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Thrust Wedges with Décollement Levels and Syntectonic Erosion: a View from Analog Models

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Thrust Wedges with Décollement Levels and Syntectonic Erosion: a View from Analog Models Tectonophysics 502 (2011) 336–350 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Tectonophysics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto Thrust wedges with décollement levels and syntectonic erosion: A view from analog models E. Konstantinovskaya a,⁎, J. Malavieille b a Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement (INRS-ETE), 490, de la Couronne, Quebec City (QC), Canada G1K 9A9 b Géosciences Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5243, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France article info abstract Article history: Analog sandbox models have been set up to study the impact of syntectonic erosion on thrust wedges with Received 19 August 2010 one and two décollement levels. Different accretion mechanisms are activated depending on interactions Received in revised form 7 January 2011 between surface processes and wedge mechanics: frontal accretion, backthrusting, underthrusting and Accepted 14 January 2011 underplating due to décollement induced duplex formation at depth. These mechanisms may function Available online 15 February 2011 simultaneously, being located at different parts across the wedge. For all the experiments, a high friction is Keywords: imposed at the base of models and the volume of eroded material remains equal to the volume of newly Thrust wedge accreted material, maintaining a constant surface slope during the shortening. Erosion limits the forward Antiformal stack propagation of thrust wedges and favors the underthrusting of basal layers allowing duplex formation. Analog modeling Erosion promotes development of major backthrusts in the thrust wedges without or with one décollement, Erosion but no backthrusts was formed in the wedges with two décollements. Slow erosion allows lower extent of Exhumation basal underthrusting in comparison with regular-rate erosion. Variations in the erosion taper lead to changes Canadian Rockies in duplex geometry and exhumation rate in thrust wedges with one or two décollements. The 6° erosion taper promotes formation of antiformal stack at the rear part of thrust wedge, high rate of basal underthrusting and high extent of erosional removal. The cover layers are nearly completely eroded above the antiformal stack and form the synformal klippe in frontal part of thrust wedges. The 8° erosion taper allows development of individual ramp-anticlines and active forward thrusting of cover layers above the décollement and low rate of basal underplating below it, with consequent low extent of erosional removal. The results of our experiments support the observations on structural evolution and erosion in the Alberta Foothills of the Canadian Rockies. Crown Copyright © 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Glodny et al., 2005; Gutscher et al., 1996, 1998; Kukowski et al., 2002; Platt, 1988, 1990). Combined with erosion, it allows exhumation of deep Décollements are very common in foreland thrust belts and their rocks in compressional orogens (Avouac, 2003; Bonnet et al., 2007, role has long been studied. They are responsible for duplex formation, 2008; Konstantinovskaia and Malavieille, 2005; Malavieille, 2010; which evolution and geometry vary in styles and greatly influence the Osborn et al., 2006; Simoès et al., 2007). Thus, surface processes play a dynamics of thrust wedges. For examples, antiformal stacks with major role in the growth of aerial thrust wedges influencing their forward thrusting in the cover and significant underthrusting of basal dynamics and long term evolution. Numerous analog modeling studies units are characteristics of the southern Pyrenees in Spain (Vergés and have been devoted to the understanding of these complex interactions Martinez, 1988), spaced ramp anticlines with folding in the cover and at different scales. Some consider thrust development at regional scale small extent of basal underthrusting are typical for the San Andean (Barrier et al., 2002; Casas et al., 2001; Cobbold et al., 1993; Del Castello thrust belt in northern Argentina (Belotti et al., 1995), and duplex styles et al., 2004; Larroque et al., 1995; Leturmy et al., 2000; Malavieille et al., may vary laterally along the same orogenic front as shown in the 1993; Marques and Cobbold, 2002; Merle and Abidi, 1995; Mugnier Canadian Rocky Mountains (Fermor and Price, 1987; Lebel et al., 1996; et al., 1997; Persson and Sokoutis, 2002; Persson et al., 2004; Storti and McMechan, 2001; Price, 1986, 2001; Price and Fermor, 1985; Soule and McClay, 1995; Storti and Poblet, 1997) or at the scale of the orogen Spratt, 1996; Stockmal, 2001). The synchronous play of frontal accretion (Bonnet et al., 2007, 2008; Davy and Cobbold, 1991; Hoth et al., 2006; and underthrusting of duplex units at depth has been shown to be an Konstantinovskaia and Malavieille, 2005; Koons, 1989; Malavieille, important mechanism for the material transfer in thrust wedges (e.g. 2010; Malavieille and Konstantinovskaya, 2010; Persson and Sokoutis, 2002), suggesting that synkinematic erosion and sedimentation influence fault propagation and geometry of thrust wedges favoring ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 418 654 2559; fax: +1 418 654 2600. a punctuated thrust activity, alternating frontal thrusting, out-of- E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Konstantinovskaya). sequence thrusting and backthrusting. 