DOCSLIB.ORG

Tropical Palmspalms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tropical Palmspalms , NON-WOOD0\ -WOOD FORESTFOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS \ 10lo /i Tropical palmspalms Food and Agricuhure Organizahon of the United Nations 171411111 NON-WOODOi\-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 10lo Tropical palmspalms by Dennis V. Johnson FAO Regional Office for Asia andand thethe PacificPacific FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS RomeRome,, 1998 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legallegal status ofof any country,country, territory,territory, citycity oror area or ofof itsits authorities,authorities, oror concerningconcerning the delimitationdelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-37 ISBN 92-5-104213-692-5-104213-6 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systemsystem,, or transmittransmittedted inin any form or byby anyany meansmeans,, electronicelectronic,, mechani­mechani- calcal., photocopying or otherwise,otherwise, wwithoutithout the prior permissionpermission of thethe copyrightcopyright owner. Applications for such permission,permission , with a statementstatement ofof thethe purposepurpose andand extent of the reproduction,reproduction , should bebe addressedaddressed toto thethe Director,Director, InformationInformation DivisionDivision,, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Nations, Viale delle Terme di CaracallaCaracalla,, 00100 Rome, Italy. 0© FAO FAO 19981998 Foreword ForewordForeword Palms are among the most common plants in tropical countries, where they often dominatedominate the rural landscape.landscape. AllAll palmspalms belongbelong toto thethe Arecaceae familyfamily (previously(previously calledcalled thethe PalmaePalmae family), family), which comprises somesome 2.2002.200 species.species, distributed mainlymainly throughout the tropicstropics andand sub-tropics.sub-tropics. The palm family isis highlyhighly variablevariable and exhibits a tremendoustremendous morphological diversity. PalmsPalms are found in a widewide rangerange ofof tropicaltropical andand sub-tropicalsub-tropical ecologicalecological zones,zones, butbut theythey areare mostmost commoncommon inin the understory ofof tropicaltropical humidhumid forests.forests. Since ancient times,times, mankind has derived an impressive assortment of products from palmpalm-trees-trees for food, construction.construction, fiberfiber andand fuel. InIn terms of utility of the productsproducts derivedderived fromfrom them, the palm familyfamily ranks third inin the world (after thethe Gramineae andand LeguminosaeLeguminosae families),families), and its role isis even moremore obviousobvious when focusing on the tropical regions. However, despite their frequent occurrence in tropical forests and thethe vastvast arrayarray ofof products derivedderived fromfrom them,them, forestersforesters havehave soso far,far, dedicateddedicated littlelittle attentionattention toto palmspalms whenwhen designing andand implementingimplementing forestforest managementmanagement plans. Usually,Usually, wildwild palm trees inin aa forestforest areare considered moremore ofof aa nuisancenuisance thanthan anan asset.asset. The purpose of this study is to remedy this situation by providing basic information on palms asas anan importantimportant forestforest resourceresource andand toto presentpresent aa comprehensivecomprehensive coveragecoverage ofof thethe varietyvariety ofof non-wood forestforest productsproducts whichwhich cancan bebe obtainedobtained fromfrom them.them. The prospectiveprospective audienceaudience includesincludes foresters, ruralrural developmentdevelopment workersworkers andand policypolicy makers,makers, andand internationalinternational conservationconservation andand development agencies.agencies. Through thethe useuse ofof thisthis document,document, itit willwill bebe possiblepossible toto betterbetter assessassess thethe contribution ofof palmpalm productsproducts toto sustainsustain thethe livelihoodlivelihood ofof ruralrural peoplepeople andand toto evaluateevaluate thethe contribution ofof palmspalms toto sustainablesustainable forestryforestry andand agroforestryagroforestry development.development. The present study vaswas developeddeveloped jointlyjointly byby thethe RegionalRegional Office for Asia and the Pacific and the Forest ProductsProducts DivisionDivision ofof thethe ForestryForestry DepartmentDepartment atat FAO Headquarters. TheThe draftdraft ofof this document waswas preparedprepared byby DennisDennis V.V. Johnson,Johnson, underunder thethe guidanceguidance ofof Patrick B.B. DurstDurst andand Paul Vantomme. It gives us great pleasure to release this document, in the hope that it will provideprovide essential informationinformation soso thatthat palmspalms cancan bebe affordedafforded theirtheir rightfulrightful placeplace inin tropicaltropical forestryforestry development. 