition in both the character of assignments have been denied them in the corps and the contraction of the interests of diversity. Personnel poli¬ responsibilities, resources and opportu¬ most cies have relied on time in grade to nities around the world. The genera¬ reduce the surplus — at the sacrifice of tion feels it most that has lived through experienced, competent people. this and has experienced what seemed, important In the implementation of its person¬ to them, brighter days in the past. That nel policies, the Foreign Service must generation has been most affected by work in a complex bureaucratic envi¬ the changes. ronment. This includes the employee If one turns away from the murmur¬ investment representatives — the American ing, there are brighter signs. Seventy- Foreign Service Association — as well as eight percent of todays sitting chiefs of members of key subcommittees in mission are from the career Service. With the Congress who keep watch on Foreign Fourteen of the assistant secretaries, Service legislation. The Foreign Service geographical and functional, are FSOs. has lost some of its staunchest friends And, beyond Foggy Bottom, an excit¬ management and defenders on the Hill, such as ing, changing world exists in which the Dante Fascell, former chairman of the United States still plays a significant House Foreign Affairs Committee, who role. New posts — albeit difficult ones projessionals oversaw the enactment of The Foreign -— are opening in the region of the for¬ Service Act of 1980. Congressional ini¬ mer Soviet Union, and young officers, tiatives that occasionally surface to abol¬ many with enthusiasm, are winning you trust. ish the Foreign Service as a separate sys¬ their spurs as another generation did in tem or to weaken its scope or its auton¬ the newly independent countries of the Rental and Management omy appear, for the moment, dormant. immediate post-World War II era. Budget considerations today curb What are the answers, then, to the oj Tine “Properties in efforts of other agencies that may want three questions posed at the beginning? Northwest “DC, CheVy Qiase, to place their own people in embassies There will continue to be a Foreign “Bethesda and Potomac abroad. The service remains vulnerable Service, even if, for many years yet to to further legislative amendments and come, that Service will be adjusting to a changes. For the time being, however, different nation and a different society. its status as a separate system seems rel¬ The involvement of its personnel in the atively secure. policy levels of government will depend on individual acumen and responsive¬ The Foreign Service today, espe¬ ness to administrations. But, to those cially as seen in Washington, is who take pride in serving the nation, troubled. The problems I have who find thrills in resolving problems mentioned are leaving scars. The confi¬ across cultural barriers, and who are pre¬ dence of many officers in the system has pared to endure the unpredictability of diminished; litigation is seen too often by bureaucracy, the Foreign Service of the individuals and groups as the only United States will continue to provide answer to grievances. Assignments are opportunities for a satisfying involve¬ Executive Housing constantly challenged by personal ment in the making of history. Consultants, Inc. appeals. Many look upon the Foreign 7315 Wisconsin Avenue Service as neither a calling nor a career, David D. Newsom entered the Suite 603 East but as “something to try” or as an experi¬ Foreign Service in 1947and retired in Bethesda, Maryland 20814 ence to add to a resume. Some officers 1981. Fie served as ambassador to 301/951-4111 exit in a few years; others wait until retire¬ Libya, Indonesia, and the Philip¬ ment after 20 years offers the opportuni¬ pines, and as assistant secretary for ty for a second career. The murmuring African affairs, undersecretary for “We care for your home about the political ceiling that seems political affairs and secretary of state more and more often to cut off opportu¬ ad interim. He is currently Cumming as if it Were our oWn. ” nities at the policy level is audible. Professor of International Relations Yet this dark picture may be exag¬ at the University of Virginia.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 45 FORMER SECRETARY OF STA

BY KAREN KREBSBACH

awrence Eagleburger, the only Foreign or at least if not the decisions easy, the analysis of Service officer to serve as Secretary of State what needed to be done easy. In a world in which that — in 1989 under President Bush — also principal threat is gone, but in its place we’re facing served as ambassador to Yugoslavia for serious new kinds of old challenges, it’s going to be more than three years under President quite different. Carter. He is now a senior international Krebsbach: How about the key foreign policy issues? affairs adviser at the Washington law firm of What are they likely to be? Baker, Worthington, Crossley, Stansberry Eagleburger: I think what we need to understand and Woolf. is to get from where we are now to where we are going, wherever that is in the next century, a lot of the Krebsbacb: Thank you for agreeing to be past isn’t going to be particularly relevant. How you ^ interviewed to honor the magazine’s 75th deal with the kinds of terribly complicated and very anniversary. Looking ahead to the year 2000, challenging issues of nationalism, for instance. What what will the Foreign Service look like? What will offi¬ we need to understand is that we’re going back into cers be doing? an era in which nationalism, which was the bane of Eagleburger: Basically that’s going to depend on the existence of the close of the 19th century and the the Foreign Service more than anything else. Let’s go beginning of the 20th, is back with us in spades. How to 2010, 2020, somewhere there. My point here is do you deal with those kinds of issues? How do you that one of the things I think we need to understand deal with the whole mass of new kinds of challenges is that the world into which we are now moving, and that can’t be dealt with except collectively, like man¬ we’re only beginning to understand it and see it, is aging the avoidance of proliferation of weapons of going to be a very mixed-up, unstable, unpleasant, mass destruction? How do you deal with environ¬ dangerous world. It’s not the world of the Cold War, mental concerns? How do you do what you can to where if somebody pushed a button everybody got assure a more open trading and financial system? All blown up. But what it is is a world in which we have of these at a time when the pressures are going to be learned that having won the Cold War and destroyed in the other direction. the Soviet empire, things are not all beer and skittles It is in that kind of context that the Foreign as we thought they would be. And in fact, Bosnia is Service, if it proves up to it, can be terribly, terri¬ an example, any number of places are examples, so bly important in finding new answers to old prob¬ the fact is that with the end of the Cold War a whole lems, because the old answers to the old problems host of old historic hostilities we thought had disap¬ didn’t work. Witness World War I and World War peared, in fact have not. II. And new answers to the new kinds of prob¬ Interestingly enough, I think the Foreign Service, lems, like proliferation, which we at this stage as we move out of this century into the next one, is haven’t the vaguest idea how to handle. It means going to be called on to be much more sophisticated, an across-the-board ability to deal with economic careful, discerning and able to prioritize than the and political and cultural issues in ways that we Foreign Service that I spent so much time in. We really haven’t had to do since 1945 or ’46. were more or less within the confines of the Cold Krebsbach: Which means training will be key. War, and that made a lot of decisions relatively easy, Eagleburger: It means training is key, but it also

46 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 E LAWRENCE EAGLEBURGER WAYNE W. FISHER

means an inherent ability so that the training has Eagleburger: Again I’m going to avoid an answer some fertile ground to fall on. That means, I think, to the question, because I have always believed that real care in recruitment, but it also means real care in the skill that was most necessary was the gray matter rewards and benefits. I’m not sure the system is at this that could deal with complicated problems in imagi¬ stage up to it. native and, on occasion, courageous ways. That’s the Krebsbach: Do you see it being a system of more gen¬ kind of skill you’re lucky if you find, and I’m not sure eralists or specialists? you can train much for it. Eagleburger: I’ve never been able to answer that Having said that, surely you’re going to need real question. I can’t now. You need them both. In the expertise in things like proliferation, environment, end, I suspect you need generalists at the top, but you economic and financial matters, one of the things need specialists to make the generalists make sense. I that has begun to change, and I think is all for the suspect you need both, and you need specialists who better. The State Department pays much more can become generalists. attention to assisting U.S. business abroad, and 1 Krebsbach: How about the skills and specific kinds of think that’s an area where we need all kinds of train¬ knowledge that will be needed? Will they be different than ing so that our people understand what businessmen the knowledge or skills needed in todays Foreign Service? think about. It would be terribly critical if we’re going

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 47 to be as effective in the next century as report it back in a clear and coherent to use them, is to say, again, the Foreign we should be, despite idiotic articles in way with some suggestions on what to Service as an institution needs to teach the Foreign Service Journal by some fel¬ do about it, that’s critical to providing a its people to think strategically. It does low who didn’t like the fact that we were Foreign Service that makes a difference. not take a hell of a lot of brains to be getting more serious about export pro¬ How that is structured, whether it’s a able to see — at least I think — that the motion. small post, whether the embassies world into which we are moving is Krebsbach: Ten years ago, in a 1984 change or not, I don’t know, but the going to be very difficult, dangerous interview with the Journal you said: one thing that is both an advantage and and unpleasant. That means then that “The desired qualities for an FSO are a threat, depending on how we use it, is when you begin to think about specific intelligence, communication skills and the revolution in communications tech¬ policies that need to be implemented, guts. ” Do you still think those traits will nology. The ability to communicate you need to think about them in the be important in the future1 rapidly and concisely is important. The context of the kinds of strategic out¬ Eagleburger: Yes. It’s a less elegant danger is that the fact of reporting is comes you want. way to say what I just said, but, yes, going to become a substitute for I will be deliberately marginally nasty they are absolutely critical. They may thought and Washington is going to here and say I don’t understand, for not be the only skills, but without those say, “You report and we’ll think,” and example, how you can look at the world you can be as bright as a new copper what you’re going to end up with is an in the next 20 years or so and not under¬ penny, but you won’t make much dif¬ embassy that is nothing but adept at stand how absolutely critical it is that we ference. managing computers and communica¬ have a good relationship with the Krebsbach: So you don’t see the tions technology. People’s Republic of China, a country Foreign Service as becoming obsolete, as The ability to communicate rapidly which I think is inevitably in the process some have forecasted! is important. The ability to think is at of change under any circumstances. Eagleburger: No. As a matter of fact, least as important, and that you need in And if that’s the case — and reasonable if we’re smart and can meet the chal¬ the field as much as you need it in people can disagree — but if that’s the lenges, I think the Foreign Service is Washington. If we fall back on simply case, if you believe, as I do, that China is going to be far more important than it using the technology to get word back in the process of transformation anyway, was in the past, because we are back in a to Washington in a hurry, with the and we need [the Chinese] in the far more complicated world which most assumption that Washington knows all Security Council now, and we’re going people, including most policy-makers the answers, it would be a mistake. to need them whether we need them on and most politicians, simply aren’t going All of that, I guess, argues for a sub¬ North Korea or not, we’re going to need to understand, and where the ability of stantial presence abroad. How struc¬ them in the future as the world begins to the Foreign Service to describe and artic¬ tured, that depends on the situation. change and as we try to develop a strate¬ ulate the kind of world we’re going into Krebsbach: Given the experience that gic concept of how to deal with the and what needs to be done about it will you’ve had, and you’ve seen the importance Pacific. It seems to me that as you make be absolutely critical. I’m not saying I’m of strategic planning, how best can the your decisions on policy in day-to-day absolutely confident the Foreign Service Foreign Service move towards improve¬ matters, it has to be done in the context can do it, but I am saying to you that it ment in this area! I hear you saying that of realizing where it is you plan to go is a challenge which, if the Foreign this seems to be key. with that country. I have been less nasty Service is smart, it’s made to order for Eagleburger: You’ve asked another than I might be, but I think I have made them, much more, in a strange way, question I can’t answer. I admit that my point. than the old world of the Cold War, strategic planning is important, and Krebsbach: You have. Let’s move on to where everything was — if not every¬ there are all sorts of mechanisms for the situation in Yugoslavia. Would you thing, an awful lot of things — were cast doing it, including policy planning staff have done anything differently there if you in the context of how it related to the and so forth, most of which comes with were still secretary of state! Cold War. experience. With all respect to all of the Eagleburger: Let’s remember that Krebsbach: In terms of the actual people who have served there, by and this one happened on our watch to structure of embassies, do you see the con¬ large it doesn’t make much difference, begin with. While I don’t particularly tinuation of the traditional embassy or a because decision-makers move too fast think the new administration has redis¬ move toward more regional centers or and without often thinking through the covered the wheel — in fact, I think smaller, more specialized posts! consequences of their acts, which strate¬ they have arrived at some of the same Eagleburger: I haven’t the vaguest gic planners ought to be able to give unpleasant conclusions we did — I can’t idea, and the answer to that is going to them. claim any credit for having solved a depend to a degree on how the world The only way I can answer the ques¬ problem which we clearly didn’t solve develops. I guess I still believe that if tion is, aside from saying these institu¬ and which has continually gotten worse. you have the right people assigned to a tions ought to continue and be used as There are some problems — and post who can analyze the situation, much as people are humanly prepared this is again an area where reasonable

