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Chinese Christians and American Missionaries in the Republic of China (1912-1949)
Rowan University Rowan Digital Works Theses and Dissertations 10-17-2016 Finding Chinese Jesus: Chinese Christians and American missionaries in the Republic of China (1912-1949) Matthew Joseph Douthitt Rowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Douthitt, Matthew Joseph, "Finding Chinese Jesus: Chinese Christians and American missionaries in the Republic of China (1912-1949)" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 2335. https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd/2335 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Rowan Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Rowan Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FINDING CHINESE JESUS: CHINESE CHRISTIANS AND AMERICAN MISSIONARIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA (1912-1949) by Matthew J Douthitt A Thesis Submitted to the Department of History College of Humanities and Social Sciences In partial fulfillment of the requirement For the degree of Master of Arts in History at Rowan University May 16, 2016 Thesis Chair: Q. Edward Wang, Ph.D © 2016 Matthew J Douthitt Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my mom who is always there for me. Acknowledgments Developing this thesis has been quite a learning experience for me. I would like express my deepest thanks to the entire History Department at Rowan University for their warm reception upon my arrival and their constant encouragement throughout my studies. Specifically, I would like to thank Dr. Joy Wiltenburg and Dr. Scott Morschauser for being a part of the thesis committee and offering their advice. -
© 2013 Yi-Ling Lin
© 2013 Yi-ling Lin CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT IN MISSIONARY CHINA: AMERICAN MISSIONARY NOVELS 1880-1930 BY YI-LING LIN DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2013 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral committee: Professor Waïl S. Hassan, Chair Professor Emeritus Leon Chai, Director of Research Professor Emeritus Michael Palencia-Roth Associate Professor Robert Tierney Associate Professor Gar y G. Xu Associate Professor Rania Huntington, University of Wisconsin at Madison Abstract From a comparative standpoint, the American Protestant missionary enterprise in China was built on a paradox in cross-cultural encounters. In order to convert the Chinese—whose religion they rejected—American missionaries adopted strategies of assimilation (e.g. learning Chinese and associating with the Chinese) to facilitate their work. My dissertation explores how American Protestant missionaries negotiated the rejection-assimilation paradox involved in their missionary work and forged a cultural identification with China in their English novels set in China between the late Qing and 1930. I argue that the missionaries’ novelistic expression of that identification was influenced by many factors: their targeted audience, their motives, their work, and their perceptions of the missionary enterprise, cultural difference, and their own missionary identity. Hence, missionary novels may not necessarily be about conversion, the missionaries’ primary objective but one that suggests their resistance to Chinese culture, or at least its religion. Instead, the missionary novels I study culminate in a non-conversion theme that problematizes the possibility of cultural assimilation and identification over ineradicable racial and cultural differences. -
Bernard Quaritch Ltd Hong Kong
