\

LAKE STURGEON REHABILITATION WITHIN THE BA Y OF QUINTE

Ed Heuvel Patricia Edwards

Bay of Quinte Remedial Action Plan Habitat Working Group 1996 • .!= ~ "'.""­... --..... Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

Moira River Conservation Authority Table of Contents

Page Section heading

Table of Contents iii 1)Summary

1 2) Introduction

2 3) Lake Sturgeon Biology Adults Larvae Juvenile

4 4) Description of the Bay of Quinte and its Fish Community

5 5) Species Status Great Lakes and Globally Bay of Quinte

7 6) Potential Issues Facing Sturgeon Management in the Bay of Quinte Habitat Degradation Contaminants Genetic Variability Harvest and Fishery Conflicts Exotic Species

13 7) Population Assessment

15 8) Habitat Assessment

15 9) Rehabilitation Strategies Public Education Habitat remediation Stocking

20 10) Summary of Recommendations

21 11) Project Funding Figures

Fig. 1 Areas where lake sturgeon sighted or caught (from public consultation)

Fig. 2 Line Drawing of the Lake Sturgeon (Scott and Crossman 1983)

Fig. 3 Commercial Harvest of Lake Sturgeon in Lake Ontario

Appendices

Appendix 1; Results of Public Consultation

Appendix 2; Generalized Threats to Habitat

Appendix 3; Envelope of; Articles Correspondence and Local Pictures

Appendix 4; Proposal for habitat remediation for the Trent River Dam #1. 1 Summary

Anecdotal information collected during public consultation suggests that a small lake sturgeon population still exists in the Bay of Quinte and Eastern Lake Ontario. In addition, isolated populations exist in two or more areas of the Trent River, upstream of the Bay of Quinte.

This document provides a review of lake sturgeon habitat requirements. The habitat information available describes primarily spawning and nursery habitats with limited information on juvenile and adult habitats. Additional information exists on artificial propagation and stocking, habitat creation, remediation and maintenance techniques. These techniques include those designed specifically for lake sturgeon as well as techniques for other species which could be applied without alteration to lake sturgeon. This report also describes the tumultuous history of the lake sturgeon, along with explanations for both their population crash and recent preliminary signs of resurgence.

Two spawning areas could be considered for remediation; below Dam # 1 on the Trent River and at Shannonville on the Salmon River. As part of the Bay of Quinte RAP (Habitat Protection and Restoration Program) a detailed proposal for lake sturgeon spawning habitat creation below Dam #1 is included in Appendix 5.

Additional remediation sites are located upstream on the Trent River near Glen Ross. These upstream sites are also well suited for remediation since they are isolated populations which would be easy to monitor. Hence, results from remedial activities would be easily measurable. In this document however our focus is upon the stocks within the bay.

Other activities which would promote the recovery of sturgeon in the Bay of Quinte include soliciting additional support from conservation organizations, the preparation of a display for the RAP trailer, "No Sturgeon Fishing" signs, and the production of an educational lake sturgeon video. 6 Introduction

Interest in lake sturgeon has increased significantly throughout North America during the past two decades. Numerous articles have appeared in the general press and in sporting magazines. Scientific studies detailing life histories, historical distribution and remediation techniques have also been produced. This interest· has incited a movement by Government Agencies to attempt to rehabilitate lake sturgeon stocks. To this end, federal, state and provincial agencies around the Great Lakes have developed a number of lake sturgeon rehabilitation plans (Whelan and Hay-Chmielewski 1994; Booker et al. 1993; LaPan et al. 1994; Slade 1996; Moreau et al. 1993; OMNR 1990). However, these plans outline general guidelines and goals; they are not detailed enough to address problems within specific stocks or distinct areas within the Great Lakes.

In Ontario, the lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens, is considered "rare to uncommon" provincially by the Natural Heritage Information Centre (NHIC) (Sutherland 1994). The species is considered common in some northern Ontario lakes, however in Lake Ontario itself, the species is rare. The lake sturgeon was classified as a threatened species by New York State in 1983. Although once common, the sturgeon stocks presently exist at a very low levels. These remnant populations are known to spawn in tributaries and shoreline areas of Lake Ontario, as well as the St Lawrence River and its tributaries.

Anecdotal information supports the existence of lake sturgeon stocks in the Bay of Quinte. Lake sturgeon have also been reported in the Trent River System as far upstream as Glen Ross (Fig.1) and isolated populations are believed to persist between the dams and lock stations of the Trent River. In addition, incidental catches of lake sturgeon are regularly reported by sport anglers from below Dam #1 and near the mouth of the Trent River. Lake sturgeon are also seen in the Salmon River below the bridge at Shannonville, in the Bay of Quinte near Point Anne, Muscote Bay, and a number of other sites around the bay. These reports are thought to indicate a population endemic to the Bay of Quinte and the eastern basin of Lake Ontario.

In order to assess the feasibility of a lake sturgeon recovery program for the Bay of Quinte, anecdotal information, historical records, and commercial catch statistics for the Bay of Quinte were collated. This document: o Summarizes the history of the decline of lake sturgeon in the Bay of Quinte. o Documents the anecdotal information from local residents, commercial fishermen and resource managers. o Provides theories for the population decline, and discusses the recent resurgence of lake sturgeon o Reviews existing literature on; lake sturgeon habitat restoration projects, lake sturgeon monitoring programs, life history examples of lake sturgeon populations, and the environmental conditions necessary for long term lake sturgeon population survival.

.1 o Recommends a course of action for the improvement of spawning and nursery habitats in Bay of Quinte tributaries. o Provides methods to evaluate the recovery process.

~ Lake Sturgeon Biology

3.1 Adults

Nine species of sturgeon occur in North America, but only one, Acipenser fulvescens, the lake sturgeon, is endemic to the Great Lakes basin. These fish are the largest fish in the Great Lakes, adults approaching 7 feet in length, and weighing up to 300 pounds were caught in the past. Despite their size these freshwater giants are harmless, not the menacing monsters they appear.

Lake sturgeon have retained many of the features of their prehistoric ancestors, making them living fossils - relics from a time when sturgeon-like fish were far more numerous. They have a shark like tail, bony plates along their back and sides, sensory whiskers (barbels) and a toothless, extendible mouth positioned on the underside of the snout (Fig. 1) (Scott and Crossman 1973). Instead of bony vertebrae, or backbone, the lake sturgeon has a continuous flexible rod called a notochord which is encased in cartilage (Priegel and Worth, 1973).

Lake sturgeon adults are bottom dwelling fish. They swim close to the bottom, relying on the sensitive barbels, rather than their eyes, to locate food such as mayflies, worms and crustaceans. When prey is detected, the tubular mouth rapidly protrudes and sucks up the food. The food items are strained, and the silt and sediment are expelled through the gill or the mouth (Scott and Crossman 1973). These fish feed throughout the year, but cease during the spawning period. Adults appear to prefer foraging over silted areas but will forage on substrate as large as boulders though this does not seem to be, their preference (Tarandus 1996). They reside in large lakes and rivers with bottoms of mud, or a combination of mud and gravel (Scott and Crossman 1973). Lake sturgeon prefer rivers with depths of 4.6 - 9.2m, Generally, adults seem to move from shallow water to deep water as water temperature increases with seasonal changes. They usually leave shallow waters in July and August, returning to the shallows in September or October,

Adult migration to the spawning beds begins just prior to, or soon after spawning rivers are free of ice, Lake sturgeon spawn in water temperatures ranging from 13-21 C (Houston 1987). It is therefore believed that their migration is cued by water temperature and perhaps oxygen. Due to these environmental requirements, the adults run the streams to spawn, or spawn on shoals, in late May to late June (Houston 1987). The St. Lawrence River population spawns from May 17 to June 22. 1994 (LaPan et al. 1994). It is felt that the remnant population in the Bay of Quinte runs at dates similar to the St Lawrence River population. Males mature between the ages of 8-19 years, while females mature between the ages of 14-23 years (Houston 1987). Data from the St Lawrence River lake sturgeon population (the closest studied population) indicated that males mature at 9-10 years (884-945 mm length) (LaPan et a/. 1994). No females were captured by LaPan during that study. The extreme periodicity of lake sturgeon spawning is compounded by the fact that they do not spawn every year; males once every 2-7 years, females once every 4-9 years.

