r r PRELIMINARY REPORT OF BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION VAL DINA FARMS SINKHOLE ' MEDINA CO. , TEXAS
r~·. r by r. Glenn Longley ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES r OF SAN MARCOS r SAN MARCOS, TEXAS 78666
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r,:.·_ November 21, 1977 . ri For EDWARDS UNDERGROUND WATER DISTRICT 2603 Tower Life Building San Antonio, Texas 78205
r r r r r ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank those members of my support team for their consider r able effort in my behalf. They include Mr. Jack Ralph, Mr. John Chelf, r Mr. Dale Pate and Miss Marcia Cossey. I would also like to thank Mr. Dick Reeves of the u.s.G.S. for his untiring support and assistance. r Mr. Harlan Wolff of Hondo was also very kind in making arrangements with Mr. Woodward and helping at the site. The ranch foreman, Mr. r Colvin and his assistants at Valdina Farms were especially kind about r informing me that my wife had gone to the hospital for our first boy. Mr. Woodward is to be thanked for allowing us to enter the cave. This r indicates his support of scientific studies. Finally, the Edwards r Underground Water District should be commended for their efforts in behalf of the Edwards Aquifer. r r r i.... r rL -- r r r r INTRODUCTION Valdina Farms Sinkhole occurs on the recharge zone of the Edwards r Aquifer in Northwest Medina County. The cave is located 0.4 mile east r of Seco Valley Road at a point 2 miles north of the entrance to Valdina Farms. Valdina Farms is owned by Mr. Robert Woodward. The Sinkhole is r located near an un-named branch of Seco Creek where it enters the Seco Creek. r Geologists of the u.s. Geological Survey have observed large quanti r ties of water entering the sinkhole during floods. The Edwards Under ground Water District proposes to construct a dam on Seco Creek with a r diversion channel that would direct additional water into Valdina Farms Sinkhole. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that the proposed con r struction would add an average of 1400 acre feet of water to the aquifer r each year. This flow would otherwise leave the recharge zone. The diversion channel is to be constructed in a manner such that boulders, r large rocks and other large debris will not enter the cave. The entrance to the diversion canal will be several feet off the bottom of Seco Creek, r and the channel will have a large bar screen on it. This arrangement r will keep large rocks and trees out of the sinkhole. This will effec- r tively prevent the cave from being clogged with debris. r r r 1 r r r r BACKGROUND r An excellent description of the cave occurs in the publication, "The Caves of Medina County" prepared by· the Texas Speleological Survey r (Reddell, 1967). References to 80 publications that include discussions r of cave biology in Medina County are included in a list taken from Reddell, 1968 (Appendix I). I have prepared a list of references to the genus r Eurycea in Texas (Appendix II). These references are to the most impor tant papers on the cave and spring dwelling salamanders in Texas. I r have also obtained a list of references prepared by Samuel s. Sweet which r include more references to Texas cave salamanders (Appendix III). I have reviewed a manuscript by Samuel S. Sweet that discusses the relationships r between surface dwelling and cave dwelling populations of the salamanders of the genus Eurycea along the Balcones Escarpment in Texas. Mr. Sweet r has concluded from his studies that Eurvcea troglodvtes Baker, 1957 (Valdina r Farms Sinkhole Salamander) is a hybrid swarm and thus an invalid taxon which should be placed in synonymy with Eurycea neotenes Bishop and Wright, r 1937 [part] (surface dwelling salamander found in many springs on Edwards Plateau) and Eurycea tr.identifera Mitchell and Reddell, 1965 LPartl (a form r found in Honey Creek Cave, Comal County, Texas) (Sweet, 1977). r I have reviewed many of the papers and reports that discuss Valdina Farms Sinkhole and have also read as many as possible that discuss the cave r biota. I have been working directly with the subterranean aquatic fauna r 2 r r r of the Edwards Aquifer since 1973. During the last year I have published three papers that describe new species from the Edwards Aquifer. I am in r the process of writing several other papers at the present time which will r describe new species and discuss the ecology of the Edwards Aquifer in much detail. I have been requested to present papers at the Second In r ternational Groundwater Symposium to be held in Roanoke, Virginia, next September. I spent a week at the U.S. National Museum, Smithsonian Insti r tution in Washington, D.C. consulting with researchers there on various r groups of organisms that occur in the Edwards Aquifer. My overall goal is to eventually get a very good picture of the relationships of all the r organisms inhabiting the aquifer and their population ecology. My studies have indicated that this aquifer has the greatest diversity of subterranean r fauna of any aquifer in the world. This view was first proposed by scien r tists at the U.S. National Museum after seeing the diversity of organisms in my collections. r I feel that because of my experience working with the aquifer con tinuously I can speak with some authority about what effect a proposal r such as the one by the EUWD would have on the aquifer in the area of 0 r Valdina Sinkhole. In February of this year I submitted a report to the U.S. Fish and r Wildlife Service, Office of Endangered Species on the status of Eurycea rathbuni, the Texas Blind Salamander. This report is being published by r the Fish and Wildlife Service in their Endangered Species Series (Longley, r 1977). I also currently am under contract