Bernard Quaritch Ltd CHINA IN PRINT 22 – 24 November 2013 Hong Kong BERNARD QUARITCH LTD. 40 SOUTH AUDLEY STREET , LONDON , W1K 2PR Tel. : +44 (0)20 7297 4888 Fax : +44 (0)20 7297 4866 E-mail : [email protected] or [email protected] Website : www.quaritch.com Mastercard and Visa accepted. If required, postage and insurance will be charged at cost. Other titles from our stock can be browsed/searched at www.quaritch.com Bankers : Barclays Bank PLC, 50 Pall Mall, PO Box 15162, London SW1A1QA Sort code : 20-65-82 Swift code : BARCGB22 Sterling account IBAN: GB98 BARC 206582 10511722 Euro account IBAN: GB30 BARC 206582 45447011 US Dollar account IBAN: GB46 BARC 206582 63992444 VAT number : GB 840 1358 54 © Bernard Quaritch Ltd 2013 Front cover: item 5 1. AH FONG . The Sino-Japanese Hostilities Shanghai. N.p., 1937 . Album of 110 gelatin silver prints, 2 in a panoramic format approx. 2 x 7½ inches (4.7 x 19 cm.) the remainder 2¼ x 3½ inches (5.5 x 8.3 cm.), a few titled in the negatives, five images including one panorama toned red; all prints numbered on mounts according to a printed index attached at beginning of album (folded), with captions to all images and photographer’s credit ah fong photographer 819 Nanking Road Shanghai; black paper boards, the upper cover decorated in silver, depicting a city skyline ravaged by bombs and tanks with bombers and a warship, black cord tie, oblong 8vo. £3800 / HK$ 47,500 Following the Mukden (or Manchurian) Incident in September 1931, when the Japanese invaded the north-eastern part of China, the Chinese called for a boycott of Japanese goods. -
The Dharma Through a Glass Darkly: on the Study of Modern
‧46‧聖嚴研究 Xian, this research will make a comparative study between the travel literature works of Master Sheng Yen and Fa Xian’s Fo- The Dharma Through guo-ji. This paper will be divided into two parts, the first part will a Glass Darkly: make an observation and analysis on the dialogue which occurred between Master Sheng Yen and Fa Xian through their writing and On the Study of Modern Chinese will deal with the following subjects: how the dialogue between Buddhism Through Protestant two great monks were made, the way the dialogue carried on, and * the contents of the dialogue. The second part of this paper will Missionary Sources focus on the dialectic speeches which appeared in many places of the books, including: see / not to see, sthiti / abolish, past / future. These dialectic dialogues made Master Sheng Yen’s traveling Gregory Adam Scott Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Religion, Columbia University writings not only special in having his own characteristic but also made his traveling writings of great importance and deep meanings in the history of Chinese Buddhist literature. ▎Abstract KEYWORDS： Master Sheng Yen, travel literature, Fa Xian, Fo- European-language scholarship on Buddhism in nineteenth— guo-ji and early twentieth—century China has traditionally relied heavily on sources originally produced by Christian missionary scholars. While the field has since broadened its scope to include a wide variety of sources, including Chinese-language and ethnographic studies, missionary writings continue to be widely cited today; * T his paper is based on presentations originally given at the North American Graduate Student Conference on Buddhist Studies in Toronto in April 2010, and at the Third International Conference of the Sheng Yen Educational Foundation in Taipei in May 2010. -
ABSTRACT Liang Fa's Quanshi Liangyan and Its Impact on The
ABSTRACT Liang Fa’s Quanshi liangyan and Its Impact on the Taiping Movement Sukjoo Kim, Ph.D. Mentor: Rosalie Beck, Ph.D. Scholars of the Taiping Movement have assumed that Liang Fa’s Quanshi liangyan 勸世良言 (Good Words to Admonish the Age, being Nine Miscellaneous Christian Tracts) greatly influenced Hong Xiuquan, but very little has been written on the role of Liang’s work. The main reason is that even though hundreds of copies were distributed in the early nineteenth century, only four survived the destruction which followed the failure of the Taiping Movement. This dissertation therefore explores the extent of the Christian influence of Liang’s nine tracts on Hong and the Taiping Movement. This study begins with an introduction to China in the nineteenth century and the early missions of western countries in China. The second chapter focuses on the life and work of Liang. His religious background was in Confucianism and Buddhism, but when he encountered Robert Morrison and William Milne, he identified with Christianity. The third chapter discusses the story of Hong especially examining Hong’s acquisition of Liang’s Quanshi liangyan and Hong’s revelatory dream, both of which serve as motives for the establishment of the Society of God Worshippers and the Taiping Movement. The fourth chapter develops Liang’s key ideas from his Quanshi liangyan and compares them with Hong’s beliefs, as found in official documents of the Taipings. The fifth chapter describes Hong’s beliefs and the actual practices of the Taiping Movement and compares them with Liang’s key ideas. -