Spawning lake sturgeon display strong homing tendencies with migrations of often up to 129 km (Scott and Crossman 1973). The males arrive first, the females arriving soon after. The sturgeon then form spawning groups of 1-2 males fora each female. The eggs are shed over several days. Spawning groups of one or two males to each female (Scott and Crossman 1973). Lake sturgeon spawn in rivers or rapids at the base of impassable falls (Scott and Crossman 1973); in large clean rubble areas of up-welling current; outside bends and rapidly moving water of rivers near dams; or in lakes on rocky shoals (Auer 1982). The typical depth range for spawning activities is 0.3 - 4.0m (Tarandus 1996). The fish spawn over substrate of cobble, boulder and bedrock outcrops. The usual substrate size is >= 16 cm and must be silt and algae free. Water velocities for spawning are recorded for a range between 0.6-2.5 m/sec with a median of 1.5 m/sec.

Fecundity and Incubation During spawning, females shed their eggs over several days. Egg numbers from a single female can range from 107,510 to 885,360 depending on the size and condition of the females (Scott and Crossman 1973). Egg size is 2.7-3.5 mm in diameter (Scott and Crossman 1973). The eggs are described as black in colour, adhesive, and deposited singly on the bottom (Auer 1982). Noted incubation periods are described below:

Temp Period to hatching 15.6-17.8 C 5-8 days (Scott and Crossman, 1973) 15 C 7 -9.6 days (Auer, 1982)

3.2 Larvae

Upon hatching, larvae can be up to 8mm in length (Scott and Crossman 1973). The larvae are then nourished by the yolk sac for 9-18 days. Larvae remain in the substrate for about 16 days, after which they emerge and begin feeding (Scott and Crossman 1973). This negative phototactic burrowing into the substrate to avoid light also allows them to avoid predation (LaPan et a/. 1996).

3.3 Juvenile

Young lake sturgeon are known to consume a wide range of benthic organisms (Rossiter et a/. 1996). The juveniles reside on gravelly shoals near the river mouth (Scott and Crossman 1973), or in the shallower waters of the rivers for up to two years (Houston 1987). Foraging depths range from 0.6-14.0 m with 4.0-7.0 m being optimal (Tarandus 1996). They forage on all types of substrate: clay, silt, sand, gravel, cobble, boulder and bedrock, but prefer silt, sand and gravel (Tarandus 1996). Water velocities during foraging range from 0.0 cm/sec to 75 cm/sec with a preferred range of 10-40 cm/sec (Tarandus 1996).

4) Description of the Bay of Quinte and its Fish Community

The Bay of Quinte, located in the northeast of Lake Ontario, is a 'Z' shaped bay 64 km long, with an area of 254 km 2 (Johnson and Hurley 1986) (Fig.1). The watershed of the 2 bay, totalling 18,200 km , consists of about one half precambrian shield in the north and more recent limestones in the south. The bay is a series of connected basins with adjoining bays that become progressively wider and deeper from the upper (northwest) to the lower (southeast) end. Depths range from an average of 4-8 m in the upper bay to maximum depths of up to 52 m in the lower bay.

Fish habitats in the bay range from shallow gravel bars, sandy inlets with macrophyte beds and cattail marshes, to the steep-sided, thermally stratified, Adolphus Reach. Lower portions of the Trent, Moira, Salmon, and Napanee Rivers are used by several fish species for spawning. All of these rivers have dams near their mouth that limit the amount of potential spawning habitat for migratory species to those areas below the dams (Hurley and Christie 1977).

Nutrient enrichment, deforestation of the watershed, dam construction, commercial fishing, and introduction of exotic fish species have all effected the bay's ecosystem and its fish community. The water quality in the bay shifted from a moderately enriched, mesotrophic condition in the 1700s to a highly enriched and productive hyper-eutrophic state in the 1970s. The shift occurred gradually at first and then in surges. The gradual change resulted from the ongoing conversion of the watershed from forest to agricultural production by settlers. As a result, soil erosion and nutrient runoff were increased. The bay, stimulated by an increased supply of nutrients combined with modified water flow following the construction of the Trent Canal, moved to a more productive, eutrophic state. As towns and cities grew, urban inputs of nutrients and sediments increased.

The earliest reference to a nutrient enrichment problem in the bay was recorded in the December 17, 1904 Daily Ontarian, which commented on algal slime in the upper bay. In the late 1930s commercial fishing operators reported that slime was accumulating on their nets. During the same period and into the 1940s they also noted siltation of spawning beds, a decline in lake herring, largemouth and smallmouth bass, and northern pike, and an increase in walleye. These changes indicated a significant reduction in water clarity.

During the 1950s Eurasian milfoil, a non-native plant, invaded the bay. By the early 1960s this invader had grown to nuisance proportions, displacing native plants and making boat travel difficult throughout vast areas of the bay. By the mid 1960s symptoms of a second and more massive surge of nutrient enrichment appeared as algal densities increased. Algal blooms were so dense that the algae could be scooped by hand from the surface of the bay. Sunlight could not penetrate the algal cover so rooted aquatic plants did not get the light required for growth and largely disappeared. The bays' walleye population collapsed and white perch invaded.

Phosphorus loads were first reduced in 1973 by federal regulations restricting the phosphate content of detergent. In 1977-78, mechanisms for phosphorus removal were installed at sewage treatment plants bordering the bay, furthering reductions in the phosphorus load. Since 1978 improved sewage treatment efficiency has further reduced phosphorus loads. More recently, due to the combination of continued phosphorous control programs and the invasion of zebra mussels, the water clarity of the bay has increased dramatically. In the summer of 1995, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), found that water in some parts of the Bay of Quinte was 25% clearer and contained 49% less algae than in previous years.

Zebra mussels invaded the Great Lakes Basin in 1986 and are believed to have been introduced through ballast water from freighters. The mussels became well established in the Bay Quinte in 1994 and populations are now estimated at up to 100,000 mussels per square metre. Zebra mussels filter enormous quantities of water, prompting many scientists to conclude they are a large contributor to the dramatic increases in water clarity witnessed in Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair.

At present, stocks of certain fish have improved in the Bay of Quinte relative to the 1960s and 1970s. This is particularly evident in the case of the walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformus) and lake herring (Coregonus artedil). These stocks have rebounded, or are in the process of rebounding to historical levels. There is some early indication that lake sturgeon stocks may be showing similar signs of recovery. During the summer and fall of 1996, commercial fishermen of Prince Edward County caught a remarkable 50-60 juvenile lake sturgeon.

