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Sr Im Rheingraben See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328511984 Re-investigation of projectile types from terrestrial impact craters - Hiawatha (Greenland), Popigai (Siberia), Clearwater East, Brent, Wanapitei (Canada), Gardnos (Norway), Nördli... Presentation · September 2019 CITATIONS READS 0 2,735 1 author: Gerhard Schmidt 200 PUBLICATIONS 896 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt in samples from impact craters View project Sampling of near-Earth asteroids View project All content following this page was uploaded by Gerhard Schmidt on 21 March 2019. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. „Re-interpretation“ of projectile types from terrestrial impact craters Hiawatha (Greenland), Popigai (Siberia), Clearwater East (Canada), Gardnos (Norway), Ries crater (Germany)… Gerhard Schmidt Institute of Earth Sciences Heidelberg University Rhine People searching for meteorites in the Rhine valley ? Preliminary version Figure from Palme H. (2018) Cosmochemistry along the Rhine, Geochemical Perspectives EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 Motivation On 20 July 2018, the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa-2 acquired an image of the octahedral asteroid Ryugu, which measures around 1 kilometer in diameter, and has a gravity field 80,000 times weaker than Earth’s. Numerous large boulders on the asteroid’s surface as well as large craters are recognisable. It is assumed that Ryugu is a C-type asteroid – a carbon- rich representative of the oldest bodies of the Solar System. Castelvecchi (2018) Japanese mission reaches unexplored asteroid Ryugu, Nature 558, 495-496 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05544-9 Highly heterogeneous asteroid Ryugu What sample mass would be required for representative chemical and isotopic analyses ? Optical Navigation Camera – Telescopic (ONC-T) image of Ryugu, June 26, 2018. Image credits: JAXA, University of Tokyo, Kochi University, Rikkyo University, Nagoya University, Chiba Institute of Technology, Meiji University, Aizu University, AIST, Kobe University, Auburn University EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 Asteroid Itokawa • Itokawa was classified as an S-type asteroid from terrestrial remote sensing. Nakamura et al. (2011) reported petrologic data and confirmed that Itokawa is an ordinary chondrite (LL4 to LL6). • A single grain (~3 micrograms) returned by the Hayabusa spacecraft is mainly composed of olivine with minor amounts of high-Ca pyroxene, plagioclase, Ca-phosphate, and troilite (Ebihara et al. 2015). Olivine, low-Ca pyroxene, low-Ca clinopyroxene, diopside, chromite, troilite, kamacite, taenite, plagioclase, K feldspar, and mesostasis have been identified in dust particles from the surface (Nakamura et al. 2011). • Ebihara et al. (2011) reported the analysed Itokawa sample Figure from ISAS/JAXA in Britt, Macke and Consolmagno (2010) has similar chemical characteristics (Fe/Sc and Ni/Co ratios) The Density, Porosity, and Structure of Very Small Bodies. Vol. 5, EPSC2010-863, European Planetary Science Congress 2010 to chondrites, confirming that this grain is extraterrestrial in origin and has primitive chemical compositions. Estimated Ir/Ni and Ir/Co ratios for metal in the Itokawa samples are about five times lower than CI carbonaceous chondrite values (Ebihara et al. 2011). Gamma-ray spectrum for the irradiated sample (49-1) with 40 days for cooling interval. The inset in (B) was expanded for the energy region of 310 to 330 keV from same spectra. Figure from Ebihara et al. (2011) Supporting Online Material, Science 333. EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 Chemical analysis of Itokawa samples (Ebihara et al. 2011) No. 49-1 No. 49-2 Ni (pg) 6650 ± 160 5330 ± 150 Cr (pg) 61 ± 3 76 ± 2 Co (pg) 290 ± 10 230 ± 10 Ir (fg) 31 ± 7 37 ± 12 Ni (µg/g) 4000 ± 10 3200 ± 10 Cr (µg/g) 37 ± 2 45 ± 1 Co (µg/g) 176 ± 3 140 ± 3 Ir (ng/g) 19 ± 4 22 ± 7 Ni/Co 23 ± 1 23 ± 1 Ni/Ir ~215000 ~144000 Counting error (1σ). In calculating the elemental abundances Ebihara et al. (2011) assume that the grain is composed of olivine with plagioclase and metal. Ebihara et al. (2011) Neutron Activation Analysis of a Particle Returned from Asteroid Itokawa, Science 333, 1119-1120. “Ni/Co ratios for the Itokawa samples clearly indicate that they preserve the primitive elemental abundances of the early solar system.” Ebihara et al. (2011) Ni/Co ratios of iron meteorites overlap with Ni/Co ratios of chondrites and mantle rocks. (e.g. Schmidt, El Goresy & Pernicka 2017; Schmidt, El Goresy & Palme 2018) EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 Cr/Co vs Cr/Ni from asteroid Itokawa, meteorites (acapulcoites, chondrites, irons) and crystalline rocks from the Nördlinger Ries crater Line represent Ni/Co ratios for primitive elemental abundances of the early solar system and differentiated achondrites. Sources of data: asteroid Itokawa from M. Ebihara, S. Sekimoto, N. Shirai, Y. Hamajima, M. Yamamoto, K. Kumagai, Y. Oura, T. R. Ireland, F. Kitajima, K. Nagao, T. Nakamura, H. Naraoka, T. Noguchi, R. Okazaki, A. Tsuchiyama, M. Uesugi, H. Yurimoto, M. E. Zolensky, M. Abe, A. Fujimura, T. Mukai & Y. Yada (2011) Science 333 Acapulco data: Palme H., Schultz L., Spettel B., Weber H. W., Wänke H., Michel-Levy M. C. & Lorin J. C. (1981) The Acapulco meteorite: chemistry, mineralogy and irradiation effects. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45, 727–752. Zipfel J. & Palme H. (1994) The chemical composition of Acapulco and Acapulcoites. LPSC XXV, 1563-1564. Dhaliwal J.K., Day J.M.D., Corder C.A., Tait K.T., Marti K., Assayag N., Cartigny P., Rumble III D., Taylor L.A. (2017) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 216, 115-140. Corrigendum Table 3, received from the authors (January 26, 2019) Iron meteorite data are those reported in Folco L., Glass B.P., D’Orazio M. & Rochette P. (2018), Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 222, 550- 568. Chondrite data are from the database of Tagle & Berlin (2008) Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43, 541–559. Crystalline basement rock data from Matthes S., Richter P. & Stettner G. (1977) Geologica Bavaria 75 Ni vs Co of Itokawa samples and Ries samples “Ni/Co ratios for the Itokawa samples clearly indicate that they preserve the primitive elemental abundances of the early solar system.” Ebihara et al. (2011) Itokawa asteroid samples blue line (Ni/Co ratio; 23 ± 1) Earth mantle (Ni/Co ratio ~ 20) Figure modified from El Goresy & Schmidt (201?) Geological Magazine, Cambridge University Press, submitted 10 Nov 2017, accepted 06 July 2018 Ni/Co ratios of Itokawa asteroid samples overlap with iron meteorites (e.g. Scott 1972, field between black lines), chondrites and primitive mantle rocks (similar Ni/Co than chondrites) Ni/Co ratios as fingerprints are not at all conclusive for identification of impactor traces Scott E.R.D. 1972 Chemical fractionation in iron meteorites and its interpretation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 36, 1205-1236. EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 No detectable meteoritic contaminations of Iridium in the bore-hole Nördlingen 1973 (Ries crater) Morgan et al. 1979, Schmidt 1991, Schmidt and Pernicka 1994, Ackerman et al. 2017 bore-hole FBN73 Nördlingen • Nördlinger Ries → impact crater (Shoemaker & Chao 1961) • ~14.8 Ma • 24 - 26 km diameter crater • excavated from carbonate-bearing sedimentary sequences and underlying crystalline silicate basement materials EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 Iridium in target rocks and fall-back material of the Nördlinger Ries impact crater Figure from Schmidt and Pernicka (1991) 54th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, Monterey, California Sample preparation „Core segments from the Graded Unit (diameter 10 cm) were gently broken to obtain a sample of about 100 g each. Each segment was wrapped in polyethylene, crushed between the jaws of a vice, and then ground in an agate mill untill it passed through a 50 µm polyethylene sieve. Drill core samples containing suevite were treated identically, with the exception that, after crushing, larger rock fragments were removed by hand. The reason for this procedure was that for a coarse grained breccia, such as suevite, a drill core sample cannot be representative in the true sense. Drill core samples of the crystalline basement were generally larger (on the order of 2 kg). Of those, about 300 g chips were broken off and homogenized as described above. In all cases an aliquot of 10 g from each homogenized sample was used for analysis.“ Schmidt G., Pernicka E. The determination of platinum group elements (PGE) in target rocks and fall-back material of the Nördlinger Ries impact crater (Germany). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 (1994) 5083-5090. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90233-X EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 Gold in target rocks and fall-back material of the Nördlinger Ries impact crater Figure from Schmidt G. (1991) PhD thesis, Heidelberg University Commas in axis label represent points. Aliquots of 10 g from each homogenized sample were used for Au analysis. Data from Schmidt G. & Pernicka E. The determination of platinum group elements (PGE) in target rocks and fall-back material of the Nördlinger Ries impact crater (Germany). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 (1994) 5083-5090. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90233-X “Several previous studies have estimated the average gold concentration in the crust. A major summary was compiled by Crocket (1991) and updated by Rudnick and Gao (2003). These studies estimated the average crustal abundance of gold to be 1.3 ppb, a figure that is very similar to the mantle value derived here...and it seems likely that the concentration of gold in the two reservoirs is approximately the same on average, indicating efficient recycling of gold between the crust and the mantle.” J. Edward Saunders, Norman J. Pearson, Suzanne Y. O’Reilly, William L. Griffin (2018) Gold in the mantle: A global assessment of abundance and redistribution processes. Lithos 322 (2018) 376–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2018.10.022 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 Ni vs Ir in asteroid Itokawa, moldavites, suevite and Ries sediments Sources of data: black lines, Ni/Ir ratios of asteroid Itokawa samples 49-1 and 49-2 from Ebihara et al.
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