6444,ilotAdwai Soetatwo Hadiwigeno David A. Harcharik Assistant Director-General and Assistant Director-General RegionalRegional RepresentativeRepresentative forfor AsiaAsia andand thethe PacificPacific Forestry Department illiii Acknowledgments Acknowledgments This document was prepared,prepared, based on aa draftdraft mademade byby DennisDennis V.V. Johnson,Johnson, previouslypreviously ofof thethe UnUnitedited States Department of AgricultureAgriculture (USDA) Forest Service,Service, Washington, DC.DC.,, and who isis an authorityauthority onon palmpalm utilization,utilization, conservationconservation andand development.development. TheThe documentdocument benefitedbenefited fromfrom the detaileddetailed commentscomments ofof JohnJohn Dransfield,Dransfield, RoyalRoyal BotanicalBotanical Gardens Kew, UK; and fromfrom thethe following individuals who contributed information andand ideas to thisthis report:report: MichaelMichael Balick,Balick, Henrik Balslev,Balslev, Charles Clement, Neela De Zoysa,Zoysa, JohnJohn Dowe,Dowe, PatrickPatrick Durst,Durst, AndrewAndrew HendersonHenderson,, Don Hodel,Hodel, FrancisFrancis Kahn,Kahn, JaneJane MacKnight, MacKnight, MonicaMonica Moraes, Moraes, Jean-Christophe Jean-Christophe Pintaud, C. Renuka, Natalie Uhl,Uhl, Jane Villa-Lobos and Scott ZonaZona.. This report derivesderives itsits basicbasic informationinformation on the conservationconservation status of palmspalms fromfrom thethe plants database of the WorldWorld ConservationConservation MonitoringMonitoring Centre (WCMC),(WCMC), CambridgeCambridge,, U.K.U.K. The assistance of Harriet Gillett ofofWCMC WCMC is gratefully acknowledged. TheThe preparationpreparation ofof this this reportreport aalsolso draws upon datadata collectedcollected byby thethe WorldWorld ConservationConservation Union/SpeciesUnion/Species SurvivalSurvival CommissionCommission (lUCN(IUCN/SSC)/SSC) PalmPalm Specialist Group inin the coursecourse of preparingpreparing an actionaction planplan onon palmpalm conservation and sustained utilization.utilization. v TablTablee of contentcontentss Table of Contents Foreword ............................................ ................ ................................. .. ... ... ......... ..... ... III AcknowledgmentsAcknowledglnents ........................... .. ..... ... ... .... ..... ......... ........ .. ............... ..... .... ... .. ...... v Introduction ..... .... ...... ... .. ..... ....... ........ .. ....... ... .... .. ... ..... .. .... ... .... .. .... ..... .. ......... ...... ... ... 1 Historical role of palms in human culture ....... .. .. .. ..... ... ......... ..... .. ...... ....... ... ...... ......... 1313 Current palm products ... ................. .... ............................. ....... .. .... ... ............... .. .. .. ........ 29 Asian region ...... ..... ... ....... .... ........... .. .. .................. ..................... .... ..... .. ..... .. .......... ...... 39 Pacific Ocean regionregion....... ............................. ......................................................... .. .... 7777 Latin AmericanAlnerican regionregion.............. ................ ....... ..... ..... .. ... ..... ....... ...... .......... .. ... ..... ... .... 8383 African and the westernwestern IndianIndian OceanOcean regionregion .. .... .... ... ... ....... .... ... ...... .. ............ ... .... .. ... 110505 Palms with development potentialpotential......... ... ..... ............. .......... ........ ....... ..... ... .. .... .. ... .. .. 111199 Composition andand characteristicscharacteristics ofof selected selected palmpalm productsproducts ...... ..... ..... .... .. ...... ... ..... ... 112525 References ... .. ..... ..... .................................. .... .... ....... ..... .. ... .... .. .... .... .. .. ...... ... ..... ... .. ... .. 