48 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 people can disagree — and whether tant to contemplate the use of force here are by and large against using it in the Bosnia is one or Yugoslavia was one or — and this is one of the world’s great Yugoslav case. I guess that ought to tell not, clearly there are going to be these hot spots — because while I won’t say you something about the kind of analy¬ kinds of problems where the ability of it’s Vietnam, I will say that I don’t see sis that’s gone in on each side. I happen the United States to affect events is lim¬ any forceful engagement that doesn’t to be one of those who thinks that the ited. One of the things that’s going to require a fairly massive use of U.S. forces use of force can be a creative, diplomat¬ be very critical for the Foreign Service, or Western forces, and in circumstances ic weapon, but I also think it’s going to as much as for any institution in the which I think if not guarantee it will be have to be used with great care and with U.S. government, is to be able to recog¬ hard to withdraw, at least there is the some sense of what it’s going to accom¬ nize what our limitations are and to be likelihood it would be very hard to with¬ plish. I don’t have the answer to that in able to take a deep breath and say, “This draw, and we’d lose a lot of people. And this case. Others do. is awful, but it is one for which we do if we lose a lot of people, the American My bottom line is, I don’t have an not at this point have a solution that is people are simply not going to tolerate answer other than time and letting the worth the price we’d have to pay to the cost. So I have been less than ready contending parties work it out with our make it work.” to contemplate the use of force, but I assistance where we can and providing I kind of believe that is where we are have also been less than creative in com¬ humanitarian assistance where we. I with regards to Yugoslavia and Bosnia ing up with some solutions to a terrible recognize an awful lot of people find and it’s where we have been for some problem. Others may find a solution. I this a very unsatisfactory answer. If they time. We can be active on the edges, hope they do. In my judgment, that want to try something else, particularly and the administration is doing the awful mess will end when the partici¬ if they’re in power, that’s their right to right thing now in trying to bring the pants have worn themselves out. do. They will have to be prepared to parties together to negotiate a compro¬ That’s a bad answer and it’s one answer for the consequences. mise. It is a compromise which my which a lot of people legitimately don’t Krebsbach: In terms of policy goals, sense tells me won’t last long under the like to accept as an answer, but it is also one direction that the U.S. seems to be best of circumstances, given the dynam¬ an interesting fact that people who have moving toward is having scarcer resources. ics of the players, but all of this is to the been arguing for the use of force are by Do you see better ways of achieving policy good. We ought to be trying to bring and large those who in the past have goals with fewer resources? the sides together. argued against it. And those who have Eagleburger: The answer to that, in I have always been more than reluc¬ argued for the use of force in the past the abstract, has always been fairly obvi-

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 49 ous. I think we as a nation, in the con¬ that we do. Then we have to begin to say them, but if you ask me tomorrow duct of our foreign relations and our save money on the less important pri¬ morning to give you a recipe for one, I AID program, we waste a lot of money. orities. For example, I think, by and probably couldn’t do it because of any I think we could do a good bit better large, the political-military specializa¬ number of constraints, most of which with what we have, but that is not a tion, except as it relates to things like are legal. One of the things that needs problem of the Foreign Service. It is proliferation, is an area that needs less to be changed is the desire to avoid fundamentally a congressional prob¬ attention, while economics and com¬ training. Most of the Foreign Service lem. I think the degree to which they mercial operations need a lot more that I knew — and I think it’s still the have put bells and whistles on every attention, a lot more training and more case — by and large liked to avoid appropriation and the degree to which money. But it’s going to be tight under training because they’re not in line for they say how money may and may not the best of circumstances. assignments and promotions. be used, they’ve nit-picked it to death. Krebsbach: Do you think the Foreign Training is one of the things that’s It’s totally counterproductive. Having Service is making the best use of its talent? going to be absolutely necessary to start said that, it is also a product of the Eagleburger: No. I think the pro¬ thinking creatively about in the new American democratic system, and while motion system is less than productive. world into which we’re going. I don’t like the consequence, I can’t Well, I have to be careful. It’s not bad, I think, to be blunt, it requires a cer¬ argue with the causes. That’s the way but there are some real problems with tain degree of pessimism in terms of the Congress is. it, most of which I frankly think are a what the world is going to look like I think we are in crying need of reor¬ consequence, again, of legislated over the next 10 or 20 years and be pre¬ ganizing AID, and I must say 1 think requirements. There’s one thing that I pared to live with it and deal with it. this administration has made some just find terribly difficult to understand, Krebsbach: Let’s talk about ambas¬ good steps in that direction. Quite and that is the number of senior sador positions. President Clinton has so frankly, I think the need for reorganiza¬ Foreign Service officers who continue far filled 31 slots with political tion is fundamental, but that having on when there’s no place for them, and appointees, as opposed to choosing 50 been said, [AID Administrator] Brian walk the halls. I know how popular career ambassadors, according to State Atwood has done a good job. I would that’s going to make me when they read Department figures. Is that a good ratio like to see him go even further. But the article, but we have too many gen¬ or not1 again, to make AID a more productive erals compared to privates, and I think Eagleburger: Yes. The obvious organization would require such a we should be much more stringent in answer — that is no answer — is we change in the way the Congress works requiring that people depart on retire¬ shouldn’t care if they’re career or non¬ that I’m not sure how much can be ment after a certain period of time in career as long as they’re good. What accomplished. which they don’t have an assignment. that means is not a hell of a lot, because Despite the fact that I can’t argue To put it blundy, I think particular¬ a lot of the political appointees are not that there are inefficiencies in the man¬ ly in the world into which we are worth much, and they didn’t get there agement of an assistance program, the going, we’re going to have to make because of their expertise in foreign principal culprit, Congress, I don’t room for the younger people. It’s easy affairs. A number of the Foreign think is going to change much. ... Well, for me, having left the system, to say Service officers appointed as ambas¬ I’ll make one more point on AID. that, and I am not saying that once you sadors are not necessarily worth much Under the best of circumstances, we reach the age of 55 or 60 you’ve neces¬ either because they’re afraid to speak have to begin to be far more demanding sarily gone over the hill and out of a up. When they do speak up, they pay a in our establishment of priorities on job, but I am saying that the promo- price for it, so I understand why they who ought to get aid and how much don system doesn’t move you forward don’t want to speak up. aid. We’ve got to stop using the shotgun fast and if there isn’t a job for you in the Having said all of that, my answer is approach. Again, that is easy to say, very grade that you have, then there ought — don’t ask me to defend it intellectu¬ hard to accomplish. to be a way to say, “You may be a great ally — something like a 70:30 percent As far as the Foreign Service and the fellow, but it’s time you retired.” I think ratio is manageable and livable. Seventy State Department are concerned, it’s we need to be much tougher than we [percent] career, 30 [percent] political. going to be a constant struggle. Here have been. I think that’s the biggest Something like 25:75, 30:70, some¬ again, it’s going to therefore mean a problem today. thing in there. Because in the end, we question of establishing priorities. One I think the promotion system needs can argue with the best will in the of the priorities that worries me most is to be streamlined, I think there needs to world that we ought to have more, but reducing posts abroad and keeping be some way found to be much more the political system of the United States things relatively healthy at home. I specific in judging people. is going to require that a fair number think that’s probably a mistake. But Krebsbach: Better evaluations. be political appointees. So we have to again, we have to think strategically Eagleburger: Better evaluations. live with that. The issue then becomes about what it is that’s most important But it’s easy to say these things. I can again paying a great deal of attention,

50 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 to make sure that the 75 percent who argue, make a point. That’s all to the world is going to be like. get their embassies are the best 75 out good, up to a point. There does come The system and the career do a great of the Foreign Service, and let them a time when you have to salute and do deal to make people question whether demonstrate by their abilities the need what you’re told. I think discipline it’s still a worthy career. That’s true in to keep them. within the Foreign Service has deterio¬ almost any career, but I think the Krebsbach: A new class of A100 offi¬ rated. I don’t think we ought to have to Foreign Service has been raised to a new cers is now in training. Any advice you’d negotiate every time we turn around elegant level. But having said all ol that, like to give them as they consider their about where somebody goes or accepts if we care about the future of the coun¬ careers in the Foreign Service? an assignment. So you pay a price for try and if you care what the country Eagleburger: The advice 1 have to the greater individual assurance. You stands for and if you care to see it suc¬ give them is pretty useless, because I’m pay a price. Having said it, I think in ceed in this new world, there’s probably back to what you quoted to me. It is the end it’s probably better for the no more important way to deal with it hard for a 25-year-old. I guess the best Foreign Service. than the Foreign Service. There will be way I can answer your question is to I’ve been asked several times about frustrations. This is a career that takes say that one of the things I did see the resignations in Yugoslavia, and my too long to put you where you can make changing in the Foreign Service, and by answer to is that I don’t agree with their a decision and a career that promotes on and large I thought it was for the good, actions, but I have to admit a certain a less than coherent basis, but, yes, I was if you compared the early classes grudging respect lor these kids. ... think it’s a very worthy career, one — the A100 class I was in with the new To the degree I can advise the A100 which in the end most people would be ones — we may have been more class: Don’t lose your sense of justice able to look back on with a good sense mature because we d come out of wars, and rightness, and be prepared to stand of pride. but we weren’t as intellectually ener¬ for it, but understand that the system Krebsbacb: And once again, thank getic, and we weren’t as prepared to requires at some stage that you salute you for having taken the time to talk with question a given. and you do what you’re told, or you us. One of the things I did see changing quit. In the end, that plus as much in the Foreign Service was a greater challenge intellectually as you can find Karen Krebsbach is editor of the willingness to challenge authority and in coming to grips with what this new Foreign Service Journal.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 51 DIPLOMATIC H I TORY A Captain, a Ship and a Final Battle The Saga of the C.S.S. Alabama

BY CHRISTOPHER M. HENZE Many people are unaware that steam engine and retractable propeller favored a French port because France an important battle in the for quick bursts of speed to elude pursuit had always been friendly toward the American Civil War took or close in on her prey when the orders Confederacy, which, for its part, sup¬ place in 1864 off the coast of France. “Up Funnel! Down Screw!” were given. ported Emperor Napoleon Ill’s Mexican Construction of a cruiser at the Laird The raider marked a key phase in the expedition, partly because it was a thorn shipyard in Birkenhead, England, was evolution of ship propulsion. Her naval in the side of the North. The Richmond secredy ordered under a fictitious name by the representative of the Confederate Navy in Europe, Captain James Bulloch of Georgia. Completed in 1862 and ostensibly destined for the Chinese Empire, the ship took off on a trial mn from which she never returned. Instead, in a successful ruse she sailed to the Azores, where just outside the three-mile limit of the Portuguese islands, she was outfitted with artillery and stores from

COURTESY OF THE NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER another ship and commissioned in the Confederate States Navy under the com¬ mand of Captain Raphael Semmes. For 22 months the Alabama roved the oceans from South America to the China Sea, capturing 65 Union ships, most of which were burned. Her epic cruise was the most devastating in the history of commerce raiding. Insurance rates shot sky-high, and the Union mer¬ Captain Raphael Semmes, also known as “Old Beeswax,” led the crew of the C.S.S. Alabama through a largely unknown Civil War battle off the French coast. In the background is Lt. J.M. chant marine was almost put out of busi¬ Kell. ness as shippers turned to neutral vessels for their freight. In fact, the U.S. artillery, too, was in a transitional stage. government had hoped for French Merchant Marine never regained its pre¬ She carried smooth-bore, 32-pound recognition, until Gettysburg dimmed war prosperity. guns firing solid shot and two shell-fir¬ its chances. Captain Semmes came from ing, rifled “pivot guns,” which could Maryland, but made his home in swivel on their carriage. Built primarily Meanwhile, the U.S. Navy’s Mobile, Alabama, where he had opened for speed, the fine lines of the Alabama’s steam sloop Kearsarge, a law office. He was a dashing master copper-plated wooden hull gave her anchored ofif Flushing, seaman and an accomplished diplomat exceptional elegance and maneuverabili¬ Holland, had been alerted by the U.S. in his dealings with neutrals and port ty. Captain Semmes was jusdy proud of consul in Cherbourg and arrived on the authorities around the world. Known to his ship, which he said, “sat upon the scene, cruising just outside the then his men as “Old Beeswax” because he water with the lightness and grace of a three-mile limit. Her captain, John A. waxed and twisted his moustache to long swan.” Winslow, had been Semmes’ classmate at points, he was also a strict disciplinarian On June 11,1864, the Alabama put Annapolis, and the two had been ship¬ to his 149-member crew largely com¬ in at Cherbourg on the Normandy mates sharing a cabin during the posed of Liverpool waterfront toughs. coast. She badly needed dockyard main¬ Mexican War. Rather than ask for asy¬ The Alabama herself was a “screw tenance after an extraordinarily long lum in France or surrender to the sloop,” meaning she could cruise as a cruise which had taken her half way Kearsarge, Semmes challenged the fully rigged sailing ship, but also had a around the world. Captain Semmes Union warship to single combat, reck-