0040-1951/$ – see front matter. Crown Copyright © 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.01.020 E. Konstantinovskaya, J. Malavieille / Tectonophysics 502 (2011) 336–350 337 Analog modeling approaches have been used for a long time in 2. Experimental method complement with geological studies to analyze the effects of frictional and ductile décollements on duplex styles. Presence of frictional (glass We analyze the effects of syntectonic erosion on fault propagation, microbeads) décollements in the accreted series of purely brittle duplex geometry, material transfer and exhumation in thrust wedges thrust wedge models allows underplating of thrust units developing using 2D sandbox experiments. This study focusing on the role of an antiformal stack, whose growth and location is favored by erosion décollements is complementary of an earlier work of Konstantinovskaia (Bonnet et al., 2007, 2008; Konstantinovskaia and Malavieille, 2005; and Malavieille (2005), in which the style of fault propagation and the Malavieille, 2010). Presence of ductile décollements affects the diversity of exhumation patterns were studied in eroded thrust wedges growth and evolution of sand–silicone experimental wedges. It was as a function of type of basal friction (high and low), thickness of shown that internal deformation style and forward propagation of accreted series and the presence of subduction window. In our previous structures in brittle–ductile wedge models are strongly dependent work it was shown that the uplift of material occurs along a cluster of upon the brittle–ductile coupling (Bonini, 2003, 2007; Costa and subvertical thrusts in the middle part of the eroded thrust wedge with Vendeville, 2002; Mugnier et al., 1997; Smit et al., 2003). Strong low basal friction. The material is exhumed along a series of inclined décollements in sand–silicone wedges with two décollements (20°–50°) thrusts in the rear of the high-friction wedge. The vertical (Couzens-Schultz et al., 2003) favor local underthrusting of the component of exhumation is generally higher for the wedges with high cover, development of individual ramp-anticlines, internal deforma- basal friction than for low-friction wedges, and it is amplified by the tion of thrust sheets and low layer parallel shortening, whereas weak presence of décollements. The addition of décollement layer in a sand décollements enable forward thrusting of the cover, antiformal stacks, pack requires high basal friction in order to create a difference in rate of coeval growth of structures, low internal strain and lower layer lateral material transfer across the growing thrust wedge. Thus, only parallel shortening that occur later. Otherwise, very weak silicone high basal friction wedges are discussed here. The effect of slower rate of décollements may produce a localization of deformation at long lived erosion on fault kinematics and exhumation in a thrust wedge is newly detachment folds above a floor thrust tip (Bonini, 2003). It was tested in the present study (MW3) in order to compare it to the noticed that backthrusts (hinterland verging) and forethrusts (fore- previously obtained model wedge (MW2) with regular erosion land verging) may develop in model thrust wedges depending on the (Table 1). The former experiment with a single décollement in model relative strengths of the basal décollement and overlying cover and on wedge is reproduced in the present study (MW5) to be compared to basal friction (Bonini, 2007; Chapple, 1978; Davis and Engelder, 1985; new experiments of model wedges with two décollements (MW6–7). Mandl and Shippam, 1981). The basic device (Fig. 1) is made by a flat basal plate bound by two The impact of sedimentation on thrust wedge geometry and fault lateral glass walls (see detail in Bonnet et al., 2007, 2008; kinematics was studied by Bonnet et al. (2007), Konstantinovskaya et al. Konstantinovskaia and Malavieille, 2005; Malavieille, 1984). To (2009), Mugnier et al. (1997), Smit et al. (2010), Storti and McClay reduce the amount of sidewall friction, a lubrication of glass walls was (1995), and Storti et al. (2000). Diffuse sedimentation results in large done
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