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Pacific Science (2000), vol. 54, no. 1: 1-9 © 2000 by University of Hawai'i Press. All rights reserved

Conservation Status and Research on the Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kaua'i, Tinostoma smaragditis (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), Including Checklists of the Vascular of the Diverse Mesic Forests of Kaua'i, Hawai'i1

M. L. HEDDLE,z K. R. ,3 A. ASQUITH,4 AND R. G. GILLESPIE 2

ABSTRACT: In 1895, a moth was captured in a mountain home in Makaweli, Kaua'i, that would captivate and elude entomologists for the next century. Ti­ nostoma smaragditis (Meyrick), aptly nicknamed the "Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kaua'i" is a stunningly beautiful moth with green wings and thorax, pale brown hind wings, and orange antennae. Eighteen individuals are known to have been collected on Kaua'i. However, despite extensive searches in areas around Koke'e, all the specimens discovered until the 1990s were incidental catches, and the natural habitat and host ofthe moth remained unknown. This study describes the results of extensive searches of the diverse mesic forests with the aim of establishing range, habitat, and host-plant associations of the Fabulous Green Sphinx. In February 1998 a male T smaragditis was attracted to a mercury vapor light set up in the diverse mesic forest. Subsequently, one other specimen was collected in a similar habitat type on another part of the island. However, the host plant of the moth remains unknown. In this paper we provide a history of collections, a summary of known biology, and a guide to potential host plants, including checklists of vascular plants found in the di­ verse mesic forests of two locations where T smaragditis was found, Kalalau and Mahanaloa Valleys on Kaua'i.

THE "FABULOUS GREEN SPffiNX of Kaua'i," are bipectinate; those of the female are fili­ Tinostoma smaragditis (Meyrick), is an ex­ form. quisite moth with brightly colored green The first specimen of T smaragditis col­ wings and thorax, pale brown hind wings, lected was an adult male from Makaweli, and orange antennae. There are several dis­ Kaua'i, at 610 m and was given to R. C. L. tinct differences in morphology between the Perkins for identification in 1895 (Meyrick sexes: The male has a black spot on the 1899) (Figure 1). Despite searches for the forewing behind the second median line and moth and its larva (Zimmerman 1958), it was a black band on the thorax behind the head. not until 1961 that a second adult specimen Both these markings are absent in the female. was discovered "resting on the lid of a gar­ The underside of the female's fore and hind bage can" (Bryan 1962) on Koke'e Road, wings are a pale green, whereas those of the Kaua'i. The third specimen, discovered at male are pinkish brown. The male antennae nearby Kalalau Lookout in 1969, marked the beginning of a series of collections as moths were drawn from the surrounding forest, at­ 1 This work was funded by a contract to the University tracted to the bright lights of the Air Force of Hawai'i by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Manuscript accepted 3 May 1999. Tracking Station (1200 m) situated above the 2 Center for Conservation Research and Training, and mesic forests of the Koke'e region. The Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i, Hono­ Bishop Museum now has six specimens lulu, Hawai'i 96822. from the area: Kalalau Lookout (1972), 3 National Tropical Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 340, Lawa'i, Kaua'i, Hawai'i 96765. Koke'e Air National Guard Station (1974, 4 Kaua'i National Wildlife Refuge Complex, P.O. Box 1983 [2], and 1984), and Mahanaloa Valley 87, Knauea, Kaua'i, Hawai'i 96754. (1998). 1 2 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 54, January 2000

plant associations of the Fabulous Green Sphinx, focusing on the diverse mesic forests to the west of Koke'e State Park. In our cur­ rent survey we have investigated three re­ gions of Kaua'i: Mahanaloa, Kalalau, and Waimea.

