French-Russian workshop “Environmental Changes in Siberia”

21-23 october 2019

High latitudes of the northern hemisphere and particularly Siberia play a key role in the Earth system across multiple couplings between climate, biogeochemical cycles, environment, glacial processes and hydrology. Siberia is a particular hot spot of these interactions. Furthermore, human activities also exert a strong impact with the exploration of oil and gas, forest exploitation, agriculture and other uses of natural resources. Here, humans and the perturbed natural systems are part of numerous interactions that require better understanding. Recently, several French-Russian collaborations have launched and completed original research programs to address these questions. The present workshop aims to be a lively place for further developing such bilateral collaborations, and to exchange on recent scientific findings across disciplines. We will resume the collective discussion of French Russian scientific collaborations in the perimeter of environmental sciences (in a very wide sense), identify current topics, foster and enhance collaborations, and finally increase the potential for interdisciplinary research beyond environmental sciences, especially toward humanities.

Topics of the workshop include: climatic change, pollution, ecosystems changes, biogeochemistry, permafrost, environmental chemistry, aquatic/coastal/marine research, geography, risk assessment/perception, urban environment/urban studies, modelling and observations, international initiatives, interdisciplinary studies and link to humanities and social sciences...

Date: 21-23 October 2019, 3 days, noon-to-noon.

Location: Cité Universitaire Internationale, Paris, France

Format: Plenary topical sessions, consisting of short presentations and roundtable discussions. The book of abstracts will be published and indexed.

Keynote Introduction – Jean Jouzel (LSCE, France; vice-chair IPCC WG1, Nobel Prize co-winner with IPCC in 2007, formerly coordinator of the Russian Megagrant WSibIso) Cyril Moulin (Deputy director of CNRS-INSU)

Registration: https://envchangesib.sciencesconf.org

Registration deadline: 30/09/2019. Participation is free of charge. Lunch on Day 2 is provided.

Scientific committee : Jean-Daniel Paris (LSCE, France), Olga N. Solomina (Institute of Geography, Russia), Kathy Law (LATMOS, France), Sergey Kirpotin (Tomsk State University, Russia), Roman Tesseirenc (Ecolab, France), Boris D. Belan (IAO, Russia), Alexandra Lavrillier (CEARC, France), Pavel I. Konstantinov (Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia), Marie Noelle Houssais (CNRS, France), Mikhail Yu. Arshinov (IAO, Russia), Jérôme Chappellaz (CNRS, IPEV, France), Yuri S. Balin (IAO, Russia), Catherine Ottlé (LSCE, France), Antoine Séjourné (GEOPS, France) Contact: [email protected]

1 French-Russian workshop “Environmental Change in Siberia”

21-23 Oct 2019 Paris, France France Table of contents

EnvChangeSib ws Flyer2.pdf1

Terrestrial ecosystems and biogeochemistry4

Seasonal trends in limnological properties and greenhouse gas emissions from different types of thermokarst lakes in Central Yakutia, Fr´ed´ericBouchard [et al.]5

High resolution record of dissolved organic carbon export from a subarctic catch- ment underlain by discontinuous permafrost, Laure Gandois [et al.]...... 6

Spectral characteristics of northern plants for monitoring technogenic impact on the ecosystems of the Russian Subarctic with satellite imagery, Elena Golubeva [et al.]...... 7

Study of the thermal imprint of a river in a continuous permafrost area (Syrdakh, Central Yakutia, Russia), Christophe Grenier [et al.]...... 9

Russian-French collaboration via the mega-transect approach for the large-scale bilateral and international projects, Sergey Kirpotin [et al.]...... 10

Long-term and seasonal changes of lakes of the Pyakupur river basin, Iurii Kolesnichenko [et al.]...... 12

High Performance Computing for permafrost modeling: towards mechanistic assessments of climate change impacts at the scale of the experimental water- shed, Laurent Orgogozo [et al.]...... 13

Carbon cycle in northern peatlands of western Siberia, Russia, Anna Peregon [et al.]...... 15

Understanding the impact of current permafrost thawing on environment: release of carbon in Central Yakutia (Eastern Siberia), Antoine S´ejourn´e[et al.]..... 16

1 Permafrost degradation under climate change: experimental approach in a cold room., Francois Costard [et al.]...... 18

Atmospheric pollution and climate forcing 19

Spatial distribution CO2 and CH4 concentrations across West Siberia: mobile measurement campaigns of 2018-2019, Mikhail Arshinov [et al.]...... 20

Comprehensive study of the troposphere over the Russian Arctic using the ”Op- tik” Tu-134 aircraft laboratory, Boris Belan [et al.]...... 21

Using ship-borne observations of methane isotopic ratio in the Arctic Ocean to understand methane sources in the Arctic, Antoine Berchet [et al.]...... 22

UHIARC-Network as a tool for investigation of boundary layer inversions and urban heat island in big cities of eastern Arctic, Pavel Konstantinov [et al.]... 23

Airborne, shipborne and ground-based lidar monitoring of atmospheric aerosol fields in Western and Eastern Siberia (Lake Baikal), Sergei Nasonov [et al.]... 24

Submicron aerosol and ”soot” in the troposphere of Siberia, Mikhail Panchenko [et al.]...... 25

Regional anthropogenic methane in Siberia : airborne observation of oil and gas emissions, Jean-Daniel Paris [et al.]...... 27

Observations of the horizontally oriented crystalline particles with a scanning polarization lidar, Ioganes Penner [et al.]...... 29

Ship-borne measurements of atmospheric composition over the Arctic seas in 2015-2019, Andrey Skorokhod [et al.]...... 30

Identification of aerosol sources in Siberia and study of aerosol transport at re- gional scale by airborne and space-borne lidar measurement, Antonin Zabukovec [et al.]...... 31

Interdisciplinary studies 32

Permafrost thaw in the coastal Russian Arctic: interconnectedness of cultural and material dimensions, Natalia Doloisio...... 33

Traditional diet and environmental contaminants in coastal Chukotka, Russian Arctic, Alexey Dudarev...... 34

2 Hydrologic and Morphological Response of the Lena River to Ongoing Climate Change (Eastern Siberia), Emmanu`eleGautier [et al.]...... 35

Interactions of science and society on the modern stage: transdisciplinarity as a key principle, essential requirement and the main criterion for the success of the development of modern network mega-science, Tatyana Kolesnikova [et al.]... 36

How Arctic Indigenous Peoples in Siberia Observe Changes in Climate and Bio- diversity ?, Alexandra Lavrillier [et al.]...... 38

Homo agere or Homo superstes? (The Human acting or Human surviving?) - On the way to the cohesive language of description and design of research in transdisciplinary context, Lidia Rakhmanova...... 39

Holocene climate in Southern Siberia: state-of-the- art, Olga Solomina...... 41

List of participants 41

Author Index 43

3 Terrestrial ecosystems and biogeochemistry

4 Seasonal trends in limnological properties and greenhouse gas emissions from different types of thermokarst lakes in Central Yakutia

Fr´ed´ericBouchard ∗ 1, Antoine S´ejourn´e 1, Christine Hatt´e 2, Lara Hughes-Allen ∗

, Fran¸cois Costard

1 G´eosciencesParis Sud (GEOPS) – Universit´eParis-Sud - Paris 11, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR8148 – Universit´eParis Sud, bˆats.504 510, 91405 ORSAY Cedex, France 2 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE) – CEA, CNRS : UMR8212, Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) – Domaine du CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, France

Thermokarst (thaw) lakes are widespread across circum-Arctic permafrost regions and have been identified as potential hotspots of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the global scale. In Central Yakutia (Eastern Siberia), it has been estimated that about 40% of the territory has been affected by thermokarst activity since the early Holocene. Today, many lakes of different ages and morphologies are visible across the landscape. Based on earlier characterization of these lakes by geochemical and stable isotope techniques, we investigated three types of lakes for their limnological properties (temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH) and their dissolved GHG concentrations (CO2, CH4, N2O). Measurements were conducted at four different periods during the year 2018-2019 (autumn, winter, spring, summer), providing a full annual cycle of seasonal dynamics. Preliminary results show striking differences both between lake types at a given season and between seasons for a given lake type. Moreover, lakes that are deeper than the maximum thickness of ice cover can be strongly stratified during winter time, potentially fueling high GHG production within oxygen-depleted bottom waters. Such heterogeneities must be taken into account when trying to quantify the contribution of Siberian thermokarst lakes to GHG emissions from high-latitude regions and the related permafrost-carbon feedbacks to the global climate.

