DOCSLIB.ORG

A New Species of Subterranean Blind Salamander

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A New Species of Subterranean Blind Salamander Herpetologists' League A New Species of Subterranean Blind Salamander (Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliini: Eurycea: Typhlomolge) from Austin, Texas, and A Systematic Revision of Central Texas Paedomorphic Salamanders Author(s): David M. Hillis, Dee Ann Chamberlain, Thomas P. Wilcox, Paul T. Chippindale Source: Herpetologica, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Sep., 2001), pp. 266-280 Published by: Herpetologists' League Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3893095 . Accessed: 04/08/2011 09:48 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=herpetologists. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Herpetologists' League is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Herpetologica. http://www.jstor.org Herpetologica, 57(3), 2001, 266-280 C) 2001 by The Herpetologists' League, Inc. A NEW SPECIES OF SUBTERRANEAN BLIND SALAMANDER (PLETHODONTIDAE: HEMIDACTYLIINI: EURYCEA: TYPHLOMOLGE) FROM AUSTIN, TEXAS, AND A SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF CENTRAL TEXAS PAEDOMORPHIC SALAMANDERS DAVID M. HILLIS', DEE ANN CHAMBERLAIN', THOMAS P. WILCOX', AND PAUL T. CHIPPINDALE2 'Section of Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA 2Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA ABSTRACT: We describe a new species of salamander (Eurycea) from the Barton Springs seg- ment of the Edwards Aquifer, Austin, Texas, USA. The new species is most closely related to Eurycea (Typhlomolge) rathbuni from subterranean waters around San Marcos, Texas, and like that species lacks external eyes and shows other morphological features associated with subterranean life. The new species is easily distinguished on the basis of morphology from all previously described species of salamanders, and in particular is easily distinguished from its closest relatives, E. (Ty- phlomolge) rathbuni and E. (Typhlomolge) robusta, as well as the sympatric E. sosorum. We used sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to infer the phylogeny of described species of central Texas Eurycea, and these data support the major groups reported previously on the basis of other DNA and allozyme data. We also define names for the major clades of central Texas Eurycea. Key words: Caudata; Plethodontidae; Hemidactyliini; Eurycea waterlooensis new species; Blep- simolge new clade; Notiomolge new clade; Paedomolge new clade; Septentriomolge new clade; Ty- phlomolge clade definition; Eurycea clade definition; Endangered species; Texas; Barton Springs "[Eurycea neotenes] was described in Sep- tenes, was not discovered at Helotes until tember, 1937, on the basis of nine speci- 1936 (Bishop and Wright, 1937; see also mens taken in April, 1936, from Culebra quote above by L. T. Murray), and some- Creek, 5 miles north of Helotes, Bexar how herpetologists missed the abundant County, Texas .... This is a very interest- Eurycea nana (sympatric with E. rathbuni ing discovery; and surprising, since no at San Marcos Springs) until 1938 (Bishop, small area in Texas has been more care- 1941). Both of these localities were visited fully collected over than that about Helo- by numerous herpetologists for many years tes. Gabriel Marnock made of it an historic prior to the discovery of these common region that many herpetologists have vis- animals. Perhaps even more surprising is ited as a shrine; yet so evident an animal the case of Eurycea sosorum from Barton as this salamander had escaped notice un- Springs, in downtown Austin, Texas. De- til 1936." L. T. Murray (1939:5) spite the fact that dozens of herpetologists received the Ph.D. from the 1940s to the MANY distinct species of paedomorphic 1990s at The University of Texas at Austin, salamanders from the springs and caves of this species was not described until 1993 the Edwards Plateau in central Texas have (Chippindale et al., 1993). been overlooked by generations of herpe- For several years prior to the initial pe- tologists. The first member of this group titions to list Eurycea sosorum as a federal to be described was Eurycea (Typhlomol- Endangered Species in 1992, cleaning ge) rathbuni, which was collected from an practices at Barton Springs had reduced artesian well at the Federal Fish hatchery most of the observable population of sal- in San Marcos, Texas in the 1890s (Stejne- amanders to a small number of individuals ger, 1896). However, the first surface spe- around the main spring outlet (Parthenia cies of paedomorphic salamander de- Spring). Changes in cleaning practices scribed from central Texas, Eurycea neo- (elimination of the use of chlorine, and the 266 September 2001] HERPETOLOGICA 267 reduction in mechanical disturbance and Springs). Here we name the new species the use of high-pressure hoses) from from Barton Springs. 