MATERlALS AND METHODS A mercury vapor light powered by a gen­ erator (Honda EX350) was used to attract any moths present in the mesic forest. This light was run from dusk until around 2200 hours. Plants were searched for larvae by shaking vegetation onto a white sheet. In addition, the canopy was searched visually using binoculars. FIGURE 1. Main map: Island of Kaua'i showing dis­ tribution for collections of Tinostoma smaragditis. 1, Ho'olulu Valley, 1992; 2, Kalalau Valley, 1998; 3, Kala­ lau Lookout (tracking station), 1969 to present (10 speci­ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION mens); 4, Mahanaloa Valley, 1998; 5, Halemanu, 1961; 6, Makaweli, 1895. Inset: Main chain of Hawaiian Is­ The first specimen captured in our study lands. Star indicates island of Kaua'i. was deposited at Bernice P. Bishop Museum. The second specimen was photographed, and its proboscis was unrolled and measured. It Information on the larva of T smaragditis was then released after being marked on its comes largely from an adult female captured thorax with a yellow dye. in 1992 in Ho'olulu Valley at 122 m eleva­ tion, which laid eggs in the container in Distribution which it was held. The larva, which averages 3.9 mm in length, has a reddish caudal hom Moths were captured in the Mahanaloa about 2 mm long (Cambell and Ishii 1993). and Kalalau areas only (Figure 1). In Febru­ Larvae were also collected before the Cam­ ary 1998 one of us (A.A.) was successful in bell and Ishii (1993) study, although the ob­ attracting a male specimen to a mercury servations were not published. The first in­ vapor light while collecting in Mahanaloa stars and infertile eggs from this earlier Valley (670 m). In October 1998 two of us collection were deposited at the Bishop Mu­ (M.L.H. and K.R.W.) observed another seum; the notes attached to the vial of larvae male specimen that was attracted to light at indicate that only 15 eggs were laid, and of an elevation of 640 m in the diverse mesic these, only 5 were fertile. The eggs took 9 forest of Kalalau Valley. No larvae were ob­ days to hatch, which concurs with the find­ served. ings of Cambell and Ishii (1993). The host plant of T smaragditis remains Response to Light unknown. Cambell and Ishii (1993) con­ ducted extensive host-plant testing, but could On both occasions that T smaragditis was not induce the first instars to feed on any of caught at light in the current study, it was the native plants offered, nor on an artificial observed to fly directly toward the light. Al­ diet (Cambell and Ishii 1993). though some Lepidoptera have been per­ Our study was initiated in November 1997 ceived as rare because they do not respond to to determine the range, habitat, and host- lights, both male and female T smaragditis The Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kaua'i-HEDDLE ET AL. 3

have been collected at lights on several occa­ native Hawaiian endemics sions. If its native habitat is the low, diverse that both sites have in common (Appendix mesic forests, as we hypothesize, it is likely 1). that a strong response to light takes it far up At the time of writing of this paper, the to the tracking station near Kalalau Lookout host plant of T smaragditis is still unknown. at Koke'e State Park. However, various entomologists have made several suggestions and observations with re­ Host Plants gard to possible hosts. The most extensive effort to establish the host plant was made by Both locations at which T smaragditis Cambell and Ishii (1993). The female moth was found, Mahanaloa and Kalalau, repre­ discovered in 1992 was found on the endemic sent a globally imperiled plant