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Datalagring Som Evighetsprosjekt kultur&trender arkivering innsikt innsikt Kaldt og stabilt Polare forhold er optimale for langtidslagring. Svalbard-gruvene rommer etter hvert både internasjonalt frølager og verdensarkiv. Inngangen til Arctic World Archive befinner seg 300 meter inne i fjellet, hvor permafrosten er mest stabil. Foto: WERNER ANDEWRSON og CORBIS VIA GETTY IMAGES Byte-tsunamien: Et lite firma i Drammen tilbyr informasjons- lagring «for evigheten» på Svalbard. Selskapet opererer i et marked hvor et slikt behov øker eksponentielt. Av samme Data- grunn jobber lagring gigantene som i digital- industrien evighets- med flere oppsikts- prosjekt #sivilisasjonstråder vekkende konsepter. Bevaring og videreformidling av kunnskap og informasjon utgjør kritiske forbindelseslinjer i samfunnsstrukturen. Artikkelen er del av en serie laget med støtte fra Fritt Ord, som ser nærmere på disse trådene i sivilisasjonsveven. 104 innsikt APRIL 2021 APRIL 2021 innsikt 105 kultur&trender arkivering innsikt innsikt Data- lagring 59 zettabyte (zetta=trilliard) i 2020, og vi er inne i som en eksponentiell vekst. Mens det totale volumet lå på 2 zettabyte i 2010, er prognosen for 2025 på hele evighets- 163 zettabyte, ifølge The International Data Corpo- ration. Til sammenligning regner man med at den prosjekt samlede mengden data på hele internett pr. i dag ligger på rundt 3 zettabyte. Dermed kommer også et kritisk problem susende mot oss: Mens datamengden eksploderer, flater KJETIL JOHANSEN kapasiteten ut i de eksisterende lagringsløsningene. Frilansjournalist Fysiske realiteter WERNER ANDERSON Frilansfotograf De fleste av oss er blitt vant til å lagre kopier av viktige dokumenter i skybaserte tjenester. «Skyen» Kaldlagring er dog bare et begrep for det som egentlig dreier seg 300 meter ned i Gruve 3 utenfor Longyear- om høyst jordnær lagring i geografisk spredte serveranlegg. byen varierer temperaturen mellom 3 og – Filene dine blir ikke lagret samlet på ett sted i et 5 minusgrader, året rundt. Det er derfor hierarkisk system. En sånn løsning hadde ikke gjort Arctic World Archive er plassert akkurat prosessen skalerbar for leverandørene. I stedet er her, i et stålhvelv dypt begravet i en ned- filene dine spredt på vidt forskjellige lagringssteder lagt kullgruvesjakt. og katalogisert etter metadata. Så når du skal hente dem frem igjen, settes dette puslespillet sammen og Arkivet er nabo med det langt mer kjente frølage- presenteres som hierarkisk og ordnet for deg, der du ret, og lokaliseringen er motivert av samme hensyn: sitter på egen maskin. Mesteparten av data i verden I tillegg til å være beskyttet av permafrosten over, i dag er egentlig ustrukturerte, forklarer Gard O. går den demilitariserte sonen rundt Svalbard mest Sundby Thomassen. Han er underdirektør for sannsynlig klar av krigs- Avdeling for IT i Forskning ved USIT (Universitetets handlinger i overskuelig senter for informasjonsteknologi) ved Universitetet i Mens datamengden fremtid. eksploderer, flater Oslo. Da Arctic World Blant de rent praktiske utfordringene trekker han «Man må kapasiteten ut Archive tok imot sin frem noe så hverdagslig som elektrisitetsforbruk. jevnlig i de eksisterende første deponering i 2017, Anleggene med dataservere har et enormt strømbe- sjekke og lagringsløsningene. kom materialet fra nasjo- hov, og leverandørene av skytjenester jakter stadig nalarkivene i Brasil og kontrollere på sikker tilgang på fortrinnsvis grønn energi. innholdet Mexico. Siden har blant De fysiske realitetene påvirker også selve data- annet Vatikanbiblioteket, Nasjonalmuseet, Natur- lagringen. på en tape. historisk museum og Den europeiske romfartsorga- – Det er overraskende hvor seiglivede snurredis- Og det nisasjonen plassert sikkerhetskopier av viktige kene er. De blir større og større, men ikke så mye blir fort dokumenter i gruvegangene. I 2019 lagret program- raskere. Men veldig mye av verdens data ligger på vareselskapet GitHub hele sin åpne kildekode på kjedelig snurredisker, og bak dem igjen finner vi tapene. når du Svalbard. I dag er det fortsatt tape som er det dominerende Arkiveringen er offline – eller kaldlagret som det mediet for kaldlagret data, og ifølge produsentene sitter på heter på fagspråket. Hvis kundene trenger å hente kan man få inn opptil 580 terabyte på en kassett, enorme ut materialet, må noen fysisk gå inn og hente det. sier Thomassen – før han kommer til det avgjørende mengder Hva er egentlig poenget med å ha en slik backup? ‘men ...’: data.» – Når det gjelder evighetslagring, støter man Upløyd mark alltid på problemet med bit-råte. Du vil få såkalt Gard O. Sundby Thomassen, Dagens datadrevne verden er upløyd mark og gir bit-flipping enten via tilfeldige uhell eller rett og avdeling for helt nye utfordringer. Enorme og ekspanderende slett som følge