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5 High resolution record of dissolved organic carbon export from a subarctic catchment underlain by discontinuous permafrost

Laure Gandois ∗ 1, Nikita Tananaev 2, Anatoly Prokushkin 3, Roman Teisserenc 4

1 Laboratoire d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, ECOLAB, Universit´ede Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse (EcoLab) – CNRS : UMR5245 – Avenue de l’Agrobiopole – BP 32607 31326 Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France 2 Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, – Yakutsk, Russia 3 Sukachev Institute of Forest, Krasnoiarsk – Krasnoiarsk, Russia, Russia 4 EcoLab, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, ECOLAB, Universit´ede Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse (EcoLab) – CNRS : UMR5245 – France

Among over fluxes, lateral organic carbon fluxes from land to surface water in Arctic water- sheds are critical. The Arctic ocean is, on a volume basis, the ocean with the highest terrestrial input of terrestrial organic carbon. In permafrost affected watersheds, soils and peatlands store 1035 ± 150 Pg of organic carbon. This represents 50% of the global soil organic carbon stock. Varying contribution of flow paths within the active layer, and DOC origin from different sources including thawing permafrost, have numerous implications in the perspective of establishing car- bon budgets for Northern watersheds. In the Arctic and subarctic region, DOC exports mostly occur during the short freshet period. In relation to remote location, sampling frequency are often relatively loose, with a higher frequency during spring freshet. This work has been carried out at the outlet of the Graviyka River, one of the northernmost tributaries of the Yenisei River (Roshydromet station from 1938 to 1993). Its watershed cov- ers 320 km2. For the first time at this latitude, a high resolution monitoring (1h) of fDOM (fluorescent dissolved organic matter), a proxy for DOC has been deployed coupled to other parameters (temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen) for three years. This coupled analysis of DOC and other water characteristics highlights the contribution of different water flows depending of the season. The high resolution acquisition allows to study DOC vs discharge hysteresis, revealing different prevalent DOC transfer processes. The annual DOC exports (5 to 7 T.km-2) are dominated by the spring flood period, although this proportion is highly variable (50 to 80 %). During freshet, DOC peaks just before discharge peak and snowmelt induces DOC dilution. This study revealed contrasted processes during autumn floods, when high peaks of DOC concentration are measured simultaneously to discharge. Coupled by low conductivity and low pH, this suggests the contribution of organic rich peatlands at the end of the growing season.

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6 Spectral characteristics of northern plants for monitoring technogenic impact on the ecosystems of the Russian Subarctic with satellite imagery

Elena Golubeva ∗ 1, Gareth Rees 2, Olga Tutubalina 1, Mikhail Zimin 1

1 M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU) – 1 Leninskiye Gory 119991 Moscow, Russia 2 Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge (SPRI) – Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1ER, United Kingdom

Changes in the state of individual plant species and the vegetation cover as a whole, ex- pressed in spectral reflectance values, can be used as indicators of natural and anthropogenic processes. Spectral signatures of plants can be used to determine the state of ecosystems, and are collated in spectral libraries. To help interpreting satellite multispectral imagery. Satellite imagery, especially of high and ultrahigh spatial resolution, is increasingly used to identify veg- etation state, dynamics and productivity. The purpose of this study is to analyze the possibilities and limitations of using ground-based spectroradiometry methods to create spectral libraries of northern plants and apply them to interpret satellite images in the area of technogenic impact around Monchegorsk (north-west of European Russia) and Noril’sk (north of central Siberia).

We compared various methods for measuring plant samples, examined the influence of mea- surement conditions, of plant species, their age, differences in habitat conditions, and level of disturbance.

To make a database of the spectral signatures of plants and compare different instruments, we measured their reflectance with a SkyeInstruments SpectroSense2+ 4-band spectroradiome- ter and an ASD FieldSpec 3 Hi-res hyperspectroradiometer.

Our results demonstrate:

1. The spectral reflectance signature make it possible to distinguish the main vegetation objects - types of trees, shrubs, mosses, lichens and herbaceous plants.

2. Very similar values of reflectance are demonstrated for the same samples (calibrated with the same white panel) measured with 4-band and hyperspectral radiometer.

3. 4-channel radiometer data can be applied for a number of scientific and practical prob- lems, but the data obtained with a hyperspectroradiometer provide new additional information

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7 in the near and middle infrared parts of the spectrum, the interpretation of which requires addi- tional research. Both instruments can be also used simultaneously to normalize for illumination changes in partially cloudy conditions.

4. Species characteristics and habitat conditions markedly influence the spectral signatures of various species of northern plants.

5. In the vicinity of Norilsk, under conditions of strong anthropogenic impact, when the trees die completely, species resistant to chemical pollution actively develop at the ground level and yield high NDVI values. This requires special attention when interpreting satellite images, and requires seasonal image series for accurate mapping. This work was supported by the grant 18-05-60221 ”Methodology for assessing the state and dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems of the Arctic under anthropogenic impact according to remote sensing data” of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research.

8 Study of the thermal imprint of a river in a continuous permafrost area (Syrdakh, Central Yakutia, Russia)

Christophe Grenier ∗ 1, Eric Pohl 2, Albane Saintenoy ∗

3, Sylvain Langlois , Antoine S´ejourn´e 4, Nicolas Roux , Fran¸cois Costard , Pavel Konstantinov 5, Alexander Fedorov 5, Ivan Khristoforov 5, Kencheeri Danilov 5, Kirill Bazhin 5

1 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de lEnvironnement´ (LSCE) – Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines : UMR8212, Commissariat `al’´energieatomique et aux ´energiesalternatives : DRF/LSCE, Universit´eParis-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR8212 – Bˆat. 714, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 GIF-SUR-YVETTE CEDEX, France 2 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de lEnvironnement´ [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) – UMR8212 – CEA/Orme des Merisiers Bˆat.714 91191 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France 3 G´eosciencesParis Sud (GEOPS) – Universit´eParis-Sud - Paris 11, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR8148 – Universit´eParis Sud, Bˆats.504-510, 91400 Orsay Cedex, France 4 G´eosciencesParis Sud (GEOPS) – Universit´eParis-Sud - Paris 11, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR8148 – Universit´eParis Sud, bˆats.504 510, 91405 ORSAY Cedex, France 5 Melnikov Permafrost Institute SB RAS - Yakutsk – Russia

Surface hydrology is responsible for major discontinuities of ground thermal fields in con- tinuous permafrost areas due to large latent heat effect involved in freeze thaw processes. A landscape unit composed of a river and its valley has been instrumented for thermal (air, wa- ter, soil) and hydrological monitoring (river, soil, groundwater) since October 2012. The main study zone, close to Syrdakh Village (Central Yakutia, Russia), consists of a river transect where additional topographical, soil and environmental data were collected. Results show the spatial distribution of the river imprint within strong seasonal and inter-annual variabilities. The database further allows numerical simulation of the system and provides a reference to pre- dict the system evolution in conditions of climate change. This study, massively instrumenting one river location, is complemented by radar & ERT campaigns providing snapshots of ground thermal conditions along the river course.

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9 Russian-French collaboration via the mega-transect approach for the large-scale bilateral and international projects

Sergey Kirpotin ∗ 1, Oleg Pokrovsky 2,3, Alexei Kouraev 4

1 Bio-Clim-Land Centre of excellence – Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia, 36 Lenina Pr. Tomsk, 634050, Russia, Russia 2 BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia – BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia, Russia 3 G´eosciencesEnvironnement Toulouse (GET), CNRS, Universit´ePaul Sabatier – CNRS : UMR5563 – 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France 4 Laboratoire d’´etudesen G´eophysique et oc´eanographiespatiales (LEGOS) – CNRS : UMR5566, Institut de recherche pour le d´eveloppement [IRD], CNES, Observatoire Midi-Pyr´en´ees,INSU, Universit´ePaul Sabatier (UPS) - Toulouse III – 14 avenue Edouard Belin 31400 Toulouse, France

Novel concepts were developed as a methodological basis for both Russian-French GDRI Car- Wet-Sib and later Siberian Environmental Change Network (SECNet) activities: the concept of Western Siberia as a unique natural mega-facility and the mega-transect approach as its infrastructural axis for research. The term ‘mega-science’ usually concerns physics. Extremely expensive and sensitive equipment like CERN’s Large Hadron Collider is so expensive that no one country in the World, even the richest one, can pay for its installation and even work on it. Therefore, different countries and leading scientific centers pool their resources for the development of mega-science. Scientific consortiums are being formed to work on mega-facilities. For any research organization, it is incredibly encouraging to become a member of such a consortium. As a result of long-term multidisciplinary research in Siberia and taking into account the global significance of this region, the Eurasian midpoint, Tomsk State University developed the concept of Western Siberia as a unique natural mega-facility possessing exceptional global significance, attractive to the world scientific community and capable of being a research platform for organizing large network projects and research consortiums (Kirpotin et al., 2018). Within the confines of Western Siberia, a unique mega-transect unparalleled anywhere in the world for conducting surveys, monitoring, sampling, live experiments, and manipulations was founded, extending 2500 km from the Altai Mountains in Southern Siberia at the border with Mongolia to the deep Arctic in Yamal peninsula. A cluster of research stations has been set up along the mega-transect: Aktru (North-Chuya Ridge, South-Eastern Russian Altay), Kaibasovo (the mid-course floodplain of the Ob River), Khanymey (the southern edge of the permafrost zone). Some of the research stations were included in the International Circumpolar network of research stations INTERACT-II, the largest project of the EU’s program Horizon 2020. For the future, it is proposed to establish an even more extended trans-meridional mega-transect from the West to the East (about 7500 km) along the gradient of continentality from the Ob river basin to the Kolyma river basin in Yakutia, additionally including the basins of the biggest

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10 rivers’ estuaries in the Arctic Ocean: Yenisei, Lena and Indigirka. This mega-transect will give a new dimension to the Trans-Siberian Scientific Way project (Kirpotin et al., 2018).