The Legacy of James Gilmour Kathleen L
The Legacy of James Gilmour Kathleen L. Lodwick ongolia and thename of JamesCilmourwill foreverbe could read, adding that if the mission were to be successful, the M linked in the minds of many people because of his Bible needed to be translated into Buriat (a related language), books Among the Mongols and More About the Mongols, which are which the Mongols could understand. He also wrote that he anthropological observations of Mongolian society as he ob needed "pictures,especiallyin color." Mostly,however,he needed served it in the latter half of the nineteenth century. In 1883 one colleagues, without whom "it is little short of nonsense to speak reviewer of Among the Mongols wrote that it reminded him of of reopening the Mongolia Mission." The mission was also much Robinson Crusoe-yet Gilmour's was a true story, reflecting his more costly than the board had anticipated, as their appropria long years in Mongolia with the London Missionary Society tion was sufficient for him to make only one four-week trip per (LMS). year. Gilmour added that he had paid for his 1870-71 travels out James Gilmour was born on February 12, 1843, in Cathkin, of his own funds but did not know how long he could continue near Glasgow, Scotland. While studying at Highgate in London to do SO.5 in 1867 he applied to the LMS and was appointed to reopen the Awaiting instructions from the LM5-which never came Mongolian Mission, pioneered by Edward Stallybrass and Wil Gilmour spent the summer of 1872 in Peking studying written liamSwanand their wivesfrom 1817 to 1841. -
The Images of Jesus in the Emergence of Christian Spirituality in Ming and Qing China
religions Article The Images of Jesus in the Emergence of Christian Spirituality in Ming and Qing China Xiaobai Chu Department of Chinese Language and Literature, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200241, China; [email protected]; Tel.: +86-135-6419-6708 Academic Editor: Mark G. Toulouse Received: 10 January 2016; Accepted: 15 March 2016; Published: 18 March 2016 Abstract: Images of Jesus Christ played an important role in the emergence of Christian spirituality in Ming and Qing China. Of the great many images that we know from this period, this paper introduces five of them: Jesus as infant, criminal, gate, brother, and pig. The paper unfolds the historical, anthropological, and theological layers of these images to reveal the original tension between Christian spirituality and Chinese culture. The central thesis of the paper therefore is that this tension is reflected in the images of Jesus Christ and, moreover, that analyzing this tension allows us to achieve a more profound understanding of the emergence of Christian spirituality in Ming, Qing, and perhaps even today’s China. Keywords: Image of Jesus Christ; Christian spirituality; missionary practice; local knowledge; Chinese cultural memory 1. Introduction What would you think upon seeing Jesus depicted as a Chinese, more specifically, as a Confucius teacher? At least to Western people with no particular knowledge of Christian history, such an image would likely appear strange. Was this how Chinese people reacted to images of Jesus Christ that were presented to them in the long history of Christian missions in China? What was the image Chinese people themselves made of Jesus Christ’s person? These are but a few basic questions that we can ask about the images of Jesus Christ that circulated in Ming and Qing China. -
Directory of Protestant Missionaries in China