av bakgrunnsstøy fra universet. datasett ligger til grunn for stadig mer av det vi gjør IT i Forskning Derfor må man jevnlig sjekke og kontrollere inn- ved USIT, UiO og omgir oss med. I løpet av de to siste årene ble det holdet på en tape. Og det blir fort kjedelig når du generert mer data enn i hele menneskehetens forut- sitter på enorme mengder data. gående historie. Verdifull bakcup Vatikanbiblioteket, her på en etsning fra 1800-tallet, er blant de prominente aktørene som har latt Arctic World Archive Den totale informasjonsmengden som ble skapt, på Svalbard håndtere sikkerhetskopier av sine kulturskatter. Gruvegangen inn til arkivet er bygget slik at eventuelt fremtidig smeltevann kopiert, lagret og konsumert i verden, passerte vil drenere ut og vekk. Tegning: UNIVERSAL HISTORY ARCHIVE/UNIVERSAL IMAGES GROUP VIA GETTY IMAGES. Foto: WERNER ANDERSON 106 innsikt APRIL 2021 APRIL 2021 innsikt 107 kultur&trender arkivering innsikt innsikt Data- lagring Visuelle elementer, som film, lyd og tekst evighets- Innholdet på Piqls prosjekt nanofilm kan leses med en lyskilde og «Det vi i utgangspunktet forstørrel- sesglass, og trodde var et tilbud for arkiv- vil i neste Lagrede data må jevnlig kopieres over på nye omgang bærere, og her er tidshorisonten noen få år. Store sektoren, har vist seg å være komme med kommersielle aktører, som filmselskapet Warner av kritisk forretningsmessig en virtuell Bros., har en proaktiv rutine hvor denne prosessen datamaskin interesse for virksomheter printet inn i gjøres hvert tredje år. Automatisering kan lette innen alt fra forskning, selve film- oppgaven, for eksempel ved å la roboter med jevne remsene. mellomrom gjøre jobben med å kopiere informasjon skipsverft og kraftnett, over fra gamle til nye disker. til vannforsyning Likevel, det kan friste med en mer permanent løsning hvor det holder å kaldlagre materialet én og infrastruktur.» gang. Rune Bjerkestrand i Piql, firmaet som står bak Svalbard-arkivet Arkiveringsmarkedet Det er her tilbud som Arctic World Archive begynner å gi mening. Store og små virksomheter – private som offentlige, eller ideelle organisasjoner – opp- lagre digital informasjon. Den første kunden vår var dager at de sitter på viktig materiale som er ressurs- høyesterett i en indisk delstat, som hadde akutt krevende å vedlikeholde, men som til gjengjeld ikke behov for å ta vare på 50 millioner historiske retts- trenger å hentes frem jevnlig. Og der det er et behov, dokumenter. I India er mikrofilm fortsatt mye brukt, oppstår det et marked. noe som gjorde dem interessert i vår løsning, fortel- – Det vi i utgangspunktet trodde ler Bjerkestrand. var et tilbud for arkivsektoren, For å bevitne prosessen, hvor informasjon i form måten forhindres eventuell kjemisk lekkasje som har vist seg å være av kritisk forret- kan påvirke filmen negativt. I tillegg pakkes boksene «Hvis noen av nanosølvkrystaller overføres på nanofilmrullene finner arkivet ningsmessig interesse for virk- (kalt piqlfilm) med lyspulser fra en speilmatrise, må inn i tykk folie, som beskytter mot bakterier og somheter innen alt fra forskning, vi til Piqls hovedkvarter i Drammen. Her står én av ivaretar riktig luftfuktighet. Den verner også i en om 100 eller skipsverft og kraftnett, til vann- kun tre maskiner i hele verden som kan utføre dette. viss grad mot brann. Materiale som sendes til Sval- 2000 år, så forsyning og infrastruktur, sier De to andre er i Mexico og Slovakia. bard, plasseres i containere inne i gruvegangene. trenger du Rune Bjerkestrand. Han er – Filmen blir eksponert cirka 100 ganger pr. bare lys, for- administrerende direktør i Piql, Oppdateringsfri teknologi ramme, og så er det 20 rammer i sekundet. Lyset størrelsesglass, firmaet som står bak Svalbard- skrur seg altså av og på 2000 ganger i sekundet, og Bjerkestrand i Piql vil gjerne demonstrere nano- arkivet. Arctic World Archive er maskinen bruker rundt en time på å skrive en hel filmens store fordel, slik han ser det. et kamera og premiumtilbudet deres. rull med data, forklarer Simen Fjell Olsen, pro- – På et magnetbånd kan du ikke umiddelbart se en computer Piql ønsket å tilby en digital duction manager i Piql. hva slags informasjon som ligger på det, men vårt for å lese av datalagring på et sikkert, robust, Når filmen deretter fremkalles, blir informasjo- konsept gjør dette synlig med et forstørrelsesglass. materialet.» migrasjonsfritt og varig medium, nen permanent og synlig og kan spilles av optisk Han tar frem en piqlfilmremse og peker: hvor materialet ikke kunne slettes, med en annen, langt enklere maskin. Den tekniske – Her har du et bilde av Beethoven. Der er notene Rune Bjerkestrand i Piql hackes eller manipuleres fra ut- beskrivelsen av avspilleren følger med filmrullene. til «Für Elise». Og der ligger musikkfilen. Visuelle siden. Løsningen
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