11 Long-term and seasonal changes of lakes of the Pyakupur river basin

Iurii Kolesnichenko ∗ 1, Larisa Kolesnichenko 1, Gleb Strigunov 1, Sergey Kirpotin 1

1 Bio-Clim-Land Centre of excellence, Tomsk State University – Tomsk, Russia

The report presents studies of the long-term dynamics of morphometric parameters of lakes in research area. Our goal is describing genesis of several ‘khasyreis’ - periodically appearing drained lakes. Also, we studied hydrochemical parameters of water and provide the description of the various stages of draining and drained lakes. The results of our studies can be extrapo- lated to a large territory, since the thermokarst lakes we have studied are widespread in subarctic permafrost regions. Our Centre owns aerial photographs of the studied territory of the 70s, in addition, thanks to the publicly available Landsat USGS high resolution satellite imagery, using ArcGIS programs, we identified the long-term and seasonal dynamics of changes for the lakes squarefor a certain time. We have identified key lakes - the most prone to long-term changes.

During fieldwork we carried out sampling for analysis of the chemical composition of differ- ent lakes, analysis of the chemical composition of bottom sediments, analysis of the dissolved gases of water. Also, botanical descriptions of aquatic and near-water vegetation were carried out; physicochemical properties of water were studied in-situ. Our study will continue for some time to study the key lakes, in addition to the square of lakes, work will be carried out to determine the exact volume of water in the lakes. The obtained data on the chemical composition, water volumes and stages of ‘khasyreis’ development may lead us to understand the processes of landscape changes associated with climate and human impact.

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12 High Performance Computing for permafrost modeling: towards mechanistic assessments of climate change impacts at the scale of the experimental watershed

Laurent Orgogozo ∗ 1, Oleg Pokrovsky 2, Christophe Grenier 3, Emmanuel Mouche 4, Manuel Marcoux 5, Michel Quintard 6

1 G´eosciencesEnvironnement Toulouse (GET) – Institut de Recherche pour le D´eveloppement, Universit´eToulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Observatoire Midi-Pyr´en´ees,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – Observatoire Midi-Pyr´en´ees 14 Avenue Edouard Belin 31400 Toulouse, France 2 G´eosciencesEnvironnement Toulouse (GET) – Observatoire Midi-Pyr´en´ees,Institut de recherche pour le d´eveloppement [IRD] : UMR239, Universit´ePaul Sabatier [UPS] - Toulouse III, CNRS : UMR5563, Universit´ePaul Sabatier (UPS) - Toulouse III – Observatoire Midi-Pyr´en´ees14 Avenue Edouard Belin 31400 Toulouse, France 3 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de lEnvironnement´ [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) – Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines : UMR8212, Commissariat `al’´energieatomique et aux ´energies alternatives : DRF/LSCE, Universit´eParis-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR8212 – Bˆat.12,avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 GIF-SUR-YVETTE CEDEX, France 4 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de lEnvironnement´ [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) – Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines : UMR8212, Commissariat `al’´energieatomique et aux ´energies alternatives : DSM/LSCE, Universit´eParis-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR8212 – Bˆat.12,avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 GIF-SUR-YVETTE CEDEX, France 5 Institut de m´ecaniquedes fluides de Toulouse (IMFT) – CNRS : UMR5502, Universit´ePaul Sabatier (UPS) - Toulouse III, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT – 2 All´eedu Professeur Camille Soula 31400 TOULOUSE, France 6 Institut de m´ecaniquedes fluides de Toulouse (IMFT) – Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse], Universit´eToulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR5502 – 2 All´eedu Professeur Camille Soula 31400 TOULOUSE, France

PermaFoam, the OpenFOAM R solver for permafrost modeling, has recently been used to characterize the thermo-hydrological dynamics of the Kulingdakan catchment, an experimen- tal watershed in Central Siberia that is monitored since more than a decade (Orgogozo et al., 2019). Following this study of water and energy fluxes in a permafrost-dominated, forested area in current climatic conditions, numerical assessments of the impact of various scenarios of climate change are scheduled in the framework of the HiPerBorea project (funded by the ANR for 2020-2023), for this watershed and for other arctic watersheds, most of them in Siberia. The objective of HiPerBorea is to enable quantitative and predictive modeling of cold regions hydrosystems evolution under climate change. Arctic and sub-arctic areas, which are highly vulnerable to global warming, are largely covered by permafrost. Permafrost-affected areas, which represent 25% of emerged lands of the northern hemisphere, mostly in Siberia, are prone to major biogeochemical and ecological transformations due to permafrost thaw, with strong associated feed-backs on greenhouse gas cycling (degradation of previously permanently frozen

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13 organic carbon pools – e.g. Zimov et al., 2006). Currently, fast and important changes of both hydrological (Walvoord and Kurylyk, 2016) and thermal (Loranty et al., 2018) states of the northern continental surfaces are observed in response to permafrost thaw. We hypothesize that these hydrological and thermal impacts will amplify over the next decades. We will use advanced numerical modelling build on permaFoam to address the issue and help predict the impact of permafrost thaw on arctic thermo-hydrologic functioning. By doing so, we will pro- vide mechanistic understanding of Arctic change, that is necessary to further understand carbon cycling and contaminant/nutrient transport, and to further assess risk and opportunity for sus- tainable urbanization, agriculture and general sustainable development of the (sub-)Arctic. On the road to reach this goal, severe computational difficulties will be encountered due to the long computation times required by the numerical resolutions of the highly coupled and non linear equations at stake. In this presentation we will discuss these numerical challenges and illustrate our strategy to overcome them by showing several preliminary scaling studies performed both on regional (Olympe, @CALMIP) and national (Occigen, @CINES) supercomputers.

14 Carbon cycle in northern peatlands of western Siberia, Russia

Anna Peregon ∗ 1,2, Natalya P. Kosykh 1, Nina P. Mironycheva-Tokareva 1, Natalya G. Koronatova 1, Evgeniya K. Vishnyakova 1

1 Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry SB RAS (ISSA SB RAS) – 630090, Novosibirsk, Ak. Lavrentieva ave., 8/2, Russia 2 SCIENCE PARTNERS, Coop´erative d’activit´eet d’emploi – 42 quai de Jemmapes, 75010 Paris, France – France

The team of international researchers, we conduct direct in-situ measurements of all ma- jor components of carbon cycle in natural peat-accumulating wetlands (peatlands) in western Siberia, Russia based on original (scientifically proved, verified and published) methodology. We make a focus on direct field measurements of live and dead biomass, net primary production and decomposition of organic matter under various and often contrast annual and interannual climatic, biogeochemical and hydrologic conditions. The study involves all diversity of natural peatland types along a wide geographic gradient, from the boreal non-permafrost and sporadic permafrost regions to the Arctic tundra with peatlands on continuous permafrost. This study provides opportunity to improve ecosystem models as well as predictive models, which will make it possible to reach a new level of knowledge about biogeochemical processes and the role of peat- land ecosystems in the Earth’s biosphere, also for mitigation ongoing climate changes. Current history of in-situ observations via field campaigns span for the latest 20 years (1999-2019). Our perspectives include (i) the plans to keep field measurements ongoing in the years to come in order to gather all recent and complete long-term archive data, and (ii) to take immediate ac- tions on preparing high-rank publications (data paper(s) and analysis papers). We are open for new partners/research projects and seeking to enhance collaboration network.

