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Eocene Palms from Central Myanmar in a South-East Asian and Global

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Eocene Palms from Central Myanmar in a South-East Asian and Global Eocene palms from central Myanmar in a South-East Asian and global perspective: evidence from the palynological record Huasheng Huang, Robert Morley, Alexis Licht, Guillaume Dupont-Nivet, Friðgeir Grímsson, Reinhard Zetter, Jan Westerweel, Zaw Win, Day Wa Aung, Carina Hoorn To cite this version: Huasheng Huang, Robert Morley, Alexis Licht, Guillaume Dupont-Nivet, Friðgeir Grímsson, et al.. Eocene palms from central Myanmar in a South-East Asian and global perspective: evidence from the palynological record. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Linnean Society of London, 2020, 194 (2), pp.177-206. 10.1093/botlinnean/boaa038. insu-03101259 HAL Id: insu-03101259 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-03101259 Submitted on 7 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial| 4.0 International License applyparastyle “fig//caption/p[1]” parastyle “FigCapt” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2020, 194, 177–206. With 14 figures. Eocene palms from central Myanmar in a South- East Asian and global perspective: evidence from the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/194/2/177/5871861 by GEOSCIENCES-RENNES CNRS user on 07 January 2021 palynological record Keywords=Keywords=Keywords_First=Keywords 1, , 2,3 4 HeadA=HeadB=HeadA=HeadB/HeadA HUASHENG HUANG * , ROBERT MORLEY , ALEXIS LICHT , 5,6 7 8 HeadB=HeadC=HeadB=HeadC/HeadB GUILLAUME DUPONT-NIVET , FRIÐGEIR GRÍMSSON , REINHARD ZETTER , JAN WESTERWEEL6, ZAW WIN9, DAY WA AUNG10 and CARINA HOORN1 HeadC=HeadD=HeadC=HeadD/HeadC Extract3=HeadA=Extract1=HeadA 1Department of Ecosystem & Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics REV_HeadA=REV_HeadB=REV_HeadA=REV_HeadB/HeadA (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1090 GE, the Netherlands 2 REV_HeadB=REV_HeadC=REV_HeadB=REV_HeadC/HeadB Palynova Ltd., 1 Mow Fen Road, Littleport, Cambridgeshire CB6 1PY, UK 3Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK REV_HeadC=REV_HeadD=REV_HeadC=REV_HeadD/HeadC 4Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA REV_Extract3=REV_HeadA=REV_Extract1=REV_HeadA 5Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Golm 14476, Germany BOR_HeadA=BOR_HeadB=BOR_HeadA=BOR_HeadB/HeadA 6Géosciences Rennes (CNRS), University of Rennes, UMR 6118, F-35000 Rennes, France BOR_HeadB=BOR_HeadC=BOR_HeadB=BOR_HeadC/HeadB 7Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, BOR_HeadC=BOR_HeadD=BOR_HeadC=BOR_HeadD/HeadC Austria 8Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14 (UZA II), A-1090 Vienna, Austria BOR_Extract3=BOR_HeadA=BOR_Extract1=BOR_HeadA 9Geology Department, Shwe Bo University, Sagaing Region, Myanmar EDI_HeadA=EDI_HeadB=EDI_HeadA=EDI_HeadB/HeadA 10Department of Geology, University of Yangon, Pyay Road, Yangon, Myanmar EDI_HeadB=EDI_HeadC=EDI_HeadB=EDI_HeadC/HeadB EDI_HeadC=EDI_HeadD=EDI_HeadC=EDI_HeadD/HeadC Received 2 October 2019; revised 2 April 2020; accepted for publication 23 May 2020 EDI_Extract3=EDI_HeadA=EDI_Extract1=EDI_HeadA CORI_HeadA=CORI_HeadB=CORI_HeadA=CORI_HeadB/HeadA In the Palaeogene, pollen assemblages at low and mid latitudes are characterized by abundant palm and palm-like CORI_HeadB=CORI_HeadC=CORI_HeadB=CORI_HeadC/HeadB (PPL) taxa. Although these taxa have been widely reported, their occurrence in the Palaeogene of Myanmar remains CORI_HeadC=CORI_HeadD=CORI_HeadC=CORI_HeadD/HeadC poorly documented. Here we report on the morphology of PPL pollen along a middle to upper Eocene sedimentary CORI_Extract3=CORI_HeadA=CORI_Extract1=CORI_HeadA sequence in central Myanmar and discuss their nearest living relatives (NLRs). Principal components analysis (PCA) indicates that Palmaepollenites kutchensis, Dicolpopollis and Longapertites were dispersed from freshwater plants, ERR_HeadA=ERR_HeadB=ERR_HeadA=ERR_HeadB/HeadA whereas the parent taxon of Proxapertites operculatus was probably a member of the coastal vegetation in the manner ERR_HeadB=ERR_HeadC=ERR_HeadB=ERR_HeadC/HeadB of Spinizonocolpites. This, with sedimentological data, suggests a palaeoenvironmental change from a brackish, tidally ERR_HeadC=ERR_HeadD=ERR_HeadC=ERR_HeadD/HeadC influenced environment to a fully freshwater setting through the