5) Species Status

5.1 Great Lakes and Globally

Lake sturgeon are generally rare across their range. Many agencies have attempted to quantify lake sturgeon populations, resulting in various classification schemes that differ mainly through semantics or local lake sturgeon population fluctuations. The lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, is considered rare to uncommon globally (Nature Conservancy 1994); rare to uncommon provincially (Natural Heritage Information Centre­ NHIC) Sutherland 1994; and "Not At Risk" (NAR) nationally by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). The status of the species is actively tracked by the NHIC and some Lake Unit offices of the OMNR in Ontario. The species is actively managed in the St Lawrence River, it's tributaries in New York and Lake Ontario. The OMNR and NYSDEC are responsible for lake sturgeon management in Lake Ontario.

5.2 Bay of Quinte

Lake sturgeon were reportedly caught (although not in large biomass) during fish sampling as part of Project Quinte (Hurley 1986). They were also noted as a species of concern in the Trent, below Dam #1 during a review of a Hydro-electric Generation development. (Cummins and Cockburn unpublished report - on file at Napanee district office). In addition to this, the conservation report on the Lower Trent Region noted lake sturgeon "chiefly below Lock 6 in the Trent River system and a very few between Locks 6 and 7, with very few above Lock 7" (L TRCA 1970). The public consultation (described below) generally supports these references with anecdotal information indicating a low population in the Bay itself (using the Trent and Salmon for spawning) and the continued existence of stocks between Locks 6 and 7.

A key component of this report was consultation with the general public (Appendix 1). Personal contact was sought with commercial fishermen and other people in the watershed who were felt to have knowledge of the land and waters of the region.

Approximately fifty people were contacted (Appendix 2). Although no longer common, lake sturgeon ranging between 1.5-5 feet in length have been caught in the Bay of Quinte recently. In 1992, a 6'8", 180 lb. lake sturgeon was netted in Athol Bay. Other anecdotal information described sightings of large lake sturgeon. All individuals talked to, with the exception of one commercial fisherman, have seen sturgeon within the last 20 years. The largest number of fish reported by the general public were observed in the Trent River system, below Glenn Ross and Dam #1. Commercial fishermen around Prince Edward County have reported increased catches of juvenile lake sturgeon in the past five years. Prior to 1996, commercial fishermen caught up to 1-2 small (16"-20") lake sturgeon throughout the season, now it is not uncommon for them to see several/month. One fishermen stated, "It's like there was a population explosion this year!". The results of our public consultation appear to support the existence of an increasing lake sturgeon population in the Bay of Quinte region.

Contact in a more general sense was sought using press releases. There was tremendous support for this project from the local media. The rational for contacting the general public was to obtain local information about lake sturgeon past and present; abundance, location and history. It was also believed that the media drive could promote public awareness and education. Encouraging active community participation is integral to the success of any protection/rehabilitation program. 6) Potential Issues Facing Sturgeon Management in the Bay of Quinte

6.1 Habitat Degradation

Historically, humans have had a lop-sided association with the environment of the Bay of Quinte and its' surrounding watershed. While we have benefitted from the bay, our presence has served to negatively impact the bay's ecosystem. The lake sturgeon, as an endemic species to the bay have suffered greatly the consequence of our actions.

During a study of sediment cores taken in 1976, a history of mans' impact on the Bay of Quinte was revealed. Through the examination of the physio-chemical nature of the sediments and the sub-fossil chironomid remains, events which impacted the environment of the bay were identified and linked with known historical activities on the land (Warwick 1975).

During the 1850-1870s there were major changes in the faunal diversity of the bays' sediments. This was linked in part to increases in sedimentation, presumably caused by the widespread deforestation of the mainland. Chironomids found in the sediment core samples were used as an index of the impacts on the benthic community. The chironomid community was shown to be significantly lower in diverSity and abundance after the 1850s. This change would have been reflected in all benthic organism communities in the Bay of Quinte. If we consider the lake sturgeon as a top level benthic organism, we can infer that they were indeed impacted.

There would have been a parallel sedimentation in the river systems. Although no cores or data exist from the river systems, the sediment in the bay had to have been transported through the local river systems. There would have been a very pronounced impact on the spawning behaviour and egg survival of the lake sturgeon. Lake sturgeon require very clean substrate to initiate spawning. Females will not spawn on algae or sediment covered substrate. Although any available habitat would have been used, it is doubtful that a sedimentation event of the magnitude indicated in the cores would have left much habitat unaffected. In addition, the sediment would have filled interstitial spaces in the substrate, potentially smothering developing eggs and larvae.

Other possible effects of deforestation include warming of the associated bodies of water due to the removal of forest cover, and the alteration of the flow regime. The effect of these changes in Bay of Quinte streams is unknown. The changes have been suggested as a possible reason for the decline of Atlantic Salmon in Lake Ontario but the quantitative assessment of these factors is not feasible.

Settlement along the shores of the Bay of Quinte led to the eutrophication of the aquatic system. Anthropogenic stressors such as nutrient addition contributed to the gradual increase in productivity of the basin (algae growth) (Environment Canada and U.S.E.P.A. 1996). This organic enrichment and algal occupation of the pelagic zone produced an

2 anoxic or oxygen deprived benthic area. Such a condition was inhospitable to pollution­ sensitive species, and so effectively limited the species diversity and abundance of the benthic invertebrate community (Environment Canada and U.S.E.P.A. 1996). Prey species like the burrowing mayfly, a mainstay of the lake sturgeon diet, would not have survived such environmental conditions, adding to the factors influencing the decline of the lake sturgeon population.

The cumulative effects of: deforestation in the 1850s, impacts from over-harvest in the 1870s, habitat destruction of spawning sites by dams and channelization from 1870-1910, and water quality degradation in the 1950s and 60s, have resulted in the decimated sturgeon populations we now see in the Bay of Quinte. The effect of these 'cultural' issues on the food source, the spawning habitat, and the lake environment all have affected the ability of this species to recruit into the fishery as adults.

The primary result of these riverine impacts would be that recruitment of young into the population would have declined or ceased. Such a decline would have been illustrated in the commercial catch records of the 1860s and 70s (Fig.3).

Dams Dams are of particular concern for lake sturgeon as these fish are migratory and generally use large streams for spawning. These same streams are economically valuable as a base for mechanical mills and more recently, hydroelectric power. Both structures require dams for headwater ponds. The same streams are also often navigable waters, critical for commerce and in many cases are developed with a dam and lock system.

On the Bay of Quinte, there are dams near the mouth of every large tributary stream. The dams on the Trent have, since 1885, restricted access to the upstream lake sturgeon spawning sites. A canal and lock system has effectively isolated one population below the present location of Lock 7 at Glen Ross. There are also dams: on the Salmon Riv.er in Shannonville (circa 1850), on the Moira River in Belleville (circa 1790), and on the Napanee River in Napanee (circa 1850). Impacts on lake sturgeon populations in the Bay of Quinte by their restriction from historical spawning grounds is unknown. It can be expected that there have been some detrimental impacts on recruitment into the population.

Water Flow Over Dams Operation of waterways and power dams in a peaking mode, is a system in which peaks in flows correspond to peaks in electrical demand. This mode of operation can sometimes result in large daily fluctuations in water flow. These fluctuations in flow may potentially de-water spawning sites, and are believed to affect spawning behaviour, and reproductive readiness of the lake sturgeon (Auer 1996). Restoration of run of the river (ROR) flows significantly increased lake sturgeon spawning success in the Sturgeon River (Auer 1996). The only river system in the Bay of Quinte region which may be affected by peaking flows is the Trent. Power stations and manufacturing plants do operate dams on the river and may operate under this flow regime. However, personal communications with Trent I Severn waterway staff has suggest that the power companies must stay within 1'-1.5' of level. This fact, and the fact that the reaches affected are small, should ensure that the ROR flows are maintained and that the existing flow regime should be favourable to spawning success of sturgeon.