52 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 oning that the two ships, both steam defeat of the Confederacy, the govern¬ before scientific investigation began in sloops, were fairly equally matched. On ment in Washington still smoldered with earnest in 1988. In May and June of that the morning of Sunday, June 19, he anger over the damage inflicted by year, during relatively calm water peri¬ sailed out to batde, with a band follow¬ Confederate warships on Northern com¬ ods, 162 scuba dives were made to the ing in another boat playing “Dixie.” merce. The American wrath was direct¬ wreck. Since then, dives have continued When Semmes was seven miles out, the ed mainly against Great Britain because each year in May and June when the Kearsarge turned and headed straight for most of the enemy cruisers, the most days are longer and the visibility is better. the Alabama. The two ships circled, each notorious of which was the Alabama, Artifacts retrieved include items from the trying to get into a position to fire at the had been built in British shipyards. Yet ship’s ceramic dinner service; a toilet others vulnerable stern. A seaman Britain as a neutral power was not sup¬ bowl with a Romantic blue landscape aboard the Kearsarge thought they posed to provide assistance to either of covering the entire porcelain interior, looked “like flies crawling around the the belligerents. In the early part of the and a portion of the ship’s wheel bearing edge of a saucer.” war, until slavery emerged as the central her motto “Aide-toi et Dieu t’aidera.” By the time they had made seven cir¬ issue, the British government had sym¬ The artifacts have been treated and cles in little more than an hour, the pathized with the Confederacy — con¬ preserved by experts from the French Alabama was sinking. After ordering his sidered a group of gentlemen with public utility Electricite de France, who men to abandon ship, Semmes flung his whom the English upper classes felt an also treated artifacts recovered from the sword into the water before plunging affinity they did not share with the Titanic. By mutual agreement explo¬ overboard himself. The two ships were money-grubbing Yankees. Moreover, the ration of the wreck is under the strict not as equal as Semmes had believed. United States was a rising trade rival to supervision of a joint French-American The Alabama’s gunpowder had deterio¬ Great Britain. The North was also pro¬ scientific committee. After a lengthy rated, and her aiming was poor because tectionist, whereas the South, like series of bilateral negotiations between practice had been neglected to save England, supported free trade. France and the United States over own¬ ammunition. The Kearsarge had also ership of the artifacts salvaged from the armored her wooden sides with iron When Ulysses S. Grant became wreck, which lies within today’s French chains for protection and sustained only president, his secretary of territorial waters, the French government minor damage from the Alabama’s state, Hamilton Fish, negoti¬ in 1991 officially recognized U.S. own¬ artillery. The Alabama suffered 43 casu¬ ated the Treaty of Washington in 1871, ership of artifacts from the Alabama and alties, 19 of them killed or drowned. The in which the United States and Great permitted their exhibition in the United Kearsarge had only one man killed and Britain agreed to submit to arbitration States. The opening of the exhibit at the two wounded of her crew of 163. the “Alabama” and other disputes arising Navy Museum in Washington, D.C., in Captain Semmes was picked up by a out of Britain’s role in the war. An arbi¬ 1992 was attended by representatives of British yacht and taken to England. He tration panel was established in Geneva the Semmes and Winslow families. The later returned to the South via continen¬ between 1871-1872, which included artifacts were later appropriately dis¬ tal Europe and Mexico. He was promot¬ Brazil, Switzerland, Italy, Great Britain played in Mobile, Alabama. ed to rear admiral and placed in charge and the United States. In this landmark Can the legendary ship be raised? Not of the James River squadron defending case, the first international arbitration yet with today’s technology, say the Richmond. He returned to Mobile after tribunal in history awarded the United experts. She lies too far down, and the the war. States $15-5 million in gold. currents in the channel are too strong. The battle, which had been President Wilson remembered the However, she has delivered surprises and announced in the French press, was wit¬ event when the peacemakers of 1919 made her mark in history more than nessed by thousands of people from the were deciding where to locate the new once before. The saga of the Alabama cliffs surrounding Cherbourg and by oth¬ League of Nations. He proposed will continue. ers in boats hired for the occasion. Many Geneva. Thus, the Alabama arbitration in the crowd had come by special train on became that city’s first step toward its Christopher M. Henze, a retired the new railway from Paris for the inau¬ present international status. Today, visi¬ Foreign Service officer, is now a con¬ guration of a casino. The duel at sea was tors to the Geneva City Hall can see the sultant in France. He first developed also commemorated in a painting by no proudly marked Alabama Room, where an interest in the C.S.S. Alabama less an artist than Edouard Manet. Some the 1872 arbitration took place. while serving as counselor for public people even claim the battle contributed In 1984, 120 years after she sank, the affairs at the U.S. Mission to the to President Lincoln’s reelection, because wreck of the Alabama was located on the United Nations in Geneva. Later, as up to that time there had been few deci¬ ocean floor at a depth of about 60 meters cultural attache at the U.S. Embassy in sive Northern victories. some six miles off Cherbourg by the Paris, he acted as liaison between The Alabama continued to make his¬ sonar of a French Navy minesweeper. French and American legal and scien¬ tory, legal history, even after her sinking The discovery was kept more or less tific experts during negotiations on the and the end of the war. Following the secret to prevent pilfering until shortly ship.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 53 Leaving Rwa Fear, Courage, Compassion Reign During Ev

Since the April 6 apparent assassination Children looked disoriented, some too are exaggerated, we say and hope we are of Rwanda President Juvenal young to comprehend the immense right. We try to deny them but they are Habyarimana and Burundi President tragedy that had occurred. These were true — just as they are true in Bosnia Cyprien Ntaryamira in an airplane crash, the evacuees from Rwanda. and South Africa. Rwanda has fallen into chaos. The latest They had witnessed the ethnic mas¬ We heard, for example, that a little eruption of ethnic violence between the sacres in Kigali, Rwanda, and had trav¬ white child, about 9 years old, saw her two main tribes has left an estimated elled by vehicle convoys to safety in Tutsi playmate of about the same age 100,000 dead and forced the evacuation Burundi. C-141 cargo planes, 360 U.S. taken from her arms and beheaded in of hundreds of European and American Marines and four helicopters had front of her eyes. An American teenage nationals. The feud is decades old between arrived hours earlier at the Bujumbura missionary saw a Rwandese on his the Hutu tribe, which accounts for 90 per¬ airport, ready to load evacuees on knees begging for mercy. A soldier blew cent of the country’s 8.5 million people, planes to fly them directly to Nairobi. his brains out while the teen watched. and the Tutsis, who make up about 10 The Marines were poised to extricate Some evacuees saw houses burning percent of the population. them with helicopters from Rwanda or with families inside, gangs of civilians This report is an edited version of sev¬ provide cover to the convoys had it and soldiers throwing grenades into eral excerpts sent via e-mail to the AID been necessary. houses. Convoys that searched for Washington office. The writer, AID But now they were safe and being escaping Rwandese were harassed dur¬ Executive Officer Jairo Granados of the welcomed and embraced with open ing the trip. Rwandese seeking to escape U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, helped coordi¬ arms by the U.S. Ambassador to Kenya the slaughter ran to an American com¬ nate the evacuation of more than 160 Aurelia Brazeal and members of the offi¬ pound and begged the evacuating Americans, 600 French residents and cial diplomatic community. When news Americans to take their children along, 1,500 Belgians, some of whom stopped in was received that evacuees would be but they couldn’t, since the children Nairobi on their way off the continent. coming to Nairobi, the U.S. Embassy would have been pulled out of the con¬ The U.S. Embassy in Kigali was tem¬ sprung into action. When the evacuees voys and killed. Will these Americans porarily closed on April 11; U.S. arrived, “Distant Runner,” the code now feel guilty for saying no? Are those Ambassador David Rawson and his fam¬ name for the evacuation of Rwanda children left behind alive or dead? ily left with the last convoy of200 cars, operation, was fully operational. But there were incidents of bravery fleeing to Bujumbura, the capital of The evacuees gave graphic accounts and sacrifice, like that of missionary Burundi. of the terror witnessed by Americans Carl Wilkins, who chose to remain and Europeans as they fled from their behind to operate a short-wave radio, AIROBI, April 14 —Thirty homes and friends. relaying messages to keep die U.S. five American citizens came For Americans, coming from a dif¬ embassies in Bujumbura and Nairobi on the first flight on April ferent culture, it is difficult to under¬ informed of the convoys’ locations. The 10. They were tired and in stand or even begin to comprehend the U.S. military attache drove from pain, some broken emotion¬ deep-rooted hatred and animosity of Bujumbura to Kigali in a test run to ally. A few were still dazed in these ethnic wars. We don’t understand advise if it was safe to travel the roads to disbelief, confused and what an ethnic blood bath is. We shrink Burundi. Sometimes evacuees travelled frightened. Others, their eyes red from in horror. We imagine it happening through dangerous roads to alert mis¬ crying, held hands and supported each only in movies or on the 7 o’clock news. sionaries. On the road, cars that had other as they descended down the ramp It never involves us personally. We don’t broken down were pulled by rope by of a U.S. Air Force C-141 at the airport. want to believe the stories. Perhaps they from other vehicles. Ten foreign nuns

54 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 KARSTEN THIELKER/ASSOCIATED PRESS a cuation

from the Sisters of Charity refused to be evacuated by the French and abandon their Tutsi sisters, French paratroopers evacuated thousands of foreigners from the outskirts of Kigali during the outbreak of civil and the 100 elderly war between the Hutu and the Tutsi tribes, the latest eruption of a decades-long feud between the country’s two main ethnic groups. The evacuation included about 160 Americans who lived in the capital. and 100 orphans they cared for. “coping with stress” session open to all Normalcy was returning to their lives. When evacuees reached Nairobi, many American evacuees. Throughout this, the U.S. govern¬ were traumatized. They were trying to for¬ Essentially, Barquist explained that ment community in Nairobi worked as get, their emotions and nerves a mosaic of they would be going through a period a team to accomplish the evacuation, grief and sorrow at the horror they had of uncontrollable emotions ranging particularly given the lack of informa¬ witnessed fewer than 12 hours earlier. from sadness to anxiety, as they dealt tion and early confusion. The U.S. The airport in Nairobi was total with their memories. There would be Embassy’s Administrative Counselor chaos as Belgian cargo planes loaded up nightmares and periods of irritability Elaine Schunter and General Service paratroopers, equipment, vehicles and and unwillingness to communicate. He Officer Wayne Bush led the operation, ammunition for a flight into Kigali. assured them their feelings were normal coordinating with AID workers in the Waiting for the evacuees was an enor¬ and encouraged them to talk with each use of U.S Air Force planes from mous crowd of people from the United other. He warned that very young evac¬ Germany and U.S. Marines from the Nations, various embassies, interna¬ uees might experience different symp¬ carrier Pelilu off the Somalia coast. The tional organizations, non-governmental toms, such as regressing to early child¬ planes were to be used to shuttle civil¬ organizations, religious groups and hood or infancy. A child of 7 might ians out of the area; the Marines were to reporters. Kenya officials who helped in begin to act like a 2-year-old, might provide some protection overhead as the entry of evacuees were also waiting start wetting the bed, or might experi¬ the convoys exited along the roads. for U.S. planes to bring their Kenya cit¬ ence personality changes, becoming Listening to the evacuees call their izens home. There was a great deal of erratic or aggressive. He urged family relatives at home was a very beautiful, cooperation between the U.S. Embassy members to talk to each other, which and I might add, emotional experience. and Kenya officials. would create the strong bond needed to As they talked to their families, many The regional medical officer, Dr. heal from the experience. sobbed with joy at making it out of Brooks Taylor, met every U.S. plane, Indeed, it may have been the hard¬ Rwanda alive. looking for signs of stress in evacuees, est for the children. But they were pro¬ As we said goodbye to 35 evacuees comforting them with hugs. vided with toys. Their parents were on the KLM flight to Amsterdam, with With the help of the Kenya govern¬ encouraged to take them to the hotel connecting flights to the United States, ment, the evacuees were helped quickly swimming pool, where they laughed it dawned on me that I was really saying through customs and transported by and screamed with delight in the goodbye to my brothers and sisters. buses to hotels or, as with the mission¬ water. Others chased each other Inside my car, I felt as though I was aries, provided with transportation to through the carpeted lobby and hall¬ beaming, as I grinned to myself and local offices or churches. ways, running up the stairs and riding remembered the melody from a song by On Tuesday, Taylor and the regional the glass elevators in the main lobby Louis Armstrong, “I see trees ... and I psychiatrist, Dr. Walter Barquist, who atrium. These were kids acting like say to myself, What a wonderful had flown in from Pretoria, arranged a most kids everywhere in the world. world.’”

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 55 guish fully the U.S.-German relation¬ al concert,” is nonetheless tempted to The Third Most ship from the U.S.-European one, and become the center of a continental Important Country so he discusses at length various European system that departs from the European issues. Nonetheless, it is para¬ American-led global concert — and the GERMANY AND AMERICA: NEW doxically fitting that, even at a time country can potentially undermine the IDENTITIES, FATEFUL RIFT? when supranational and subnational viability of that concert. Judging by By W.R. Smyser, Westview Press, players are assuming certain functions recent U.S.-German difficulties in 1993, $14.95, paperback, 139 previously exercised by states, he choos¬ communicating and in reaching agree¬ pages. es this bilateral relationship to analyze. ment, he argues that this will cause a By vitiating the multinational frame¬ growing and perhaps irreparable rift in Reviewed by Kenneth J. Dillon work of the Atlantic alliance, the col¬ the to-date successful Atlantic alliance. German-American relations in the lapse of the Soviet threat has obliged He criticizes Americans’ unwilling¬ post-Cold War era are certainly a topic Americans and Germans to seek a new ness to accord the new Germany the of note, and this extended essay ana¬ bilateral relationship, approached by status it merits, but the reader is left lyzes them in an intelligent manner. both with some unease. wondering whether the United States The author, a retired Foreign Service Smyser’s main argument is that the really ought to treat Germany as “the officer, is generally successful in avoid¬ new Germany, “as the principal agent of third most important country” in the ing a rehash of yesterdays news. He rec¬ the global concert in Europe, and as the world, as he puts it. Though it is ognizes that it is impossible to distin¬ major agent of Europe within the glob¬ undoubtedly the leading country in The Remington Fits Your Washington Schedule.