community densiflora. At the time of known as Diverse Mesic Forest (Wagner et collection, the tree was not searched for lar­ al. 1990). This natural community is endemic vae or eggs (Gaden Kamakaui, pers. comm.). to Kaua'i and is characterized by its rich di­ The resultant larvae were not observed to versity of native tree along with the feed on any of the 130 native plants offered absence of a consistent set of dominant spe­ to them, and Cambell and Ishii concluded cies. Common tree genera in both these re­ that plant species used in their study are im­ gions include Acacia, , , probable candidates as host plants for T , Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Cop­ smaragditis. However, several plants were rosma, , Elaeocarpus, , offered to the larvae for 5 min only, including , Metrosideros, Myrsine, , Charpentiera densiflora, the plant on which Pipturus, , Pleomele, , Psy­ the female was resting. Because many species chotria, , , and Xylosma. of Lepidoptera can take several hours to ini­ Other occasional components shared be­ tiate feeding in captivity (M.L.H., pers. obs.), tween these two Kaua'i Diverse Mesic Forest the plants listed in the Cambell and Ishii communities include , Crypto­ (1993) publication should not be excluded carya, , , , Ner­ given the data available. audia. Perrottetia, , Pteralyxia, Claoxylon sandwicense was suggested as a Rauvoljia, , Wikstroemia, and host plant for T smaragditis by Bianchi . (1986) after he observed substantial herbi­ Regional checklists of vascular plants ob­ vory on the plant in the vicinity of the track­ served within T smaragditis habitat for both ing station where the moth had been col­ Mahanaloa and Kalalau Valleys are pro­ lected. However, he searched the plants in vided in Appendix 2 and Appendix 3 of this the surrounding area and found no larvae. paper. Because this project is ongoing, future In our surveys of the diverse mesic forests, observations, inventories, and comparison we have observed extensive herbivory on studies are planned for other site locations , Pisonia sandwicensis, where T smaragditis has been documented , and Charpentiera den­ (e.g., 1992 sighting in Ho'olulu Valley). In siflora. The herbivore was not observed, addition, other relictual patches of lowland but it is possible that it could have been T Diverse Mesic Forest communities on Kaua'i smaragditis. need more investigation, such as Pohakuao Valley (upper hanging valley on the Napali coast) and the Koai'e Canyon region (in­ CONCLUSIONS cluding Hipalau and Kawaiiki Valleys). To help ascertain the still unknown host plant The Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kaua'i is for this distinctive and extremely rare moth, not only a beautiful species, worthy of pro­ and in the likely event that the host plant will tection and study in its own right, but also be a species restricted to Kaua'i and/or the provides us with an impressive means for at­ Hawaiian Islands, also included is a list of tracting attention to the plight of the diverse 4 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 54, January 2000 mesic forests of the Hawaiian Islands. It is APPENDIX I our hope that, by learning more about the CHECKLIST OF ENDEMIC HAWAIIAN PLANTS COMMON TO MAHANALOA VALLEY AND KALALAV VALLEY DIVERSE biology of this moth, particularly its feeding MEsIC FORESTS (SPECIES ENDEMIC TO 'I DENOTED BY habits, we can learn more about effective AN ASTERISK*) management of its habitat and therefore Ferns and Fern Allies protect from endangerment and Blechnaceae the birds, plants, and other insects that con­ Doodia kunthiana Gaud. stitute the biotic community of the diverse