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15 Understanding the impact of current permafrost thawing on environment: release of carbon in Central Yakutia (Eastern Siberia)

Antoine S´ejourn´e ∗ 1, Christelle Marlin 2, Laure Gandois 3, Christine Hatt´e 4, Fr´ed´eric Bouchard 1, Marie Alexis 5, Fran¸cois Costard 1, Alexander Fedorov 6, Philippe Ciais 7

1 G´eosciencesParis Sud (GEOPS) – Universit´eParis-Sud - Paris 11, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR8148 – Universit´eParis Sud, bˆats.504 510, 91405 ORSAY Cedex, France 2 Laboratoire G´eosciencesParis-Sud (GEOPS) – Universit´eParis-Sud – Universit´eParis-Sud, Laboratoire G´eosciencesParis-Sud, Bˆatiment 504, 91405 Orsay Cedex, FRANCE, France 3 Laboratory of functional ecology and environment ECOLAB, Toulouse, France – CNRS : UMR5245 – France 4 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de lEnvironnement´ [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) – Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines : UMR8212, Commissariat `al’´energieatomique et aux ´energies alternatives : DRF/LSCE, Universit´eParis-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR8212 – Bˆat.12,avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 GIF-SUR-YVETTE CEDEX, France 5 Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosyst`emeset les Sols (METIS) – Universit´ePierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR7619 – UPMC, Case courrier 105, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France 6 Melnikov Permafrost Institute (MPI) – Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia 7 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE - UMR 8212) – CEA, CNRS : UMR8212, Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) – LSCE-CEA-Orme des Merisiers (point courrier 129) F-91191 GIF-SUR-YVETTE CEDEX, France

The recent temperature increase in Arctic is significantly higher than planetary scale and climatic simulations predict that those regions will continue to experience rapid and significant warming. Permafrost are thought to contain a large carbon stock and, in some places an important volume of ice. The thawing of permafrost and the subsequent subsidence of the ground forming lake (i.e., thermokarst lake) that is ubiquitous in these regions will spread and intensify. Those thermokarst lakes are dynamic systems that act as biogeochemical ‘hotspots’ by releasing carbon to the atmosphere and to the hydrosystem (dissolved and particulate carbon). However, present-day representation of permafrost thawing in most models remains simplistic and one-dimensional. They assume that carbon is only progressively released from the active layer (seasonally thawed upper layer). These models therefore exclude localized, abrupt releases of carbon like from lakes. The aims of this work are to characterize the components of the hydrological system (permafrost, surface water and groundwater) of the different thermokarst lakes and; understand their role in the carbon dynamics in a region of ice-rich permafrost in Central Yakutia (eastern Siberia).

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16 The chosen region is located in a zone of Holocene ice-rich permafrost (70-80% of ice by volume) in the boreal forest area. The main challenges to be met are: 1) constraining poorly studied organic and inorganic carbon transport from localized thawing and; 2) studying the spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability of carbon fluxes over a larger portion of the landscape (several km). During Summer 2017 and 2018 field surveys, 20 lakes and a river were sampled. Our results show a clear physico-chemistry signature (temperature, pH, conductivity and alkalinity, major element contents) of the different lake groups in relation to the age of permafrost thawing (8,000 years; 5,000 years; and 50 years old). Old lakes (8,000; 5,000) have the lowest dissolved inorganic and organic carbon showing that the carbon comes from the permafrost. Recent lakes that represent active permafrost thaw (thermokarst) show a high and old dissolved inorganic carbon coming from the permafrost, probably partly reequilibrated with atmospheric CO2 (since the lake turnover is slow). 30 % of recent lake volume are thought to come from ice-wedge meltwater. These recent active lakes show a high dissolved organic carbon content as well. No radiocarbon of the dissolved organic carbon has been done yet. The content of dissolved carbon (inorganic and organic) are very high in comparison to other lakes in the Arctic.

17 Permafrost degradation under climate change: experimental approach in a cold room.

Francois Costard ∗ 1, Antoine S´ejourn´e, Laure Dupeyrat , Alexander Fedorov

1 G´eosciencesParis Sud (GEOPS) – Universit´eParis-Sud - Paris 11, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR8148 – Universit´eParis Sud, bˆats.504 510, 91405 ORSAY Cedex, France

In Central Yakutia (Eastern Siberia), continuous permafrost undergoes an acceleration of its thermal degradation under the recent global warming. In the Yedoma ice complex, permafrost contains ˜70–80% of ice by volume and is characterized by heterogeneous distribution of the ground-ice (syngenetic ice wedges, massive ice ...) which strongly favor thermokarst formation. Retrogressive Thaw Slumping (RTS) mostly occurs along the banks of thermokarst lakes, but the exact RTS dynamic is not fully understood. In order to better understand the relative contribu- tion of parameters (ice content, granulometry, active layer, air and permafrost temperatures ...) to the formation of RTS, a large-scale laboratory simulation of RTS was undertaken at GEOPS cold room (Orsay, France). The RTS experiment corresponds to a 2.5 m x 2.5 m fine sand permafrost saturated with water with regularly spaced artificial ice wedges. A morphometric approach together with a slow-motion recording was used to quantify the thermokarst subsi- dence. We did a hierarchizing of the main parameters involved in the RTS development. Our results demonstrate that air temperature, and ice content all increase the ablation rate, whereas lower permafrost temperature (< -7◦C) tends to slow down thermokarst process. The effect of vertical heterogeneity (ice wedges) within the permafrost is predominant and its subsequent thawing increases the vertical subsidence of RTS.

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18 Atmospheric pollution and climate forcing

19 Spatial distribution CO2 and CH4 concentrations across West Siberia: mobile measurement campaigns of 2018-2019

Mikhail Arshinov ∗ 1, Boris Belan 1, Denis Davydov 1, Artem Kozlov 1, Alexandr Fofonov 1, Toshinobu Machida 2, Motoki Sasakawa 2

1 V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia (IAO SB RAS) – Russia 2 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (NIES) – Japan

Occupying a vast area of the land surface of the Northern Hemisphere, Siberia plays an im- portant role in the Earth’s climate system and its current change. Despite this fact, atmospheric composition observations in this region are still poor or lacking. Carbon dioxide and methane are key atmospheric species which rising concentrations are responsible for a positive radiative forcing. In mid 2000s, V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS (IAO SB RAS) under the international collaboration with the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) had deployed a network for greenhouse gas monitoring in Siberia (Japan-Russia Siberian Tall Tower Inland Observation Network – JR-STATION). JR-STATION covers a significant part of the West Siberian Plain extending between 54.5◦ and 63.2◦ north latitude and between 62.3◦ and 85.0◦ east longitude. Stations of this network are spaced 300 to 900 km apart. In spite of their instrument suites are operating in a fully automated mode, they need to be maintained. For this purpose, we usually undertake the road trips to the sites most remote from IAO SB RAS about 4 times a year. During one such road trip, we cover a distance of about 7,000 km. With the advent of the Picarro G4301 mobile gas concentration analyzer, we decided to extend our observations using the above analyzer installed in an off-road vehicle during the road trips in order to obtain the data on the GHG distribution across West Siberia with a more detailed spatial resolution. Here, we present the preliminary results of four mobile campaigns undertaken in late October to early November of 2018, as well as in March, June, and August 2019 to survey heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of CO2 and CH4 concentrations across West Siberia. The measurements were carried out along the following routes Tomsk–Karasevoe–Tomsk and Tomsk–Omsk–Tobolsk–Noyabrsk–Tobolsk–Chelyabinsk–Omsk–Tomsk.

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20 Comprehensive study of the troposphere over the Russian Arctic using the ”Optik” Tu-134 aircraft laboratory

Boris Belan ∗ 1, Mikhail Arshinov 1, Sergei Belan 1, Jean-Daniel Paris 2

1 V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia (IAO SB RAS) – Russia 2 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE (LSCE) – Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE – France

The need to continue a research work is caused by a serious lack and irregularity in obtaining observational data from the Russian segment of the Arctic. In addition, a comparison of the air- craft in-situ measurements with satellite data retrieved for the Kara Sea region in 2017 revealed large uncertainties in determining the vertical distribution of greenhouse gas concentrations us- ing remote sensing methods. The development and improvement of the last ones needs at least their periodic verification by means of undertaking precise in-situ aircraft measurements. The general scheme of the proposed experiment is as follows (map is attached): Flight from Novosi- birsk to Naryan-Mar via Sabetta. From Naryan-Mar, flight to a water area of the Bering Sea (up to 1000 km). Flight from Naryan-Mar to Sabetta. From here, flight to a water area of the Kara Sea (up to 1000 km). Then, flight to Tiksi. Flight from Tiksi to a water area of the Laptev Sea (up to 1000 km). Flight to Chokurdakh or Chersky. From there, flight to a water area of the East Siberian Sea (up to 1000 km). Flight to Cape Schmidt. Flight to a water area of the Chukchi Sea (up to 1000 km). Return route: Cape Shmidt–Chersky (or Chokurdah)–Yakutsk– Bratsk–Novosibirsk. It will take about 100 hours of flying time to implement the entire aircraft campaign. Campaign period is about 2-3 weeks. It is better to undertake the campaign during summer when the ocean is open. Flights over the land surface are assumed to be undertaken from 0.5 km to 11 km above ground level while above the sea from 0.2 km to 11 km. The flight profile is variable from the maximum possible height to the minimum allowed one. Vertical profiles of gas and aerosol composition will be obtained, including black carbon and organic components, as well as basic meteorological quantities. Satellite data will be verified that do not yet provide acceptable accuracy. For the first time in the world, a unique information will be obtained over the least explored region of the Arctic, which is crucial for the whole planet in terms of climate formation and the impact of global warming.

