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Amicus Curiae in the Case of Vicky Hernández

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Amicus Curiae in the Case of Vicky Hernández 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor New York, NY 10118-3299 Tel: +1-212-290-4700 Fax: +1-212-736-1300; 917-591-3452 Kenneth Roth, Executive Director New York, November 11, 2020 Deputy Executive Directors Michele Alexander, Development and Global Initiatives Judge Elizabeth Odio Benito Emma Daly, Media (Acting) Barbara Pirto, Operations (Acting) President Joseph Saunders, Program (Acting) Bruno Stagno Ugarte, Advocacy Inter-American Court of Human Rights San José, Costa Rica Colin Mincy, Chief People Officer Dinah PoKempner, General Counsel James Ross, Legal and Policy Director Subject: Human Rights Watch Amicus Curiae in Division and Program Directors the Case of Vicky Hernández and Family v. Brad Adams, Asia Nicole Austin-Hillery, United States Honduras Eric Goldstein, Middle East & North Africa (Acting) Mausi Segun, Africa José Miguel Vivanco, Americas Hugh Williamson, Europe and Central Asia I. INTRODUCTION Heather Barr, Women’s Rights (Acting) Shantha Rau Barriga, Disability Rights Richard Dicker, International Justice Lama Fakih, Crisis and Conflict Human Rights Watch (“HRW”) respectfully submits this brief to the Inter- Bill Frelick, Refugees’ Rights Arvind Ganesan, Business and Human Rights Steve Goose, Arms American Court of Human Rights (“Inter-American Court” or “this Court”) as Amanda Klasing, Women’s Rights (Acting) Zama Neff, Children’s Rights amicus curiae in the case Vicky Hernández and Family v. Honduras, filed by La Graeme Reid, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Daniel Wilkinson, Environment and Human Rights (Acting) Red Lésbica Cattrachas and Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights on behalf of three Advocacy Directors Maria Laura Canineu, Brazil family members of the decedent in the case. Louis Charbonneau, United Nations, New York Farida Deif, Canada Kanae Doi, Japan John Fisher, United Nations, Geneva Meenakshi Ganguly, South Asia HRW submits that the jurisprudence of this Court establishes that the obligation Bénédicte Jeannerod, France Lotte Leicht, European Union Wenzel Michalski, Germany of states party to the Inter-American Convention on Human Rights Måns Molander, Sweden and Denmark Elaine Pearson, Australia Benjamin Ward, United Kingdom (Acting) (“Convention”) to protect the right to life under Article 4, read in conjunction Board of Directors with Article 1, includes an obligation to conduct an effective investigation when Amy Rao, Co-Chair Neil Rimer, Co-Chair Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, Vice Chair an individual has been killed as a result of the use of force, died or disappeared Oki Matsumoto, Vice Chair Amy Towers, Vice Chair; Treasurer in violent or suspicious circumstances, or sustained life-threatening injuries, Catherine Zennström, Vice Chair Bruce Rabb, Secretary Akwasi Aidoo irrespective of whether those allegedly responsible are state agents or private Lishan Aklog George Coelho persons or are unknown, or if the injuries are self-inflicted. Natasha Dolby Kimberly Marteau Emerson Loubna Freih Leslie Gilbert-Lurie Paul Gray That being the case, HRW urges this Court to harmonize its jurisprudence on the Caitlin Heising Karen Herskovitz Judith Heumann duty of effective investigation under the right to life with that of the European Susan Kane Betsy Karel Court of Human Rights (“European Court”) by clarifying David Lakhdhir Louisa Lee-Reizes Alicia Miñana a) the importance of the duty of effective investigation under the right to life Joan R. Platt Shelley Frost Rubin in securing the right to life and deterring violations of that right; Ambassador Robin Sanders Bruce Simpson Joseph Skrzynski AO b) that failure to conduct an effective investigation may give rise to an Donna Slaight Siri Stolt-Nielsen independent violation of the right to life under Article 4 of the American Marie Warburg Isabelle de Wismes Masakazu Yanagisawa Convention, separate from (i) a substantive violation of the right to life under Andrew Zolli AMSTERDAM · BEIRUT · BERLIN·BRUSSELS·CHICAGO · GENEVA · GOMA · JOHANNESBURG · KIEV · KINSHASA · LONDON·LOS ANGELES·MIAMI · MOSCOW NAIROBI · NEW YORK· PARIS · SAN FRANCISCO·SÃO PAULO · SEOUL · SILICON VALLEY · STOCKHOLM · SYDNEY · TOKYO · TORONTO·WASHINGTON · ZÜRICH Article 4; and (ii) a violation of the rights to a fair trial and to judicial protection under Articles 8 and 25 of the Convention; and c) that the duty of effective investigation under the right to life requires the state to take all reasonable steps to investigate and uncover any possible discriminatory motives, including, as in the killing of Vicky Hernández, possible discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, or gender identity or expression. HRW urges this Court to consider the state’s obligation to protect the right to life against violence motivated by discrimination against the victim’s sexual orientation, or gender identity or expression, in the Honduran context, where lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (“LGBT”) victims of lethal and fatal violence face barriers to accountability. HRW research illustrates how authorities dismiss LGBT people’s complaints or respond in a discriminatory