113535 Additional informationinformation sourcessources ...... ... ....... ... .................... ................................. ............ 115555 Directory of palm specialistsspecialists ................ .. ... ... .... ... .......... .... .... ...... ............ ...... .... .. ...... ... 159 viviii Non-Non-Wood Wood ForestForest Products: TropicalTropical Palms List ofof TablesTables Table 2-1: IbanIban utilization utilization ofof native native palmspalms ... ... .. ............................ .. ...... ... ... ............... 18 Table 2-2: ShipiboShipibo utilization utilization of of native native palmspalms ............................ .. .... .... ..................... 20 Table 2-3: KwanyamaKwanyama
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anatomia Foliar De Allagoptera Nees (Arecaceae) Como Subsídio À
    Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Botânica Programa de Pós Graduação em Botânica Dissertação de Mestrado Anatomia foliar de Allagoptera Nees (Arecaceae) como subsídio à taxonomia André Silva Pinedo Orientadora: Profª Drª Sueli Maria Gomes Brasília, março de 2015 i Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Botânica Programa de Pós Graduação em Botânica Dissertação de Mestrado Anatomia foliar de Allagoptera Nees (Arecaceae) como subsídio à taxonomia Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Botânica da Universidade de Brasília como um dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Botânica. André Silva Pinedo Orientadora: Profª Drª Sueli Maria Gomes Brasília, março de 2015 ii Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Botânica Programa de Pós Graduação em Botânica Banca examinadora: iii Agradecimentos Primeiramente a Deus, sou eternamente grato pela minha vida, pela oportunidade proporcionada e pela capacitação de estar realizando este curso de pós-graduação, que tem sido uma grande experiência de amadurecimento para mim; À minha orientadora, Profª. Drª. Sueli Maria Gomes, pela sua paciência ao me ensinar e constantes críticas construtivas que fez ao longo do período em que trabalhamos juntos, que fizeram desse mestrado uma grande oportunidade para o meu crescimento profissional; À Profª. Drª. Renata Corrêa Martins, por sua parceria nesse projeto, auxiliando na coleta e identificação das espécies, além de ser uma profissional extremamente prestativa; À Profª. Drª. Cássia Munhoz, minha orientadora em estágio de Iniciação Científica na graduação, motivando-me a trabalhar com plantas; Ao Prof. Dr. Eduardo Gomes Gonçalves, por ter me incentivado a trabalhar com o grupo das palmeiras; À Profª.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the International Palm Society Vol. 58(1) Mar. 2014 the INTERNATIONAL PALM SOCIETY, INC
    Palms Journal of the International Palm Society Vol. 58(1) Mar. 2014 THE INTERNATIONAL PALM SOCIETY, INC. The International Palm Society Palms (formerly PRINCIPES) Journal of The International Palm Society Founder: Dent Smith The International Palm Society is a nonprofit corporation An illustrated, peer-reviewed quarterly devoted to engaged in the study of palms. The society is inter- information about palms and published in March, national in scope with worldwide membership, and the June, September and December by The International formation of regional or local chapters affiliated with the Palm Society Inc., 9300 Sandstone St., Austin, TX international society is encouraged. Please address all 78737-1135 USA. inquiries regarding membership or information about Editors: John Dransfield, Herbarium, Royal Botanic the society to The International Palm Society Inc., 9300 Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, United Sandstone St., Austin, TX 78737-1135 USA, or by e-mail Kingdom, e-mail [email protected], tel. 44-20- to [email protected], fax 512-607-6468. 8332-5225, Fax 44-20-8332-5278. OFFICERS: Scott Zona, Dept. of Biological Sciences (OE 167), Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, President: Leland Lai, 21480 Colina Drive, Topanga, Miami, Florida 33199 USA, e-mail [email protected], tel. California 90290 USA, e-mail [email protected], 1-305-348-1247, Fax 1-305-348-1986. tel. 1-310-383-2607. Associate Editor: Natalie Uhl, 228 Plant Science, Vice-Presidents: Jeff Brusseau, 1030 Heather Drive, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA, e- Vista, California 92084 USA, e-mail mail [email protected], tel. 1-607-257-0885.