Summary Of Cultural Impacts Many cultural changes occurred and continue to occur in the Bay of Quinte region within the past 150 years. These activities included, but were not limited to: deforestation, settlement, development of the shoreline for transportation and industry, the change from forestry to an agriculturally based economy in the rural watersheds, and channelization and dam construction on tributaries. A more thorough discussion of the impacts associated with European settlement can be found in Dodge et al. (1993). The marked decline of economically valuable fish stocks throughout the Great Lakes can be attributed to the cumulative affects of settlement: commercial over-exploitation, cultural eutrophication, catchment modification and the introduction of non-native species. Due to its life history characteristics (long-lived, river spawning, benthivore), the lake sturgeon population has been particularly decimated.

Climate Change There was a general increase in temperature during the 1870s on into the 1930s. This trend reversed itself during the 1940s to 1979 (no data past this time). There is some speculation that the increase in temperature and the subsequent, low water flow and warming of streams may have had impact on Atlantic salmon, brook trout and other stocks of cold-water fish (Bisset et al. 1995). The increase in temperature may have also been a factor in the decline of the sturgeon in the Bay of Quinte (J. Christie pers. com. 1996). The present trend toward global warming may impact on sturgeon populations either behaviorally (spawning earlier) or by limiting stock recruitment opportunities to cool years.

6.2 Contaminants

Contaminants in the Bay of Quinte fish community have been examined resulting in findings that PCB, Mercury, Mirex and DDT have all exceeded acceptable levels in some samples (Bay of Quinte RAP 1988). However trends outlined in the 1988 Quinte RAP consultant report, suggest that toxic contaminant concentrations are declining. Of the tested fish species important to commercial and sport fishermen, only the American eel and channel catfish continue to have PCB concentrations above provincial fish consumption guidelines. Despite such promising trends, long-lived fish species such as lake sturgeon are known to have large amounts of toxins in their tissues. This is attributable to the institution of contaminant dumping regulations. The impact of toxins on the reproduction and growth on the Bay of Quinte stock of lake sturgeon are unknown. Auer and Whelan (1996) have made recommendations to determine the impacts on Michigan stocks as part of Michigan state's rehabilitation program. In the Bay of Quinte, the egg viability from contaminated adults and the growth of young fish in contaminated areas of the bay should be examined if possible.

6.3 Genetic Variability

Local stocks are most likely to have descended from a historical stock in a glacial refugium in the Mississippi Valley. This refugium is thought to have supplied the parental line that colonized areas as far east as the Ottawa River and as far west as Lake Erie. Bay of Quinte stocks may also have unique genetically determined characteristics, developed through long term genetic drift since the receding of the glaciers ten thousand years ago. These unique qualities may have been further defined by th'e fracturing of stocks during the period when the population crash of the late s (pers. comm. M. Ferguson 1996). The unique genetic qualities of the local stocks are important and their preservation is a priority when considering a rehabilitation strategy. Any activities which involve the direct manipulation of genetic lines (stocking, egg, larvae or adult transfers) should be based on local parental lines.

In comparison to other lakes, the preliminary finding of an electrophoretic study by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources has shown that Lake Erie, Lake Michigan, Lake SI. Clair and Lake Winnebago have separate and distinct stocks (Whelan and Hay­ Chmielewski 1994 DRAFT). From this information it can be cautiously expected that the Lake Ontario stocks are also distinct from those of other Great Lakes. It is unknown however if the Bay of Quinte stocks can be considered as distinct from other associated Lake Ontario, SI. Lawrence River, or Niagra River stocks.

Although the Lake Ontario lake sturgeon stocks could be considered related due to past associations, we do not have any quantitative information to substantiate this. As such, the preservation of local lines is imperative. Thus the first choice as a source for parental materials for any stocking program into the Bay of Quinte are fish caught in Bay of Quinte streams. The second choice are stocks which are likely to have had similar origins, such as the Trent, SI. Lawrence, and Niagra River stocks.

6.4 Harvest and Fishery Conflicts

Native Harvest Native Peoples are thought to have had few impacts on the local lake sturgeon population. Although lake sturgeon were almost certainly used by natives for leather, tool manufacture and food, the level of exploitation is not thought to have harmed the population. Water quality and habitat degradation caused by indigenous people was minimal, thus the lake sturgeon population in the Bay is thought to have easily tolerated the native presence. European Harvest Prior to 1860, the non-native community considered the large and spiny sturgeon a pest. They were taken as an incidental species, considered worthless and were subsequently killed and thrown back, used as feed for livestock and as fertilizer, or dried and used to fire the boilers of steamboats. By 1860, North Americans (of European descent) realized the value of the lake sturgeon flesh (smoked or fresh), cif eggs (caviar), and of the high quality isinglass (a form of gelatin obtained from the inner lining of the swim bladder, used for: waterproofing, clarifying alcohol, size and stiffening textiles) (Priegel and Wirth, 1971).

Harvest of lake sturgeon in Lake Ontario is shown in (Fig.3) (Baldwin et al. 1979, & unpublished LOMU data). The graph shows records of commercial catch starting in 1879 and ending in 1983 when commercial fishing of Lake Ontario lake sturgeon stocks was restricted. There is a peak in harvest of over 100,000 Ibs in 1882. Stocks appear to have rapidly dropped to zero by 1909. There appears to have been a modest recovery beginning in 1941 which lasted till 1965 followed by a second decline.

Assuming the commercial harvest data is an index of stock abundance, general population trends can be detected. However, there are some limitations to these data:

o it does not allow discrimination of fish stocks o current and pre-exploitation abundance are not measured o the reasons behind population declines (exploitation, habitat destruction, exotic species) cannot be distinguished o does not provide for possible lack of commercial fishing effort

Present Sport Fishery At present, angling for lake sturgeon is not permitted in the waters of the Bay of Quinte, or below Dam #1 on the Trent River (Division 8 - Ontario Sport Fishing Regulations). Above Dam #1, the Trent River system is divided into Division 6 (Northumberland County) and Division 7 (Hastings County). There is an allowable harvest of one/day with no restrictions on size. In both divisions the season is closed between May 14 and June 15 and additionally between November 15 and December 31 in Division 6. There is a harvest at some unknown level. At least four fish were taken out of the upper reaches of the Trent in 1995. In other areas of the province where lake sturgeon populations are known to be at higher, safer levels, harvesting is permitted.

Future Considerations In Management An ecosystem approach to lake sturgeon management should be undertaken. For example, we recommend that any creation of artificial spawning sites or other habitat manipulation for the benefit of lake sturgeon should also take into account other species known to spawn in the area. The creation of spawning habitat for lake sturgeon could easily be of benefit to walleye stocks as their spawning habitat requirements overlap.

II Sea Lamprey Control There may be potential conflicts between Lake Sturgeon management and some sea lamprey management activities. For example, construction of sea lamprey barrier dams could impede the migration of lake sturgeon to their spawning grounds. Other sea lamprey control activities are not thought to have adverse effects on lake sturgeon. For example, the use of TFM treatments to kill sea lamprey· larvae have been shown to have no adverse effects on other fish species including sturgeon (Johnson, Weisner and Bills 1996).