with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to prepare a report for them on the two species of blind catfish r occurring in the Edwards Aquifer in Bexar County. r On November 11, 1977, at the request of the Edwards Underground Water r 3 r r District (EUWD) I travelled to Valdina Farms Sinkhole. At approximately 7:30 p.m. we met Mr. Harlan Wolff at his business in Hondo, Texas. Mr. r Wolff and Mr. Richard D. Reeves, Hydrologist, u.s.G.S. directed us to the r Valdina Farms. We met the ranch foreman, Mr. Colvin and proceeded to the cave entrance, arriving at approximately 9:30 p.m. where we examined the r entrance and made camp. No activity by bats was noted. As a support team I had the following persons: Mr. Jack Ralph, my r graduate student in Aquatic Biology at Southwest Texas State University; r Mr. John Chelf, experienced vertical caver and President of the SWTSU caving Club; Mr. Dale Pate, experienced vertical caver and employee of r the U.S.G.S. Water Resources Division in Austin, and Miss l1aria Cossey, r experienced vertical caver and biology student at SWTSU. r r r
~ rL r r r r r 4 r r r r DISCUSSION r On Saturday, November 12, 1977, we entered the sinkhole. This was r done after preparing two special caving ropes for the descent by rappel. At approximately 8:30 a.m. Mr. Floyd Potter, Texas Parks and Wildlife r arrived with the following individuals: (name misplaced), Head-Non-Game (=Endangered Species Section), Texas Parks and Wildlife; Bruce A. Moulton, r Environmental Division, Texas Department of Water Resources (formerly r Texas Water Development Board) and Bob (last name missing), graduate student of Dr. Clark Hubbs at the University of Texas, Austin (representing r the Sierra Club) - primary training Icthyology. Mr. Potter provided a truck with a winch having a steel cable for the descent of his group. Mr. r Potter did not enter the sinkhole. r Everyone entered the entrance pits before 11 a.m. Equipment was lowered to the floor of the entrance pit. This included plankton nets, r hand screen, and large curcular net, water sample jars, lighting, rubber 2-man raft, specimen jars, etc. When all equipment was at the bottom we r proceeded down the east passage to the pool of water having some quano in r it (Pool "A") shown in Figure 1. The first water samples were taken from this pool before it was disturbed. A small catfish, Ictalurus natalis r (yellow bullhead) was observed in this pool. The fish was estimated to be 2 inches long and since eyes were present there was little doubt but r that it was washed in from the surface during rains. Material for biologi r cal examination was collected from this pool. Since the water was appar ently too deep to cross without swimming I decided to explore the remaining r 5 r r r western passages before attempting the crossing of the pool. When one stands at the brink of the pool, the end cannot be seen due to a curve in r the passage. r We walked back toward the base of the entrance pit and numerous cave crickets {prob. Ceuthophilus cunicularis) were noticed on the walls and r floor of the east passage. Small gnats were attracted to our lights. When we reached the base of the entrance pit, we entered the west passage. r One rather slick descent occurs at approximately 360' to the west of the r entrance pit. This was rigged with a nylon rope for use in lowering equipment and serving as a handline. We continued on until a long pool r was encountered (Pool "B"). Before taking samples for water chemistry we observed another catfish (yellow bullhead) probably 5-6" long. I led r the group down this water passage observing every portion in front of me r before disturbing it. This pool was one that Samuel S. Sweet has been most successful in collecting the salamanders, Eurycea troglodvtes. No r salamanders were seen. The pool reached depths of approximately 5~ feet, and we had to hold gear above our heads to keep it from being completely r soaked. In this passage there were some stalactites up to 3 feet long. r As we waded through this passage we could hear running water and as we arrived at the end of the pool we were at the intersection of a passage r running at approximately a 90° angle to the passage we had just left. A small gravel bar was present at the end of the pool in this area and a r small stream of water runs from the gravel at this point forming a small r riffle. This riffle area had been indicated as a particularly good col lecting site by Mr. Potter. He had indicated that the salamanders could r be found in the gravel. Some time was spent at this area searching through r the gravel for organisms of any kind. None were found. From this point r 7 r r we continued down the passage which turned to the southwest. More water passage (Pool "C") was encountered, and no salamanders were seen. At the r end of this water passage another riffle area was encountered. The gravel of this riffle was also carefully searched for organisms, and none were r found. From this point we climbed up a narrow opening into a large room r with sloping floors. One could observe water through the rubble on the floor at the base of a pit. One small member of my support team, Mr. John r Chelf, crawled through a very narrow opening that led to this water (Pool r "D'') • He reported that the water apparently continued in passage to the southwest. No organisms were seen in this pool. We retraced our movements r to the intersection where we continued to the northeast. The passage be came very low and narrow (tubelike), and the bottom was covered with 5-6 r inches of fine clay mud. After approximately 180 feet of crawling on hands r and knees and stooping we reached more of this type passage at a slightly lower level. It contained water (Pool "E'') with thick mud on the bottom r of the pool. We