    [Show full text]
  • IEEE Paper Word Template in A4 Page Size (V3)
    Effect of Sugar Concentrations on Bacterial Cellulose Production as Cellulose Membrane in Mixture Liquid Medium and Material Properties Analysis Faridah1, Selvie Diana2, Helmi3, M. Sami4, Mudliana5 1,2,3,4,5Faculty of Chemical Engineering, State of Polytechnic Lhokseumawe Lhokseumawe, 24301, Aceh, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Abstract— Cellulose membrane is bacterial cellulose which and can be used to separate the two components by restraining produced from the fermentation process by Acetobacter xylinum. certain components pass through the pores. Moreover, Cellulose membrane was performed in mixture liquid medium by membrane cellulose also has some advantages in the using coconut water and sugar palm juice as the base medium. separation process; the separation can be operated in In this study, different present sugar concentrations including continuous way and does not need too much energy [13]. The 0%, 7,5% and 10% were added into fermentation medium to enhance bacterial cellulose production. By adding three different first study shows that membrane cellulose from bacterial sugar concentrations, the bacterial cellulose from different sugar cellulose has high mechanical strength and highly hydrophilic concentration was made into cellulose membrane. Cellulose holding water [14]. Therefore bacterial cellulose can be membrane were tested for physical properties of cellulose performed separation membrane. membrane, such as the degree of crystallinity by x-ray diffraction In this study, membrane cellulose was produced by (XRD), water content and thermal decomposition behaviour by Acetobacter xylinum in mixture liquid medium by using TGA, scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM), tensile coconut water and sugar palm juice as the base medium. The strength, FTIR spectra of cellulose membrane.
    [Show full text]
  • Index to Volume 60
    PALM S Index to Vol. 60 Vol. 60(4) 2016 Index to Volume 60 A new species of Attalea from the Bolivian Attalea crassispatha 97, 113 lowlands 161 Attalea eichleri 111 A university palmetum 93 Attalea exigua 112 Acoelorrhaphe 97 Attalea huebneri 61, 69, 73, 74, 76, 114, Acoelorrhaphe wrightii 25–28, 97 117–119, 123 Acrocomia crispa 97, 113 Attalea insignis 76, 123 Adonidia dransfieldii 15 Attalea macrocarpa 122, 123 Adonidia merrillii 15, 97 Attalea maripa 59, 72, 74, 76 Aiphanes horrida 67, 70, 74, 113 Attalea moorei 58, 59, 62–64, 66–70, 72–74, Aiphanes minima 113 76, 117–121, 123 Aiphanes weberbaueri 72 Attalea osmantha 123 Andriamanantena, A.Z., as co-author 169 Attalea pacensis 162–165, 167 Ali, O.M.M.: The argun palm, Medemia Attalea peruviana 62, 64, 65, 77, 112, 122, argun , in the eastern Nubian Desert of 123 Sudan 145 Attalea phalerata 63, 68, 69, 73–76, 114, Allagoptera 111 117–120, 123, 162, 163, 165, 167 Areca 18 Attalea plowmanii 58, 62–64, 76, 110, 117, Areca catechu 3, 19 123 Arenga 17 Attalea polysticha 64, 65, 76, 112, 116 Arenga caudata 43 Attalea princeps 59, 71, 73, 76, 77, 118, 123, Arenga hookeriana 43 161, 162, 165, 167 Arenga pinnata 97 Attalea racemosa 62, 76 Arenga undulatifolia 97 Attalea rostrata 123 Aspects and causes of earlier and current Attalea salazarii 58, 61, 62 spread of Trachycarpus fortunei in the Attalea septuagenata 76 forests of southern Ticino and northern Attalea speciosa 76 Lago Maggiore (Switzerland, Italy) 125 Attalea tessmannii 59, 62, 64, 76, 113, 121, Astrocaryum 39, 113, 114 122 Astrocaryum carnosum 70 Attalea weberbaueri 59, 66, 67, 72, 73, 77, Astrocaryum faranae 70, 72 111, 112, 114, 119, 121, 123 Astrocaryum gratum 76 Attalea : Insights into the diversity and Astrocaryum huicungo 69 phylogeny of an intriguing genus 109 Astrocaryum perangustatum 72 Bactris 39 Astrocaryum ulei 74 Bactris gasipaes 39 Attalea 9, 11, 12, 18, 21, 39, 57–59, 63, 64, Bactris hirta 74 66, 69, 72, 74, 76, 77, 109–116, 121, Baker, W.J., W.L.