The dam on the Salmon River is being considered for replacement to facilitate sea lamprey control by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. It would be desirable to allow the movement of sturgeon upstream of the dam on the Salmon River; however, Sea Lamprey spawn during the same time interval as lake sturgeon. The addition of a fish passage structure suitable for lake sturgeon into the design of any proposed sea lamprey barrier structure should be considered. At this time a fish passage does not appear worthwhile on the Salmon River since very little additional habitat would be accessed upstream (there is a second dam approximately one kilometre upstream). A management plan for the Salmon River should be developed for complete discussion of the options available.

Harvest Allocation Future fisheries conflicts may arise if a harvestable population is re-established. There may be conflicts between the sport, commercial, and native fisheries, and illegal fishing is also possible. As well, it seems likely that contaminant levels in the large sturgeon would exceed the guidelines for safe human consumption.

These types of conflicts are not new or unique to sturgeon. Currently OMNR deals with these issues on a daily basis for the local walleye populations. Hopefully by the time sturgeon stocks recover in the Bay of Quinte some resolution to these conflicts will be realized.

It should be noted that the basic premise of any rehabilitation strategy is the re­ establishment of the lake sturgeon as part of the local ecosystem as a way to improve ecosystem health. In the future, if and when the population rebounds, the lake sturgeon may once again be able to sustain harvest by a variety of sport, commercial and native fisheries. The harvest should be lower than historical levels to avoid the over exploitation which is thought to have played a role in the demise of the population in the late sand early 1900s.

6.5 Exotic Species

There are at least 136 non-native species which have invaded the Great Lakes since European settlement began in the 1800s (Dodge et al. 1993). It has been estimated that about 10% of these species have had significant impact on the Great Lakes ecosystem (Dodge et a/. 1993). The recent arrival of the zebra mussel, likely discharged from the ballast water of ocean going vessels, has created new uncertainty concerning the native and naturalized fish communities of the Great Lakes.

Impacts of such an introduced species on the lake sturgeon are purely speculative, as not enough population data exists for areas such as the Bay of Quinte. It is known that zebra mussels are assisting pollution control programs by driving nutrient reductions in the Bay of Quinte ecosystem. Their ability to filter large volumes of water, and subsequent deposition of faecal waste on the sediment, facilitates an energy shift from the pelagic to the benthic zone. This could benefit bottom-feeding fish like lake sturgeon by enhancing their food supply. It has also been noticed that lake sturgeon consume zebra mussels, but the extent of such consumption is unknown.

There has been some concern about whether zebra mussel colonizatiOn of spawning beds will decrease the viability of walleye or sturgeon eggs. Several studies have demonstrated that the fish continue to use the colonized spawning beds (Fitzsimons et a/. 1995). Since the mussels are primarily associated with the top layer of multi-layered substrates, they do not appear to affect the interstitial dissolved oxygen levels required by the eggs and larvae.(Fitzsimons et a/. 1995) It seems that such concerns can now be dispelled, but further monitoring is needed.

7.0 Population Assessment

Agency Based Programs

Gill Netting Intensive rehabilitation programs use short sets of large (4"-6") mesh gill nets below spawning grounds to assess spawning runs of adult fish. The netted lake sturgeon are used in population studies which look at growth, age, population size as well as a number of other population parameters. Mark-recapture programs could be conducted with these gear however, this program would have to be carried on for several consecutive years (sturgeon do not spawn every year).

Recently commercial fishermen have caught small sturgeon (18 to 27" total length) in 2.25" mesh gillnets set for yellow perch in eastern Lake Ontario (west of Simcoe Island)(see Section 5.2). It is unclear why MNR gillnets set in the same area would not catch these young sturgeon. The most likely explanation is that commercial fishermen set much longer lengths of net than MNR does and therefore would be more likely to catch these unusual fish.

Currently MNR conducts a fish community index program in eastern Lake Ontario and the Bay of Quinte (Hoyle and Bowlby, 1996) including both gillnets and trawls. Based on

13 commercial fishermen's catches of lake sturgeon the gillnet sets at EB02, Grape Island, and Melville Shoal seem the most likely locations to catch sturgeon and could provide an index of sturgeon abundance. The mesh sizes used in the MNR index program range from 1.5 to 6 inches stretch mesh. The largest sturgeon may not be prone to capture in these meshes however, the smaller fish should be fully vulnerable.

Wisconsin Drift Nets, (to capture sturgeon fry) Details of net construction, timing, water depth placement and operation of nets are available in the collected literature. These nets sample the swim-up fry during downstream migration from the spawning sites to the nursery grounds. This movement peaks between June 19 and June 23 in the Sturgeon River, Lake Nipissing. Sampling of fry using larval drift nets during their downstream migration is a widely accepted evaluation method. This monitoring system demonstrates spawning success and determines the ability of fry to survive the immediate post hatch period.

Egg surveys! SCUBA/In-situ egg trays These techniques have been used on the New York spawning sites to assess the suitability of substrate and determine the success of spawning. See LaPan, 1996 for further information.

Volunteer Based Monitoring Programs

Commercial by-catch The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lower Great Lakes Fishery Resources Office (LGLFR), in cooperation with OMNR and NYSDEC has initiated a formal sighting survey by soliciting the assistance of local commercial fishermen. Information about fish size, location, and fishing gear used is collected along with tissue samples for genetiC analysis. Commercial fishermen are encouraged to call in reports of lake sturgeon caught accidentally in nets. This proposal is a continuation of the work done to encourage public partiCipation and information exchange. During the course of this project, numerous interviews were held with local commercial fishermen to set up the framework for such a monitoring program.

Sighting Surveys Adult lake sturgeon monitoring can be formalized using public input and existing rare species field reporting forms from the NHIC (Sutherland 1994), or Sea Grant (MacNeil and Busch 1994). Using either form, interested members of the public would report sightings of lake sturgeon to the OMNR (Glenora, Napanee or Peterborough). The monitoring program provides both an assessment and an educational tool.

Members of the public are encouraged to immediately report any dead fish that are found. They should phone in the location of the fish or take the fish to the Lake Ontario Management Unit, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Glenora, Ontario. This station is located beside the Glenora Ferry. Direct the information to Dr. J. Cassleman or A. Mathers. The physical data these fish can provide for the local population database is very valuable.

Sighting of adult sturgeon on spawning grounds is an assessment technique which could provide the location of spawning beds and an indicator of the numbers of adults spawning.

8.0 Habitat Assessment

The habitat of local rivers should be assessed in terms of both spawning habitat and juvenile habitat. This information may be summarized using former surveys on walleye habitat assessment and the nearshore habitat mapping done by the Bay of Quinte RAP. A good source of information on the downstream portion of the Trent River system is available from an Environmental assessment of a proposed power dam at Dam #1. This habitat information is required to identify areas of potential spawning areas, associated areas where rehabilitation projects can be carried out, and impact assessment on potential spawning of other species. An assessment of the juvenile habitat in the river, the river mouth and the associated near-shore habitat of the Bay of Quinte is needed to determine if juvenile habitat is a limiting factor for population rebound. A cursory investigation has suggested that there appears to be suitable habitat in several Quinte rivers; however, continued monitoring to determine the degree of habitat use by lake sturgeon will be the best indicator.

9.0 Rehabilitation Strategies

The primary goals of provincial lake sturgeon management strategies are to ensure the conservation, rehabilitation and wise use of this sensitive species (OMNR 1·990). Currently there are three approaches under consideration for lake sturgeon rehabilitation: Protection of existing wild stock/public education, Active habitat rehabilitation, Stocking.

9.1 Protection/Education

In order to protect the existing lake sturgeon populations and to improve their future prospects, the public must be informed of the plight and relative importance of these unique fish.