crawled through this for about 80 feet reaching a room with space to stand up, but having very thick, deep mud on the floor. It r was almost impossible to walk or crawl through this area. Passage continued r in two directions from this point. One continued up and to the right into rooms with no apparent other exits. The other continued up a very slick, r mud covered, steep incline to the left. At the top of this incline one had to drop down a steep slope at the base of which was a small tube with r deep mud on the bottom. This tube continued downward to a small pit. From r this pit a steep mud covered slope was encountered. When the crest of the slope was reached the other side was a very deep pit that would require r ropes to traverse. Apparently this was as far as this cave has been pene r trated. No evidence was present for activity beyond this point. In the 8 r r r last room before the deep pit there were numerous stalactite and soda straw formations. The chore of returning up the muddy incline from this room was r difficult. At this point nothing in our packs was dry, and we were covered with thick mud from head to toe. We returned to the intersection where we r sat in the pool (Pool "B") and made an attempt to remove enough mud from
~ l ourselves and our equipment so that we could continue. We returned through the west passage to the base of the entrance pit. Since night was near, we r decided to leave the equipment in the cave and return the next day to cross r the deep water in the east passage. We climbed out on ropes and the other group were pulled out using the winch and parachute harness. I would like
F to point out that this is not a recommended method for leaving the cave L since the hook at the end of the cable tends to get caught at the rock r lips. Several potential problems exist with the winch: 1) The cable may r catch in crack and pull hook off end, 2) It may catch on a rock and pull the rock loose, and 3) there is too little control by person on the cable. r During the entire time in the cave few signs of recent activity by bats were noted. A few very small piles, <1 foot in diameter, of quano r were noted that appeared to be of fairly recent origin. No very large ac- r cumulations of quano were noted. Most of the large deposits in the cave appeared to be mud. It is possible that below the mud were some older de r posits of quano. No bats were noted in the cave. No sign of activity froa the past summer was noted unless the very small piles of quano were from r then. A few old bat skeletons were found but were in very poor condition. r In the evening of November 12th no bats were seen leaving the cave. We camped a second night next to the entrance. Floyd Potter and his group left r the sinkhole before dark Saturday evening. r The morning of November the 13th we entered the cave a second time. We r 9 r r spent much time at the base of the pit looking for biological specimens. A listing of the organisms found in the cave appears in Table 1. We pumped r up the 2-man raft and carried it to Pool "A" in the east passage. I crossed the approximately 30 yards of water passage first, and the others pulled r the raft back and Mr. Ralph and Miss Cossey also crossed the water in the r raft. We then walked another approximately 135 feet and came to Pool "F" which filled the passageway as the passage sloped downward to the east. r An approximately 7 inch yellow bullhead catfish (Ictalurus natalis) was noted in this pool. The pool did not have bat quano in it. No salamanders r were seen in this pool. No other organisms were found in this pool. No r bats were seen the second day of exploration. In the passage between the two pools there are two roof passages that appear on the map (Figure 1) r as domes. These are not domes, but passages in which no end could be seen. Special climbing equipment would be necessary to enter these since they go r almost straight up. It is very possible that these connect with the bed r of Seco Creek which is located just east of the entrance to the cave. We returned to the base of the pit and removed the equipment and climbed out. r By the time we had everyone and everything out of the cave it was late afternoon. r The cave was extremely muddy and most rooms had been flooded at least r 3/4ths of the way to the ceiling. It appears that water has stood in most parts of the cave at much higher levels in the not too distant past due to r the amount of silt accumulation on all walls and floors with any surface exposed upward. r We also were shown another fissure (pit entrance) near the bed of Seco r Creek about 1/4 mile upstream by Mr. Harlan Wolff who had done the survey r for the project. It is very possible that this cave connects with Valdina 10 r r
rL Table 1. List of organisms reported from Valdina Sinkhole. r From Previous Reports This Report Mollusca (snails) Mollusca (snails) Physa sp. Physa sp. r Arthropoda Unidentified sp. Ostracods Candona sp. r,_ Copepods Macrocyclops albidus Paracyclops fimbriatus poppei r Isopods Asellus sp. Protichoniscus reddelli Millipeds r Gosiulus conformatus Centipedes Unidentified r Arachnida (spiders) Arachnida (spiders) Achaearanea porteri 3 or 4 species Cicurina sp. unidentified r Circurina varians Nesticus pallidus Opilionids Hoplobunus sp. r Pseudoscorpions Tejachernes sp. Mites r Unidentified Thysanura Nicoletia texensis r Orthoptera Ceuthophilus cunicularis Hemiptera Galgupha sp. r Diptera Gnats (unidentified) Collembola (springtails) r Two species unidentified Coleoptera (Beetles) Coleoptera (Beetles) Rhadine howdeni 1 species unidentified r Histeridae - Unidentified Notomicrus sp. Annelida Hamotus sp. 1 species unidentified Urodeles (salamanders) r Eurycea troglodytes Anurans (frogs and toads) Anurans (frogs and toads) Gastrophryne olivacea