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56 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 Europe and deserves respect for its eco¬ tionship. And those who like to ponder ous figure, the kind of man invariably nomic, social and cultural achieve¬ the more problematic side of reality rumored to work for any of various ments, Germany is neither large nor, in may wish to browse through the book intelligence organizations. American global terms, particularly populous. Its and ask themselves why and how one officials, social scientists and many of economy is stagnating, its population should analyze state-to-state relation¬ his Iranian colleagues tended to mis¬ aging. It has fallen behind in high tech¬ ships in an era of pullulating non-state trust him, as believers mistrust skeptics. nology, and it has significant domestic activity, or how a German must feel Now this skeptic has produced an problems, above all with the integration when confronted for the umpteenth amazing book, adding a basket of new of the East Germans. Should the U.S. time with a reference to the atrocities of tesserae to the mosaic, which memoirs therefore be expected to treat Germany a half century ago. like those of Asadollah Alam and with particular regard, as its main and Sattareh Farman-Farmaian are begin¬ in certain senses equal interlocutor in Kenneth J. Dillon is a McLean-based ning to allow us to assemble. The inher¬ Europe? A reading of this book suggests researcher• and consultant. ently garrulous Iranian character has at that Germany is far from ready to play last begun to emerge and express itself the global role that co-equal status A Troublemaker’s freely. would imply. Reading his book, I suspect that the A novice of German affairs would Memoirs mystery around this engaging man may profit from this book’s clear, balanced FROM PALACE TO PRISON: INSIDE THE have been generated by its very absence: presentation of major issues of high IRANIAN REVOLUTION his loquaciousness, bluntness, rough- policy on the bilateral relationship. Old By Ehsan Naraghi, Ivan R. Dee: cut honesty and the courage to speak German hands may find sections such Chicago, 1994, $28.95, hardcover, the same language to all sides — scarce¬ as that on U.S.-French-German debates 283pages. ly traits of the deep-cover operative — over non-NATO forces of interest. raised suspicions in Pahlavi Iran. In the Analysts of U.S.-Japan affairs might Reviewed by Richard T. Arndt numerous interrogations he reports wish to peruse the section entitled, Old Iran hands will remember the here, none pursued alleged connections “The Germany That Can Say No,” if author, an engaging, insightful, ener¬ with SAVAK, the Shah’s secret police. only to sense the relative lack of tension getic, outspoken, original, ubiquitous, Descended from a family which has in the less salient U.S.-German rela¬ anti-communist but ultimately mysteri¬ contributed more than its share of reli-

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 57 We concentrate on BOOKS only ONE thing ... gious leaders to Iran, Naraghi’s orienta¬ Managing your property. tion has nonetheless been persistently French and guardedly Western. His PROFESSIONAL style, too, is French — he would have PROPERTY flourished in the era of the encyclope- RENTAL MANAGEMENT distes. He trained in Paris, insofar as OF NORTHERN Iranian social scientists in the 1950s MANAGEMENT can be said to have “trained,” and VIRGINIA INC. returned to Tehran as an “intellectual” Join our growing number of in the French meaning, qualified as a owners from Athens to Zaire demographer and sociologist, to head who trust the management of Tehran University’s Institute of Social their properties to PPM. Pro¬ Studies and Research in the 1960s. His fessional service with a per¬ “Brain Drain” survey for the United sonal touch. Nations Educational, Scientific and Discounts on appliances Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and more! Monthly comput¬ reflecting Third World thinking, drove erized statements. some Americans to mild despair; still, de-shredded embassy documents pub¬ 5105K Backlick Rd. lished by Iranian students show that Annandale, VA 22003 the punctilious Martin Herz warily rec¬ 703/642-3010 ommended Naraghi be “cultivated.” Fax: 703/642-3619 In 1969 he left Tehran, declining royal bribes for UNESCO’s office of youth affairs, where he caught the irri¬ tated attention of the Nixon adminis¬ tration. Back in Iran in 1975, he head¬ ed the Institute of Research and The Area's Largest Planning in the Ministry of Science Diplomatic Dealer and Higher Education, where he found FREE SERVICE himself at the time this story begins to unfold. LOANER Each reader will find his or her own book here. First and perhaps foremost, THE WASHINGTON AREA'S LARGEST BMW DEALER this is a gripping tale. On Sept. 23, Special Factory Leasing & 5.75 Financing Available 1978, with chanted echoes of Contact: Gotterdammerung sounding through Jay Klein Richard Burton the night, a desperate and disoriented Sales Director Sales and Leasing Shah — who had previously delegated 0. contact with Naraghi to Prime Minister Hoveyda and the Empress — invited Naraghi for a no-holds-barred, 0) one-on-one talk at Niavaran Palace. This stretched on to eight encounters, the last on Jan. 14, 1979, two days (/) 325 is before the Shah’s flight towards his sad Coupe and humiliating end. Naraghi was too prominent not to PASSPORT BMW attract trouble. In April 1979, he was 5000 Auth Way • Marlow Heights, Maryland arrested and interrogated from the Marxist side by a group of half-igno¬ (301) 423-8400 rant left-wing youngsters, vaguely Call Today For A Home or Office Appointment Islamic; all were later gobbled up by their own revolution. In December,

58 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 with detailed notes of the royal conver¬ sations in his luggage, he was about to board a plane for Paris when he was apprehended and sent to the dreaded prison at Evin. Luggage and notes flew on to Paris and were collected by his son. During this second relatively polite imprisonment, apparently a result of personal rivalry between Ebrahim Yazdi and Bani-Sadr, a friendly medical offi¬ An International Education for the 21st Century cer assigned him to the prison infir¬ ♦ Coeducational, boarding, grades 9 - 12, PG 13th grade mary; still the constant fear was immi¬ ♦ University-preparatory studies: International Baccalaureate, Advanced nent execution without cause. A critic Placement, and US High School Diploma of both Marxists and radical Islamists as ♦ Excellent US and International university/college placement well as U.S. and other Western influ¬ ♦ Full US and European Accreditation ence, Naraghi as ever was suspected by ♦ Caring family atmosphere in comfortable residences all sides of working for the other one. ♦ Recreation, Europe-wide educational cultural excursions Summer and winter sports; "Skiing at the IAS Doorsteps!" Powerful voices this time got him out ♦ ♦ Located in beautiful, peaceful Alpine resort, above Lake Geneva, after five months and he went under¬ close to metropolitan Lausanne, Geneva, and Montreux ground in Tehran. The fall of Bani-Sadr, Naraghi s stu¬ Leysin American School in Switzerland dent and thus, by revolutionary logic, Thomas F. Rouillard, Admissions an immutable emanation ofhis teacher, PO Box 4016, Portsmouth, NH 03802-4016 Tel: 603.431.7654 brought him back to Evin. This time Fax: 603.431.1280 the interrogation seems most often to have taken the form of wondering why he was in prison at all. Still, his stay last¬ ed 26 months and included unautho¬ North rized brutality by an illiterate and resentful guard the prisoners called Country “Elassan Gestapo.” Regaining freedom School in late 1983 he managed to get his fam¬ ily to Paris, where he now lives in exile. Beyond the lovers of stories, a sec¬ Camp ond group of readers will revel in the Treetops book’s recounting of events of the last North Country Schooli 50 years from an unusual viewpoint: It nurturing place to lea tells much about the impact of vacillat¬ able skills and values North Country, a small co-ed junior school specializes in boarding ing American policies on a country like for younger students, ages 9 to 14 in grades 4-8. Our campus is a global village for con¬ Iran. The second half of the book, a ventional academics as well as a place of inquiry and exploration where school life includes a working farm with domestic animals, a teaching staff prepared to mentor as remarkable addition to the prison liter¬ well as lecture, and a family-like home away from home. In addition, we offer extensive ature that recurs in world history from instruction in applied arts, environmental education, mountaineering and winter sports. Plato forward is a memorable docu¬ ment for any time. Children's well-being and individual growth is our primary commitment. Our location in a rugged natural setting enhances the program's focus on developing independence, The books two halves mesh better teamwork, and responsibility through personal challenge, faculty with students in than it might seem: both the royal dis¬ houses of no more than 10 children. cussions and the prison sequences are frequently interrupted by digressions, Sustainable skills modelled at the school include conversation, animal care, computer lit¬ eracy, maple sugaring, and community service. interpolations, built-in footnotes, sto¬ ries, episodes, conversations, portraits, North Country School, P.O. Box 187, Lake Placid, NY 12946 explanations or theories, the whole held Phone (518) 523-9329....Fax (518) 523-4858 loosely together by its relentless chronology.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 59 How to Buy Auto Insurance Overseas BOOKS

There's really only one way. Select the agent who offers broad experience Iran-watchers will of course find and a high level of repeat business. Experience that helps you avoid the useful news here. He clarifies the intel¬ pitfalls of a highly complex business. Repeat business that results from lectual differences between factions like providing what's best for the customer - not the agent. the Mojahedin and the Fedayin; he explains the importance of intellectuals For 34 years Harrry M. Jannette, Jr. & Company has provided like Ahmad Kasravi and Ali Shariati; he dependable coverage with U.S. carriers to thousands of Foreign Service provides details on Princess Ashraf’s personnel worldwide. Thus, you gain the broadest U.S. terms and conditions role in the Mossadeq reversal; in a sin¬ and flexible value limits often not available from other insurance carriers. gle footnote he sheds light on revolu¬ • WORLDWIDE COVERAGE Fire, theft, comprehensive and collision tionary antagonism towards the Baha’i protection are available at foreign posts. faith; he convincingly relates the histo¬ ry of freemasonry in Iran; he speculates • U.S. AUTO LIABILITY Available for short term on home leave, change of on rough costs of aspects of the Shah’s assignment, and new auto purchase prior to foreign departure. military obsession; he reports long- • FOREIGN LIABILITY We suggest contacting your post on arrival. Local laws known but seldom-mentioned stories require specific limits and coverage. Pricing is normally best on site. about substantial Iranian contributions to U.S. presidential campaigns; he • CONTACT US TODAY Let us send you "the Embassy Plan" brochure. It contains all the answers about dependable coverage and low cost premiums extracts a composite picture of the thin-spun Islamic cosmology of the Harry M. Jannette, Jr. & Company 1970s from younger people, supple¬ menting Roy Mottahadeh’s “Mande of 3530 FOREST LANE #305 / DALLAS, TEXAS 75234-7955 ^ ® TELEPHONE: 214-350-5141 FAX: 214-352-7022 X ■ the Prophet;” he interviews young Or Call 1-800-256-5141 guards and prisoners, illuminating the a attitudes of Iranian and Third World \S youth. The book is crammed with information to be sorted out. The prison section of the book has a deeper reach. It will appeal to any read¬ er concerned about political imprison¬ MARTENS VOLVO ment and prisoners, about depriving humans of freedom either for ideas or Dedicated to Diplomacy for lack of them, and about how pris¬ oners can cope with freedoms loss. Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats This section proves worthy of the and Members of International Organizations prison literature of Stendhal, Arthur Koesder and Nelson Mandela, among others. What is particularly striking about Naraghi’s report, and what makes it read like a cross between the harem scenes in Montesquieu’s “Persian Letters” and the utopian dreams of Rousseau, is the picture he paints of life in prison. Imagine large rooms con¬ taining 30 to 60 Iranians of all ethnic backgrounds and classes, which become microcosmic social organiza¬ tions, little self-governing social democracies with their own schools, Contact: Dana Martens, Diplomatic Sales Director courts, infirmaries, sanitation systems, kitchens, mosques and democratic lev¬ eling processes, revealing a degree of CARS OF WASHINGTON, INC. Fax prison social organization beyond that 4800 WISCONSIN AVE. WASH., DC 20016 depicted by Diderot, Dickens or U.S.A.’s Largest Diplomatic Dealer Dostoyevsky.

