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Une Comparaison Entre Les Alpes Et L'arctique

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Une Comparaison Entre Les Alpes Et L'arctique UNE COMPARAISON ENTRE LES ALPES ET L’ARCTIQUE Mission Arctique au Svalbard (Spitzberg) du 2 au 15 Juin 2018 par C. Boiteau Avec nos élèves de 5ème nous étudions le glacier des Bossons sur Chamonix depuis 2003. Notre dernière sortie en mai 2018 nous a montré que: Les Alpes ont subi une augmentation des températures de + 1,5 °C, en 30 ans, tandis qu’en plaine on est à + 1 °C. Mais au Nord, au Groenland cela fait + 3°C d’augmentation en 30 ans et même + 4°C au Svalbard (île norvégienne par 79 ° N). Pourquoi l’augmentation de température est plus importante dans les hautes latitudes, et en en altitude ? Quel est l’impact sur les glaciers, les réserves en eau ? Et sur le relief ? Quel est l’impact sur le monde vivant ? (sur les espèces animales et végétales ? Leurs interactions entre elles ? Et chez les humains ?). Voici quelques problématiques que nous allons tenter de résoudre en 15 jours. Je vous propose de communiquer ensemble via une adresse mail: [email protected] (pole sans « s ») Vous pourrez ainsi y laisser vos questions, et je tenterai d’en apporter des preuves à vos interrogation (si la communication satellite passe bien. On n’a pas la 4G là-haut) EVOLUTION DE NOS GLACIERS ALPINS La vallée de l’Arve il y a 20 000 ans environ. La vallée de l’Arve il y a 10 000 ans environ. Glacier des Bossons 18 octobre 2017 Avec les restes d’un moteur du Kangchenjunga, avion indien disparu le 24 janvier Glacier des Bossons 19 avril 2018 1966 à 4750 m d’altitude, rejeté après 50 ans. Distance parcourue d’environ 140 m par an. Le glacier avance d’au moins 1 m par jour l’été. Au dessus, sur le plateau des Pyramide le glacier est transformé en un vrai gruyère, avec des moulins , des galeries de fonte et il perd en épaisseur. Décollé de son socle rocheux il dépose des moraines (blocs anguleux) . Glacier des Bossons en Avril 2003 Erosion des bordures Glacier des Bossons en Octobre 2017 Développement de la végétation (Mélèze au premier plan, et après le retrait du glacier Mélèzes de taille < 1 m) En octobre 2017 Depuis 2003 Depuis 2003 On constate un recul au sol de plus de 500 m en moins de 15 ans. Evolution du glacier des Bossons, années après années entre 2003 et 2011 2 années de recul important: en 2006 et 2010, le reste du temps le glacier diminue en épaisseur Comparaison température à Chamonix http://www.linternaute.com/voyage/climat/chamonix-mont-blanc/ville-74056/2017-2010 En 2015, états du glacier des Bossons et glacier de Taconnaz Couloir d’avalanche Aménagements AU DELA DU CERCLE POALIRE, EN ARCTIQUE En mars 2018, l’étendue de la banquise est presque normale. Mais le Svalbard est déjà dégagé sur sa côté Ouest (du Nord au Sud) par rapport à la moyenne climatique de 1981 à 2010. Svalbard Svalbard On constate qu’en moyenne la surface de banquise (sea ice) arctique diminue régulièrement depuis 1979. SVALBARD (Spitzberg) Atterrissage à Tromso. Puis le trajet va s’effectuer par bateau dont voici les différentes zones d’étude entre le Svalbard et la côte norvégienne. Retour par le Port d’Hambourg. La Norvège a dédié le SVALBARD à la recherche polaire, dans son immense parc naturel. Cela devient une terre d’accueil: - pour les scientifiques (dont la création de la base Franco-Allemande en 2003) - pour stocker les graines du monde entier AU SVLABARD, UNE BASE FRANCO-ALLEMANDE AWIPEV Institut Alfred Wegener et Polaire Paul-Emile Victor http://www.institut-polaire.fr/ipev/infrastructures/les-bases/arctique/ Réserve mondiale de semences du Svalbard La Réserve mondiale de semences du Svalbard (en norvégien Svalbard globale frøhvelv, en anglais Svalbard Global Seed Vault et littéralement Chambre forte mondiale de graines du Sval- bard), est une chambre forte souterraine sur l'île norvégienne du Spitzberg destinée à conser- ver dans un lieu sécurisé des graines de toutes les cultures vivrières de la planète et ainsi de préserver la diversité génétique. La première pierre a été posée le 19 juin 2006 en présence des premiers ministres de Norvège, Suède, Finlande, Danemark et d’Islande L'inauguration officielle a eu lieu le 26 février 2008. Le 27 mars 2017, un deuxième bunker a été construit sur l'île de Spitzberg destiné à protéger des données telles que des textes, photos ou vidéos : l’Arctic World Archive. En mai 2017, la chambre forte a été inondée, le permafrost ayant fondu sous l’effet du réchauffement climatique, sans pour autant endommager les réserves de graines. Un stockage des graines du monde entier dans le permafrost (sol gelé en permanence), sauf qu’il y a eu des inondations en mai 2017… Pourquoi ? L’intérêt est de préserver la biodiversité mondiale en cas de catastrophe. Température Longyearbyen (Spitzberg): https://www.wunderground.com/weather/no/longyearbyen Prévision Sur 10 jours https://www.wunderground.com/forecast/no/longyearbyen?cm_ven=localwx_10day On constate des pics de températures positives en janvier et février 2018. Moyenne météo Svalbard NORWAY Longyearbyen: https://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Svalbard/Longyearbyen/statistics.html Comparaison température à Chamonix http://www.linternaute.com/voyage/climat/chamonix-mont-blanc/ville-74056/2017-2010 ETUDE DES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES AU NIVEAU MONDIAL Changement climatique https://global-climat.com/category/climat/ Peut-on envisager un refroidissement de notre planète Terre actuellement ? Explications du changement climatique https://global-climat.com/effet-de-serre-et-rechauffement-climatique/ Les variations du rayonnement solaire peuvent être la cause de l’augmentation des températures ? AIDE: comparez les moyennes de 2005 à 2010 par rapport à la courbe des températures sur la page précé- dente depuis 1980 au moins. .
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