1992-1997 (when the species was formally listed as Endangered) resulted in some re- METHODS covery of the population. The biggest We sequenced copies of the mitochon- threat to the continued existence of this drial cytochrome b gene from individuals species now comes from development of of all the described species of central Tex- the recharge zone of the Barton Springs as Eurycea (except for Eurycea robusta, segment of the Edwards Aquifer, which which is known only from the holotype; has resulted in some new decline of the see Appendix I for a listing of specimens). population (especially from increased sil- We amplified a 1026-1141 bp fragment of tation of the aquifer and springs). None- the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene us- theless, efforts to protect Eurycea sosorum ing the forward primer MVZ15 (GAAC- allowed some recovery of the species in TAATGGCCCACACWWTAC GNAA; the mid-1990s from the extremely small Moritz et al., 1992) and the reverse primer population sizes that resulted from earlier HEMTHRREV (CTTTGRCTTACAAG- cleaning practices in the pool area. The GYCAATG) or EURCB9 (GATTGAG- City of Austin has protected one of the GAYRCTTGTCCAATTTC). We used outlets of Barton Springs (Sunken Gar- standard PCR conditions (Palumbi, 1996) dens Spring) as a salamander refuge since with annealing temperatures of 45-52 C 1998, and the city plans to restore another and extension times of 1-1.5 min, and outlet (Eliza Spring) to a more natural standard automated sequencing protocols state that is expected to benefit salaman- (Li-Cor and PE Biosystems). Phylogenetic der populations. Prior to its protection, analyses were performed using the Sunken Gardens Spring was heavily af- MVZ15-EURCB9 fragment (1026 bp). fected by humans, who often used the Phylogenetic analyses (parsimony and spring for bathing and even washing maximum-likelihood criteria) were con- clothes, and most of Eliza Spring was en- ducted using PAUP* (v4.b4, Swofford, cased in concrete in the early 1900s. 1998). An exact solution for the parsimony Since the description of Eurycea soso- analysis (with equal character weighting) rum, there have been occasional sightings was found using the branch-and-bound of juveniles of a morphologically distinct search algorithm. The maximum-likeli- paedomorphic salamander at Barton hood analysis was based on the GTR+F+ Springs that resembles E. (Typhlomolge) INV model of sequence evolution (Swof- rathbuni more than E. sosorum. However, ford et al., 1996). Rate heterogeneity was given the Endangered status of Eurycea modeled using four evolutionary rate clas- sosorum, collection of salamanders at Bar- ses, including an invariant class. For the ton Springs has been closely regulated and maximum likelihood analysis, we per- restricted. Combined with the fact that formed heuristic searches (TBR branch this second species is only very rarely seen swapping) on five stepwise addition trees at the surface, and typically only juveniles based on random taxon addition. We con- are seen in the spring outlets, obtaining ducted 500 bootstrap replicates for parsi- sufficient material for its description has mony and 100 bootstrap replicates for been difficult. However, we have now ver- maximum likelihood analyses (Felsenstein, ified that a parallel situation exists between 1985). Barton Springs and San Marcos Springs. Measurements were made with digital In each case, there are two species of sal- calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm. Measure- amanders: one surface species with func- ments used to compare species included tional image-forming eyes (E. sosorum at total length (TL: tip of snout to tip of tail), Barton Springs and E. nana at San Marcos standard length (SL: tip of snout to pos- Springs) and one blind subterranean spe- terior margin of cloaca), axilla-groin cies (an undescribed species at Barton length, trunk width (at maximum point be- Springs and E. rathbuni at San Marcos tween axilla and groin), width of the upper 268 HERPETOLOGICA [Vol. 57, No. 3 ,2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ B B D ji~~~~ ~Scale 2 cm (Aand B); 1 cm (Cand D) FIG. 1 Comparison of the dorsal and lateral aspects of the heads and forelimbs of (A) Eurycea rathbuni (TNHC 51175, from Rattlesnake Cave, Hays Co., Texas); (B) E. robussta (TNHC 20255, holote); (C) E. sosorum (TNHC 51184, holotype); and (D) E. waterlooensis (TNHC 60201, holotype). Note that (A) and (B) are at 0.5x scale compared to (C) and (D).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Successful Reproduction of the Mole Salamander Ambystoma Talpoideum in Captivity, with an Emphasis on Stimuli Environmental Determinants
    SHORT NOTE The Herpetological Bulletin 141, 2017: 28-31 Successful reproduction of the mole salamander Ambystoma talpoideum in captivity, with an emphasis on stimuli environmental determinants AXEL HERNANDEZ Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, University Pasquale Paoli of Corsica, Corte, 20250, France Author Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT - Generating and promoting evidence-based husbandry protocols for urodeles, commonly known as newts and salamanders, is urgently needed because most of the up-to-date ex situ programs are focused on frogs and toads than Urodela. Data on biology, life history, ecology and environmental parameters are lacking for many species and are needed to establish suitable husbandry and breeding conditions in captive environments. Two adult females and two adult males, of the mole salamander Ambystoma talpoideum successfully reproduced in captivity. It was found that reproduction of this species depends on various complex stimuli: including natural photoperiod 12:12, rainwater (acidic to neutral pH) and an aquarium full of various debris. Additionally high temperature variations ranging from 2 °C to 17 °C (a decrease followed by an increase) between November and February showed that it is possible to breed adults in aquariums provided the right stimuli are applied at the right moment of time in winter. A. talpoideum shows an explosive breeding mode as previously reported for the whole genus Ambystoma. INTRODUCTION with an emphasis on the environmental determinant stimuli involved. These data may assist in improving breeding these ince the 1980s, the current global amphibian extinction salamanders under artificial conditions. crisis has been discussed and acknowledged (Wake, A.