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a novel. Adjusting for the kind of inter¬ Christina Parra pretive truth we would expect from a Financial Consultant, President’s Council Diderot or a Dickens, one is inclined to Christina is a Financial Consultant with 10 years experience at Smith Barney trust this witness. Shearson in Washington D.C. American policy implacably contin¬ Christina focuses on providing individuals in the U.S. and abroad with com¬ ues to keep Iran on a short list of prin¬ prehensive investment, retirement and educational planning using: cipal U.S. public enemies. Those who • Stocks & Bonds • Government securities draw up such lists would do well to • Mutual Funds • Municipal Bonds look carefully at what this book tells us • Professional portfolio • Annuities about the sad history of American fail¬ management • Asset Allocation ures in that country. Given the inherent To discuss your investment needs call: and perhaps irreducible obstacles to sta¬ 202-861-5080 or 1-800-522-3546 ble U.S. policy-making here at home, Christina D. Parra, Financial Consultant they might be led to wonder who lost 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. —Suite 225 Washington, D.C. 20036 what, to ponder the distribution of 1 1993 Smith Barney Shearson Inc. Member SIPC blame, and to speculate on how, for openers, both nations might begin the long process of putting past grievances behind us. Ev Taylor of Money Concepts International is a retired Department of State Foreign Richard T. Arndt, a professor at The Service Officer. George Washington University, is a Money Concepts Is a full-service financial planning former Foreign Service officer. organization that is part of an international financial planning group. Products and Services include: FICTION • Dynamic Asset Allocation • Mutual Funds* I he FSJ is soliciting manuscripts of • Asset Guardian • Life Insurance under 2,500 words for a special fic¬ • Variable Annuities* tion issue. Due June 15. Please • Hard Assets send to the editor’s attention. EVERARD S. TAYLOR • Stocks & Bonds* • Limited Partnerships* For more information or an appointment: Contact Ev: We will provide you with a personal, comprehensive 405 Onondio Circle financial plan that will match BOOK REVIEWS Vienna, VA 22180 your investment objectives (703)560-2230 and risk tolerance level with specific recommendations I nterested in reviewing a recently geared toward reaching your published book? Please send individual goals. reviewer’s biographical data and Among our specialties: areas of expertise to the Book MONEY CONCEPTS INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL PLANNING NETWORK Editor. */ Educational Seminars v Pre-Retirement Planning V Portfolio Diversification \r Minimizing Tax Liabilities Foreign Service Journal ‘Sacurttaa products marVatad Daougli Monay Conoapta Captal Corp, l*ta attar Orta NASOTSaPC 1208 U.S. Highway ona North Palm Saadi. R_ 33406 (407) 327-0700 2101 E Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 ^Oud/Of/il; (TOUL/OfA/(/(j uO iTi/iu (iT/Oui/irOyi/frI)]

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 • 61 M A R K E T P LACE

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VOLVO r~\ Call Factory-Set Discounts To Diplomats Posted DAYS INN for any Stateside and Abroad llw BwtVolu* Under TlMSunT U.S., U.K., European, or DAYS INN - ARLINGTON book Overseas Specs The "lodgicai place to stay in Metropolitan Washington DC" • Immediate shipment Overseas and Domestic Closest location to the National worldwide • Credit cards or check • AH books in print avail¬ Deliveries Foreign Affairs Training Center able • Ask about our overnight gift delivery nationwide • Free FEATURES: monthly new title forecast • Mail JERRY GRIFFIN • Government Rates orders welcome • Open 24 DIPLOMA TIC SALES SPECIALIST • Free shuttle to the Rosslyn Metro hows every day 12 YEARS EXPERIENCE • Free coffee each morning • Children - 12 and under free 1400455-266S (in same room with parents) In CT or Worldwide 1231 W. Broad Street • Restaurant/Lounge (203)966-5470 Falls Church, VA 22046 • Pool - Summer only FAX (203) 966-4329 Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area • Monthly rates can be arranged (703) 237-5020 * * * Fax: (703) 237-5028 2201 Arlington Boulevard 59 Elm Street Arlington, VA 22201 New Canaan, CT 06840 (Opposite North Gate Ft. Myer) (703) 525-0300 dbDon Beyer Volvo AFSA Hosts Sanctions Conference AAFSW Calls for Books The Association of American By John J. Harter International Trade in Strategic Foreign Service Women Conference Affairs Officer Products, a multilateral body based (AAFSW) seeks donations of The March 31 AFSA symposium in Paris that sought to prevent books, stamps, coins, crafts and on sanctions and trade controls fea¬ exports of products that might art for its annual fund-raising tured sharp differences of opinion enhance the military strength of the sale in October 1994. Tax- between those who see govern¬ communist world, was reported on deductible donations should be ment intervention in international the very day that the conference brought to room 1524 or you trade as a potent diplomatic tool and took place. may call (202)223-5796 to others who see the costs of interfer¬ William A. Reinsch, Commerce’s arrange a pick-up. Proceeds will ing with market forces as exceeding under secretary-designate for go to the AFSA AAFSW the benefits. Export Administration, in his Scholarship Fund. The 18th AFSA conference, keynote speech, admitted that attended by 250 representatives of “sanctions are rapidly becoming, if business and government, was not our favorite policy tool, then cer¬ ARA Bureau Meets timely due to the rising visibility of tainly the one we think of first when with AFSA Alumni economic sanctions (e.g., in Haiti, presented with unpleasant develop¬ In early April AFSA initiated Bosnia, China and Iraq) and intense ments overseas, [but] the list of the first foreign policy colloquium controversy in Congress regarding problems they have not solved is far with the Inter-American Affairs renewal of the Export Administration longer than a list of successful out¬ Bureau. Nineteen distinguished Act. In fact, the demise of COCOM, comes.” AFSA alumni met with Assistant the Coordinating Committee on Discussions continued at the Secretary Alex Watson and his eighth floor luncheon, where John senior staff for three hours of dis¬ 1943-1994 Shattuck, assistant secretary for cussion and an exchange of Human Rights and Humanitarian views. Affairs, was the featured luncheon This was the first of an all¬ speaker. He said, “Successful use bureau discussion series of sanctions and other economic between policy-makers and linkages cannot be defined in a one- senior alumni, including retired size-fits-all formula, since what we ambassadors and former assis¬ will want to accomplish in our rela¬ tant secretaries, to focus on key tionships with each specific country regional issues. ARA topics will vary substantially. It is a compli¬ included the forthcoming cated world.” ’’Summit of the Americas,” the The program included special¬ evolution of the Organization of ized panels on sanctions and inter¬ American States and develop¬ Barbara Schell, 50, a political advis¬ national law, sanctions in historical ments in Mexico, Cuba and Haiti. er to the military and an FSO since perspective, proposals for modifying The next meeting is planned 1966, was one of 26 killed April 14 when American fighter planes mis¬ the EAA, and a case study of China. with the Africa Bureau, and it is takenly shot down two U.S. Army AFSA is preparing a Highlights hoped that these discussions will helicopters carrying officials from Report on the conference that will become an established part of a four allied nations in northern Iraq. be available to members in July. Foreign Service network.

MAY 1994 • AFSA NEWS • 1 from the State vice president

By Todd Stewart When last Fall's promotion fig¬ enhancing positions. Those efforts The director general, in her article ures showed that female generalists can only be assessed on the basis “Diversity in the Department of State were promoted to classes OC and of more information from the depart¬ and the Foreign Service” (State MC at three times the rate of men, ment, which AFSA is attempting to Magazine, March 1994), makes a many male officers assumed that obtain. significant contribution to the ongo¬ the promotion results were skewed ing discussion of diversity by pub¬ by extra-legal gender-bending. After Diversity and Merit lishing important new statistics talking with the chairs of the boards, The director general accurately about employment, brands as 'spurious' the assignment and pro¬ notion that diversity and motion by gender and Generalist Promotions, 1989-1993 * merit are mutually minority status, Female vs. Male Eligibles exclusive. But an including the accom¬ absence of mutual panying graphs. The exclusivity does not article also contains mean inevitable com¬ several statements patibility. The degree of deserving comment. conflict and conver¬ gence between the pol¬ Promotions icy goal of diversity and As the upper graph the legal requirement of shows, in the past five merit can only be years the promotion judged in light of the rate for women offi¬ means chosen to pro¬ cers exceeded the 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 SYurAvarag* mote diversity, and on rate for men by at Legend this point the director least 25 percent. The j | Female |||| Male general’s article was not difference was 50 per¬ very illuminating. cent in 1993. Minority vs. Non-minority Eligibles As AFSA has repeat¬ Interestingly, as the ed since the beginning lower graph indicates, of this year, the depart¬ there was little differ¬ ment must develop a ence between the policy which is (a) trans¬ promotion rates for parent, (b) legal, and (c) minority officers and agreed to by FS non-minority officers. employees through Given the signifi¬ negotiations with AFSA. cant differences To lay a basis for this between male and policy, AFSA has female promotion requested more rates, it is hard to detailed statistics on the agree with the direc¬ 1993 5 Year Average progress of women and tor general that “our Legend minorities in the Foreign modest gains in work¬ H|] Minority ||§ Non-Minority Service. force diversity are We continue to The above graphs show the number of promotions as a percentage of the number of offi¬ hardly a factor in the cers eligible for promotion in each class. The figures are for competitive promotions only. believe that it is possible escalating competi¬ Candidates considered by more than one board are counted only once. to reconcile merit and * Bureau of Personnel figures tion for both jobs and diversity - if the task is promotions. ...” In fact, the dispari¬ approached in the spirit of fairness ties appear sufficient to meet the I do not believe that assumption is characteristic of the American court's test in the Women's Class correct. Instead, we may be seeing Foreign Service. AFSA looks for¬ Action Suit for a prima facie case of a reflection of the department’s ward to working with the department discrimination. efforts to assign women to career¬ in this spirit.

2 • AFSA NEWS • MAY 1994 from the AID vice president

By Pat Patterson drawing from a group not subject to grade officers—who were supposed In meetings with AID manage¬ the same up-or-out conditions. We to benefit from the up-and-out sepa¬ ment, AFSA has expressed con¬ understand that GS employees rations this year. cerns about the senior management assigned to traditional FS positions AFSA strongly endorses the group (SMG) assignment process, would either have reassignment efforts to increase diversity in the including reports that GS candi¬ rights or continue in the Civil Foreign Service. However, after talk¬ dates were being considered for Service. In either case, they would ing with officials in personnel, we SMG positions in a more aggressive not be subject to the same up-or-out are convinced that a more thorough fashion than ever before. features faced by FS employees. process was followed in identifying We understand that the rationale During this time when up-or-out is qualified Civil Service women and for this more assertive approach is a being rigorously applied and few minority candidates than FS peers. desire to increase the pool of quali¬ promotions are available in the Consequently, personnel has fied diversity candidates and to Senior Foreign Service, it is critical agreed to make some changes in ensure that the best qualified people that everyone be given the maxi¬ recruiting SMG candidates for the are assigned. However, this new mum opportunity to demonstrate 1995 cycle, and to defer considera¬ assignment process raises a num¬ their abilities. If GS employees are tion of any Civil Service candidates ber of issues for Foreign Service assigned to SMG jobs, fewer quali¬ for overseas positions until that members. We are not operating fied Foreign Service officers will cycle is completed. under a unified service. Many have the opportunity to demonstrate The larger issue of a unified per¬ Senior Foreign Service employees their capabilities effectively. sonnel system must await congres¬ were separated out this year for The SMG process should take sional reaction. Because the FS and time-in-class (TIC) reasons and into account the effect that Civil GS systems are so disparate in their there is every indication that this will Service assignments to SMG posi¬ orientation to foreign affairs activity, occur again next year. We question tions will have on Foreign Service AFSA must insist that the present the basic equity of involuntarily retir¬ promotions and departures and “rules-of-the-game” be fairly and ing many talented officers then thus the upward movement of lower equitably applied. from the retiree vice president

By Don Norland who actively contributed to the 19 distinguished retirees AFSA retirees constitute a discussions. received up-to-date information tremendous asset in explaining the • AFSA retirees had a key role in a on current issues, and the ARA extraordinary complexities of the new AFSA initiative to bring Bureau benefited from the expe¬ new foreign affairs agenda to the together representatives of some rience and ideas of these American public. A common theme 15 foreign affairs-oriented orga¬ Foreign Service professionals. of AFSA's outreach programs is to nizations — the Foreign Policy We look forward to expanding identify ways of making the knowl¬ Association, National Peace these activities — and to involving edge and experience of Foreign Corps Association, InterAction, retirees throughout the country in Service alumni available to business CARE and others — to consider our growing outreach program. In groups, non-government organiza¬ forming a coalition to work that connection, Retiree Liaison tions and academia. toward a common agenda to Ward Thompson traveled to Three recent programs illustrate promote continued American Phoenix and Tucson in late March how retirees have contributed to involvement in world affairs. The and met with the two Foreign AFSA's outreach programs: initial meeting was enthusiasti¬ Service Retiree Associations there, • The success of the recent AFSA cally endorsed by the partici¬ and I will be participating in the May conference, “Sanctions and pants. meeting of the Foreign Affairs Trade Controls,” was due in part • Yet another opportunity for Retirees of New England. to the participation of AFSA retiree members to contribute to We look forward to hearing from members (who attend free-of- an AFSA initiative was an April 5 all of you and we welcome sugges¬ charge), including the alumni policy “colloquium” with the Inter- tions from you about program ideas who organized it and the retirees American Affairs Bureau. Some and topics of interest.