    [Show full text]
  • TAXON:Phoenix Sylvestris SCORE:5.0 RATING:Evaluate
    TAXON: Phoenix sylvestris SCORE: 5.0 RATING: Evaluate Taxon: Phoenix sylvestris Family: Arecaceae Common Name(s): date sugar palm Synonym(s): Elate sylvestris L. (basionym) Indian date silver date palm wild date palm Assessor: No Assessor Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 29 Jul 2014 WRA Score: 5.0 Designation: EVALUATE Rating: Evaluate Keywords: Naturalized, Tropical Palm, Spiny, Dioecious, Bird-dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs
    [Show full text]
  • Download (2MB)
    UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMOPLASTIC SUGAR PALM STARCH/AGAR POLYMER BLEND, REINFORCED SEAWEED WASTE AND SUGAR PALM FIBER HYBRID COMPOSITE RIDHWAN BIN JUMAIDIN FK 2017 62 DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMOPLASTIC SUGAR PALM STARCH/AGAR POLYMER BLEND, REINFORCED SEAWEED WASTE AND SUGAR PALM FIBER HYBRID COMPOSITE UPM By RIDHWAN BIN JUMAIDIN COPYRIGHT Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy © May 2017 All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia. Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM COPYRIGHT © DEDICATION To Al-Quran, the greatest source of knowledge Bring me sheets of iron" - until, when he had leveled [them] between the two mountain walls, he said, "Blow [with bellows]," until when he had made it [like] fire, he said, "Bring me, that I may pour over it molten copper." (Al-Kahf:Verse 96) & To my beloved father and mother & To my beloved wife UPM & To my beloved daughter and son COPYRIGHT © Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMOPLASTIC SUGAR PALM STARCH/AGAR POLYMER BLEND, REINFORCED SEAWEED WASTE AND SUGAR PALM FIBER HYBRID COMPOSITE By RIDHWAN BIN JUMAIDIN May 2017 Chairman : Mohd Sapuan Bin Salit, PhD Faculty : Engineering UPM In recent, the needs to develop more environmental friendly product is increasing due to the accumulating of non-biodegradable waste, particularly the disposable product.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Ghats & Sri Lanka Biodiversity Hotspot
    Ecosystem Profile WESTERN GHATS & SRI LANKA BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT WESTERN GHATS REGION FINAL VERSION MAY 2007 Prepared by: Kamal S. Bawa, Arundhati Das and Jagdish Krishnaswamy (Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology & the Environment - ATREE) K. Ullas Karanth, N. Samba Kumar and Madhu Rao (Wildlife Conservation Society) in collaboration with: Praveen Bhargav, Wildlife First K.N. Ganeshaiah, University of Agricultural Sciences Srinivas V., Foundation for Ecological Research, Advocacy and Learning incorporating contributions from: Narayani Barve, ATREE Sham Davande, ATREE Balanchandra Hegde, Sahyadri Wildlife and Forest Conservation Trust N.M. Ishwar, Wildlife Institute of India Zafar-ul Islam, Indian Bird Conservation Network Niren Jain, Kudremukh Wildlife Foundation Jayant Kulkarni, Envirosearch S. Lele, Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Environment & Development M.D. Madhusudan, Nature Conservation Foundation Nandita Mahadev, University of Agricultural Sciences Kiran M.C., ATREE Prachi Mehta, Envirosearch Divya Mudappa, Nature Conservation Foundation Seema Purshothaman, ATREE Roopali Raghavan, ATREE T. R. Shankar Raman, Nature Conservation Foundation Sharmishta Sarkar, ATREE Mohammed Irfan Ullah, ATREE and with the technical support of: Conservation International-Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Assisted by the following experts and contributors: Rauf Ali Gladwin Joseph Uma Shaanker Rene Borges R. Kannan B. Siddharthan Jake Brunner Ajith Kumar C.S. Silori ii Milind Bunyan M.S.R. Murthy Mewa Singh Ravi Chellam Venkat Narayana H. Sudarshan B.A. Daniel T.S. Nayar R. Sukumar Ranjit Daniels Rohan Pethiyagoda R. Vasudeva Soubadra Devy Narendra Prasad K. Vasudevan P. Dharma Rajan M.K. Prasad Muthu Velautham P.S. Easa Asad Rahmani Arun Venkatraman Madhav Gadgil S.N. Rai Siddharth Yadav T. Ganesh Pratim Roy Santosh George P.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Delimitation and Hybrid Identification of Acrocomia Aculeata