    [Show full text]
  • A Checklist and Annotated Bibliography of the Subterranean Aquatic Fauna of Texas
    A CHECKLIST AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SUBTERRANEAN AQUATIC FAUNA OF TEXAS JAMES R. REDDELL and ROBERT W. MITCHELL Texas Technological College WATER RESOURCES \ CENTER Lubbock, Texas WRC 69-6 INTERNATIONAL CENTER for ARID and August 1969 SEMI-ARID LAND STUDIES A CHECKLIST AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SUBTERRANEAN AQUATIC FAUNA OF TEXAS James R. Reddell and Robert W. Mitchell Department of Biology Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas INTRODUCTION In view of the ever-increasing interest in all studies relating to the water resources of Texas, we have found it timely to prepare this guide to the fauna and biological literature of our subterranean waters. The value of such a guide has already been demonstrated by Clark (1966) in his "Publications, Personnel, and Government Organizations Related to the Limnology, Aquatic Biology and Ichthyology of the Inland Waters of Texas". This publication dea ls primarily with inland surface waters, however, barely touching upon the now rather extensive literature which has accumulated on the biology of our subterranean waters. To state a n obvious fact, it is imperative that our underground waters receive the attention due them. They are one of our most important resources. Those subterranean waters for which biological data exi st are very un­ equally distributed in the state. The best known are those which are acces­ sible to collection and study via the entrances of caves. Even in cavernous regions there exist inaccessible deep aquifers which have yielded little in­ formation as yet. Biological data from the underground waters of non-cave rn­ ous areas are virtually non-existant.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Spring Salamander Fact Sheet
    WILDLIFE IN CONNECTICUT STATE THREATENED SPECIES © COURTESY D. QUINN © COURTESY Northern Spring Salamander Gyrinophilus p. porphyriticus Background and Range The northern spring salamander is a brightly-colored member of the lungless salamander family (Plethodontidae). True to its name, it resides in cool water springs and streams, making it an excellent indicator of a clean, well- oxygenated water source. Due to its strict habitat and clean water requirements, it is only found in a handful of locations within Connecticut. The Central Connecticut Lowlands divide this amphibian's range into distinct populations. Litchfield and Hartford Counties support the greatest populations of spring salamanders. This salamander is listed as a threatened species in Connecticut. In North America, the spring salamander occurs from extreme southeastern Canada south through New England, west to Ohio, and south down the Appalachians as far as northern Georgia and Alabama. Description This large, robust salamander ranges in color from salmon to reddish-brown to purplish-brown, with a translucent white underbelly. The snout appears “square” when viewed from above and the salamander has well-defined grooves near its eyes to its snout. The tail is laterally flattened with a fin-like tip. Young spring salamanders are lighter in color and have small gills. Their coloration does not have deeper reddish tints until adulthood. Total length ranges from 5 to 7.5 inches. Habitat and Diet Spring salamanders require very clean, cool, and well-oxygenated water. They can be found in streams, brooks, and seepage areas. Preferred habitat lies within steep, rocky hemlock forests. This species is intolerant to disturbances.