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21 Using ship-borne observations of methane isotopic ratio in the Arctic Ocean to understand methane sources in the Arctic

Antoine Berchet 1, Isabelle Pison ∗ 1, Patrick Crill 2, Brett Thornton 2, Philippe Bousquet 1, Thibaud Thonat 1, Thomas Hocking 1, Jo¨el Thanwerdas 1, Jean-Daniel Paris 1, Marielle Saunois 1

1 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE) – CEA, CNRS : UMR8212, Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) – CEA Saclay, Bat 714, pi`ece1034 Site de l’Orme des Merisiers Chemin de Saint Aubin - RD 128 F-91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex - France, France 2 Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University – SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

Due to the large variety and heterogeneity of sources in remote areas hard to document, the Arctic regional methane budget remain very uncertain. In situ campaigns provide valuable data sets to reduce these uncertainties. Here we analyse data from the SWERUS-C3 campaign, on- board the icebreaker Oden, that took place during summer 2014 in the Arctic Ocean along the Northern Siberian and Alaskan shores. Total concentrations of methane, as well as isotopic ratios were measured continuously during this campaign for 35 days in July and August 2014. Using a chemistry-transport model, we link observed concentrations and isotopic ratios to regional emissions and hemispheric transport structures. A simple inversion system helped constraining source signatures from wetlands in Siberia and Alaska and oceanic sources, as well as the isotopic composition of lower stratosphere air masses. The variation in the signature of low stratosphere air masses, due to strongly fractionating chemical reactions in the stratosphere, was suggested to explain a large share of the observed variability in isotopic ratios. These points at required efforts to better simulate large scale transport and chemistry patterns to use isotopic data in remote areas. It is found that constant and homogeneous source signatures for each type of emission in the region (mostly wetlands and oil and gas industry) is not compatible with the strong synoptic isotopic signal observed in the Arctic. A regional gradient in source signatures is highlighted between Siberian and Alaskan wetlands, the later ones having a lighter signatures than the first ones. Arctic continental shelf sources are suggested to be a mixture of methane from a dominant thermogenic origin and a secondary biogenic one, consistent with previous in-situ isotopic analysis of seepage along the Siberian shores.

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22 UHIARC-Network as a tool for investigation of boundary layer inversions and urban heat island in big cities of eastern Arctic

Pavel Konstantinov ∗ 1, Mikhail Varentsov 2, Igor Esau 3, Anastasia Semenova 1, Polina Vorotilova 4, Alexander Varentsov 4, Alexander Baklanov 5

1 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography (Lomonosov MSU) – 119991 Leninskye Gory d.1 Faculty of Geography, Russia 2 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Research Computing Center (Lomonosov MSU) – 119991 Leninskye Gory d.1 Faculty of Geography, Russia 3 Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC) – Thormøhlens gate 47, N-5006 Bergen, Norway, Norway 4 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography (MSU) – GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation, Russia 5 World Meteorological Organization (WMO) – 7bis, avenue de la Paix,Case postale 2300, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland

Regional and global climate change amplification in Arctic latitudes affects not only natu- ral landscapes but also cities and its infrastructure (permafrost melting, growing of urban heat island magnitude etc). First assumption about microclimate of polar cities in Eastern Arctic was based on the UHIARC (Urban Heat Island Arctic Research Campaign) seasonal-scale ex- perimental meteorological observations in the five cities: Apatity in Murmansk Region, Vorkuta in the north-east of the European Russia (Komi Republic) and Nadym, Novy Urengoy and Salekhard in located in the north of Western Siberia. All of them have quite similar population (from 50 to115 thousands inhabitants) and building features. During 2019 we focused on inves- tigation of differences between the Arctic cities, caused by both geographic location and various types of urban development. To do this, we estimated the differences in long-term trends in air temperature and in urban thermal comfort between different cities. In addition, deep re- gionalization was carried out using the WUDAPT-technology of the urban environment in the studied points to show quantitative differences in the types of building structure. An attempt was also made to estimate how the trends in cities differ from the trends in the rural area. The already existing UHIARC network was expanded in the cities of Apatity and Nadym by the low-cost recorders of temperature inversions in the surface layer at heights of 1.5 and 3 meters, respectively. With the help of these complexes, it is supposed to obtain a reliable climatology of surface inversions in city core area and outside the city for the winter period, when episodes of high concentrations of atmospheric pollutants are most frequent. Such low-level inversions are a persistent feature of the Arctic climate, in particular, its Russian part. Exactly in this region,during the winter period, the most favorable conditions for temperature inversion’s for- mationare observed. Results showed that in Nadym (Western Siberia) frequency and magnitude of surface inversions isat least two times higher in city center than in surroundings.

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23 Airborne, shipborne and ground-based lidar monitoring of atmospheric aerosol fields in Western and Eastern Siberia (Lake Baikal)

Sergei Nasonov 1, Yurii Balin 1, Marina Klemasheva 1, Grigorii Kokhanenko 2, Ioganes Penner ∗ 1

1 V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics (IAO) – 1, Academician Zuev square, 634021, Tomsk, Russia, Russia 2 V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS (IAO SB RAS) – 1, Academician Zuev square Tomsk 634055 Russia, Russia

The report describes different types of ground-based, shipborne and airborne lidars of the ”LOSA” series, which created in the Group of Optical Sensing of Atmosphere V.E. Zuev Insti- tute of Atmospheric Optics. One of these lidars is multiwavelength lidar ”LOSA- M2” for the study of the troposphere, which was created in 2008. This lidar is used every year in the summer in the south-eastern coast of Lake Baikal near the Boyarsky stationary site. The continuous monitoring during about three- four weeks makes it possible to study the vertical structure of aerosol filling of the troposphere depending on the influence of the processes of synoptic and the daily scale.

Interest in the Lake Baikal is associated with high requirements for the protection of nature of this unique object and the features of natural conditions. Here, the formation and distri- bution of atmospheric admixtures in the summer period is influenced by mountain terrain and significant temperature contrasts between the cold surface of the lake and the atmosphere. One of the most significant sources of pollution of the atmosphere of the Baikal region is smoke aerosol from forest fires, the number of which is increasing due to climate warming in the region.

Also measurements were carried out by the mobile aerosol-Raman lidar ”LOSA-A2” installed on the scientific-research vessel ”Academician V.A. Koptyug”. The vessel’s route passed along the South, Middle and Northern Baikal in summer period. Lidar was located on the lower deck aft of the vessel. Thanks to this, it was possible to direct it vertically upwards or to tilt it over the horizon. Lidar ”LOSA-A2” was used in the composition of unique aircraft laboratory based on plane TU- 134 ”OPTIK” as one of the main instrument. It is used to study atmospheric gases, aerosols and meteorological parameters over the territory of Western Siberia. It is used to study the mechanisms of transport and distribution of pollution and aerosol, the search for sources of this pollution. These experiments took place in the framework of the Russian-French company YAK- AERISIB. Large number of oilfields are located at this area. It has been a common practice in oil fields to flare associated petroleum gas so combustion products enter the atmosphere.

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24 Submicron aerosol and ”soot” in the troposphere of Siberia

Mikhail Panchenko ∗ 1, Svetlana Terpugova 1, Valerii Kozlov 1, Victor Polkin 1, Dmitrii Chernov 1, Elena Yausheva 1, Vasilii Polkin 1, Polina Zenkova 1, Tatayana Zhuravleva 1, Ilmir Nasrtdinov 1

1 V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia (IAO SB RAS) – Russia

Taking into account the great variety of sources and sinks, microphysical and chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol particles, and the high spatial-temporal variability of their properties, it is clear that the most reliable information can be obtained only as a result of direct measurements In this paper we analyze the results of monitoring the aerosol scattering and absorbing properties at near-ground stations of the IAO SB RAS, a monthly comprehensive study of the composition of the troposphere from onboard of an aircraft-laboratory in the southern area of the Novosi- birsk Region (from 1997 to the present), and a series of route Arctic flights carried out within the framework of the YAK-AEROSIB Russian-French project (2002-2014). Based on long-term measurements, the main cycles of interannual variability of aerosol and ”soot” in the tropo- sphere of Western Siberia are revealed, the long-term trends are estimated, the diurnal behavior of the measured parameters in each season is described, and a version of the classification of the states of the near-ground atmospheric layer according to the types of ”aerosol weather” is proposed. The spatial variability of the vertical profiles of the aerosol and soot concentrations has been analyzed using the data of airborne sounding of the troposphere on Arctic flight paths (YAK-AEROSIB).

In the framework of the empirical model, the absorbing aerosol optical characteristics are recon- structed from airborne observations (results of measurements in 2012 under the YAK-AEROSIB project) and the temperature effects under ”background” conditions and in an extremely smoke- filled atmosphere are estimated based on numerical simulation of the vertical structure of solar radiation absorption.

The results of reconstruction of the full set of optical characteristics of Siberian wildfire smoke in July 2019 are presented. The calculation was carried out with a detailed consideration of the soot particles size distribution function and the size-resolved particle growth factor in a field of variable air humidity.

The long-term measurements were carried out within the framework of the state assignment for the project AAAA-A17-117021310142-5. Development of the instrumentation park and test- ing of a new block of the empirical model for reconstruction of the optical characteristics taking into account the size distribution function of the absorbing substance and the particle growth

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25 factor using the data measurements in the smoke of Siberian forest wildfires (July 2019) are made with the financial support of the RSF (Agreement No. 19-77-20092).