    Species delimitation and hybrid identification of Acrocomia aculeata and A. totai by genetic population approach Brenda D´ıaz1, Maria Zucchi2, Alessandro Alves-Pereira1, Joaquim Azevedo-Filho2, Mariana Sanit´a2, and Carlos Colombo2 1State University of Campinas 2Instituto Agronomico October 9, 2020 Abstract To the Neotropical genus Acrocomia (Arecaceae) is attributed eight species with a wide distribution in America. A. aculeata and A. totai are the most important species because of their high economic potential for oil production. However, there is no consensus in their classification as different taxons and their distinctiveness is particularly challenging due to morphological similarities with large plasticity of the traits. In addition, there is doubt about the occurrence of interspecific hybrids between both species. In this study, we applied a genetic population approach to assessing the genetic boundaries, diversity and to identify interspecific hybrids of A. aculeata and A. totai. Thirteen loci of simple sequence repeat (SSR) were employed to analyze twelve populations representing a wide distribution of species, from Minas Gerais, Brazil to Formosa, Argentina. Based on the Bayesian analysis (STRUCTURE and NewHybrids) and Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC), our study supports the recognition of A. aculeata and A. totai as two species and the estimates of genetic parameters revealed more genetic diversity in A. totai (HE=0.551) than in A. aculeata (HE=0.466). We obtained evidence of hybridization between the species and that admixed individuals were assigned as F2 hybrids. In conclusion, this study showed the usefulness of microsatellite markers to elucidate the genetic boundaries of A. aculeata and A. totai, supporting their classification as different species and increase our knowledge about genetic diversity at the level of populations and species.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Ring Disease of Coconut Palms Is Caused by the Red Ring Nematode (Bursaphelenchus Cocophilus), Though This Nematode May Also Be Known As the Coconut Palm Nematode
    1 Red ring disease of coconut palms is caused by the red ring nematode (Bursaphelenchus cocophilus), though this nematode may also be known as the coconut palm nematode. This disease was first described on coconut palms in 1905 in Trinidad and the association between the disease and the nematode was reported in 1919. The vector of the nematode is the South American palm weevil (Rhynchophorus palmarum), both adults and larvae. The nematode parasitizes the weevil which then transmits the nematode as it moves from tree to tree. Though the weevil may visit many different tree species, the nematode only infects members of the Palmae family. The nematode and South American palm weevil have not yet been observed in Florida. 2 Information Sources: Brammer, A.S. and Crow, W.T. 2001. Red Ring Nematode, Bursaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb) Baujard (Nematoda: Secernentea: Tylenchida: Aphelenchina: Aphelenchoidea: Bursaphelechina) formerly Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus. University of Florida, IFAS Extension. EENY236. Accessed 11-27-13 http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in392 Griffith, R. 1987. “Red Ring Disease of Coconut Palm”. The American Pathological Society Plant Disease, Volume 71, February, 193-196. accessed 12/5/2013- http://www.apsnet.org/publications/plantdisease/ba ckissues/Documents/1987Articles/PlantDisease71n02_193.PDF Griffith, R., R. M. Giblin-Davis, P. K. Koshy, and V. K. Sosamma. 2005. Nematode parasites of coconut and other palms. M. Luc, R. A. Sikora, and J. Bridges (eds.) In Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. C.A.B. International, Oxon, UK. Pp. 493-527. 2 The host trees susceptible to the red ring nematode are usually found in the family Palmae.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Dispersal of a Useful Palm (Astrocaryum Chambira Burret) in Three Amazonian Forests with Different Human Intervention
    SEED DISPERSAL OF A USEFUL PALM (ASTROCARYUM CHAMBIRA BURRET) IN THREE AMAZONIAN FORESTS WITH DIFFERENT HUMAN INTERVENTION Dispersión de semillas de la palma útil (Astrocaryum chambira Burret) en tres bosques amazónicos con diferente grado de intervención humana Keywords: Amazon forest, chambira palm, seed predation, insect seed predation, rodents. Beatriz H. Ramírez1,2 Ángela Parrado-Rosselli3 Palabras clave: bosque amazónico, depredación de semillas, 1 depredación por insectos, palma de chambira, roedores. Pablo Stevenson ABSTRACT distances from the parent palm (10 m) was found. Future studies should focus on seedling establish- The young leaves of Astrocaryum chambira are ment, recruitment rates and the effects of human used by the indigenous people in the Amazon as intervention