Sadleria pallida Hook. & Arnott Cyatheaceae mesic forest of Kaua'i. Cibotium glaueum (Sm.) Hook. & Arnott Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium deeompositum Gaud. Dryopteridaceae ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Diplazium sandwiehianum (presl) Diels Dryopteris glabra (Brack.) Kuntze This study was supported by grants from Dryopteris unidentata (Hook. & Arnott) C. Chr. the u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biol­ subsp. hawaiiensis W. H. Wagner ogy Graduate Program at the University of Teetaria eicutaria (L.) Cope!. subsp. gaudiehaudii (Mett.) W. H. Wagner Hawai'i. Dean Jamieson, Gaden Kamakaui, Grammitidaceae and J. C. E. Riotte all contributed valuable Grammitis tenella Kaulf. information on their observations of this rare Pteridaceae moth. We thank Edwin Pettys, Wayne Coniogramme pi/osa (Brack.) Hieron. Doryopteris deeipiens (Sm.) Hook. Sousa, and Victor Tanimoto for their help in Selaginellaceae obtaining access to the areas in which we Selaginella arbuseula (Kaulf.) Spring needed to collect. We also thank the pilots Monocots and employees of Inter Island Helicopters. Agavaceae *Pleomele aurea (H. Mann) N. E. Brown Cyperaceae Carex wahuensis C. A. Mey. LITERATURE CITED subsp. wahuensis Gahnia beeeheyi H. Mann BIANCHI, F. A. 1986. Notes and exhibitions. Mariseus phleoides Nees ex Kunth subsp. phleoides Proc. . Entomol. Soc. 23: 121-122. BRYAN, E. H. 1962. The green sphinx of hawaiiensis Buchenau (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Proc. var. hawaiiensis Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 18: 121-122. CAMBELL, C. L., and L. M. ISHII. 1993. variabilis (Gaud.) Steud. Larval host plant testing of Tinostoma melastomifolia Sm. smaragditis (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), the Dicots Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kauai. Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 32: 83-90. *Charpentiera elliptiea (Hillebr.) A. Heller Nototriehium sandwieense (A. Gray) Hillebr. MEYRICK, E. 1899. Macrolepidoptera. Pages 123-275 in D. Sharp, ed. Fauna Hawaiien­ Alyxia oliviformis Gaud. sis 1 (2). Cambridge University Press, Cam­ *Pteralyxia kauaiensis Caum bridge. sandwieensis A. DC WAGNER, W. L., D. R. HERBST, and S. H. Araliaceae *Cheirodendron trigynum (Gaud.) A. Heller SOHMER. 1990. Manual of the flowering subsp. helleri (Sherff) Lowry plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Tetraplasandra kavaiensis (H. Mann) Sherif Press and Bishop Museum Press, Hono­ *Tetraplasandra waimeae Wawra lulu. Artemisia australis Less. ZIMMERMAN, E. C. 1958. Insects of Hawaii. Bidens sandvieensis Less. Macrolepidoptera. 7. University of Ha­ subsp.sandvieens~ wai'i Press, Honolulu. *Wi/kesia gymnoxiphium A. Gray The Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kaua'i-HEDDLE ET AL. 5

Brassicaceae * greenwelliae Fosb. *Lepidium serra H. Mann *Psychotria hobdyi Sohmer (Cham. & ScWechtend.) Fosb. *Cyanea sylvestris A. Heller hypoleuca Hillebr. *Melicope anisata (H. Mann) T. Hartley & B. Stone Zanthoxylum dipetalum H. Mann * kauaiensis St. John var. dipetalum Celastraceae Perrottetia sandwicensis A. Gray * Gaud. var. pyrularium (A. Gray) Stemmermann (Seem.) Fosb. (A. DC) Fosb. Pouteria sandwicensis (A. Gray) Baehni & Degener Elaeocarpaceae Thymeliaceae Elaeocarpus bifidus Hook. & Arnott Wikstroemia oahuensis (A. Gray) Rock Ericaceae Urticaceae Vaccinium dentatum Sm. Boehmeria grandis (Hook. & Arnott) A. Heller Neraudia melastomifolia Gaud. * H. Mann Pipturus albidus (Hook. & Arnott) A. Gray var. hillebrandii Pax & K. Hoffm. *Pipturus kauaiensis A. Heller Claoxylon sandwicense