late Eocene. Additionally, we mapped and compared ERR_Extract3=ERR_HeadA=ERR_Extract1=ERR_HeadA the geographical distribution of selected Eocene palm taxa and their NLRs, and found that their distributions shrank after the Eocene. Moreover, in the Palaeogene, species diversity of selected PPL taxa seems lower in Myanmar than INRE_HeadA=INRE_HeadB=INRE_HeadA=INRE_HeadB/HeadA in the Indian subcontinent and other regions in South-East Asia. We hypothesize that in the Eocene the Indo–Asian INRE_HeadB=INRE_HeadC=INRE_HeadB=INRE_HeadC/HeadB collision zone formed a ‘hotspot’ for palm diversity, which is reflected in species-rich palynofloras. However, the local INRE_HeadC=INRE_HeadD=INRE_HeadC=INRE_HeadD/HeadC palm diversity declined after the Eocene, whereas, at the global level, palm distribution was distinctly reduced between the Eocene and the present. We propose that the retreat of the palms may have occurred as early as the Eocene – INRE_Extract3=INRE_HeadA=INRE_Extract1=INRE_HeadA Oligocene Transition (EOT), but this remains to be confirmed by the study of EOT pollen records in tropical regions. App_Head=App_HeadA=App_Head=App_HeadA/App_Head ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Araceae – Arecaceae – biogeography – Dicolpopollis – Longapertites – BList1=SubBList1=BList1=SubBList palaeoenvironment – Palmae – Palmaepollenites – palynology – Proxapertites – Spinizonocolpites. BList1=SubBList3=BList1=SubBList2 SubBList1=SubSubBList3=SubBList1=SubSubBList2 SubSubBList3=SubBList=SubSubBList=SubBList INTRODUCTION SubSubBList2=SubBList=SubSubBList=SubBList The Central Myanmar Basin (CMB) has yielded SubBList2=BList=SubBList=BList an extremely rich fossil record including mammals *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]; (e.g. Jaeger et al., 1999; Chavasseau et al., 2010; [email protected] © 2020 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2020, 194, 177–206 177 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] 178 H. HUANG ET AL. De Bonis et al., 2018) and wood (e.g. Gottwald, 1994; Ocean, forming an embayment that was the locus of Privé-Gill et al., 2004; Licht et al., 2014, 2015). south-west facing deltas (Fig. 1B; Licht et al., 2013; Palynological studies with focus on the CMB are rare Westerweel et al., 2019). During this time the inner (e.g. Potonié, 1960; Reimann & Aye Thaung, 1981; wedge of the Indo–Burman Ranges emerged, providing Engelhardt & Wrenn, 1994), but this area is of great a barrier that partly closed the embayment (Licht interest, particularly for the palaeoecology of palm taxa et al., 2018); the BT was located in a more southerly, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/194/2/177/5871861 by GEOSCIENCES-RENNES CNRS user on 07 January 2021 that have implications for the palaeoenvironmental near-equatorial position (Westerweel et al., 2019). interpretation of the CMB. A > 1 km-thick middle The c. 650 m-thick sedimentary sequence at Kalewa to upper Eocene sedimentary sequence in the CMB comprises the Yaw Formation and includes four facies near the Kalewa Township was recently dated at associations deposited in an estuarine system (Licht c. 38.3 + 0.7–0.9 Mya based on analysis of a tuff et al., 2018). Mostly, the sediments consisted of clastic layer (Licht et al., 2018). This provides an excellent sands and muds primarily provided by the unroofing opportunity to determine how the palynological of the Wuntho–Popa volcanic arc that extended onto record in the CMB relates to the Indo–Asian tectonic the Burmese margin, along the flank of the modern convergence and the climate change preceding the Sino–Burman Ranges (Fig. 1A; Licht et al., 2013, 2016, Eocene–Oligocene Transition (EOT) (as discussed 2018). The studied sedimentary section starts at c. 500 by Coxall & Pearson, 2007; Dupont-Nivet, Hoorn & m above the boundary of the Yaw Formation and the Konert, 2008; Abels et al., 2011; Hoorn et al., 2012). underlying Pondaung Formation. This boundary is In this study we address the following questions. marked by the first occurrence of lignite seams and Which PPL pollens occur in the sedimentary record at black mudstones and dated at c. 39 Mya (Licht et al., Kalewa? What are their palaeoecological implications? 2018). The unconformably overlying Letkat Formation How do these pollen types compare with morphotaxa consists of coarse fluviatile clastics (Bender, 1983).
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