Gastrophryne olivacea r !!a! pipiens (misidentified prob.) ~ berlandieri Mammals Hyla versicolor Chiroptera Bufo valliceps r Mormoops megalophylla megalophylla Myotis veli£er incautus r Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana r r Farms Sinkhole. Some figures which are useful in evaluating this project are placed r in Appendix IV. r r r r r r r r r r r r r r [ 11 l r r r r CONCLUSIONS In general, it is my determination that the proposed project will not r adversely effect the salamander in the cave. Terrestrial organisms in the r cave will be effected more than any other group. The aquatic fauna, in cluding salamanders, Eurycea troglodytes, isopods and other forms will r probably benefit from the increased input of organic matter into the cave by flooding. It seems likely that most of the bat populations have been r gone from the cave for some time, thereby eliminating their associated in r put of energy in the form of quano. I do not feel that the salamanders have left the system, but instead may have retreated into other areas r where more organic matter exists. Organic matter in any form, so long as it is non-toxic, will actually stimulate the amount of life in a subter r ranean system. If the EUWD will control the entrance of large debris into r the system, as they have indicated, the cave will not clog up. It is pos sible that some new passage will open when some of the mud is washed out r of the system. Leaves and small drift will furnish more organic matter for the increase of energy flow in the system. r It has been my experience while studying other parts of the aquifer r to find that organisms are generally not restricted to one cave, but in stead are found in several caves in a particular area. The argument that r certain of these forms are not found in other areas is based only on those known accessible caves in the general area. Many other caves may exist in r the area that have not been discovered (example - the cave 1/4 mile upstream r 12 r r r in Seco Creek discovered during surveying). It is obvious to those of us that are familiar with the hydrology of r the aquifer that recharge enhancement is a necessarJ procedure to help meet the ever increasing demands on the aquifer. Estimates of water use by the r year 2020 show that the estimated use will exceed by greater than 30% the r present average recharge (Longley, 1975). The loss of head in the aquifer to levels below spring openings at New Braunfels and San Marcos would have r a far greater detrimental effect on biota than would the recharge into Valdina Farms Sinkhole. For example, in the San Marcos River there are r two endangered species of fish, one salamander and several invertebrates. r If the spring flow stops these forms will become extinct in all but man made refugiums. The main thing that would endanger these species is loss r of spring flow. Another argument that has been made is that the flooding will cause r collapse of unstable parts of the cave. I did not note any particularly r unstable appearing parts of the cave in the area near the entrance pit which would collapse under the effect of increased inflow. Any collapse r that would occur should not plug the very large passages near the pit r entrance. Areas away from the entrance will have the flow stabilized by the morphology of the cave. I do not foresee a torrent raging through the r cave after the water level rises in response to the first water entering. There is very little chance of the cave completely flooding to the ceiling r of all rooms due to the enormous size of many passages. I would recommend that (if this project is allowed to proceed as it r should be) a follow up study of this cave be made after flood waters from r Seco Creek have entered the cave. This would allow biologists to view the effects of such a modification so that recommendations can be made for future r projects of a similar type. r 13 r r r r 8m!MARY In summary, the following main conclusions have been derived from r this study: r 1) The project will not cause the extinction of Eurycea troglodytes (Valdina Farms Salamander). r 2) There is considerable doubt that the salamander is a distinct species, but instead is a form of Eurycea neotenes (Edwards r Plateau Spring Salamander) • r 3) The cave will not plug up as a result of the proposed project. 4) The additional recharge that will include some non-toxic r organic matter will stimulate the subterranean ecosystem. 5) The recharge will be of considerable benefit to the aquifer r which is having ever increasing demands placed on it by pumping. r 6) This will likely benefit organisms in springs fed by the aquifer due to prolonged flow. r 7) This site is one of the best possible choices for additional recharge due to the low population density in the watershed r above the site. Due to its location this area will not be r heavily populated in the foreseeable future. 8) Any risk to terrestrial forms in the cave is far outweighed by r the benefits to organisms in other areas (this includes man). 9) Pesticide use in the area above the watershed should be maintained r at present levels which apparently are minimal. r 10) Persons involved in the evaluation of this project should look at 14 r / r r the overall benefits and weigh them against the potential costs r environmentally. r r r l r r r r r r r r r r r
r 15 ~ r r r r BIBLIOGRAPHY Hammond, W. 1977. Memorandum report to the Edwards Underground Water r District on the Valdina Farms Cave. 7 pp. Longley, G. 1975. Environmental assessment Upper San Marcos River Water shed. Contract No. Ag-48-SCS 02156. Soil Conservation Service. r 367 pp. Longley, G. 1977. Status of Typhlomolge (=Eurycea) rathbuni, the Texas Blind Salamander. Contract No. 14-16-0002-3727. U.S. Fish and Wild r life Service. 76 pp.