Schools This program will depend on the availability of personnel and the interest of the general public. There is an excellent existing curriculum called Fishways, for both Primary/Junior and Intermediate/Senior levels, that is oriented toward fisheries management (OMNR 1991). These programs feature several fish species, one of which is the lake sturgeon.

15 Virtually all of the messages we want to convey are contained within this package; concerns about habitat protection, stock protection, information collection, and research. Activities include building a model of a lake sturgeon over 6' long (Intermediate/senior level), and Adopt-a-Sturgeon (Primary/Junior level). The lake sturgeon project for the Bay of Quinte can provide extra support for this program as we have extensive information on sturgeon collected during this project. This literature can be made available to students for their projects.

General Public Information exchange for the general public will be presented using a display in the Remedial Action Plan trailer; through the local media in the form of progress reports and information requests; and targeting anglers through the placement of signs at Glen Ross and Dam #1 on the Trent River.

The RAP display focuses on several key messages: the value of the fish as a "barometer" of ecosystem health; the value of the species as an integral part of the natural, native fish community in the Bay of Quinte; the heritage value of the fish as an important part of the history of the region; and, the potential for this species as a sport or commercial fish in the future.

Currently, an educational video is in the early stages of production. This brief presentation will address lake sturgeon biology, history (both local and generic), rehabilitation options, and local aquatic issues using the lake sturgeon as a model. The target audience for the video will be: schools, service clubs, sport fishing clubs, naturalist groups. It is believed that the use of such a "multi-media" tool will have a more lasting effect on viewers.

Anglers will be reminded not to target lake sturgeon for harvest. The installation of signs at Glen Ross and Dam #1 on the Trent and the dam on the Salmon River at ShannQnvilie will remind people that lake sturgeon must be released if caught. In addition to this, press releases during May and June made people aware that lake sturgeon are potentially in local waters and to release any hooked fish. The main message is that the population may be in a fragile recovery and all fish presently in the population are valuable as sources of genetically unique, locally adapted parental stock.

9.2 Habitat Remediation

Literature Review of Rehabilitation Techniques Although no comprehensive review of lake sturgeon remediation techniques has been written, several authors have noted the apparent significance of clean substrate in attracting lake sturgeon. In Wisconsin rivers, lake sturgeon spawn on rip rap placed by private individuals for erosion control during the 1950s and 1960s (Preigel and Wirth 1977). In the same rivers, tag returns of spawning lake sturgeon indicate that sturgeon are more likely to spawn on newer sites created during the 1970s and early 1980s. Folz and Meyers, 1985). In Michigan Rivers, it has been noted that sturgeon spawn on substrate placed as erosion control between bridge abutments. In the same state there have also been artificial spawning sites specifically designed for sturgeon, however, these are not utilized by the sturgeon to the anticipated levels (pers. comm. Haye 1996). In New York State (St Lawrence River), a site containing newly placed clean gravel (2"-3" diameter) for erosion control, was noted to have a concentration of about 30 spawning adults. It appears that lake sturgeon select sites with clean substrate regardless of substrate size.

Reviews of habitat remediation for other species of migratory fishes have been performed (Hartley and Kelso, 1991). In addition to other subjects, these authors looked at substrate addition (11 citations), substrate stabilization and recruitment (7 citations), Gravel cleaning (9 citations), artificial spawning channels, (4 citations) and spawning marshes (1 Citation). Although these citations did not look specifically at lake sturgeon, the techniques, problems and solutions, particularly with regard to techniques of substrate addition, substrate stabilization and substrate cleaning, could be used as guidelines for remediation of lake sturgeon spawning habitat in the Bay of Quinte tributaries.

Habitat Considerations Lake sturgeon require habitat characteristics within a preferred range of water depth, Siltation, and cobble size. The careful consideration of these factors in any habitat remediation project is critical to the future success of these works. Please refer to Section 3 of this report for a description of the preferences of sturgeon for spawning, fry and juvenile habitat. The availability and suitability of nursery habitat should also be considered during habitat rehabilitation. A few additional considerations with regard to the design of remediation sites is examined below.

Substrate Cleaning Substrate is naturally cleaned during high water events such as spring freshet. It is also cleaned through the feeding activities of foraging suckers, etc. The preferred option for any substrate addition project is that the substrate be placed in a way that allows it to be cleaned by the high spring flows.

Artificially cleaning substrate has been tried with varying degrees of success (Hartley and Kelso 1991). In general these techniques agitate the surface of the substrate using raking, pressurized water, or back pressured water from pipesunderlying the substrate. These techniques have employed hydraulic dredges, bulldozers, firehoses, mobile baffle gates, and a gizmo named the "RIFFLE SIFTER" to directly manipulate the substrate. Other projects have used stationary wing deflectors, and sub-surface piping which creates an increased flow over and through the substrate (Hartley and Kelso 1991). New York State will be testing techniques to artificially clean sturgeon spawning substrate in 1996 (LaPan 1995). The applicability of anyone of these techniques can only be determined on a project by project basis. In this region, artificial substrate cleaning would be a yearly activity. This level of activity requires long term commitment from the community for the management of the site. Partnerships with fish and game clubs, volunteer fire departments, student volunteers or some other partnership in the local community could possibly elicit such support. This type of activity could be associated with an education program, or tied in with an ecosystem management plan for the Trent River spawning sites.

Interstitial Spaces In Spawning Grounds The availability of interstitial spaces in the substrate is critical to the survival of the eggs and larvae. Eggs and larvae are protected from predation if they are within the substrate and survival for these stages depends on sufficient water flow through the substrate and the availability of oxygen. High sedimentation can clog the interstitial spaces and reduce oxygen levels.

Potential Locations In The Quinte Region There are three locations for potential habitat remediation (details below, see aerial photos).

Salmon River The options for habitat remediation works in the Salmon River are limited. The small size of the site requires careful consideration of both flow and depth. Possible works include placement of suitable substrate below the dam and under the bridge. (See sea lamprey section on page 12).

Trent (Glen Ross) The lake sturgeon are known to spawn in the Trent River just below Glen Ross. There appears to be a regular and self sustaining spawning run which is managed by current techniques. The area is easily monitored and assessed. This section of the Trent River . system could be considered as a source of gametes for Bay of Quinte restocking. No additional management recommended at this time.

Trent (Dam #1) The east bank of the Trent River just below Dam# 1 is eroding. The river in this area is known to have lake sturgeon present during the spawning period of late May and early June. Rip rap along that bank could serve two purposes; it would help control erosion activity, and provide clean substrate for sturgeon to spawn upon. Other options for this area include the placement of clean gravel in one or several locations below the dam or in the rapid. See appendix 5 for a detailed habitat remediation proposal. This site was considered the most probable for rehabilitation. However, after taking a closer look at this site, it was observed that there was a good deal of pre-existing substrate of the appropriate size. The decision was made to wait and see if a population resurgence occurs naturally, or whether human intervention is required. 9.3 Stocking

Rehabilitation stocking is used as a tool to artificially build populations to a point where populations are capable of becoming self sustaining. If the population is too low to support a dependable spawning run each year, then stocking may be an appropriate activity. Lake sturgeon have been stocked as part of management activities in Lake Superior by the Wisconsin DNR (Schram 1994), and in the St Lawrence River and Finger Lakes by the New York State Dept of Environmental Conservation, (LaPan pers. com 1996). Stocking has been proven effective as a stock rehabilitation technique and could be considered as a rehabilitation tool in this region. In the Bay of Quinte a program of this nature may be appropriate if habitat remediation projects fail to attract a dependable run of spawning adults each year.