26 Regional anthropogenic methane in Siberia : airborne observation of oil and gas emissions

Jean-Daniel Paris ∗ 1, Aur´elieRiandet , Kathy Law 2, Antoine Berchet 3, Tatsuo Onishi 5,4, Mikhail Arshinov 6, Boris Belan 7, Philippe N´ed´elec, Marielle Saunois 3, Isabelle Pison 3, Mikhail Panchenko 8, Jean-Christophe Raut 2, Gerard Ancellet 9, Dmitry Chernov

1 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE - UMR 8212) – Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), CEA, CNRS : UMR8212 – LSCE-CEA-Orme des Merisiers (point courrier 129) F-91191 GIF-SUR-YVETTE CEDEX LSCE-Vall´ee Bˆat.12, avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 GIF-SUR-YVETTE CEDEX, France 2 Laboratoire Atmosph`eres,Milieux, Observations Spatiales – Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Sorbonne Universite : UMR8190, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190 – France 3 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] – Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines : UMR8212, Commissariat `al’´energieatomique et aux ´energiesalternatives : DRF/LSCE, Universit´eParis-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR8212 – France 5 Laboratoire Atmosph`eres,Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS) – INSU, Universit´ede Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Universit´ePierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, CNRS : UMR8190 – France 4 Universit´eVersailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines (UVSQ) – Universit´ede Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines – France 6 V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia (IAO SB RAS) – Russia 7 V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia (IAO SB RAS) – Russia 8 V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia (IAO SB RAS) – Russia 9 Laboratoire Atmosph`eres,Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS) – INSU, Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Universit´ePierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, CNRS : UMR8190 – France

CH4 is a trace gas and a climate forcing agent. About half of the sources are natural (espe- cially wetlands). The rest is anthropogenic, linked to fossil fuels, agriculture and waste. Siberia in particular has significant but poorly known methane sources, both natural (wetlands) and anthropogenic (oil and gas exploitation in particular). We analyzed the airborne measurements

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27 of the YAK-AEROSIB program to isolate the anthropogenic component of the signal measured in methane and propose a new estimate of the anthropogenic source of the Ob basin, rich in oil and gas. We find that current estimates, while not consistent with each other, capture the total amplitude of emissions for the western Siberian basin.

28 Observations of the horizontally oriented crystalline particles with a scanning polarization lidar

Ioganes Penner 1, Grigorii Kokhanenko 2, Yurii Balin 1, Marina Klemasheva 1, Sergei Nasonov ∗ 1, Mikhail Novoselov 1, Svetlana Samoilova 1

1 V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics (IAO) – 1, Academician Zuev square, 634021, Tomsk, Russia, Russia 2 V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS (IAO SB RAS) – 1, Academician Zuev square Tomsk 634055 Russia, Russia

Abstract. The report describes a scanning polarization lidar LOSA-M3, developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Optics, the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (IAO SB RAS). The first results of studying the crystalline particles orientation by means of this lidar are presented herein. The main features of LOSA-M3 lidar are the following: 1) an automatic scanning device, which allows to change the sounding direction in the upper hemisphere at the speed up to 1.5 degrees per second with the accuracy of angle measurement setting at least 1 arc minute; 2) separation of polarization components of the received radiation is carried out directly behind the receiving telescope, without installing the elements distorting polarization, such as dichroic mirrors and beamsplitters; and 3) continuous alternation of the initial polarization state (linear - circular) from pulse to pulse that makes it possible to evaluate some elements of the scattering matrix. Several series of measurements of the ice cloud structure of the upper layers in the zenith scan mode were carried out in Tomsk in April-October 2018. The results show that the degree of horizontal orientation of particles can vary significantly in different parts of the cloud. The dependence of signal intensity on the tilt angle reflects the distribution of particle deflection relative to the horizontal plane, and is well described by the exponential dependence. The values of cross-polarized component in most cases show a weak decline of intensity with the angle. However, these variations are smaller than the measurement errors. We can conclude that it is practically independent of the tilt angle. In most cases the scattering intensity at the wavelength of 532 nm has a wider distribution than at 1064 nm.

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29 Ship-borne measurements of atmospheric composition over the Arctic seas in 2015-2019

Andrey Skorokhod ∗ 1, Natalia Pankratova , Igor Belikov , Vadim Rakitin , Yury Shtabkin , Valery Belousov

1 A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS (OIAP RAS) – Russia

Rapid climate changes and enhanced anthropogenic press in the Arctic are accompanied by changes of atmospheric composition. 4 ship-borne campaigns were conducted by A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS in 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019 to provide direct observations of atmospheric trace gases surface concentrations. Campaigns occurred in August-October and together covered all sea of Russian Arctic from the White and Barents Sea to the Chukchi Sea. During all 4 campaigns atmospheric methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor (H2O) mixing ratios together with δ13CCH4 were continuously measured by CRDS Picarro instrument. Other trace gases (O3, NO, NO2, CO) were measured in parallel in 2016 and 2018. For indication of methane origin isotopic analyses and inverse modeling were used. Ship-borne data were compared with available data for similar periods from regional stationary observation points Tiksi, Ambarchik and Zeppelin. The methane was the main component of atmospheric air composition during analyses, as it is likely to indicate climate feedback and has numerous large potential sources in high latitudes such as wetlands, wildfires, gas flares, and sea shelf cryohydrates. The values of δ13C4 range from -57 to -44 that confirms the multiplicity of methane sources in the Arctic. Keeling plot and inverse modeling analyses showed that significant CH4 enhancement (up to 5-7% over the background level) in the Kara, Laptev and Barents Seas was caused primarily by transport of wetland methane from the continent. The contribution from fossil fuel sources, especially near Yamal peninsula, was also high. High (up to 3,7 ppb) and short-lived peaks of CH4 in surface air were registered above the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) in 2016 and 2018 on the almost uniform background and were uncorrelated with other trace gases. These peaks may be evidence of methane release to the atmosphere from marine seeps but due to the sporadic character of emissions and heavy experimental conditions, it is highly difficult to assess amount of this methane. The surface ozone level is quite significant and variable despite of low concentration of precursors (CO, NOx). It may mean that ozone sink over the Arctic Ocean is lower than over the continental Eurasia. Obtained results of direct ship-borne measurements of atmospheric composition over the Arctic seas in 2015-2019 gave us new information that will be used in both transport and photochemical modeling and in climate feedback constrains.

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30 Identification of aerosol sources in Siberia and study of aerosol transport at regional scale by airborne and space-borne lidar measurement

Antonin Zabukovec ∗ 1, Gerard Ancellet ∗

2, Jacques Pelon 2, Jean-Daniel Paris 3, Iogannes E. Penner 4, Grigrorii Kokhanenko 4, Yuri S. Balin 4, Boris D. Belan 4, Mikhail Yu. Arshinov 4

1 Laboratoire Atmosph`eres,Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS) – Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Sorbonne Universite : UMR8190, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190, Institut national des sciences de lUnivers´ : UMR8190 – 11 boulevard dAlembertQuartier´ des Garennes 78280 - Guyancourt, France 2 Laboratoire Atmosph`eres,Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS) – INSU, Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Universit´ePierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, CNRS : UMR8190 – France 3 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE - UMR 8212) – Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), CEA, CNRS : UMR8212 – LSCE-CEA-Orme des Merisiers (point courrier 129) F-91191 GIF-SUR-YVETTE CEDEX LSCE-Vall´ee Bˆat.12, avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 GIF-SUR-YVETTE CEDEX, France 4 V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics (IAO) – 1, Academician Zuev square, 634021, Tomsk, Russia, Russia

Airborne lidar measurements were carried out over Siberia in July 2013 and June 2017. Aerosol types and optical properties are derived using the Lagrangian FLEXible PARTicle dis- persion model (FLEXPART) simulations, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS)aerosol optical depth and fire observations and maps of IASI CO total column. Seven aerosol plumes have been studied and lidar ratio are compared with existing lidar ratio/aerosol type anlaysis made in North America using HSRL airborne lidar data (Burton et al. 2015). Comparison with Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aerosol products are discussed to assess the aerosol type identification in CALIOP version 4.20 algorithm above Siberia.