manner when LGBT people seek to secure effective investigations into acts of violence committed against them. II. STATEMENT OF INTEREST a. History and Mandate of Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch is a nonprofit, nongovernmental organization that investigates and reports on violations of fundamental human rights in over 100 countries worldwide with the goal of securing the respect of those rights for all persons. By exposing and calling attention to human rights abuses committed by both state and non-state actors, HRW seeks to bring international public opinion to bear upon offending governments and others to end abusive practices. HRW is known for accurate and impartial fact-finding. To ensure its independence, the group does not accept government funding, directly or indirectly, or support from any private funder that could compromise its objectivity in reporting on human rights violations. HRW has previously filed amicus briefs before various international tribunals and human rights bodies, including the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. 2 b. Human Rights Watch’s Work on LGBT Rights HRW has had a dedicated Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Program since 2004 which leads the organization’s work documenting and highlighting the violence and inequality that LGBT people around the world face based on their sexual orientation or gender identity, including in Latin America and the Caribbean. HRW’s LGBT Rights Program aims to integrate LGBT rights into the broader rubric of human rights. To that end, HRW advocates for laws and policies that will protect the dignity of all people by allowing LGBT individuals to enjoy their fundamental human rights. Such advocacy includes legal interventions in relevant cases, such as before the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Kaos GL v. Turkey on the freedom of expression of an LGBT organization,1 before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in the case of Gareth Henry et al. v. Jamaica on laws criminalizing same-sex conduct,2 and before the United States Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court of Ecuador on same-sex marriage.3 c. Human Rights Watch’s Work on LGBT Rights in Honduras In May 2009, HRW published a report entitled “Not Worth a Penny”: Human Rights Abuses against Transgender People in Honduras.4 Nearly all the 35 people HRW interviewed in Honduras in late 2008 and early 2009 were victims of or eye witnesses to harassment, beatings, and ill treatment of transgender people at the hands of police. At least 17 travestis were killed in public places in Honduras between 2004 and May 2009; many more were beaten, stabbed, or shot. Transgender people and LGBT organizations also experienced police inaction and failure to investigate cases that they registered with the police. In October 2020, HRW published a report entitled “Every Day I Live in Fear”: Violence and Discrimination Against LGBT People in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, and Obstacles to 1 Kaos GL v. Turkey, Judgment of 22 November 2016, Eur. Ct. H.R., Application no. 4982/07, available at http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-168765. 2 Gareth Henry et al. v. Jamaica, Report of 2 July 2018, Inter-Am. Comm. H.R. No. 80/18, Petition 1850- 11, available at http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/decisions/2018/JAAD1850-11EN.docx. 3 Obergefell v. Hodges, Judgment of 26 June 2015, U.S. Supreme Court, 576 U.S. 644, available at https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf; Case 0011-18-CN, Judgment of 12 June 2019, Ecuador Constitutional Court, available at http://sgc.corteconstitucional.gob.ec:8494/FichaRelatoria.aspx?numdocumento=11-18-CN/19. 4 Human Rights Watch, “Not Worth a Penny”: Human Rights Abuses against Transgender People in Honduras, May 2009, available at https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/05/29/not-worth-penny/human-rights- abuses-against-transgender-people-honduras. 3 Asylum in the United States.5 For this report, HRW conducted 25 additional interviews with LGBT people about the violence that they face in Honduras. Many LGBT Hondurans described a complex web of violence and discrimination, including from state and non-state actors, that threatens their physical safety, limits their life choices, and in some cases leads them to flee their country.6 And while almost all victims of violence in Honduras face challenges obtaining redress in the face of fragile institutions, corruption, and the violence of organized criminal organizations, LGBT victims with whom HRW spoke noted additional barriers in the form of stigma and discrimination from the police, other law enforcement agents, and judicial institutions who are charged with keeping them safe. III. A STATE PARTY TO THE AMERICAN CONVENTION HAS AN OBLIGATION TO CONDUCT EFFECTIVE INVESTIGATIONS INTO FATAL OR LETHAL ATTACKS UNDER THE RIGHT TO LIFE UNDER ARTICLE 4(1), READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH ARTICLE 1(1) This Court has acknowledged that the right to life under Article 4(1), in conjunction with the obligation to respect rights under Article 1(1), requires that states conduct an effective investigation into any deprivation of life related to alleged criminal acts.
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