MAY 1994 ■ AFSA NEWS • 3 from the USIA vice president

By Raz Bazala Having done that, all we need to Broadcasting, and Dan Streebny Partnership finally made it to the make partnership a winning bet is will represent AFSA. Only minor starting gate on March 21, 1994, for YOU to roll up your sleeves and issues remain unresolved and we when AFSA, AFGE and USIA climb on board. There is much to be anticipate closing the gap shortly. Director Duffey signed a previously done, but we are off to a good start. Our agenda is extensive. We are negotiated Partnership Principles The Partnership Council has ten looking at many workplace issues: Agreement. This agreement estab¬ members consisting of three AFSA , reassessment of performance eval¬ lished a Partnership Council in USIA three AFGE and four management uations and opportunities for career less than six months after the presi¬ representatives. AFSA's team con¬ advancement, further restructuring dent signed his executive order. sists of Mike Houlahan, Herman of agency elements, digitalization Where do we go from here? For Henning and Renee Earle. applications to agency information starters, we now have an unprece¬ The council is already meeting programs, and the future of TV in dented permanent forum in which weekly and is addressing issues agency operations. They all bear on labor and management are equals. raised by the partnership teams on how we do our job overseas and the We have unimpeded, continual Agency reorganization, the "Just resources that will be available to access to management and Workplace" Task Force and - first achieve our objectives. Resource Management Committee and foremost at this critical juncture One final point, the president’s data and can discuss issues of - training and transition for those executive order requires that partici¬ immediate concern to the Foreign who will most immediately be affect¬ pants in partnership be representa¬ Service. But more importantly, we ed by downsizing this year. tives of employee unions. If you are have also created an opportunity for AFSA's Bruce Byers and Hilary not a member of AFSA and would unions and management working Olsin-Windecker are on the training like to be involved in Partnership, together to design solutions to prob¬ partnership team, while Alice now is the time to join. Remember, lems in the workplace and recom¬ LeMaistre, Elizabeth Corwin, your involvement in partnership mend decisions to implement them. Michael Braxton and John Shippe qualifies as official time. Partnership commits labor and will sit on the team looking at the In order to get to the finish line, management to replace traditional “Just Workplace” report. we need your help. I have found hostility with interest-based bargain¬ The unions and Bureau of partnership challenging, exasperat¬ ing in which the parties involved Broadcasting Director Joe Bruns ing, exhilarating and ultimately satis¬ work to achieve consensus on out¬ met to discuss establishing a fying. Maybe you will too. It's your comes that benefit all employees. Partnership Council in Foreign Service. Participate!

Quotable Quotes “We are entering a period in which the user is going to decide what they hear and see and read and that's what telecommunications technology changes mean...that the consumer is in control. And figuring out how they are going to tune in to us, why they are going to choose to listen to us is the issue for us in the future.... We can learn some lessons from history, but some are going to take a leap of faith as well.” - Donna Oglesby, Counselor of USIA Foreign Service Club Speaker's Lunch, March 17

“When we talk about partnership ... both sides have to understand that in a partnership relationship, we’re changing the dynamic, because traditional labor relations in the federal sector is a very reactive system.... Partnership says to the unions, ‘Now, you’re not going to simply react. What you’re going to do instead is have an obligation to participate when a decision is made.’ That's a significant difference.” -Joe Swerdzewski, General Counsel, Federal Labor Relations Authority AFSA Governing Board meeting, March 16

4 • AFSA NEWS • MAY 1994 Congressional Update

By Rick Weiss and Robert Chatten AFSA President Tex Harris is moves forward. Congressional Affairs Liaisons scheduled to testify April 28 before Before the spring break, After long delay, the House the Commerce, Justice and State Congress passed the "buyout bill," named the conferees for the Foreign Subcommittee of the House with buyouts being offered on a Relations Authorization Act (cover¬ Appropriations Committee. He will selective basis to State and USIA ing State and USIA) for fiscal years emphasize that the steady erosion personnel. The fiscal year 1995 1994-1995. of resources and personnel in the budget resolutions were also Both House and Senate commit¬ foreign affairs agencies has had a passed with the House budget reso¬ tees are continuing hearings on the detrimental impact on the conduct of lution following the administration foreign assistance redraft legislation America's business abroad. recommendations. However, the and mark-up is expected shortly. On the health-care front, the Senate added $26 billion in discre¬ However, this Clinton administration restructuring of the federal health¬ tionary spending cuts over the next reform package may not be passed care program for employees, five years. as Senate floor action is question¬ retirees and their families will only One interesting proposal in the able before the Fall elections. be factored in after the national pro¬ Senate version of the bill was the Funding levels being determined gram is debated and parameters establishment of a deficit-reduction by the appropriations committees in established. The AFSA president commission similar to the the House and Senate will be critical and Health Coordinator Harry Department of Defense base-clos¬ for USIA and VOA programs, as the Blaney are calling on key congres¬ ing committee. Congress could only establishment of Radio Free Asia sional members and their staffs to approve or reject the deficit commis¬ and TV Marti pose severe resource ensure that Foreign Service con¬ sion recommendations without problems for USIA. cerns are recognized as the process amendments.

AFSA Grievance Counselors Can Help Federal Employee Scholarships Offered AFSA hopes you will never tions for the grievance procedure. The Federal Employee need to file a grievance. But if you Some typical grievance issues Education and Assistance Fund do, AFSA grievance counselors involve discrepancies in EERs, (FEEA) has announced its 8th are available to help. If you have denial of allowances or benefits annual scholarship competition tried resolving problems through contrary to regulations and for federal employees and their informal channels and have not restoration of annual leave where dependents. been satisfied, a grievance may be wrongfully denied. For example, Scholarship awards, open to necessary. AFSA's grievance you may feel there are inaccurate high school seniors and stu¬ counselors will assist in pinpointing or falsely prejudicial statements in dents continuing their educa¬ pertinent regulations, researching your EERs. While traveling from tion, range from $300 to $1,200 issues and reviewing drafts. They assignment to assignment, you per student. Selection criteria will also show you the best way to may be denied travel allowances, include academic achievement, organize and present your griev¬ or after arriving at post, housing community service, a recom¬ ance, explain what relief may be allowances that you are entitled to mendation and an essay on, “If I appropriate and outline time limita- receive. If you lost annual leave were president of the United because of illness, administrative States for a day, I would . . error or exigencies of public busi¬ Race for the Cure 1994 Applications must be post¬ ness you may be entitled to have it marked by June 3,1994. A five-kilometer race (walk or restored. run) to raise money for breast FEEA also offers low interest If you have questions or con¬ student loans. To obtain a schol¬ cancer research will take place cerns regarding Foreign Service on June 16 around the Capitol arship application or student allowances, annual or other leave, loan information, send a self- and the Mall. To Join the State professional and language train¬ addressed stamped envelope Department team call Shelly ing, EER statements, or any other to: FEEA Scholarship Program, Kornegay (703)516-1733 Foreign Service allowance or ben¬ before June 3. Suite 200, 8441 W. Bowls Ave. efit, AFSA can help you find the Littleton, Colo. 80123-3245. answer.

MAY 1994 • AFSA NEWS • 5 Thoughts on

• Furnished studios to Diversity 3 bedroom residences “. . . Certainly systems of racial • Minimum 30 days preferences are not intended to denigrate either those permitted to • Rates within per diem benefit from them or those who are • Fully equipped kitchens excluded. But although those who are excluded are plainly not victims • Individual washers/dryers of a system of racial subjugation, • Cable T.V. & local phone such as the one that long included oppressed people of color, they are just as plainly victims of racial dis¬ • Utilities included Come to American Service crimination, an entirely distinct Center for diplomatic immunity • Optional Maid service wrong, but not a trivial one. The from high prices. If you are on backlash against racial preferences • On site fitness center & an overseas assignment, and memberships to local health carry a diplomatic or official clubs Excellence and diversity, passport, you can save on the purchase of a new Mercedes • Pet friendly locations it must be emphasized, are not enemies. Benz with U.S. equipment, • Major credit cards accepted shipped directly to the United • One statement billing States. is not trivial either, and explaining it Contact Erik Granholm, our away as racism is just another way • Locations in Virginia, Diplomatic and Tourist Sales of silencing critics without debating Maryland and D.C. close to Manager, a native of Munich new NFATC them....” “Excellence and diversity, it must Germany who has been with American Service Center for 27 Virginia Locations be emphasized, are not enemies; Annandale, Arlington, Ballston, the professional success of genera¬ years. Courthouse, Crystal City, tions of professionals who are not Fairfax City, Falls Church white gives the lie to this old canard. Maryland Locations But most of that success has been Bethesda, Gaithersburg, Rockville, enjoyed by individuals who have, as Silver Spring members of other excluded ethnic groups have, met whatever stan¬ District Locations dards for success a profession has ' Dupont Circle, Foggy Bottom, Upper established. Northwest, Waterfront And if these professionally Inquiries (703) 506-8993 accomplished individuals happen to (800) 776-5057 have been beneficiaries of affirma¬ 585 North Glebe Road FAX (703) 506-3997 tive action, then they have plainly Arlington, Virginia 22203 made the most of their opportunity 703/525-2100 FAX: 703/525-1430 LET US SHOW YOU HOW to show that they are able to meet WE OPEN DOORS TO HOMES the same standards as everyone else.” AWAY FROM HOMES! ® Mercedes-Benz-Registerd Trademarks of Daimler-Benz AG, From Stephen L. Carter, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany 8230 Old Courthouse Road Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182 Reflections of an Affirmative Action Baby (Basic Books, 1991).

6 • AFSANEWS • MAY 1994 CLASSIFIEDS

PROPERTY MGMT. Fairfax County home than Send us your dates. early! Avoid disappointment! PEAKE MANAGEMENT, INC. Call, AUSTIN, TX: Lakeway WASHINGTON D.C., J.P. PROPERTIES, LTD.: write or FAX LINDSEY PEAKE homes and homesites outside ARLINGTON: Personalized Complete professional dedi¬ 6842 Elm Street, Suite 303, of Austin on 65-mile-long Lake relocation, short, or long term. cation to the management of McLean, VA 22101. Tel (703) Travis. Three 18-hole golf We specialize in walk-to- residential property in 448-0212, FAX (703) 448- courses, World of Tennis Metro sales and furnished Northern Virginia. Allow our 9652. Center, 400-slip marina, 4000 rentals. Arlington Villas, 1-1/2 multi-faceted professionals to WASHINGTON MAN¬ ft. airstrip. Contact ROY & ASSO¬ blocks from Metro, luxurious offer personal attention to your AGEMENT SERVICES: CIATES, 1411 RR 620 South, studio, one, two, three bed¬ room. Fully furnished, wash¬ home, careful tenant screen¬ Residential property manage¬ Austin, TX 78734 (512) 263- er/dryer, microwave, cable, ing, and video inspections of ment is our only business. 2181. your property. We are Call, write, or fax MARY BETH RETURNING TO D.C.? linens. AMERICAN REALTY GROUP, equipped to handle all of your OTTO, 2015 Q St. NW, Real estate prices are where 915 N. Stafford St., Arlington, property management needs. Washington, D.C. 20009. Tel. they were in the late 80’s, VA 22203. (703) 524-0482 or Over 15 years real estate (202) 462-7212, Fax (202) interest rates the lowest in 20 (703) 276-1200. Children wel¬ experience and Foreign 332-0798. years—now may be a good comed. Pets on approval. Service overseas living experi¬ time for you to buy. I have pro¬ ence. JOANN PIEKNEY, 301 REAL ESTATE vided exclusive representation VACATIONS & RESORTS Maple Ave. W, 4-G, Vienna, to many Foreign Service VA 22180. Tel (703) 938-0909 FLORIDA: Enjoy the best employees as a buyer agent. FLORIDA EAST COAST: FAX (703) 281-9782. of living all year. Former FSO For important information on Fully turn., a/c, 3BR, pool FAHEY & ASSOCIATES: Paul Byrnes, PRUDENTIAL FLORI¬ the benefits of buyer agency home with small dock in Professional, residential, prop¬ DA REALTY, 100 N. Tamiami Tr., send for a free report available secluded topical setting nr erty management service for Sarasota, FL 34236, can help from MARILYN CANTRELL, GRI, beaches. 2 hrs. drive Miami & Northern Virginia properties. with property anywhere in Associate Broker at Mary Orlando. $1,800 mo. & elec. 2 Expertise and personal atten¬ Florida. CALL PAUL toll free, 1- Price-Howell Properties, 6402 mo. min. Photos available tion to detail are the hallmarks 800-766-1610. Arlington Boulevard, Falls (703) 370-6860. of our established firm. FLORIDA INVEST¬ Church, VA 22042. (703) 533- OUTER BANKS: Year References provided. JIM MENT/RETIREMENT PROP¬ 3333, Fax (703) 538-6092. old, 5BR, 3BA luxuriously fur¬ FAHEY, 9520 B Lee Highway, ERTY: Be a client and not just ELEGANT APART¬ nished home 500 feet from Fairfax, VA 22031 (703) 691- a customer with retired FSO MENTS AT RIVER PLACE. ocean in Corolla, NC. Rent by 2006, Fax (703) 691-2009. Stan Valerga, Buyers’ Broker Arlington, VA; Efficiencies week/month; ideal for home MANOR SERVICES: at REBB Team, Inc., 1532 one-, two- bedrooms, two leave. Call BARRY HEYMAN 703 Former federal law enforce¬ Stickney Point Rd., Sarasota, blocks from metro, FSI. Bike 644-8591 or write 8706 Side ment agent letting his 10-year FL 34231 or telephone toll free or Metro to Pentagon. Saddle Rd. Springfield, VA residential management com¬ 1(800) 977-9994. Superior furnishings, immedi¬ 22152. pany expand upon retirement. NORTH ARLINGTON ate phone and CATV, HOME LEAVE HAVEN: 2 Best tenant screening. CAPE: Sundrenched 3BR, microwave, linens and many Apartments: 2 bedrooms, 2 Frequent property inspection. 2BA, FP, CAC and garage; 1 amenities. Site has spa, rates baths; 1 bedroom, 1 1/2 Mortgages paid. Repairs. mile to Ballston Metro, 2yr within your per diem. Call baths. Furnished, cable TV, Close personal attention. lease, avail. September 94. (301) 279-0392 or fax SOJOURN¬ Pool, on Gulf of Mexico, We’re small but very effective. KATE & CHARLIE BRANDEIS, 2011 ER HOUSING at (301) 762-7692 Madeira Beach, FL. (St. Petersburg\Tampa) 90 miles FS and military references. N Utah St., Arlington, 22207 for brochure or reservations. Lowest rates. Best service. (703)522-8486. BACK FOR TRAINING? from Disney World. Lease or TERSH NORTON, Box 42429, SHORT TERM RENTALS LEAVE? D.C. TOUR? We are buy. TEL/FAX (804) 270- Washington, D.C. 20015, Foreign Service Associates the Washington Metro Area 7342. Write-P.O. Box 1040, (202) 363-2990. can provide fully furnished short-term rental specialists. Glen Allen, VA 23060. GOING OVERSEAS? apartments just 5 minutes Excellent locations. Wide price RETIRED FSO. We’ll rent and manage your from the new FSI facility and range. In Virginia walk to FSI. home for you. Our staff of one block from SA-15. We In D.C. and Maryland walk to TAX & FINANCIAL experienced professionals have efficiencies, 1 bedrooms, Metro. Large selection of fur¬ SERVICES specialize EXCLUSIVELY in prop¬ and some 2 bedrooms, usual¬ nished and equipped efficien¬ AFSA TAX COUNSEL: erty management. Since we ly well within your per diem. cies, one-bedrooms, two-bed- don’t do sales, managing your They are fully furnished with rooms and some furnished Problems of tax and finance: Never a charge to AFSA home always comes first. With kitchens, cable TV, telephone, houses. Many welcome pets. members for telephone guid¬ computerized accounting, linens, and all utilities includ¬ For brochures & info: EXECU¬ thorough inspections and ed. Write FOREIGN SERVICE ASSO¬ TIVE HOUSING CONSULTANTS, INC., ance. R.N. Bob Dussell(ex- A.I.D.) at tax work both within careful tenant screening, CIATES, P.O. Box 12855, Short Term Rental, 7315 and without I.R.S. since 1937. nobody provides more per¬ Arlington, VA 22209 or call or Wisconsin Ave., Suite 1020 Now solely in practice to assist sonal care and attention to FAX 1-703-636-7606. Child¬ East, Bethesda, MD 20814. Foreign Service employees you and your Arlington or ren are always welcome. (301) 951-4111. Reserve CLASSIFIEDS