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31 Interdisciplinary studies

32 Permafrost thaw in the coastal Russian Arctic: interconnectedness of cultural and material dimensions

Natalia Doloisio ∗ 1

1 Cultures, Environnements, Arctique, Repr´esentations, Climat (CEARC) – Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines : EA4455, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : EA4455 – Observatoire de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-YvelinesUniversit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines11 Boulevard dAlembert78280´ Guyancourt, France

The Sakha Republic (Russian Federation), also known as Yakutia, covers a territory surface of over 3.000.000 km2 and more than 40% is in the Arctic Circle. This region is characterized by its extent and extreme climatic conditions, but also by its historical processes and the cultural diversity. Climate and permafrost shape every aspect of life in the Russian Arctic and trying to understand its particularities implies simultaneous attention to multiple complex systems. Their influence over multiple spheres make this socio-environmental system difficult to be understood, main- tained and predicted (Graybill, 2016). In this sense,changes of climate and permafrost unfold new interacting processes and stressors, which create new risk patterns for Arctic communities. Obtaining an increased knowledge of these new risks can be a starting point for understanding the opportunities for, and implications of, possible solutions. The most visible impacts of these phenomena have already been registered in infrastructure, especially in gas and oil pipelines and associated infrastructures and roads (Hjort et al. 2018, Shiklomanov et al. 2017, Streleski et al. 2019). Accordingly, most adaptation oriented research focuses on the material dimensions of climate change. However, including the cultural dimen- sion of climate change is equally necessary in order to understand how these processes threaten communities’ lives and livelihoods. Climate change adds further pressure on cultural dimensions such as beliefs, ritual practices, art forms, identity, community cohesion and the sense of place (Adger et al, 2013; Quinn & Adger, 2015; Crate et al, 2017). Simultaneously, culture moderates the type of societies’ perception and responses to the new risk patterns associated to climate change. Understanding this is particularly relevant in the Russian Arctic, as communities have developed a particular understanding and sense of place which is closely related to living in the presence of permafrost and extreme climatic conditions. Furthermore, people’s perception, defi- nitions and assessment of risks will determine whether they consider adaptive measures necessary or not. Finally, taking into consideration the cultural dimensions will contribute to understand the diversity of possible responses to similar environmental changes. Current climate change risk models may not be able to address these risk categories (Vanderlinden et al, 2018). These gaps require especial attention if we consider that the effectiveness, legitimacy and acceptability of adaptation can only be understood in a particular social context and that adaptation can potentially undermine resilience when cultural values are neglected (Adger et al, 2013).

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33 Traditional diet and environmental contaminants in coastal Chukotka, Russian Arctic

Alexey Dudarev ∗ 1

1 Northwest Public Health Research Center – Russia

Results of analysis of legacy POPs and metals found in the samples of locally harvested terrestrial, freshwater and marine biota, collected in 2016 in coastal Chukotka, and the results of the survey on the consumption of local foods will be presented. For some species of plants and seafood, the metal content was demonstrated for the first time. Temporal trends and circumpolar comparisons of contaminants in foods have been carried out. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of POPs and metals by local food consumption were calculated based on the food intake frequencies. Recommended Food Daily Intake Limit (RFDIL) guidelines will be discussed.

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34 Hydrologic and Morphological Response of the Lena River to Ongoing Climate Change (Eastern Siberia)

Emmanu`eleGautier ∗ 1, Fran¸cois Costard ∗

, Julien Cavero ∗

, Thomas Depret ∗

1 Universit´eParis 1 et Laboratoire de G´eographiePhysique, CNRS UMR 8591 – Universit´eParis 1 - Panth´eon-Sorbonne – France

Draining Eastern Siberia that is the coldest region of the Northern Hemisphere, the Lena River is a permafrost-dominated hydrosystem. Siberian rivers are deeply impacted by ongoing climate change which is particularly pronounced in periglacial areas characterized by deep and continuous permafrost. First, a marked hydrologic change is registered for the Middle Lena River (Gautier et al., 2018): general increase of the water discharge, more frequent high level events (bank-full, bar-full and high flood discharge), longer duration of floods... Furthermore, the frequency of late hydrologic floods occurring during summer is evidenced. An increase in the stream water temperature is also measured. Second, we investigate the impact of the hydrologic change on erosion and sedimentation pro- cesses of the river. Our objective is to better understand interactions between hydrologic func- tioning, fluvial landform, riparian vegetation of the middle Lena River in Yakutia, at a pluri- decadal time scale (50 years) and an annual scale. We examine the fluvial landform of the river of the on the basis of aerial pictures (Corona images 1967, 1980), satellite images (Landsat: 1990, 1996, 2002; Spot 2008, 2010 and Pleiade 2014, 2017). As the fluvial forested island dynamics express the morphological adjustment of the river, specific morphologic features are analyzed in detail for 1967 – 2017, mainly: i) the island area, ii) the island migration and position. The mean annual rate of island migration varied for the study period (ranging between 12 m and more than 14 m per year, with maxima exceeding 40m), whereas the area slightly fluctuated (±5%). The detailed analysis of the island area reveals a complex evolution and a general destabilization of the fluvial bed: the island area undergoes a decrease since 2008, following a long period of accretion. Numerous small islands were recently formed. At an annual time, scale, precise topographic surveys were conducted on 5 islands in order to measure erosion and deposition. Various factors are investigated: magnitude and duration of the flood, presence of permafrost in the island, stream temperature, development of pioneer vegetation, destruction of alluvial forest by ice-jams during the spring outburst...

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35 Interactions of science and society on the modern stage: transdisciplinarity as a key principle, essential requirement and the main criterion for the success of the development of modern network mega-science

Tatyana Kolesnikova ∗ 1, Andrey Babenko , Sergey Kirpotin 2

1 Bio-Clim-Land Centre of excellence, Tomsk State University – Tomsk, RF, Russia 2 Bio-Clim-Land Centre of excellence – Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia, 36 Lenina Pr. Tomsk, 634050, Russia, Russia

The modern social world is in transition from the hierarchical form of organization to the network. And although it retains a hierarchical form, it is no longer viewed as dominant. Net- work communications, covering various spheres of public life, are gaining more importance. Relations of cooperation are preferred to relations of competition. At their core, these networks are nothing but an indicator of the transition from a society focused on the production of goods and services to a society where information becomes the main value. An impressive role in this matter was played by the Internet. Trends towards interaction are being observed in all social institutions. The problems that contemporary science will address are so global that society and the state allocate huge money for the development of scientific and technical research. This means that they have the right to expect an increasing contribution of science and technology to solving the problems facing society. But here another difficulty arises - the difficulty of mak- ing an objective decision regarding development and financing, the priority and importance for society of various research areas, and scientific, technical and innovative projects. With the development of technologies, new types of risks and dangers are emerging. The ”paradigm” of the relationship between science and practice, science and politics, as well as the mechanism of knowledge production, is changing. Now it is not produced somewhere ”above,” and then ”comesd own.” Knowledge is constructed, built, and formed in the course of a dialogue of scientists, authorities and the public.

This is called transdisciplinary science, which goes beyond not only the framework of individual disciplines, but also disciplinary science in general. The transdisciplinary approach implies the involvement of all actors in the decision-making process, since each participant in a problem situation considers the issue from his own local position and sees only one of its sides and the details of this side that are contained in his/her model of reality. Only by taking into account the interests of all actors can one get closer to improvement intervention (as the classics of system analysis call a change in situation that does not entail negative consequences for any of

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36 the actors. ”Sustainable development”, about which there is so much talk nowadays, can be considered as improvement intervention.

As a result, the effectiveness of the transdisciplinary approach in organizing the work of the scientific network of stations was confirmed.

37 How Arctic Indigenous Peoples in Siberia Observe Changes in Climate and Biodiversity ?

Alexandra Lavrillier ∗ 1, Semen Gabyshev 2,3

1 Eurpean Center for the Arctic (CEARC) / – Universit´ede Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines : EA4455 – France 2 Reindeer herder – Russia 3 Cultures, Environnements, Arctique, Repr´esentations, Climat (CEARC) – Universit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines : EA4455, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : EA4455 – Observatoire de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-YvelinesUniversit´ede Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines11 Boulevard dAlembert78280´ Guyancourt, France

This paper, presented by an anthropologist and a reindeer herder (BRISK project co- researcher) on the basis of their field materials from the Evenki community-based transdisci- plinary observatory for monitoring climate and environmental changes (2012–since ever), reveals some of the results of this knowledge co-production. It explains how this Siberian indigenous people use their traditional typologies and concepts for understanding norms and anomalies, for observing and predicting changes, and for adaptating.

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38 Homo agere or Homo superstes? (The Human acting or Human surviving?) - On the way to the cohesive language of description and design of research in transdisciplinary context

Lidia Rakhmanova ∗ 1

1 National Research Tomsk State University (TSU) – Russia

Anthropogenic impact can be assessed in two ways. Often, scientists that analyze climate changes and focus the attention of the world community on it, represent Human as a driver of these processes. And in most contexts Human is the driver of negative changes. But what kind of ”people” that influence ecosystems extremely powerfully do we mean when we talk about anthropogenic impact? In fact, we mean not indigenous population of the region, but a set of corporations that use highly skilled workers, high-tech technologies and mechanized devices for mining, industrial fish- ing, which require additional (thermal and electrical) energy for the deployment of production. It is worth noting that the actors that carry out a fairly aggressive expansion on vulnerable ecosystems, have, at the same time, a huge potential for adaptation to extreme weather events, disasters and climate change. Settlements built under their auspices, create a comfortable bar- rier for workers, reducing stress created by rapid changes in nature. Thus, this community, based on ”Human acting”, is the least reflective and can afford the luxury of not changing in- side, changing the ecosystem around itself.