In order to preserve local gene stocks, it is preferred to use adults from the' Bay of Quinte Rivers as the source for milt and eggs. If this is impractical, there may be suitable related stocks upstream in the Trent River which could act as brood stock for a Bay of Quinte stocking program. See section 6.3 for a discussion on the importance of maintaining genetic stocks in this region.

The methodologies for collecting and rearing eggs to fall fry stage are available from Michigan and Wisconsin (Anderson 1985). Additional information is available from MNR in North Bay, and New York State DEC. These techniques described are well developed and are proven cost effective for rearing fish. Costs can be expected to run 30-50 cents per fish for food. Additional costs are incurred for heat, hydro, labour etc. for a cost of $1.50 to $2.40 per fish

The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation has stocked (Les Prairie stock) 30,000 lake sturgeon fry for the past two years into the St. Lawrence River and Finger Lakes. That agency rears lake sturgeon fry from egg to 14" fall fingerlings for stocking in September and October. They are in the process of evaluating the success of those stocking programs. Eggs are collected on the 2nd of May, the fry are cultured in indoor raceways, producing 10" fish be September (pers. comm. LaPan 1996)

Significant hurdles in the implementation of a stocking program remain, mainly due to the lack of available gametes from local stocks. It is unknown at this time whether there is enough remnant stock left in the system to support a stocking program. Population and habitat assessments will provide the information required to make such a judgement. It is possible that both an assessment program and milt collection could occur simultaneously

Another form of stocking is aquaculture. Caution should be taken not to confuse it with rehabilitative stocking, as the two culturing techniques serve very different purposes. Aquacultured sturgeon are used primarily as a food source, with the stocked fish never being introduced into a natural environment. There are currently some successful operations in the U.S., involving green and Atlantic sturgeon, perhaps this is something that will be considered locally in the future.

Regulations Existing regulations restrict angling and commercial catch of lake sturgeon on the Bay of Quinte. This level of protection should assist lake sturgeon stocks in their recovery and protect any stocked or additionally recruited fish resultant from habitat improvement works.

Additional regulations protecting stocks inland on the Trent may be appropriate. Stocks in these reaches may be threatened by a continued harvest. If it is desired to use these stocks as the parental line for a stocking program in the Bay of Quinte, some degree of protection is required.

There are two options for regulation change: o Extend the sport fishing no harvest zone up the Trent River to Rice Lake (Zones 6 and 7) (pers. comm. Chris Lowie 1996). o A sport fishing size limit of 127 cm (50") to allow more spawning opportunities (Whelan and Hay-Chmielewski 1994 DRAFT).

Either of these changes in regulations would allow the populations in the Trent River some degree of protection. This would allow populations to be maintained at levels allowing their use for stocking initiatives in the Bay, or to support a future sport fishery in the Trent River.

10.0 Summary of Recommendations o Maintain near ROR flows at local hydroelectric power stations to preserve spawning habitat quality (Section 6.1 - Dams). o Have contaminant levels in adult lake sturgeon effected the viability of new eggs? Examine survivorship, by using drift nets to capture swim-up fry during downstream migration (Sections 6.2 & 7.0 - Agency Based Programs). o Continue and enhance population assessment, both agency and volunteer based programs (Section 7.0). o Monitor spawning beds. Does zebra mussel colonization affect spawning behaviour or survivability of eggs (Section 6.5). o Genetic analysis of tissue samples to determine the relatedness of Bay of Quinte stocks to other Lake Ontario and associated river stocks. This data will be useful for any future rehabilitative stocking activities. o Promote lake sturgeon through public displays, media releases and an educational video. o No habitat remediation deemed necessary at this time, but substrate conditions and use of the existing habitat by lake sturgeon should continue to be monitored. In the future, rehabilitation ventures may be undertaken in the Trent or Salmon Rivers. Regular substrate cleaning would likely accompany any habitat rehabilitation activities (Section 9.2 - Potential Locations in the Quinte Region). o Continue existing commercial fishing moratorium in the Bay of Quinte. Extend the sport fishing, no harvest zone up the Trent River to Rice Lake, or impose a 50" size limit on the existing allowable catch (Section 9.3 - Regulations).

11.0 Project Funding Strategy and Agencies

Funding for this project is dependent upon agency commitment and community support. Emphasis is placed on the fostering of partnerships, and habitat management as an integral part of managing ecosystems.

Friends of the Environment Foundation, Canada Trust Supports local environmental initiatives in communities where branches of Canada Trust are located. To be considered your program must meet one of the following criteria, i) preserve, protect, or restore or improve the natural environment and resources of your community, ii) support or involve environmental research, iii) educate and foster an awareness in your local community of the value of the natural environment and its resources or, iv) encourage your local community to participate in the reduction of waste and the promotion of recycling.

Shell Environmental Fund Provides support for innovative action oriented projects which will improve and protect the Canadian environment. The fund generally does not support labour expenses. Programs may apply for between $50 and $5000.

Wildlife Habitat Canada Provides support for projects including: i) habitat conservation, restoration and enhancement, ii) communication and education, iii) research, and iv) scholarships.

Great Lakes Cleanup Fund Funds projects relating to the clean-up of the 17 Areas of Concern, locally, the Bay of Quinte Remedial Action Plan.

Waterfront Regeneration Trust The waterfront area of interest runs from the north shore of the Bay of Quinte to the Trent River up to Dam #1. The Trust may fund habitat remediation/public education/recreation oriented projects within this area. No special process is required to submit a project to the Trust. A project proposal stating intent, and goals and details on methods to achieve those goals must be sent to the WRT in Toronto. This should establish a dialogue which will determine the potential for funding from this agency. Other local support may come from companies and agencies listed below. Domtar Parks Canada Heritage Rivers Canada Cement companies/Quarries Supply of Rocks L TRCA Erosion Control works in the Trent OFAH I ILJ.

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Results of Public Consultation

Telephone Contact From Press Release:

Joe Bazzo: one caught and lost 15 years ago at mouth of trent

Anonymous: Four sturgeon caught, summer 1995, on the north side of Bradley Bay, Trent River (Illegally)

Check with store at Glen Ross for more information.

Glen Morrow and George Adair: caught one in 1943 off mouth of Rawdon creek in the Trent River. Have seen many in the past jumping and rolling in the river, between the mouth of Rawdon creek and Lock 7 at Glen Ross. In the 1920s there was a commercial fishery near Glen Ross. Provided a picture of a 481b. female caught September, 1943.

Ron Hall: has seen a number of lake sturgeon up to 4' long about 5-10 years ago under railway bridge Moira River, but none since the ice control dams were put in.

Dave Galpine: reported a 6', 11 Olb. lake sturgeon caught in 1993 in the Trent River at the railway bridge.

LTRCA: Winter (late February, 1993) ice fishing in the river opposite Trenton Marina, 3' long.

During the rebuilding of the Highway 2 in 1992, when blasting piers, shockwaves stunned a six to eight foot sturgeon which floated on surface for 2-3 minutes.

Others (Last minute reports):

During construction of the Belleville/Rossmore bridge, many lake sturgeon were seen at the base of the abutments by workmen in scuba.

Cottager saw sturgeon jumping somewhere between Belleville and Trenton.

Sturgeon jumping in the Trent River near Glen Ross. other areas within the system. This system should be the prime location for any Bay of Quinte rehabilitation program. Belleville scuba club Two sturgeon (or one fish seen twice) have been reported associated with a wreck a few hundred meters off Point Travers Lake Ontario. Length, 2-3 feet.