on subsequent life stages of the palm. raw material for handicrafts. However, few studies have been made on the natural history of this palm and on the indirect impact caused by the decrease RESUMEN of its dispersal agents. Considering that the loss of Las hojas jóvenes de Astrocaryum chambira son animal dispersal vectors due to hunting and lands- utilizadas por las comunidades indígenas amazóni- cape modification can affect seed dispersal proces- cas como materia prima para la fabricación de ar- ses of tropical forest plants, the goal of this study tesanías. Sin embargo, son muy pocos los estudios was to compare seed dispersal of A. chambira in acerca de su historia de vida y de los impactos in- three terra firme forests of the Colombian Amazon, directos causados por la disminución de sus agen- with different degrees of human intervention. We tes dispersores. Teniendo en cuenta que la pérdida censused densities of dispersal agents of A.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity and Structure of Astrocaryum Jauari (Mart.) Palm in Two Amazon River Basins Liliane D
    LDS Oliveira et al. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 14: 166-173, 2014 Brazilian Society of Plant Breeding. Printed in Brazil ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332014 v14n3a25 Genetic diversity and structure of Astrocaryum jauari (Mart.) palm in two Amazon river basins Liliane D. Santos Oliveira1, Santiago L. Ferreyra Ramos2, Maria T. Gomes Lopes1*, Gabriel Dequigiovanni2, Elizabeth Ann Veasey2, Jeferson L. Vasconcelos de Macêdo3, Jacqueline S. Batista4, Kyara M. Formiga4 and Ricardo Lopes3 Received 17 December 2013 Accepted 14 April 2014 Abstract – Astrocaryum jauari is a non-domesticated palm that is exploited by poachers. Our objective was to investigate the organization of the genetic diversity and structure of three A. jauari populations. The study was carried out in the state of Amazonas, between the municipalities of Coari and Manaus. Nine microsatellite loci were used for the genetic analyses. High genetic variation was found, with a mean number of alleles per locus varying from 3.9 to 4.4. The average observed heterozygosity, varying from 0.71 to 0.78, was higher than expected. No spatial genetic structure was detected, since only one cluster was observed. Our results indicate a possible dispersion strategy and suggest that conservation measures of this species should focus mainly on the populations found at the end of the main river (Solimões) where most of the plant material originating from the headwaters of the tributaries of this river is concentrated. Key words: Amazonia, rivers Solimões and Urucu, Jauari, palm domestication. INTRODUCTION ity, precipitation patterns around the hydrographic basins and due to evolutionary geographical events, defined by Astrocaryum jauari Mart.
    [Show full text]
  • Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem
    Check List 9(2): 186–207, 2013 © 2013 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir PECIES S OF Mandar Nilkanth Datar 1* and P. Lakshminarasimhan 2 ISTS L (Molem) National Park, Goa, India *1 CorrespondingAgharkar Research author Institute, E-mail: G. [email protected] G. Agarkar Road, Pune - 411 004. Maharashtra, India. 2 Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P. O. Botanic Garden, Howrah - 711 103. West Bengal, India. Abstract: Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem) National Park, the only National park in Goa, was evaluated for it’s diversity of Angiosperms. A total number of 721 wild species belonging to 119 families were documented from this protected area of which 126 are endemics. A checklist of these species is provided here. Introduction in the National Park are Laterite and Deccan trap Basalt Protected areas are most important in many ways for (Naik, 1995). Soil in most places of the National Park area conservation of biodiversity. Worldwide there are 102,102 is laterite of high and low level type formed by natural Protected Areas covering 18.8 million km2 metamorphosis and degradation of undulation rocks. network of 660 Protected Areas including 99 National Minerals like bauxite, iron and manganese are obtained Parks, 514 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 43 Conservation. India Reserves has a from these soils. The general climate of the area is tropical and 4 Community Reserves covering a total of 158,373 km2 with high percentage of humidity throughout the year.
    [Show full text]