In this case, who faces new risks due to climate change and shifting balance in ecosystems? Who depends on the affluence of rivers and rainfall, winds and duration of season isolation? These are members of local communities whose life support are not associated with mining companies, and life of their families depends on natural resources. There is no doubt that they make a small contribution to the overall weight of the anthropogenic impact. But it is also true that for local people, climate and ecosystem change, the imbalance of resources, is a driver of change in their own way of life. Thus, if we analyze the situation in detail, we’ll see two divergent forces inside a huge social phenomenon ”man in the Arctic”: communities that affect the climate due to expansion into the Northern territories and communities under the influence of climate change. To prove that these are multidirectional processes, we conducted interdisciplinary research, syn- chronizing the work of natural scientists and social anthropologists in one route expedition. The aim of project is to analyze social resonance in Arctic research and to show how climate change statistics, subjective feelings of residents differ from the media discourse. Can the open data

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39 become a resource for those who survive and adapt to changing conditions in remote settlements of Western Siberia?

40 Holocene climate in Southern Siberia: state-of-the- art

Olga Solomina ∗ 1

1 Intitute of Geography RAS (IG RAS) – Staromonetny-29, Moscow, Russia

According to radiocarbon of wood macrofossils found above the present tree line in Altay Mts (Agatova et al., 2012, Nazarov et al., 2012, Solomina et al., 2015) between 10.4 ka BP and 5.0 ka BP the climate in the area was generally warmer than today. Analysis of the ice core from the Mongolian Altai showed that up to 6.0 ka the glacier Khukh Nuru Uul existing nowadays (Tsambagarav ridge, 4130 m asl) was absent (Herren et al., 2013). Blyakharchuk et al., 2004 basing on pollen analyses states that the mesophilous dark-coniferous forests were fully developed in the Altay Mountains by 9.5 ka BP, but by 7.5 ka BP the climate became cooler. Later on the forest composition changed little until today. However, other pollen records from Lake Teletskoye reveal a relatively cool and dry interval with July temperatures lower than those of today between 3.9 and 3.6 ka BP with the maximum deforestation during this interval (Rudaya et al., 2016). Between ca. 2.7 and 1.6 ka BP the July temperature was approximately 1 ◦C higher than today. A short period of cooling is recorded at about 1.3–1.4 ka BP and a new period of cooling started around 1100–1150 CE, with the coldest summers between 1450 and 1800 CE. The first Neoglacial advances in the Russian Altai are recorded at about 4.9-4.2 ka BP. The glaciers may have also advanced 3.7-3.3 ka BP, but the evidence are more elusive (Agatova et al., 2012). The advances at 2.3-1.7 ka BP, in the 13th, 15-16th and 17th centuries CE are dated more reliably, thanks to a large number of dendrochronological and 14C dates of wood buried in the moraines. Warm episodes occurred at 3.3–2.3 ka BP and 1.7–0.8 ka. The radiocarbon dates of wood associated with the advance of the Maashey and Mensu glaciers in 433-595 CE and in 435–767 CE, respectively, roughly corresponds to a strong cooling of the ”Late Antique Little Ice Age” in 536–660 AD simultaneously in Altai and the Alps (B¨untgen et al., 2016). The tree line was above the modern one between the 8th and 12th centuries CE. In the 20th-early 21th centuries the glaciers in Altay are retreating. The accumulation record in Belukha ice core showed no long-term trend while the temperature proxies indicate a strong warming trend over the 20th century (Henderson et al., 2006).

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41 List of participants

• Ancellet Gerard

• Balin Yurii

• Belan Sergei

• Belan Boris

• Chappellaz J´erˆome

• Christaki Urania

• Costard Francois

• Doloisio Natalia

• Elena Golubeva

• Gandois Laure

• Gautier Emmanuele

• Gogo S´ebastien

• Grenier Christophe

• Houssais Marie-Noelle

• Hughes-Allen Lara

• Jardillier Ludwig

• J´egouFabrice

• Jomelli Vincent

• Kirdyanov Alexander

• Klemasheva Marina

• Kolesnikova Tatiana

• Konstantinov Pavel

• Kouraev Alexei

• Lalis Aude

• Lapshina Elena

42 • Lavrillier Alexandra

• Mora Gomez Juanita

• Moulin Cyril

• Nasonov Sergei

• Orgogozo Laurent

• Panchenko Mikhail

• Penner Ioganes

• Peregon Anna

• Petrova Mariia

• Pison Isabelle

• Rakhmanova Lidia

• Roberts Tjarda

• Sejourne Antoine

• Skorokhod Andrey

• Solomina Olga

• Surl Luke

• Tchoumakova Irina

• Vidal Florian

43 Author Index

Kolesnichenko, Iurii, 12 Alexis, Marie, 16 Kolesnichenko, Larisa, 12 Ancellet, Gerard, 27, 31 Kolesnikova, Tatyana, 36 Arshinov, Mikhail, 20, 21, 27 Konstantinov, Pavel,9, 23 Arshinov, Mikhail Yu., 31 Koronatova, Natalya G., 15 Babenko, Andrey, 36 Kosykh, Natalya P., 15 Baklanov, Alexander, 23 Kouraev, Alexei, 10 Balin, Yuri S., 31 Kozlov, Artem, 20 Balin, Yurii, 24, 29 Kozlov, Valerii, 25 Bazhin, Kirill,9 Belan, Boris, 20, 21, 27 Langlois, Sylvain,9 Belan, Boris D., 31 LAVRILLIER, Alexandra, 38 Belan, Sergei, 21 Law, Kathy, 27 Belikov, Igor, 30 Machida, Toshinobu, 20 Belousov, Valery, 30 marcoux, manuel, 13 Berchet, Antoine, 22, 27 MARLIN, Christelle, 16 Bouchard, Fr´ed´eric,5, 16 Mironycheva-Tokareva, Nina P., 15 bousquet, philippe, 22 mouche, emmanuel, 13 CAVERO, Julien, 35 Chernov, Dmitrii, 25 N´ed´elec,Philippe, 27 Chernov, Dmitry, 27 Nasonov, Sergei, 24, 29 Ciais, Philippe, 16 Nasrtdinov, Ilmir, 25 Costard, Fran¸cois,5,9, 16, 35 Novoselov, Mikhail, 29 costard, francois, 18 Onishi, Tatsuo, 27 Crill, Patrick, 22 Orgogozo, Laurent, 13 Danilov, Kencheeri,9 Davydov, Denis, 20 Panchenko, Mikhail, 25, 27 DEPRET, Thomas, 35 Pankratova, Natalia, 30 Doloisio, Natalia, 33 Paris, Jean-Daniel, 21, 22, 27, 31 Dudarev, Alexey, 34 Pelon, Jacques, 31 Dupeyrat, Laure, 18 Penner, Ioganes, 24, 29 Penner, Iogannes E., 31 Esau, Igor, 23 Peregon, Anna, 15 Fedorov, Alexander,9, 16, 18 Pison, Isabelle, 22, 27 Fofonov, Alexandr, 20 Pohl, Eric,9 Pokrovsky, Oleg, 10, 13 Gabyshev, Semen, 38 Polkin, Vasilii, 25 Gandois, Laure,6, 16 Polkin, Victor, 25 Gautier, Emmanu`ele, 35 Prokushkin, Anatoly,6 Golubeva, Elena,7 Grenier, Christophe,9, 13 Quintard, Michel, 13

Hatt´e,christine,5, 16 Rakhmanova, Lidia, 39 Hocking, Thomas, 22 Rakitin, Vadim, 30 Hughes-Allen, Lara,5 Khristoforov, Ivan,9 44 Kirpotin, Sergey, 10, 12, 36 Klemasheva, Marina, 24, 29 Kokhanenko, Grigorii, 24, 29 Kokhanenko, Grigrorii, 31 Raut, Jean-Christophe, 27 Rees, Gareth,7 Riandet, Aur´elie, 27 Roux, Nicolas,9

S´ejourn´e,Antoine,5,9, 16, 18 SAINTENOY, Albane,9 Samoilova, Svetlana, 29 Sasakawa, Motoki, 20 Saunois, Marielle, 22, 27 Semenova, Anastasia, 23 Shtabkin, Yury, 30 Skorokhod, Andrey, 30 Solomina, Olga, 41 Strigunov, Gleb, 12

Tananaev, Nikita,6 Teisserenc, Roman,6 Terpugova, Svetlana, 25 Thanwerdas, Jo¨el, 22 Thonat, Thibaud, 22 Thornton, Brett, 22 Tutubalina, Olga,7

Varentsov, Alexander, 23 Varentsov, Mikhail, 23 Vishnyakova, Evgeniya K., 15 Vorotilova, Polina, 23

Yausheva, Elena, 25

Zabukovec, Antonin, 31 Zenkova, Polina, 25 Zhuravleva, Tatayana, 25 Zimin, Mikhail,7

45 46