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The Emergence of Landscape Architecture in Different Contexts: Factors Influencing the Shaping of the Profession in Australia and Indonesia

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The Emergence of Landscape Architecture in Different Contexts: Factors Influencing the Shaping of the Profession in Australia and Indonesia School of Built Environment Department of Planning and Geography The Emergence of Landscape Architecture in Different Contexts: Factors Influencing the Shaping of the Profession in Australia and Indonesia Irina Mildawani This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University September 2015 Author’s Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgment has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university Human Ethics The research presented and reported in this thesis was conducted in accordance with the National Health and Medical Research Council National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007) – updated March 2014. The proposed research study received human research ethics approval from the Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (EC00262), Approval Number # BE-03-2014 Irina Mildawani, Mrs. Date: 3rd of September 2015 iii Dedication and Acknowledgement [ Dedication This [research] is dedicated to the present and future students of Landscape Architecture. Those who have passed this way before you have built a strong and dynamic profession. It’s Future rests with you. Your skills, your sensitivity, and your energy will be needed in ever increasing measure as the profession continues to mature. (adapted from Lane L. Marshall, 1981) ACKNOWLEDGMENT The researcher acknowledged that this study would not have been able to be accomplished without the Dikti scholarship from the Ministry of Research and Higher Education (Kemristekdikti), Indonesian Government, and supporting funds from Gunadarma University in Jakarta, Indonesia, as well as Curtin University and Guild Student Association of Curtin University in Perth, Western Australia. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to convey my gratitude to my main supervisor Associate Professor Shahed Khan for extending his generous support at the critical time of transferring my doctoral degree journey from previous institution and enable me to continue my research in confidence and providing me a sounding board and grounding for my ideas. My tribute also goes to my co- supervisor Professor Dave Hedgcock for facilitating me with a wide connection to the Australian professionals, for providing a perspective from outside landscape architecture, and for asking the hard questions, thus helping me clarify what I was thinking and contributing to the development of this research and proofreading drafts of my writing. Special appreciation goes to my Committee Chair, Professor Dianne Smith, for her advice and guidance on this project and both in regard to and beyond the sphere of this research. This work would not have been possible without the perception and views of the many wonderful, landscape architects, architects and planners in Australia and Indonesia, who gave me their time in the interviews conducted for this research. Although their names must stay unrevealed, I convey my sincere appreciation to all of them for sharing their experience of practice and views on their professions. My endless gratitude is devoted to my beloved mother, Soemiasih Irawan, for her compassionate support with prayers, unconditional and warming love that lit along my journey of study and my late father, Irawan Sadiman, for his inspiration to reach the stars. My sincerest appreciation goes to my beloved husband, Mohamad Toha, for his patience, undying support and encouragement which provide me confidence in what I was doing. I am also grateful for him for showing a genuine interest in my work, allowing me to pursue my doctoral degree study far away from him while he was doing the same journey on the other side of the globe. May our journey inspire our family and relatives, far and near, current and future generation.This thesis is dedicated to encourage my beloved daughters: Nina and Puri, my dear son Dimas and son-in-law Endra, as well as my precious grandsons: Yazid and Giri. My motivation and commitment to my study would not be possible without their incessant love, warming hugs and kisses over the past few years. Last but not least, I wish to thank my fellow graduate students and staff members at Curtin University for sharing their proficiency and knowledge which are intangible sources that actually went into producing this research. Their friendship, humour, and encouragement are meaningful throughout this journey. Perth, December 2014 Irina Mildawani vii Abstract Landscape architecture is a relatively new profession within the Built Environment disciplines. When comparing the emerging profession of landscape architecture in two development settings, Australia and Indonesia, it can be seen that contextual factors shape the profession. The globalisation of the profession, and increasing multidisciplinary team profiles have led to greater interaction among landscape architects across countries as well as between landscape architecture and other built environment professions, in particular architecture and planning. There appears to be little understanding across built environment professions about the actual contribution that landscape architecture makes to these associated disciplines and the value of cross-national cooperation demonstrated within the profession. Despite it relative newness, landscape architecture has asserted itself as a separate profession for almost 50 years in Australia and almost 40 years in Indonesia, with tertiary education and contemporary professional accreditation. There remains a lack of formal recognition in terms of legal status and employment opportunities in government institution when comparing landscape architects with architects and planners. The objective of this study is to identify the way landscape architects perceive their roles and responsibilities in pursuing sustainable landscape development in both countries. Based on individual interviews and focus group discussion with participants of landscape architects registered as professional members of AILA (Australia) and ISLA (Indonesia), the research seeks to explore the roles and initiatives of landscape architects working in private as well as public and analyse them within their contexts.The current status and roles of the LA among architecture and planning professions are assessed with a view to identifying the constraints and opportunities for cross-disciplinary engagement in development outcomes. The study uncovers that personal passion, childhood and familial background, alongside with the educational background in landscape architecture as well as professional institute’s role are found as the important factors that assist to raise the profession profile of landscape architects in ensuring the sustainable urban development in both contexts. ix TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION iii DEDICATION & ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v ACKNOWLEDGMENT vii ABSTRACT ix TABLE OF CONTENTS xi LIST OF FIGURES xvi LIST OF TABLES xviii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Problem statement 5 1.3 Research objectives 7 1.4 Research questions 9 1.5 Scope of research 10 1.6 Significance of the research 11 1.7 Thesis outline 11 1.8 Significance of the research 12 CHAPTER 2: The emergence of landscape architecture (LA) profession 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Research time frame 14 2.3 Definition and concept 15 2.3.1 The term ‘landscape’ and ‘landscape architecture’ 15 2.3.2 The system of ‘profession’ 17 2.3.3 The emergence of ‘landscape architecture profession’ 21 2.3.4 Etymology of the occupational title ‘Landscape Architect’ 23 2.4 Landscape architecture profession’s founding fathers 25 2.4.1 The Influence of Olmsteds’ principles of planning and design to current landscape architecture 27 2.4.2 The emergence of educational institution in landscape architecture 29 2.4.3 Influential factors to choose education and career in landscape architecture 2.5 The emergence of landscape architecture professional association in the World . 30 2.5.1 The emergence of landscape architecture professional institute in relation with architecture and planning institutes 30 xi 2.5.2 The IFLA’s principles, vision and mission 31 2.5.3 The LA professional practice opportunity and employment 31 2.5.4 The LA professional practice opportunity and employment 32 2.6. Pioneering landscape architecture professional education 34 2.7 Conclusion 36 CHAPTER 3: National contexts: the emergence of landscape architecture in Australia and Indonesia 38 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 The Australian context 40 3.2.1 The emergence of landscape architecture profession in Australia 41 3.2.2 Pioneering landscape architecture (LA) profession in Australia 42 3.2.3 The founding of educational institution and study program in Australia 43 3.2.4 The Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA) 47 3.2.5 The AILA Website and the LA historical projects 48 3.2.6 The AILA between government and community 50 3.2.7 Employment opportunity and position in government for Australian landscape architect 50 3.3 The Indonesian context 51 3.3.1 The emergence of landscape architecture profession in Indonesian 51 3.3.2 Pioneering landscape architecture (LA) profession in Indonesia 52 3.3.3 The founding of educational institution and study program in Indonesia 54 3.3.4 The Indonesian Society of Landscape Architects (ISLA) 56 3.3.5 The ISLA Website and the LA historical projects 59 3.3.6 The ISLA between government and community 60 3.3.7 Employment opportunity and position in government
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