    [Show full text]
  • AMPHIBIANS of OHIO F I E L D G U I D E DIVISION of WILDLIFE INTRODUCTION
    AMPHIBIANS OF OHIO f i e l d g u i d e DIVISION OF WILDLIFE INTRODUCTION Amphibians are typically shy, secre- Unlike reptiles, their skin is not scaly. Amphibian eggs must remain moist if tive animals. While a few amphibians Nor do they have claws on their toes. they are to hatch. The eggs do not have are relatively large, most are small, deli- Most amphibians prefer to come out at shells but rather are covered with a jelly- cately attractive, and brightly colored. night. like substance. Amphibians lay eggs sin- That some of these more vulnerable spe- gly, in masses, or in strings in the water The young undergo what is known cies survive at all is cause for wonder. or in some other moist place. as metamorphosis. They pass through Nearly 200 million years ago, amphib- a larval, usually aquatic, stage before As with all Ohio wildlife, the only ians were the first creatures to emerge drastically changing form and becoming real threat to their continued existence from the seas to begin life on land. The adults. is habitat degradation and destruction. term amphibian comes from the Greek Only by conserving suitable habitat to- Ohio is fortunate in having many spe- amphi, which means dual, and bios, day will we enable future generations to cies of amphibians. Although generally meaning life. While it is true that many study and enjoy Ohio’s amphibians. inconspicuous most of the year, during amphibians live a double life — spend- the breeding season, especially follow- ing part of their lives in water and the ing a warm, early spring rain, amphib- rest on land — some never go into the ians appear in great numbers seemingly water and others never leave it.
    [Show full text]
  • Thurston County Species List
    Washington Gap Analysis Project 202 Species Predicted or Breeding in: Thurston County CODE COMMON NAME Amphibians RACAT Bullfrog RHCAS Cascade torrent salamander ENES Ensatina AMMA Long-toed salamander AMGR Northwestern salamander RAPR Oregon spotted frog DITE Pacific giant salamander PSRE Pacific treefrog (Chorus frog) RAAU Red-legged frog TAGR Roughskin newt ASTR Tailed frog PLVA Van Dyke's salamander PLVE Western redback salamander BUBO Western toad Birds BOLE American bittern FUAM American coot COBR American crow CIME American dipper CATR American goldfinch FASP American kestrel TUMI American robin HALE Bald eagle COFA Band-tailed pigeon HIRU Barn swallow STVA Barred owl CEAL Belted kingfisher THBE Bewick's wren PAAT Black-capped chickadee PHME Black-headed grosbeak ELLE Black-shouldered kite (White-tailed kite DENI Black-throated gray warbler DEOB Blue grouse ANDI Blue-winged teal EUCY Brewer's blackbird CEAM Brown creeper MOAT Brown-headed cowbird PSMI Bushtit CACAL California quail BRCA Canada goose VISO Cassin's vireo (Solitary vireo) BOCE Cedar waxwing PARU Chestnut-backed chickadee SPPA Chipping sparrow NatureMapping 2007 Washington Gap Analysis Project ANCY Cinnamon teal HIPY Cliff swallow TYAL Common barn-owl MERME Common merganser CHMI Common nighthawk COCOR Common raven GAGA Common snipe GETR Common yellowthroat ACCO Cooper's hawk JUHY Dark-eyed (Oregon) junco PIPU Downy woodpecker STVU European starling COVE Evening grosbeak PAIL Fox sparrow ANST Gadwall AQCH Golden eagle RESA Golden-crowned kinglet PECA Gray jay ARHE Great
    [Show full text]
  • AMPHIBIANS Please Remember That All Plants and Animals Nature Lover’S Paradise
    Please help us protect our Hampton, VA Natural Resources Welcome to Hampton’s City Parks. The City of Hampton is located in what is Hampton City Park’s called the Peninsula area of the Coastal Plain region of the State of Virginia. The forests, fields, rivers, marshes, and grasslands are a AMPHIBIANS Please remember that all plants and animals nature lover’s paradise. found in Hampton’s City Parks are protect- During your visit to any of Hampton’s out- ed by law. It is illegal to molest, injure, or standing city parks, we hope you have the opportunity to observe our many and diverse remove any wildlife including their nests, species of fauna and flora. eggs, or young. It is also illegal to remove, cut, damage, or destroy any plants (including plant parts) found in the park. Help us conserve YOUR natural resources. Green Frog "Enjoy Hampton's Natural Areas" Chorus Frog Tadpole For more information… If you have any questions regarding this brochure, or if you would like more information about Hamp- ton City Parks and Recreation parks please contact us at: Hampton Parks , Recreation & Leisure Services 22 Lincoln Street Hampton, VA 23669 Tel: 757-727-6348 www.hampton.gov/parks American Bullfrog Frogs and Toads Salamanders What is an Amphibian? The typical frog (genus Rana) has a relatively While salamanders look similar to lizards, they are smooth skin and long legs for leaping. While very different. The typical salamander (many gene- Amphibians belong to the Class Amphibia. The the typical toad (genus Bufo) has a warty skin ra) has smooth or warty moist skin (not scaly) and is word “amphibious” is based on Greek words and and short legs for jumping.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships and Systematic Revision of Central Texas Hemidactyliine Plethodontid Salamanders