Reddell, J. 1967. The Caves of Medina County- Texas Speleological Survey. r Texas Speleological Association. 3(1):58 pp.
Reddell, J. 1968. A bibliographic guide to Texas Speleology - Texas r Speleological Survey. Texas Speleological Association. 3(3):173 pp. r Sweet, S. 1977. Personal communication. r r r r r r r r r 16 M .L'
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APPENDIX I l :~
j [1I r References to Cave Biology r Medina County, Texas r Anonymous. 1948. "Audubon Camp in cave country. 11 Bull. Natl. Speleol. Soc., 10:124. r Augustson, G.F., and L.C. Ryan. 1948. "The flea genus Rhyncopsyllus in the United States (Siphonaptera: Hectopsyllidae). 11 Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci., 47(3):111-112. r Baker, J.K. 1957. 11 Biological notes." Texas Caver, 2(1):3. Reprinted in: Speleo Digest, 1957{2):13. Pittsburgh Grotto Press, 1958. r -----· 1957. "Eurycea troglodvtes: a new blind ca.ve salamander from Texas." Texas J. Sci., 9{3) :328-.336. r -----· 1961. "Distribution of and key to the neotenic Eurycea of Texas." Southwestern Nat., 6{1):27-32.
-----· 1961. ~about bats? Carlsbad, New Mexico: Carlsbad r Caverns Natural History Association, 55 pp.
-----· 1962. "The manner a.nd efficiency of raptor depredations on r bats." Condor, 64 (4) :.326. -----· 1966. ":furvcea troglc::ivtes • 11 Catalosue of American Amphibians r and Reptiles, p. 2.3. B'irber, H.G. 194].. 11 Description of a new bat bug (Hemiptera-Herteropter~: r Cimicidae)." J. Washington Acad. Sci., .31(7}:.315-.317. Blair, W.F., A.P. Blair, P. B~cdkorb, F.R. Cagle, and G.A. Moore. 1957. r Vertebrates of the United States. New York:McGraw-Hill Book Co. _____ , A.P. Blair, P. Brodkorb, F.R. Cagle, and G.A. Moore. 1968. r Vertebrates of the United States. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. Bogart, J.P. 1967. Life history and chromosomes of~ of tl::.e neotenic sal~~anders of the E4war~s Plateau. M.A. Thesis. Austin: University of r Texas. vii + 79 pp. Burt, W.H., and R.P. Grossenheider. 1964. ! field ~ruide to the mammals. r New York: Houghton-Mifflin Co. 2nd ed. xxiii + 284 pp. Byers, B. 1960. "Texas cave bats potentially world's largest rabies reser r voiro11 Houston Chronicle, Sept. 31, 1960. Cagle, F .R. 1950. 11 A Texas colony of bats, Tadarida mexic.s.na." J. }lammal., r .31 (4) :400-402. Campbell, C.A.R. 1925. B~ts, mosauitoes and dollars. Boston: Stratford Co. r r r 2 Cockrwn, E.L. 1955. "Reproduction in North American bats." Trans. Kansas r Acad. Sci., 58:487-511. Conant, Roger. 1958. A field g~ide to rentiles and amphibians of the United States and Canada east of the lOOth meridian. Boston: Houghton r Hifflin Co. XV + 366 pp. Constantine, D.G. 1948. "Great b1.t colonies attract predators." Bull. r Natl. Spe1eol. Soc., 10:100. ------· 1957. "Color V:iri1tion and molt in Tadari<'la brasiliensis and r Myotis velifer." J. Mammal., 38(4):461-466. 1958. "Bleaching of hair pigment in bats by the atmosphere in r caves. 11 J. Mammal., 39(4) :513-520. -----• 1958. "Color variation and molt in Mormoops .twlegalophylla. 11 r J. Mammal., 39(3):344-347. Cooley, R.A., and G.M. Kohls. 19L;J.. "Three new species of Ornithodoros (Ararina: Ixodoidaa). 11 Public Health Repts., 56(12):587-594.