Mull. Arg. *Chamaesyce atrococca (A. Heller) Croizat & Degener *Chamaesyce celastroides (Boiss.) Croizat & APPENDIX 2 Degener CHECKLIST OF VASCULAR PLANTs OF MAHANALOA var. hanapepensis (Sherff) Degener & I. Degener VALLEY, KAUA'I, HAWAI'I (1600-2400 FT [490-730 M] haeleeleana Herbst ELEVATION) (NAMES FOR FLOWERING PLANTS FOLLOW W. Hayden WAGNER ET AL. [1990]; NAMES FOR PTERIDOPHYTES Fabaceae FOLLOW UNPUBLISHED CHECKLIST BY W. H. & F. A. Gray WAGNER) Flacourtiaceae Xylosma hawaiiensis Seem. Ferns and Fern Allies Aspleniaceae procera Hillebr. cookii Copel. Hydrangeaceae Asplenium excisum Presl Broussaisia arguta Gaud. Asplenium kaulfussii ScWechtend. Lauraceae Asplenium nidus L. Cryptocarya mannii Hillebr. Diellia pallida W. H. Wagner Myrsinaceae Blechnaceae Myrsine lanaiensis Hillebr. Blechnum occidentale L. Myrtaceae Doodia kunthiana Gaud. Gaud. Sadleria pallida Hook. & Arnott var. glaberrima (H. Lev.) St. John Cyatheaceae Syzygium sandwicensis (A. Gray) Nied. Cibotium glaucum (Sm.) Hook. & Arnott Nyctaginaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Pisonia sandwicensis Hillebr. Microlepia speluncae W. H. Wagner Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) Presl Nestegis sandwicensis (A. Gray) Degener, I. Degener Pteridium decompositum Gaud. & L. Johnson Dryopteridaceae Piperaceae Cyrtomium caryotideum Presl Peperomia latifolia Miq. Deparia petersenii (Kunze) M. Kato Diplazium sandwichianum (presl) Diels Pittosporum glabrum Hook. & Amott Dryopteris fusco-atra (Hillebr.) Robinson *Pittosporum kauaiense Hillebr. Dryopteris glabra (Brack.) Kuntze Dryopteris unidentata (Hook. & Arnott) C, Chr. Hillebr. Elaphoglossum paleaceum ( Hook. & Arnott) Sledge Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott Bobea brevipes A. Gray subsp. hawaiiensis W. H. Wagner Coprosmafoliosa A. Gray Teetaria cicutaria (L.) Copel. *Coprosma waimeae Wawra subsp. gaudichaudii (Mett.) W. H. Wagner Hedyotis terminalis (Hook. & Arnott) W. L. Wagner & Herbst linearis (N. L. Burm.) Underw. Morinda trimera Hillebr. Diplopterygium pinnatum (Kunze) Nakai 6 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 54, January 2000

Grammitidaceae mannii Munro ex Hillebr. Adenophorus tamariscinus (Kaulf.) Hook. & Grev. Schizachyrium condensatum (Kunth) Nees Grammitis tenella Kaulf. Setaria gracilis Kunth Lindsaeaceae Vulpia bromoides (L.) S. F. Gray Odontosoria chinensis (L.) J. Sm. Smilacaceae Polypodiaceae Smilax melastomifolia Sm. Lepisorus thunbergianus (Kaulf.) Ching Polypodium helleri Underw. gardnerianum Ker-Gawl. Psilotaceae Dicots Psi/otum nudum (L.) Beauv. Amaranthaceae Pteridaceae Charpentiera elliptica (Hillebr.) A. Heller Adiantum hispidulum Sw. sandwicense (A. Gray) Hillebr. Adiantum raddianum Presl Apocynaceae Coniogramme pi/osa (Brack.) Hieron. Alyxia oliviformis Gaud. Doryopteris decipiens (Sm.) Hook. Pteralyxia kauaiensis Caum Pityrogramma austroamericana Domin Rauvo/fia sandwicensis A. DC Pteris excelsa Gaud. Araliaceae Pteris [x] hi//ebrandii Copel. Cheirodendron trigynum (Gaud.) A. Heller Pteris irregularis Kaulf. subsp. helleri (Sherif) Lowry Pteris cretica L. Tetraplasandra kavaiensis (H. Mann) Sherif Selaginellaceae Tetraplasandra waimeae Wawra Selaginella arbuscula (Kaulf.) Spring Asteraceae Thelypteridaceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Thelypteris dentata (Forsk.) E. St. John Artemisia australis Less. Thelypteris parisitica (L.) Fosb. Bidens sandvicensis Less. Monocots subsp. sandvicensis Agavaceae Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. laevigata A. Gray Pleomele aurea (H. Mann) N. E. Brown Elephantopus mollis Kunth Cyperaceae Emeliafosbergii Nicolson Carex meyenii Nees