and their families. Also lec¬ PURCHASES (301) 585-0914 or FAX (301) Arlington, VA 22201 703/525- tures on TAX LAW at FSI 588-9019. 4000. every month since 1970 at WORLD’S FINEST HOME REPAIRS: did you WILL KIT! Make your own Rosslyn, VA. BOB DUSSELL ORANGE GIFT PACK: For rent out your home while will, valid all states. $12.50 (703) 841-0158, FAX (703) all your gift giving needs. Any overseas? Concerned about postpaid. Order from: EARS 522-5726. Office is 100 feet time - year round. 10-14 lbs. how it may look when you #111, 5429 Mapledale Plaza, from Virginia Sq. Metro station $19.95 delivered TREE FRESH in return? Stop worrying. Retired Dale City, VA 22193-4526. at 3601 Fairfax Drive, the continental USA. For Navy Seabee is ready to han¬ FORMER FOREIGN SER¬ Arlington, Virginia 22201. more information or to place dle all your maintenance, VICE OFFICER NOW PRAC¬ ATTORNEY, FORMER an order call 1 -800-695-3852 repair and remodeling needs. TICING LAW IN D.C./MD FOREIGN SERVICE OFFI¬ or fax (209) 539-2089. Call or fax RONALD LUNDY at general practice, wills, trusts, CER: Extensive experience BEADS, BEADS, (202) 543-9465 for a free esti¬ living wills, power of attorney, with tax problems peculiar to BEADS! plus pendants, find¬ mate. Licensed—Bonded— domestic relations; Gregory the Foreign Service. Available ings, stringing materials, Insured. V. Powell, FUREY, D00LAN & for consultation, tax planning, tools, books, and more. ONE STOP FOR TRANS¬ ABELL, 8401 Connecticut Ave., and preparation of returns. Wherever you may be, BEADZIP LATION & PRINTING of your Suite 1100, Chevy Chase, M.BRUCE HIRSH0RN, BORING PAR¬ can fill all your beadstringing stationary (Letterheads, MD 20815. (301)652-6880. ROTT & PILGER, Suite D, 307 needs. To receive our 30- Business cards, Envelopes). WILLS/ESTATE PLAN¬ Maple Avenue, West, page catalog and information This includes the production NING: by attorney who is a Vienna, VA 22180. Tel. (703) about PS, our personal shop¬ of camera-ready copy in the former Foreign Service offi¬ 281-2161, Fax: (703) 281- per service for beadstringers, language you specify. We use cer. Have your will reviewed 9464. send $5, redeemable with any fine quality paper stock your and updated, or a new one COMPLETE TAX & order, to BEADZIP, 2316-D choice of Engraved, prepared. No charge for initial ACCOUNTING SERVICES: Sarah Lane, Falls Church, VA Thermographed or Flat consultation. M.BRUCE HIR- Specialize in Foreign Service 22043. And whenever you are Printing. Contact KENWILL SH0RN, BORING, PARROTT & PIL¬ and overseas contractor situ¬ in the Washington area, be GRAPHICS, INC. 1110 Fidler GER, Suite D, 307 Maple Ave., ations, VIRGINIA M. TEST, CPA sure to visit BEADAZZLED, the Lane #1400 Silver Spring, MD W. , Vienna, VA 22180. Tel. 2200 E. Patrick Lane, #27, world’s most wonderful bead 20910. TEL: 301/587-1880 or (703) 281-2161, FAX (703) Las Vegas, NV 89119, (702) store, open seven days a FAX: 301/587-0402. 281-9464. 795-3648. week at 1522 Connecticut FREE TAX CONSULTA¬ Ave. in Washington, DC and BOOKS HELP WANTED TION: for overseas person¬ 421 N. Charles St. in nel. We process returns as Baltimore, MD. BOOKS, BOOKS, WANTED: Licensed and received, without delay. TIRED OF BEING BOOKS: We have thou¬ “Want-to-Be” Virginia and Preparation and representa¬ TIRED? ENERGIZE with sands in stock, do special- D.C. Sales agents for inde¬ tion by enrolled agents, avg. Nature’s Nutrition Formula orders daily, search for out-of- pendently owned firm catering fee $195 includes return and One. Look Better. Feel Better. print books. Visa or to the Foreign Service TAX Trax, unique, mini-finan¬ Have More Energy. FREE 3 Mastercard. THE VERMONT BOOK Community. Liberal commis¬ cial planning review with rec¬ day supply pack. Call or SHOP, 38 Main Street, sions - company referrals - ommendations. Full planning write...703/263-9515 or Middlebury, VT 05753. office support staff -training - available. MILTON E. CARB, EA, ALLIANCE USA 13631 Ellendale YOUR PERSONAL contact DONNA COURTNEY at and BARRY B. DE MARR, EA, CFP, Dr. Chantilly, VA 22021. BOOKSTORE AWAY FROM Property Specialists Realty, FINANCIAL FORECASTS, metro MARY KAY COSMETICS: HOME: Order any U.S. book Inc. 703-525-7010. location 933 N. Kenmore St. Quality skincare and glamour in print. Store credit available. #217 Arlington, VA 22201 products. For brochure write: SALMAGUNDI BOOKS LTD. 66 Main MISCELLANEOUS (703) 841-1040, FAX (703) DIANA C0NGD0N, 21043 Lowell St, Cold Spring, NY 10516. 522-3815. Ct„ Sterling, VA 20164. Will N ANN YXHOUSE KEEP¬ ROLAND S. HEARD, ship to APO addresses. FAST ATTORNEYS/WILLS ER: Available 7/94. Call (703) CPA: Has worked overseas, SERVICE! 524-4264 evenings. is familiar with Foreign ATTORNEY/FORMER Service and contract employ¬ PROFESSIONAL & FOREIGN SERVICE OFFI¬ ee situations, has practiced MEDICAL SERVICES CER with ten years legal - ^ before the IRS, computerized experience now practicing law tax services, financial plan¬ REMODELING: W.D. in VA/MD/DC general practice ning, member AICPA, Tax JANE, a Foreign Service - real estate, contracts, com¬ Division and Personal spouse-owned business serv¬ mercial law, estate planning, STJ fUDE CHILDREN'S Financial Mgmt. Division. 30 ing the MD, VA & D.C. area, domestic relations, interna¬ EARCH HOSPITAL minute FREE consultation RES offers design, additions, elec¬ tional and domestic adop¬ Danny Thomas, Founder Phone/FAX: (703) 242-8559. trical, plumbing, renovations, tions. RICHARD B0NSIGN0RE, Searc hing for the Cure. P.O. Box 1144 Vienna, VA carpentry. Licensed, bonded, BEAN, KINNEY & K0RMAN, P.C., 1-800-f577-5833 for information 22183. insured. Call RICHARD MERLO 2000 N. 14TH St., Suite 100, R E A L E i 5 T A T E

SLEEPLESS IN SINQAPORE? Specializingin Montgomery County Let WJD ASSOCIATES Property Management Division handle your property so you can have “SWEET DREAMS’ ♦Leasing Promote and market your property; advertising; use of MLS; qualify tenants... ♦Management Inspection; emergency and normal maintenance... ♦Accounting Collect rent; pay mortgage, fees, taxes...

WJD ASSOCIATES DiAnne Lee, Vanessa Oldenkamp, Jack Ritter Our “DREAM” Team Professional Property - Professional and Personal Service - Multiple Listing Service Management, Inc. - Specializing in Quality Single Family - Letters of Recommendation 2416 Blueridge Ave., #206, Silver Spring, MD 20902 Townhomes and Condominiums - Sales and Leasing - Computerized Financial Statements Residential and Commercial - Innovative Marketing Techniques - )0 Licensed Sales Associates 301/946-4333 - Six Month Interim Inspections - National Historic Trust Fax: 301/946-4220 - Video Taped Move-in and Move-out Certification WJD ASSOCIATES Ask our owners, I 11 North Alfred Street • Alexandria, Virginia 22 3 14 they are our references. (703) 684-0800 • FAX (703) 836-6479

PROPERTY MANAGEMENT PROFTT FROM OUR EXPERIENCE Single Family, Condominium or Home owners Association. . . • Personalized Attention • Full—Service Management It's not the only temporary • Financial Management executive housing in Washington • Worldwide Relocation Service Call today for the management support that is service-driven. you deserve. After all, since 1986, returning embassy personnel, military and other government employees and their families have been made immediatly welcome by our staff who genuinely care about making 703-893-7227 you feel at home. Our experienced staff work quickly to find the right FAX: 703-883-8029 accommodations and our hassle-free service is only a phone call away. Our beautifully furnished and decorated one, two and three bed¬ 1445 Dolley Madison Blvd. room apartments, townhouses or larger single family homes include: McLean, Virginia 22101 Fully equipped kitchens • Bed & bath linens • Color TV and clock (Serving VA, MD & DC) radio • Local telephone services • All utilities • Maid services • Fitness centers • Pools • Security systems • Garage parking • Fireplaces and ^ more! Let us help you find affordable , quality housing with the services you ^^^^0K*p01*2lC4?Corporate require, in a location you want. —r^ and —« executive TEMPORARY 1 (800) 933-8367 HOUSING ROYAL PROPERTIES, INC I N C P.O. Box 176. Washington, VA 22747 I Serving V| Northern Virginia Fax: (703) 987-8122 SxsaiitL{j£. ON BALANCE -J^odcjincj WE ARE THE RIGHT

luj PROPERTIES WE CARE! "FOR THE EXECUTIVE ON THE MOVE' * Locations throughout Northern Virginia and D.C. 301 Maple Ave West Units fully furnished, equipped and accessorized Dogwood Building Suite G Many "Walk to Metro" locations Vienna, VA 22180 PET FRIENDLY (703)938-0909 • FAX (703) 281-9782

Residential Real Estate 6082-C Franconia Road, Alexandria, VA 22310 Sales—Management (703) 719-0508 FAX: (703) 971-7618

Call RAMONA BRANDT For All Your Real Estate Needs! 16 years of experience give Ramona the edge in all of Northern Virginia. She has successfully helped relocate over 1,000 families from the U.S. and abroad. Ask Ramona for one of her complete relocation packages with information to answer all your questions.