_____ , and G.M. Kohls. 1944. 11 The Argasidae of North America, Central America, and Cuba." Amer. Midl. Nat. Monogr. 1. 152 pp. r Curtis, Lawrence. 1951. "Physiographic influences of the Edwards Plateau on its endemic amphibian fauna--a r~sum~." Field and Lab., 19(3):119-124. r Davis, R.B., C.F. Herreid II, and H.L. Short. 1962. "Mexican free-tailed bats in Texas. 11 Ecol. Nonogr., 32 (4) :311-346. Davis, W.B., and D.C. Carter. 1962. "Notes on Central American bats with r description of a new subspecies of Mormooos." Southwestern Nat., 7{1):64-74. r Eads, R.B. 1956. "Bats." Texas Game and Fish, 14(1):8-9, 28-29. _____, G.C. l"lenzies, a."ld B.G. Hightower. 1956. "The ticks of Texas, with notes on their medical significance." Texas J. Sci., 8{1):7-24. r 11 ~~~--' G.C. Menzies, and J .s. Wiseman. 1956. New locality records r for Texas bats." J. Mammal., 37(3):440. -~---' J.S. Wiseman, J.E. Grimes, and G.C. Menzies. 1955. "Wildlife rabies in Texas. 11 Public Health Repts., 70(10):995-1000. r ______, J .s . Wiseman, a.."ld G. C. Men des • 195 5. "Banding Mexican free tailed bats." J. Mammal., 36(1):120-121. r - ...... ---' J .s. Wiseman, and G.C. Men;des. 1957. "Observation concerning the Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida mexicana, in Texas." Texas J. Sci., 9(2) :227-242. r Glass, B.P. 1959. "Additional :-eturns from free-tailed bats banded in r Oklahoma." J. Mammal., 40(4):;42-545. r 3
Goodnight, C.J., and M.L. Goodnight. 1957. 11 0pilionids from Texas caves (Opiliones, Phalangodidae)." Amer • .Mus. Nov., 1188:1-18. Hall, E.R., and K.R. Kelson. 1959. The mammals of North America. New York: Ronald Press Co. 2 vols.
Herreid, C.F., II. 1962. "Snakes as predators of bats." Herpetologica, 17(4):271-272.
______, and R.B. Davis. 1960. 11 Frequency and placement of white fur on free-tailed bats .n J. Mammal., 41 (1) :117-119. _____, and R.B. Davis. 1962. "Revision of North American salamanders of the genus Plethodon. 11 Bull. Florida State Mus. Bull., Biol. Sci., 6 (3) :235-267. Irons, J.V. 1955. "A study of bats as possible reservoirs of the rabies virus." First Annual Progress Report of the National Institutes of Health r Research, Grant E 758(c). _____ , R.B. Ea.ds, T. Sulliv:m, and J.E. Grimes. 1954. "The current r status of rabies in Texas. 11 Texas Repts. Biol. Med., 12{3):489-499. Jameson, D.K. 1956. ! survey of five species of bats and their parasites. r M.S. Thesis. Lubbock: Texas Technological College. 42 pp. -----· 1959. 11 A survey of the parasites of five species of bats. 11 Southwestern Nat., 4(2):61-65. r 11 Kohls, G.M., and W.L. Jellison. 1948. £ctoparasites and other arthropods occuring in Texas bat caves. 11 Bull. Natl. Speleol. Soc., .10:116-117. rl La Val, R.K. 1965. "Morphological adaptations in trog1obitic and trogloxenic salamanders with respect to the hypogea:n environment." Petroglyph, 5(2):9-16. Reprinted in: Speleo Digest, 1965(2):88-97. Vienna, Virginia: Speleo Digest r Press, 1967. -----· 1965. "Addendum to Morphological adaptqtions in troglobitic r and trogloxinic salamanders with respect to t.he hypogean envirorunen t. 11 Petroglyph, 5(3):21-22. ReprLited in: Speleo Digest, 196;(2):98-99. Vienna, Virginia: Speleo Digest Press, 1967. r Maguire, Bassett, Jr. 1960. 11 Lethal effect of visible light on caver nicolous ostracods." Science, 132:226-227. r -----· 1961. "Regressive evolution in cave animals and its mechanism." Texas J. Sci., 13(3):363-370.
Miller, G.s., and R. Kellogg. 1955. "List of North American recent mammals. 11 r United States Nat1. Mus. Bull., 205.
Milstead, W.W., and D.W. Tinkle. 1959. 11Seasona1 occurrence and abundance of r bats (Chroptera) in northwestern Texas." Southwestern Nat., 4(3):134-142. r r r 4 Mitchell, R.W., and J.R. Reddell. 1965. "Eurycea tridentifera, a new species of troglobitic salamander from Texas and a reclassification of Typhlomolge r r'lthbuni. 11 Texas J. Sci., 17(1):12-27.