DIRECTORY OF PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES IN CHINA , JAPAN AND COREA FOR THE YEAR 1905 THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS OFFICE DES VEUX ROAD , HONGKONG , AND 131, FLEET STREET , LONDON , E.C. MDCCCCV PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES IN CHINA ALLGEMEINER EVANGELISCH PRO- , Miss H. M. Austin TESTANTISCHER MISSIONSVEREIN Miss C. M. Huntoon ( GENERAL PROTESTANT MISSION KIATING VIA CHUNGKING OF GERMANY ) Rev. W , F. Beaman and wife TSINGTAU Rev. F. J. Bradshaw and wife Rev. R. Wilhelm and wife Rev. H. J. Openshaw and wife Rev. B , Blumhardt SUIFU VIA CHUNGKING E. Dipper , M.D. C. E. Tompkins, M.D. , and wife Rev. C. A. Salquist and wife AMERICAN ADVENT CHRISTIAN Rev. R. Wellwood and wife MISSION YACHOW VIA CHUNGKING NANKING Rev. Briton Corlies , M.D. Rev. G. Howard Malone and wife (absent ) SWATOW Miss Margaret E. Burke Rev. Wm . Ashmore , D.D. , and wife (absent ) Miss Nellie E , Dow Rev. S. B. Partridge, D.D. , and wife Miss T. M. Quimby Rev. Wm . Ashmore, Jun . M.A. and wife WUHU Rev. J. M. Foster , D.D., and wife (absent ) Rev. Z. Charles Beals and wife Rev. G. H. Waters and wife Miss B. Cassidy Rev. R. T. Capen Robert E. Worley , M.D. , and wife AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSIONARY Miss H. L. Hyde UNION Miss M. Sollman HANYANG VIA HANKOW Miss Margaret Grant , M.D. Rev. J. S. Adams and wife Miss M. F. Weld Rev. G. A. Huntley , M.D. , and wife KIAYING VIA SWATOW Rev. Sidney G. Adams Rev. G. E. Whitman and wife Rev. A. S. Adams and wife Rev. J. H. Griffin and wife Miss Annie L. -
Englischer Diplomat, Commissioner Chinese Maritime Customs Biographie 1901 James Acheson Ist Konsul Des Englischen Konsulats in Qiongzhou
Report Title - p. 1 of 266 Report Title Acheson, James (um 1901) : Englischer Diplomat, Commissioner Chinese Maritime Customs Biographie 1901 James Acheson ist Konsul des englischen Konsulats in Qiongzhou. [Qing1] Adam, James Robertson (Dundee, Schottland 1863-1915 Anshun, Guizhou vom Blitz erschlagen) : Protestantischer Missionar China Inland Mission Biographie 1887 James Robertson Adam wird Missionar der China Inland Mission in China. [Prot2] Addis, John Mansfield = Addis, John Mansfield Sir (1914-1983) : Englischer Diplomat Biographie 1947-1950 John Mansfield Addis ist Erster Sekretär der britischen Botschaft in Nanjing. [SOAS] 1950-1954 John Mansfield Addis ist im Foreign Office der britischen Botschaft in Beijing tätig. [ODNB] 1954-1957 John Mansfield Addis ist Generalkonsul der britischen Botschaft in Beijing. [SOAS] 1970-1974 John Mansfield Addis ist Botschafter der britischen Regierung in Beijing. [SOAS] 1975 John Mansfield Addis wird Senior Research Fellow in Contemporary Chinese Studies am Wolfson College, Oxford. [SOAS] Adeney, David Howard (Bedford, Bedfordshire 1911-1994) : Englischer protestantischer Missionar China Inland Mission Biographie 1934 Ruth Adeney lernt Chinesisch an der Sprachenschule der China Inland Mission in Yangzhou (Jiangsu) ; David Howard Adeney in Anqing (Anhui). [BGC] 1934-1938 David Howard Adeney ist als Missionar in Henan tätig. [BGC] 1938 Heirat von David Howard Adeney und Ruth Adeney in Henan. [BGC] 1938-1941 David Howard Adeney und Ruth Adeney sind als Missionare in Fangcheng (Henan) tätig. [BGC] 1941-1945 David Howard Adeney und Ruth Adeney halten sich in Amerika auf. [BGC] 1946-1950 David Howard Adeney und Ruth Adeney sind für das Chinese Inter-Varisty Fellowship für Universitäts-Studenten in Nanjing und Shanghai tätig. [BGC] 1950-1956 David Howard Adeney und Ruth Adeney halten sich in Amerika auf. -
Technical Details on the Format Papers Submitted to the Conference
When “Mr. Ou (Euclid)” came to China … SIU Man Keung, Department of Mathematics, University of Hong Kong ABSTRACT The Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci and the Chinese scholar-official XU Guang-qi of the Ming Dynasty collaborated to produce a translation of the first six books of Elements (more precisely, the fifteen- book-version Euclidis Elementorum Libri XV compiled by Christopher Clavius in the latter part of the sixteenth century) in Chinese in 1607, with the title Ji He Yuan Ben [Source of Quantity]. This paper attempts to look at the historical context that made Elements the first European text in mathematics to be translated into Chinese, and how the translated text was received at the time as well as what influence the translated text exerted in various domains in subsequent years, if any, up to the first part of the twentieth century. This first European text in mathematics transmitted into China in the Ming Dynasty led the way of the first wave of transmission of European science into China, while a second wave and a third wave followed in the Qing Dynasty, but each in a rather different historical context. Besides comparing the styles and emphases of mathematical pursuit in the Eastern and the Western traditions we try to look at the issue embedded in a wider intellectual and cultural context. 