□ RE/MAX Hall of Fame

□ Top 100-RE/MAX International

□ Ranked #2-RE/MAX Mid-Atlantic Region

□ NVAR Top Producer 1981-1993

□ Life Member Million $ Sales Club

□ RE/MAX International Corporate Relocation Team (1 of 14 out of 38,000 agents) Ramona Brandt CRP, CRS RE/MAX Preferred Properties 380 Maple Ave., W., Suite 103 Vienna, VA 22180 0: 703/255-9700 H: 703/620-2454 800/828-9698 800/966-6663 Diplomatic & International Organizations Personalized Touch in Real Estate Full Agency Services

Free Professional Consultation Shared Experiences - U S Foreign Service Career Property Specialists, Inc. Overseas & International A professional and personal service tailored Organizaitons to meet your needs in: Specialist in Northern • Property Management Virginia properties since 1985 • Sales and Rentals • Multiple Listings National Historic Trust • Real Estate Investment Counseling Certification Complete Property Our staff includes: Mangement Gerry Addison Joann Howd Donna Linton Steve Carey Robert Howd Fran Palmeri Marghi Fauss Donna Courtney Robert Thomas Bill Struck McEnearney Assoicates, Inc. 1320 Old Chain Bridge Road, McLean, VA 22101 All presently or formerly associated (703) 370-5571 or (703) 790-9090 with the Foreign Service. Fax:(703)734-9460 Dial Toll Free: 1(800) 548-9080 4600-D Lee Highway Arlington, Virginia 22207 (703)525-7010 (703) 247-3350 Serving Virginia, Maryland and D.C.

2 Block Walk to State SIMPLY THE BEST! Short-term Condo Rentals Whether you're relocating from overseas or purchasing Remington Condo or selling while PCS, you need the best in service, Corner 24th & G Streets experience and expertise. Included Call me for free information, or to request a seminar at • One Bedroom Condominiums your embassy. • Fully Furnished w/Balconies I can make it easy for you, as I • In Unit Washer/Dryer have for many of your • Weekly Housekeeping Services associates! • On-Site Manager for Check-In • Complete Kitchen; All Linens • 13 years real estate experience • Telephone Service; Cable TV • 6 years experience giving real estate seminars at U.S. $80.00 per night, tax included embassies abroad No deposit: Small pets accepted • Associate Broker BOBBEE CARDILLO • Spouse of former Foreign Director Remington Short-Term Housing Service officer Govemment/Military B.J. Knight, Coordinator Relocation Services 1953 Gallows Road, Suite 500 601 24th Street, NW, #801 Washington, D.C. 20037 Vienna, VA 22182 COLDUietL Office: 1-800-3364567, ext 41 BANKjBR □ (800) 225-3847 • (202) 223-4512 or (703) 691-1400 r FAX: (202) 452-9541

Hone: (703) 978-5530 LU ExpectA the best® OPPOATUMTT HI ACTOR® JACKIE WOLCOTT SANDERS Sales, Leasing and Property Management Former Department Colleague Former Deputy Assistant Secretary Of State Stuart and Maury Inc. Realtors Specialist ltt Northern Virginia Residential • Hands on management for over 35 years! Properties • We’re not huge, we’re selective, we care! • Personalized guidance for all your National Trust For Historic Preservation Properties real estate needs! • 1031 Tax deferred exchange specialists! • Monthly computerized statements! Jackie Understands The Unique Needs Of The Foreign Service And Can Assist Call Susan Bader, property management You In Successfully Negotiating Your specialist, for more information Next Property Transaction.

Office (301) 654-3200 WJD ASSOCIATES Fax (301) 656-6182 111 North Alfred Street Old Town, Virginia 4833 Bethesda Ave. Office (703) 684-SALE Suite 200 Bethesda, MD 20814 jlltSlOliJC Home (703) 768-3406 REALESTATE s Excellent references upon request NATIONAL TRUST FOI ' msTOBic ntstmini Pager (703) 513-1396

Sales, Rentals, Investments Diplomat Property Management D.C., Maryland, and Virginia

Among Our 36 Agents The Following Are Foreign Service Affiliated Properties

House Hunting doesn't have to be a Hassle! Work with Anne Gomez John Baker m 15 YEARS EXPERIENCE Christina Griffin ■ KNOWLEDGE OF THE REAL ESTATE MARKET Josephine W. Holliday ■ KNOWLEDGE OF YOUR SPECIAL NEEDS Mariella Lehfeldt Lynn Mofflv Magruder ■ MULTIPLE LISTING John Y. Millar ■ BUYER BROKER OPTION Janice J. Lyon Millar Write or FAX Anne Gomez for a Free Welcome Kit. Robert Skiff Diplomat Properties also Specializes in Personalized John Turner Property Management. Owned and Operated by a Former Foreign Service Family

DIPLOMAT PROPERTIES, INC. MGMB Inc. Realtors 3900 N. Fairfax Drive, #204 Foxhall Square 202-362-4480 Arlington, VA 22203 3301 New Mexico Ave., N.W. Fax: 202-363-8954 (Near Virginia Square Metro) Washington, D.C. 20016 Write for free relocation kit! Anne Gomez, Broker (703) 522-5900 FAX (703) 525-4713 ADVERTISING INDEX

INSURANCE AUTOMOBILE P. 22 Georgetown Suites P. 9 AFSPA Insert section American Service Center P. 26 Hotel Lombardy P. 1 Clements and Company P. C4 Chrysler P. 29 Inn at Foggy Bottom P. 60 Jannette P. 62 Don Beyer Volvo P. 25 Oakwood P. 29 UniRisc P. C2 Ford P. 56 Remington P. C3 Hirshorn P. 60 Martens P. 65 Remington Condos P. 58 Passport BMW P. 12 The River Inn REAL ESTATE & P. 23 Priority Assist P. 62 The Towers PROP. MGMT. P. 24 State Plaza P. 44 Allied MOVING & STORAGE P. 17 Virginian P. 64 Brandt, Ramona P. 26 Interstate P. 43 Westpark Suites P. 65 Cardillo, Bobbee P. 19 Security Storage P. 7 Winston House P. 63 Century 21 Royal P. 18 Coldwell Bankers SCHOOLS EXPORTERS P. 66 Diplomat Properties P. 59 Leysin P. 62 Book Call P. 45 Executive Housing P. 59 North Country School P. 28 General Electric P. 65 Fauss, Marghi P. 57 Pine Crest P. 30 Greenline Forwarding P. 64 J.P. Properties P. 62 Morgan Pharmacy P. 13 Long and Foster TEMPORARY HOUSING P.66 MGMB P. 5 Barton House FINANCIAL SERVICES P. 58 Prof. Property Mgmt. P. 49 Chase at Ballston P. 2 CAMCO P. 63 Professional Property Mgmt. P. 51 Chase at Bethesda P.61 Money Concepts P. 65 Property Specialist P. 63 Corporate &C Exec. Housing P. 62 MCG OFinancial P. 66 Sanders, Jackie P. 62 Days Inn P. 61 Shearson Lehman Brothers P. 66 Stuart and Maury Insert section Exclusive Interim P. 14 State Dept. Credit Union P. 15 Simuneks P. 8 Execustay P. 63 WJD Associates P. 45 Executive Housing CLASSIFIEDS P. 64 Executive Lodging AFSA News insert section

A new book from the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy THE UNITED NATIONS, IRAN, AND IRAQ How PEACEMAKING CHANGED by CAMERON R. HUME

“This insider’s account of the revolutionary changes in the “This book is the first of its kind to look at the United United Nations Security Council.Js a major contribution Nations at work over two major and most dangerous issues to understanding why the UN and the Council are now [the Iran-lraq war and Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait]...The more effective and more used....Cameron Hume’s personal cooperation developed between the five Permanent Mem¬ participation in helping to develop an enlarged role for UN bers of the Security Council was something new...here we peacemaking and the Security Council in post-cold war see how it happened—the personalities, the push and pull conflict resolution provides special insights into how and between them, the mechanisms they used, their successes why these changes took place.” and failures, the limitations under which they operated, the —U.S. AMBASSADOR THOMAS R. PICKERING opportunities they created for the future.” An ISD Book published by Indiana University Press, May 1994, —SIR CRISPIN TICKEIX 288 pp., notes, bibliography, index. Cloth $29.95. former U.K. ambassador to the United Nations

Also available from ISD: ASSASSINATION IN KHARTOUM by DAVID A. KORN To place an order or request a catalog, contact: An ISD Book published by Indiana University Press. Cloth $24.95 INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF DIPLOMACY PUBLICATIONS CHESTER BOWLES— NEW DEALER IN THE COLD WAR Georgetown University School of Foreign Service by HOWARD E. SCHAFFHR Washington, D.C. 20057-1052 An ISD Book published by Harvard University Press. Cloth $29.95 Tel.: (202) 687-8971, Fax.: (202) 687-8312 Dear Mother BY SALLY SLOCUM I couldn’t get to California in time after You studied French doggedly in it was getting harder. they told me you were failing fast, so Abidjan, but you could never quite In the Congo, political tensions were I never said goodbye. That’s one of shake off the Spanish you knew. rising and the democratization process the prices we pay in the Foreign Service. Everywhere you went you drew stares. I was faltering. Since our phone only You knew I loved you, but there are still don’t think most of the Africans had worked sporadically, I worried more plenty of things I didn’t say to you, ever seen a “European” as old as you. and more about your safety. memories of laughter and pain, danger You were touched that all the Foreign Continuing crises often kept me at the and boredom, that we could have Service nationals called you “Mama.” embassy long after working hours, and shared again together. They carefully helped you across streets, weekends too. Then one night came the You were 79 years old when you sold found you chairs, brought you food at radio call: Get out. Barricades were your house and furniture, and flew parties. My status rose because of you. going up all over town, especially in our halfway around the world to join me in After only 15 months the news came: neighborhood. We could hear the angry Kuala Lumpur. At that age most people a direct transfer to Brazzaville, Congo. crowds and shots in the distance. We have given up adventure, but you didn’t threw some things into suitcases, and see why you shouldn’t travel the world. headed for the home of a colleague. You You moved eagerly into the diplomatic were not afraid. Your spirit and sense of life. A reception at the ambassador’s, a humor strengthened everyone. chili cook-off, a meeting of the recre¬ After a few days things calmed ation association: You were part of it all. down, and we were able to move back Remember when we sat outside our into the house. I think the last straw apartment in Kuala Lumpur half the came when you got malaria. You never night to watch an eclipse of the moon? quite snapped back all the way after Remember how you insisted on climb¬ that. We finally agreed that you would ing the hill in Malacca to see the old be better off in the States. So when it Dutch gravestones? You loved getting came time to take R&R, we went to pedalled around town in the rickshaw, California, to the town where you used though you worried it was too hard for Pack the bags again, watch your life going to live, and found a comfortable retire¬ the driver. You made lots of friends, not into boxes, look around at the bare walls, ment home. But you cried when you only Americans but Brits, Malaysians, the empty shelves. Cry a litde as you say packed up your diplomatic passport, Australians. You learned to cope with goodbye to friends. The Americans you and you cried when I left you there to tropical heat, bugs and driving on the may hope to see again, but to the FSNs return to Africa. wrong side of the road. GSOs loved it’s probably goodbye forever. Board the Thank you, Mother, for being with coming to our house because you plane again for unknown territory. We me. Thank you for being strong and always gave them cookies. had a beautiful house in Brazzaville. But cheerful and unafraid. Thank you for Then it was pack the bags, off to you were tired of fighting the heat, the your love and support. My hardship Africa. Our first day in Abidjan, we ants, the mosquitoes, the bad water, the posts would have been even harder kept hearing strange sounds — fire¬ cockroaches. The American community without you. Again and again I find crackers? Then came the call from the was small. Your struggles with French myself thinking “I must be sure to tell embassy: Dangerous political demon¬ were taking you nowhere, and I could Mother about that — she’d enjoy it.” strations, do not leave the house. One not find English-speaking household And then I remember. of the major riots was two blocks away, help. With no one to talk to, you were I love you. at the TV station. “Weren’t you scared?” lonely while I was at work all day. friends asked later. You just shrugged Though you still went to parties, where Sally Slocum is a Foreign Service offi¬ and smiled. everyone called you “Mama,” I could see cer now on a Cox sabbatical

68 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MAY 1994 TOUR FREE GOVERNMENT COVERAGE COULD LEAVE TOU OVERSEAS AND UNDEROOVERED

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