Mohr, C.E. 1948. 11 How fast do bats fly?" Bull. Natl. Speleol. Soc., r 10:102-105. Nicholas, Bro. G. 1960. 11 Checklist of macroscopic troglobitic organisms r of the United States. 11 Amer. ~.idl. Nat., 64(1):123-160. Quist, K.D., R.B. Eads, and A. Conklin. 1957. 11Studies on bat rabies in r Texas. 11 J. Amer. Vet. l4ed. Assoc., 130 (2) :66-68. Raun, G.G. 1960. "A mass die-off of the Mexican brown bat, ~'tyotis velifer, r in Texas." Southwestern Nat., 5(2):104. _____ , and J .K. Baker. 1958. "Some observations of Texas cave bats. 11 r Southwestern Nat., 3:102-106. Reddell, J.R. 1965. "Cave beetles of the genus Rhadine." Texas Caver, 10(3):48-50, 53. Reprinted in: Speleo Digest, 1965{2):103-105. Vienna, r VirgL,ia: Speleo Digest Press, 1967. ---~:--· 1965. "A checklist of the cave fauna of Texas. I. The Inver r. tebrata (exclusive of Insecta) • 11 Texas J. Sci., 17(2) :143-187 • -----· 1966. "A checklist of the cave fau."la of Texas. II. Insecta." Texas J. Sci., 18(1):25-;6. r 11 11 --.-----· 1966. The cave-associated salamanders of Texas. Texas Ca"Ter, 11(12):147-149, 161. r • 1967. "A checklist of the cave fauna of Texas. III. Verte------brata. 11 Texas J. Sci., 19(2) :184-226. r Ross, Anthony. 1960. 11Distribution records for Trichobius sohaeronotus Jobling, with a first report for Arhona (Diptara: Streblidae). 11 Pan Pacific Entomol., 36(2):81-82. r 11 Ryckman, R.E. 1956. Parasitic and some nonparasitic arthropods from bat caves in Texas an:l Nexico." Amer. Midl. Nat., 56(1):186-190. r Sailer, R.I. 1950. "The second record for Primicimex Cavernis Barber." Proc. Entomo1. Soc. Washington, 52(6):308. r Short, H.L., R.B. Davis, and C.F. Herreid II. 1960. "Movements of the Mexican free-tailed bats in Texas • 11 Southwestern Nat., 5 (4) :208-216. r Sprunt, .Uexander, Jr. 1950. "Hawk predation at the ba.t caves of Texas." Texas J. Sci., 2(4):463-470. r -...,..-.,~--· 1951. "Aerial feeding of duck ba•.rk, Falco 12.• anatum. 11 Auk, r 43(3) :372-373. r r 5 Stager, K.E. 1941. "A group of bat-eating duck hawks." Condor, r 43 (3) :137-139. -----· 1942. "A new free-tailed bat from Texas." Bull. Southern r Califor~ia Acad. Sci., 41(1):49-50. -----· 1948. "Falcons prey on Ney Cave bats. 11 Bull. Natl. Speleol. r Soc., 10:97-99. Steeves, H.R., III. 1968. "Three new species of troglobitic asellids from Texas.rr Amer. Midl. Nat., 79(1) :18.3-188. r Syers, Ed. 1962. "Bombers in a cave." Austin American-Statesman, Feb. 11, 1962. r Twente, J .lof., Jr. 1956. "Ecological observations on a colony of Tadarida mexicana." J. Mammal., 37(1) :42-47. r Ueshima, Norihiro. 1966. "Cytology and cytogenetics." In: R.L. Usinger, Monograuh of Cimicidae (Hemiptera-Heteroutera). Thomas Say Foundation, 8:18.3-245. r ~----· 1968. "Cytology and bionomics of Primicimex cavernis Barber (Cimicidae: Hemiptera) • 11 Pan-Pacific Entomol., 44(2) :145-152. r Usinger, R.L. 1966. Monogr~nh of Ci~icidae (Hemiotera-Heterontera). Thomas Say Foundation, 8. xi + 585 pp. r Vandal, A. 1964. Biosp~ologie, la biologie des ani!'lla.UX cavernicoles. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 619 pp. • 1965. "Les Trichoniscidae cavernicoles (Isopoda. Terrestria; r -Cru_s_t-ac_e_a..,..) de 1 1 Am~rique du Nord. 11 Ann. Sp~l~ol. , 20 (3) :347-389.
Villa R., Bernardo. 1 1967. Los l•iurci~lagos de ~xi co. Ml!xico, D.F. : r Institute de Biologia, U• .N .A.}l. xvi + 491 PP• , and E.L. Cock:-um. 1962. "1-li.gration in the guano bat Tadarida r -b-ra-s-~-.1-i_e_n-sis mexicana (Saussure). 11 J. lv".a.mrna.l., 43(1):4.3-64. r r r r r r APPENDIX II
~ m r lr ; ~ r References to Eurycea r Baker, J. K. 1957. Eurycea troglodyte~: a new blind cave salamander from Texas. Tex. J. Sci. 9(3): 328-336. r Baker, J. K. 1961. Distribution of and key to the neotenic salamanders of Texas. Southwe~tern Nat. 6(1): 27-32. r Bishop, s. C. 1941. Notes on salamanders with descriptions of several new forms. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. , Uni v. of I·1ich. No. 451: pp 6-9. r Bishop, S. C. and W. R. Wright. 1937. A new neotenic salamander from Texas. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 50: 141-144. r Bogart, James P. 1967. Life history and chromosomes of some of the Neotenic salamanders of the Ed\vards Plateau. M. A. Thesis, r U. Tex. 79 p. Br~ndon, Ronald A. 1971. North American troglobitic salamanders: sorr,e aspects of modification in cave habitats, with special r reference to Gyrinophilus palleucus. Nat. Speol. Soc. Bull. 33 (1): 1-21.