1. Introduction In early-twentieth century the revolutionary socialist intellectual CHEN Du-xiu ( 陳獨秀 1879-1942 ), later to become a co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party, introduced to the Chinese a “Mr.De ( 德先生 ) [Democracy]” and a “Mr.Sai ( 賽先生 ) [Science]”. -
Report Title 16. Jahrhundert 17. Jahrhundert 18. Jahrhundert
Report Title - p. 1 Report Title 16. Jahrhundert 1583 Geschichte : China - Europa : England Elizabeth I. schreibt einen Brief an den Kaiser von China um Kontakt aufzunehmen. [Hsia8:S. 220] 1596-1597 Geschichte : China - Europa : England Elizabeth I. schickt drei Schiffe nach China und gibt Benjamin Wood einen Brief an den Kaiser mit. Die Schiffe erleiden Schiffbruch im Golf von Martaban, Burma. [Hsia8:S. 220,LOC] 17. Jahrhundert 1625 Geschichte : China - Europa : England Engländer erreichen die chinesische Küste. [Wie 1] 1637 Geschichte : China - Europa : England Die ersten englischen Schiffe kommen an der Küste von Süd-Ost China an. [Stai 1] 1683-1684 Geschichte : China - Europa : England William Dampier durchquert die chinesischen Meere. [Boot] 1698-1701 Geschichte : China - Europa : England James Cunningham reist 1698 als Arzt einer Fabrik der British E.I. Company nach Amoy [Xiamen]. 1699 wird er Fellow der Royal Society und reist 1700 wieder nach China. 1701 erreicht er die Insel Chusan [Zhoushan]. 1699 Geschichte : China - Europa : England / Wirtschaft und Handel Gründung der British East India Company in China, was den Handel mit Hong Kong fördert. [Wik] 18. Jahrhundert 1766 Geschichte : China - Europa : England James Lind besucht Guangzhou und sammelt chinesische Gegenstände und Bücher. [Kit1:S. 59] Report Title - p. 2 1774-1784 Geschichte : China - Europa : England Huang Yadong hält sich in England auf. He is described as Wang-y-Tong, who worked as a page in the John Frederick Sackville's household at Knole and attended the local Sevenoaks School. Huang Yadong is known to have visited the naturalists Mary Delany and the Duchess of Portland at the latter’s country seat of Bulstrode, discussing Chinese plants and their uses with them. -
"Mr. Ou (Euclid)" Came to China
When “Mr. Ou (Euclid)” came to China … SIU Man Keung, Department of Mathematics, University of Hong Kong ABSTRACT The Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci and the Chinese scholar-official XU Guang-qi of the Ming Dynasty collaborated to produce a translation of the first six books of Elements (more precisely, the fifteen- book-version Euclidis Elementorum Libri XV compiled by Christopher Clavius in the latter part of the sixteenth century) in Chinese in 1607, with the title Ji He Yuan Ben [Source of Quantity]. This paper attempts to look at the historical context that made Elements the first European text in mathematics to be translated into Chinese, and how the translated text was received at the time as well as what influence the translated text exerted in various domains in subsequent years, if any, up to the first part of the twentieth century. This first European text in mathematics transmitted into China in the Ming Dynasty led the way of the first wave of transmission of European science into China, while a second wave and a third wave followed in the Qing Dynasty, but each in a rather different historical context. Besides comparing the styles and emphases of mathematical pursuit in the Eastern and the Western traditions we try to look at the issue embedded in a wider intellectual and cultural context. 1. Introduction In early-twentieth century the revolutionary socialist intellectual CHEN Du-xiu ( 陳獨秀 1879-1942 ), later to become a co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party, introduced to the Chinese a “Mr.De ( 德先生 ) [Democracy]” and a “Mr.Sai ( 賽先生 ) [Science]”.