Erechtites valerianifolia (Wolf) DC Carex wahuensis C. A. Mey. karvinskianus DC subsp. wahuensis Lipochaetafauriei H. Lev. Gahnia beecheyi H. Mann Pluchea symphytifolia (Mill.) Gillis Mariscus hi//ebrandii (Boeck.) T. Koyama kauaiensis Hillebr. subsp. decipiens (Hillebr.) T. Koyama Sonchus oleraceus L. Mariscus meyenianus (Kunth) Nees Wi/kesia gymnoxiphium A. Gray Mariscus phleoides Nees ex Kunth Youngiajaponica (L.) DC subsp. phleoides Brassicaceae Juncaceae Lepidium serra H. Mann Luzula hawaiiensis Buchenau Campanulaceae var. hawaiiensis Cyanea hirtella (H. Mann) Hillebr. Liliaceae Cyanea sylvestris A. Heller Dianella sandwicensis Hook. & Arnott Delissea rhytidosperma H. Mann Menispermaceae Delissea undulata Gaud. Cocculus tri/obus (Thunb.) DC subsp kauaiensis Lammers Lobelia hypoleuca Hillebr. arborea Gaud. Lobelia yuccoides Hillebr. Passifloraceae Caryophyllaceae Passifiora ligularis Juss. St. John Poaceae Schiedea membranacea St. John Agrostis avenacea J. G. Gmelin Celastraceae Bromus mollis L. Perrottetia sandwicensis A. Gray Bromus rigidus Roth Digitaria setigera Roth Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet Eragrostis grandis Hillebr. (Gaud.) Steud. pinnata (Lam.) Pers. Holcus lanatus L. Ebenaceae hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv. Diospyros hi//ebrandii (Seem.) Fosb. Panicum nephelophi/um Gaud. Diospyros sandwicensis (A. DC) Fosb. Paspalum urvi//ei Steud. Elaeocarpaceae PLATE 1. An adult male Tinostoma smaragditis, captured in Mahanaloa Valley, Kaua'i, in January 1999. Photo credit: M. L. Heddle and David Preston. PLATE 2. An adult male Tinostoma smaragditis, captured in Mahanaloa Valley, Kaua'i, in January 1999. Photo credit: M. L. Heddle and David Preston. The Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kaua'i-HEDDLE ET AL. 7

Elaeocarpus bifidus Hook. & Arnott Peperomia kokeana Yuncker Epacridaceae Peperomia latifolia Miq. Styphelia tameiameiae (Cham. & ScWechtend.) F. v. Peperomia tetraphylla (G. Forster) Hook. & Muel!. Arnott Ericaceae Pittosporaceae Vaccinium dentatum Sm. Pittosporum glabrum Hook. & Amott Euphorbiaceae Pittosporum kauaiense Hillebr. Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Primulaceae Antidesma platyphyllum H. Mann Lysimachia kalalauensis Skottsb. var. hillebrandii Pax & K. Hoffm. Proteaceae Claoxylon sandwicense Mull. Arg. A. Cunn ex R. Br. Chamaesyce atrococca (A. Heller) Croizat & Rhamnaceae Degener Alphitonia ponderosa Hillebr. Chamaesyce celastroides (Boiss.) Croizat & Degener Rosaceae var. hanapepensis (Sherif) Degener & I. Degener Sm. Chamaesyce halemanui (Sherff) Croizat & Degener Rubiaceae Herbst Bobea brevipes A. Gray Flueggea neowawraea W. Hayden Canthium odoratum (G. Forster) Seem. Fabaceae Coprosmafoliosa A. Gray Acacia koa A. Gray Coprosma waimeae Wawra Canavalia kauaiensis J. Sauer Hedyotis knudsenii (Hillebr.) Fosb. Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem. Hedyotis schlechtendahliana Steud. Flacourtiaceae var. schlechtendahliana Xylosma hawaiiensis Seem. Hedyotis terminalis (Hook. & Amott) W. L. Wag- Goodeniaceae ner & Herbst Scaevola gaudichaudii Hook. & Amott Morinda trimera Hillebr. Scaevola procera Hillebr. Fosb. Hydrangeaceae Psychotria hobdyi Sohmer Broussaisia arguta Gaud. Psychotria mariniana (Cham. & Schlechtend.) Fosb. Lauraceae Rutaceae Cryptocarya mannii Hillebr. Melicope anisata (H. Mann) T. Hartley & B. Stone Loganiaceae Melicope barbigera A. Gray Labordia degeneri Sherif Melicope ovata (St. John & E. Hume) T. Hartley & B. Stone Abutilon grandifolium (Willd.) Sweet Zanthoxylum dipetalum H. Mann Hibiscus waimeae A. Heller var. dipetalum subsp. waimeae Santalaceae kauaiensis (Rock) Degener & Duvel Santalum freycinetianum Gaud. Sidafallax Walp. var. pyrularium (A. Gray) Stemmermann StrebIus pendulinus (Endl.) F. v. Muell. viscosa Jacq. Myrsinaceae Sapotaceae Embelia pacifica Hillebr. Pouteria sandwicensis (A. Gray) Baehni & Degener Myrsine lanaiensis Hillebr. Solanaceae Myrtaceae Solanum americanum Mill. Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud. Thymeliaceae var. glaberrima (H. Lev.) St. John Wikstroemiafurcata (Hillebr.) Rock Psidium cattleianum Sabine Wikstroemia oahuensis (A. Gray) Rock L. Urticaceae Syzygium sandwicensis (A. Gray) Nied. Boehmeria grandis (Hook. & Amott) A. Heller Nyctaginaceae Neraudia melastomifolia Gaud. Pisonia sandwicensis Hillebr. Pipturus albidus (Hook. & Amott) A. Gray Oleaceae Pipturus kauaiensis A. Heller Nestegis sandwicensis (A. Gray) Degener, I. De­ Touchardia latifolia Gaud. gener & L. Johnson Verbenaceae Oxalidaceae L. Oxalis corniculata L. Verbena litoralis Kunth Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca octandra L. laurifolium A. Gray Piperaceae Viscaceae Peperomia coo/ciana C. DC Korthalsella comp/anata (Tiegh.) Engl. 8 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 54, January 2000

APPENDIX 3 Cyperaceae CHECKLIST OF VASCULAR PLANTS OF KALALAU VALLEY, Carex meyenii Nees KAUA'!, HAWAl'I (BELOW PiHEA, 2000-2600 FT [610­ Carex wahuensis C. A. Mey. 790 M) ELEVATION) (NAMES FOR FLOWERING PLANTS subsp. wahuensis FOLLOW WAGNER ET AL. [1990); NAMES FOR PTERIDO- Gahnia beecheyi H. Mann PHYTES FOLLOW UNPUBLISHED CHECKLIST BY W. H. & F. Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. WAGNER) Mariscus meyenianus (Kunth) Nees Mariscus phleoides Nees ex Kunth Ferns and Fern Allies subsp. phleoides Aspleniaceae Juncaceae Asplenium nidus L. Luzula hawaiiensis Buchenau Blechnaceae var. hawaiiensis Blechnum occidentale L. Liliaceae Doodia kunthiana Gaud. Dianel/a sandwicensis Hook. & Amott Sadleria pal/ida Hook. & Amott Pandanaceae Cyatheaceae Freycinetia arborea Gaud. Cibotium glaucum (Sm.) Hook. & Arnott Poaceae Cibotium nealiae Degener Eragrostis variabilis (Gaud.) Steud. Dennstaedtiaceae Oplismenus hirtel/us (L.) P. Beauv. Microlepia speluncae W. H. Wagner Panicum lineale St. John Microlepia strigosa (fhunb.) Presl Paspalum urvillei Steud. Pteridium decompositum Gaud. Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase Dryopteridaceae Schizachyrium condensatum (Kunth) Nees Deparia petersenii (Kunze) M. Kato Setaria gracilis Kunth Diplazium sandwichianum (presl) Diels Vulpia bromoides (L.) S. F. Gray Dryopteris glabra (Brack.) Kuntze Smilacaceae Dryopteris unidentata (Hook. & Arnott) C. Chr. Smilax melastomifolia Sm. Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott Dicots subsp. hawaiiensis W. H. Wagner Amaranthaceae Tectaria cicutaria (L.) Copel. Charpentiera densiflora Sohmer subsp. gaudichaudii (Mett.) W. H. Wagner Charpentiera elliptica (Hillebr.) A. Heller Gleicheniaceae Nototrichium divaricatum Lorence (N. L. Burm.) Underw. Nototrichium sandwicense (A. Gray) Hillebr. Diplopterygium pinnatum (Kunze) Nakai Apocynaceae Gramrnitidaceae Alyxia oliviformis Gaud. Grammitis tenel/a Kaulf. Pteralyxia kauaiensis Caum Lindsaeaceae A. DC Odontosoria chinensis (L.) J. Sm. Aquifoliaceae Polypodiaceae Ilex anomala Hook. & Arnott Lepisorus thunbergianus (Kaulf.) Ching Araliaceae Psilotaceae Cheirodendron trigynum (Gaud.) A. Heller Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv. subsp. hel/eri (Sherff) Lowry Pteridaceae Tetraplasandra kavaiensis (H. Mann) Sherff Adiantum hispidulum Sw. Tetraplasandra waimeae Wawra Adiantum raddianum Presl Asteraceae Coniogramme pilosa (Brack.) Hieron. Artemisia australis Less. Doryopteris decipiens (Sm.) Hook. Bidens sandvicensis Less. Pityrogramma austroamericana Domin subsp. sandvicensis Pteris excelsa Gaud. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. Selaginellaceae Dubautia microcephala Skottsb. Selaginel/a arbuscula (Kaulf.) Spring Elephantopus mollis Kunth Thelypteridaceae DC Pseudophegopteris keraudreniana (Gaud.) Pluchea symphytifolia (Mill.) Gillis Holttum gymnoxiphium A. Gray Thelypteris dentata (Forsk.) E. St. John Brassicaceae Thelypteris stegnogrammoides (Baker) Fosb. Lepidium serra H. Mann Monocots Campanulaceae Agavaceae Cyanea sylvestris A. Heller Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. Lobelia hypoleuca Hillebr. Pleomele aurea (H. Mann) N. E. Brown Lobelia niihauensis St. John Arecaceae Caryophyllaceae Pritchardia minor Becc. Schiedea kauaiensis St. John The Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kaua'i-HEDDLE ET AL. 9

Celastraceae Oleaceae Perrottetia sandwicensis A. Gray Nestegis sandwicensis (A. Gray) Degener, I. De­ Convolvulaceae gener & L. Johnson menziesii A. Gray Piperaceae Ipomoea tuboides Degener & Ooststr. Peperomia latifolia Miq. Crassulaceae Peperomia tetraphylla (G. Forster) Hook. & Arnott (Lam.) Pers. Pittosporaceae Ebenaceae Pittosporum glabrum Hook. & Arnott Diospyros hillebrandii (Seem.) Fosb. Pittosporum kauaiense Hillebr. Diospyros sandwicensis (A. DC) Fosb. Pittosporum napaliense Sherff Elaeocarpaceae Primulaceae Elaeocarpus bifidus Hook. & Arnott Lysimachia glutinosa Rock Epacridaceae Rhamnaceae Styphelia tameiameiae (Cham. & ScWechtend.) F. v. Alphitonia ponderosa Hillebr. Muel!. meyenii Steud. Ericaceae Rosaceae Vaccinium dentatum Sm. Rubus rosifolius Sm. Euphorbiaceae Rubiaceae Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Bobea brevipes A. Gray Antidesma platyphyllum H. Mann Bobea elatior Gaud. var. hillebrandii Pax & K. Hoffm. Bobea timoniodes (J. D. Hook.) Hillebr. Claoxylon sandwicense Mull. Arg. Canthium odoratum (G. Forster) Seem. Chamaesyce atrococca (A. Heller) Croizat & De­ Coprosmafoliosa A. Gray gener Coprosma waimeae Wawra Chamaesyce celastroides (Boiss.) Croizat & Degener remyi H. Mann var. hanapepensis (Sherff) Degener & I. Degener Hedyotis terminalis (Hook. & Arnott) W. L. Wag- Euphorbia haeleeleana Herbst ner & Herbst Flueggea neowawraea W. Hayden Morinda trimera Hillebr. Fabaceae Psychotria greenwelliae Fosb. Acacia koa A. Gray Psychotria hobdyi Sohmer (Lam.) de Wit Psychotria mariniana (Cham. & ScWechtend.) Fosb. Flacourtiaceae Rutaceae Xylosma hawaiiensis Seem. Melicope anisata (H. Mann) T. Hartley & B. Stone Goodeniaceae (Hillebr.) T. Hartley & B. Stone Scaevola procera Hillebr. Zanthoxylum dipetalum H. Mann Hydrangeaceae var. dipetalum Broussaisia arguta Gaud. Zanthoxylum kauaense A. Gray Lauraceae Santalaceae Cryptocarya mannii Hillebr. Santalum freycinetianum Gaud. Malvaceae var. pyrularium (A. Gray) Stemmermann Abutilon grandifolium (Willd.) Sweet Sapindaceae Hibiscus kokio Hillebr. ex Wawra Jacq. subsp. saintjohnianus (M. Roe) D. Bates Sapotaceae Sidafallax Walp. Pouteria sandwicensis (A. Gray) Baehni & Degener Moraceae Thymeliaceae pendulinus (End!.) F. v. Muel!. Wikstroemia oahuensis (A. Gray) Rock Myrsinaceae Urticaceae Myrsine lanaiensis Hillebr. Boehmeria grandis (Hook. & Arnott) A. Heller Myrtaceae Neraudia melastomifolia Gaud. Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud. Pipturus albidus (Hook. & Arnott) A. Gray var. glaberrima (H. Lev.) St. John Pipturus kauaiensis A. Heller Psidium guajava L. Verbenaceae Syzygium sandwicensis (A. Gray) Nied. Lantana camara L. Nyctaginaceae Viscaceae Pisonia sandwicensis Hillebr. Korthalsella platycaula (Tiegh.) Eng!.