Burger, W. L., Smith, H. M. and F. E. Potter. 1956. Another r neotenic Eurycea from the Edward's Platea~. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 63: 51-58. r Conrads, L. l4. 1969. Demography and ecology of the fern bank salamander, Eurycea pteriphilia. Southwest Texas State U~iv. r San Marcos, Tex • .Dundee, Harold A. 1957. Partial Hetamorphosis Induced in , Typhlomolge rathbuni. Copeia 1:52-53. [ Dowden, Dianna Lou. 1968. Population dynamics of the San Harcos Salamander, Eurycea ~· N. A. Thesis, Southt·Test Texas r State University, San Marcos, Texas. Eigenmann, Carl H. 1900. The eyes of the blind vertebrates of North America, II. The eyes of Typhlomolge rathbuni Stejneger. r Trans. Arner. Micros. Soc. 21:49-60. Eigenrnann·, Carl H. 1909. Cave·vertebrates of Amer~.ca. Car~egis r Institution. of Hashington·.· Emerson, Ellen Tucher. 1905. General Anatomy of Typhlomolge rathbuni. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History. 32(3) :42-76. Hamilton, Allen Lyle. 1973. Some taxonomic aspects of certain paedogenetic Eurycea of the Blanco River Drainage System in Hays and Blanco Counties, Texas. M. A. Thesis, Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos,"Texas. Hamilton-Smith, Elery. 1971. The classification of cavernicloes. r National Speleoligical Soc. Bulletin. 33(1) :63-66. r r 2 Herald, Earl s. 1952. Texas blind salamander in the aquarium. r Aquarium Journal 23(8) :149-152. Hilton, William A. 1945. The skeletons of typhlomolge and haideotriton. Journal of Entomology and Zoology 37(4): r 100-102. Junk, W. 1936. Animaliurn Cavernarum Catalogus. Band 1: Vorwort. Einleitung. Bibliographie. Verlag fur Naturwissenschaften r 's-Gravenhage 15. IX. 1936. p. 25-27, 81, 87, 90. Loeb, Jacques. 1915. The blindness of the cave fauna and the r artificial production of blind fish embryos by heterogenious hybridization and by low temperatures. Biol. Bull., Woods Hole, 29:50-67. Lundelius, Ernest and Bob H.. Slaughter, eds. 1971. Natural history of Texas Caves. Gulf Nat. Hist. Assoc. Dallas, Tex. r Milstead, William W. 1951. A new locality record for the Texas neotenic salamander, Eurycea latitans. Herpetologica. p. 57. r Mitchell, Robert W. 1969. A comparison of temperate and tropical cave communities. The Southwestern Naturalist 14(1) :73-88. ' r Mitchell, Robert W. and James R. Reddell. 1965. Eurycea tridenti fera, a. new species of troglobitic salamander from Texas and a reclassification of Typhlornolge rathbuni. Tex. J. Sci. r 17(1) :12-27. Moore, George A. and B. Chester Hughes. 1939. A new plethodontid r from Eastern Oklahoma. Amer. Midland Nat. 22(3) :696-699. Norman, w. w. Remarks on the San Harcos salamander, Typhlomolge r rathbuni Stejneger. Amer. Naturalist 34{399):179-183. Potter, Floyd E., Jr. 1963. Gross morphological variation in the genus Typhlomolge with description of a new species. M. A. r Thesis, U. Tex. 66 p. Poulson,· Thomas L. 1971. Biology of cave and deep sea organisms: r A comparison. Nat. Speleological Soc. Bulletin. 33(1) :51-61. Reddell, James R. 1967. A checklist of the cave fauna of Texas. r III. Vertebrata. Tex. J. of Sci. 19(2) :184-225. Smith, Hobart M. and Floyd E. Potter, Jr. 1946. A third neotenic salamander of the genus Eurycea from Texas. Herpetologica ·3(4) :105-109. Ulrich, carl J. 1902. A contribution to the subterranean fauna r of Texas. Trans. Amer. Microscop. Soc. 23:83-101. Uhlenhuth, Eduard. 1921. Observations on the distribution and habits of the blind Texan cave salamander, Typhlomolge rathbuni. r Biological Bulletin. XL(2) :73-104. r APPENDIX III
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