Frogmen of Trent No reports. The club members rarely dive into the Bay proper, due to low visibility.

Ducks Dive Shop No reports.

Conservation Officers @ Napanee

- Report sturgeon at Glen Ross during early June - spawning fish? - Quota system 1984, no open season for sturgeon since - no open season for sturgeon since?

Kerrigan Almy Relates some sturgeon sightings above and below Dam #1 in the Trent River. In 1958, saw a 6', 2001b. sturgeon on the eastern bank just upstream of Dam #1. From 1958 to 1970, during the months of April to July, he has seen about three dozen fish caught in the eastern pool just downstream of Dam #1. None of the fish were srnall, some were 120-150 Ibs.

Sy Garrison (Garrison Boats) Has not seen a sturgeon for 20 years.

Terry Cooper - Main cause of decline is pollution and dams. - Has seen many small sturgeon recently.

Bruce Cooper 3 or 4 fish, 12-14" west of Belleville in 1992. Feels the population is in a rebound as more small fish seen in nets.

Kendal Dewey Has caught one 180Ib., 6'8" sturgeon, off the Lake Ontario side of West lake beach. Sees about 1-2 fish each year, usually during late spring to early summer. He is of the opinion that the fish may be from St Lawrence River stock or may be a remnant stock in the Trent River.

Howard Well banks Caught a lake sturgeon three years ago. Stan Rankin Has caught one fish in his lifetime during the 1950s off the south shore of Prince Edward County. Relates a by-catch during old seining operations off the west facing beaches of Prince Edward County. Feels that sturgeon are "extinct", and blames the extinction of the species on the St. Lawrence Seaway - destroyed spawning sites. Used be a fishery near the "Rock", Wapoos area.

Jim Scott Has caught about 20-25 lake sturgeon in his lifetime. Has a good recent historical perspective. Remembered a 1351b. sturgeon caught east of Belleville, and a 3001b. fish just out of Picton harbour.

Glen Quick Has not seen a lake sturgeon for 5-10 years.

Garden Thompson Has caught one or two sturgeon regularly each winter in Mascot Bay or off the north side of Big Island. Sizes ranged from 20-35 Ibs. Last caught one two years ago.

George Baverstock Caught one or two lake sturgeon in Mohawk Bay, Deseronto. Was involved in the trap net capture and release of the 6'8" fish off Sandbanks on June 12, 1990. Remembers 20-30 lake sturgeon being caught during the period the years 1940- 1959.

In 1995, Dave Baverstock caught two lake sturgeon in gill nets. One, a 12" fish caught during June in Athol Bay, the second, a 14" fish caught during November near Green Island Wapoos.

In 1994, a 60 Ib, 48" fish was caught in November near Green Island. Prior to this he has generally only seen a lake sturgeon every 5 years.

Jack Christie Decline probably attributed to over fishing, climate change, the construction of impassable dams, and the degradation of habitat and water quality.

Fish seen in commercial nets may be strays from the St Lawrence.

Dawn Walsh MNR Glenora Dawn has seen one lake sturgeon in the east basin of Lake Ontario. Commercial fishermen do catch small ones in gear, particularly trap nets. She has heard of lake sturgeon in both the Trent and Salmon Rivers. Suggests contact with commercial fishermen and Indian band elders. APPENDIX 2

Summary of Dams and Lock Systems in Bay of Quinte Tributaries

Moira River The earliest dam on the Moira was constructed between 1790 and 1794. It was located on the north half of Lot 5 at the present site of the most downstream ice control dam.

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Salmon River Sturgeon historically could have run the Salmon up to the present site of Mill town where a waterfall existed. Mills were established in Shannonville and Milltown by the s.

The river is presently dammed at Shannonville with an old cannery operations dam. Sturgeon are reported to hold under the bridge at Shannon ville in the mid spring following the walleye run.

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Napanee River Springside Park Dam at Napanee was originally constructed on that site in 1786. Historically the sturgeon would have run the stream up to Napanee. At present the area downstream of the dam is not thought to have any sturgeon presently spawning in it. This opinion is based on the fact that reportedly only one sturgeon has been seen since the mid 1950s.

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Trent River The original dam was partially constructed in 1885, south of the present Dam #1. This dam was abandoned in 1911 (Beaham 1978).

Construction of the present dam at Trenton (Dam #1) was begun in 1901 and finished in 1911. The dam was operational by 1912.

Lock Gates stepped August 14, 1914.

The Trent River system was probably the main producer of sturgeon for the Bay of Quinte. Sturgeon historically ran the entire system, at least up to Rice Lake. An isolated population of lake sturgeon remains viable below the locks at Glen Ross. Lake sturgeon are still caught and seen regularly below Dam #1 and a number of Probable Reasons For Decline

Generalized Threats to Habitat (Newbury and Gaboury 1993), (Auer 1994)

CAUSE EFFECT

Major dam construction on large rivers Barriers to migration, affecting for hydroelectric power, water supply, spawning, incubation, and feeding and recreational purposes. habitats Sturgeon are known to have been effectively insolated in sections of impounded rivers. Modification of flow below hydro dams affects sedimentation rates and alters water temperatures in spawning areas below the barriers.

Pulp and paper effluent. Toxins, PCBs and Mercury affecting survival and marketability.

Climate change Warming trends increase water temperature, potentially lethal for eggs. Dry climate potentially de-waters spawning sites

Deforestation of mainland Spawning sites covered in silt smothering eggs. Large deposition in Bay of Quinte will change food sources

Channelization of spawning rivers Destruction of spawning sites

Pollution (Phosphorous loading) BOD or anoxia in Lake Environment.

Commercial over-harvest Removal of mature and immature fish destabilizes population recruitment References Cited:

Anderson, E.R. 1985. Artificial propagation of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens (Rafinesque), under hatchery conditions in Michigan. Michigan Dep. of Natural Resources - Fisheries Division Research Report No. 1898.

Auer, N. A., (ed). 1982. Identification of larval fishes of the Great Lakes basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Special Pub. 82-3:744 pp.

Auer, N. 1996. Response of spawning Lake Sturgeon to change in Hydro-electric facility operations Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 125: 66-77

Baldwin, N.S., etal. 1979. Commercial Fish Production in the Great Lakes 1867-1977. Great Lakes Fishery Commission - Technical Report #3. 187pp.

Bay of Quinte Remedial Action Plan - Consultant Report. 1988. An Evaluation of Persistent Toxic Contaminants in the Bay of Quinte Ecosystem. Beak Consultants Ltd. 47pp.

Beaham, B. 1978. Historic Structures of the Trent Severn Waterway. (in: pers. comm. Good 1996).

Binkowski, F.P. 1980. An Investigation of the Methods and Techniques for the Artificial Propagation of Lake Sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens (Rafinesque). Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukie, Wisconsin, USA.

Bisset, J., J. Bowlby, M. Jones, B. Merchant, L. Miller-Dodd, S.Orsatti, and L. Stanfield. 1995. An atlantic salmon restoration plan for Lake Ontario. Prepared by the Atlantic Salmon Working Group For the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 18 pp.

Booker, W.V. et a11993. Framework for the management and conservation of paddlefish and sturgeon species in the United States. National Paddlefish and Sturgeon Steering Committee. 41 pp.

Dodge, D.P. et al. 1993. Managing Fish Passages and Barriers on Canadian Tributaries to the Laurentian Great Lakes. Fish Passage Policy and Technology. Proceedings of an AFS Symposium, Portland, OR, U.S.A., 6pps.

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