    HerpetologicalMonographs, 14, 2000, 1-80 ? 2000 by The Herpetologists'League, Inc. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF CENTRAL TEXAS HEMIDACTYLIINE PLETHODONTID SALAMANDERS PAUL T. CHIPPINDALE,15 ANDREW H. PRICE,2 JOHN J. WIENS,3 AND DAVID M. HILLIS4 'Dept. of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, U.S.A. 2Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept., 4200 Smith School Road, Austin, TX 78744, U.S.A. 3Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213-4080, U.S.A. 4Section of Integrative Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, U.S.A. ABSTRACT: Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of central Texas nontransforming spring and cave salamanders, genera Eurycea and Typhlomolge (Plethodontidae: Plethodontinae: Hemidactyliini), were examined using 25 allozyme loci and DNA sequence data for a maximum of 356 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Monophyly of the central Texas hemidactyliines is well supported. High levels of divergence occur among many populations and groups of populations, and there clearly are many more species in the group than previously recognized. Many have extremely restricted distributions in isolated islands of aquatic habitat. Several major monophyletic groups were identified that correspond to geographically circumscribed areas of the Edwards Plateau region. The deepest phylogenetic split in the group occurs between populations northeast versus southwest of the Colorado River. Species that have been assigned to the genus Typhlomolge are phylogenetically nested within the central Texas Eurycea; therefore, the genus Typhlomolge is placed in the synonymy of Eurycea. Continued recognition of the species E.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Factors Potentially Affecting Eurycea Naufragia
    Report to the Williamson County Conservation Foundation Review of Research Literature Related to the Biology, Evolution, and Conservation of Georgetown Salamander, Eurycea naufragia Benjamin A. Pierce and Ashley Wall Department of Biology Southwestern University Georgetown, Texas 78626 June 22, 2011 1 The Georgetown Salamander The Georgetown salamander, Eurycea naufragia, is a spring and cave-dwelling salamander restricted to the San Gabriel River drainage of Williamson County, Texas. The species is known from only 15 sites occurring along the major tributaries of the upper San Gabriel River (South, Middle, and North forks and Berry Creek; Figure 1). At some of these sites, salamanders have not been observed in recent years and access to all sites is not available. All but two of the known sites are on privately-owned land. The entire range of the species occurs within the immediate vicinity of Georgetown, Texas, an area that is undergoing rapid urbanization (Figure 2), and nearly all known populations are at risk from urban development. The Georgetown salamander has been included as a candidate for listing as an endangered species (US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001) but is not currently protected by federal or state regulation. Candidate species are given a priority listing by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, which ranges from 1 to 12 and indicates the magnitude and immediacy of threats they face and their taxonomic uniqueness, with higher priority assigned to lower numbers. Largely because of the implementation of the Williamson County Regional Habitat Conservation Plan, the US Fish and Wildlife Service in 2008 reduced the listing priority number of the Georgetown salamander from 2 to 8 (US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Key to the Identification of Streamside Salamanders
    Key to the Identification of Streamside Salamanders Ambystoma spp., mole salamanders (Family Ambystomatidae) Appearance : Medium to large stocky salamanders. Large round heads with bulging eyes . Larvae are also stocky and have elaborate gills. Size: 3-8” (Total length). Spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum Habitat: Burrowers that spend much of their life below ground in terrestrial habitats. Some species, (e.g. marbled salamander) may be found under logs or other debris in riparian areas. All species breed in fishless isolated ponds or wetlands. Range: Statewide. Other: Five species in Georgia. This group includes some of the largest and most dramatically patterned terrestrial species. Marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum Amphiuma spp., amphiuma (Family Amphiumidae) Appearance: Gray to black, eel-like bodies with four greatly reduced, non-functional legs (A). Size: up to 46” (Total length) Habitat: Lakes, ponds, ditches and canals, one species is found in deep pockets of mud along the Apalachicola River floodplains. A Range: Southern half of the state. Other: One species, the two-toed amphiuma ( A. means ), shown on the right, is known to occur in A. pholeter southern Georgia; a second species, ,Two-toed amphiuma, Amphiuma means may occur in extreme southwest Georgia, but has yet to be confirmed. The two-toed amphiuma (shown in photo) has two diminutive toes on each of the front limbs. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis , hellbender (Family Cryptobranchidae) Appearance: Very large, wrinkled salamander with eyes positioned laterally (A). Brown-gray in color with darker splotches Size: 12-29” (Total length) A Habitat: Large, rocky, fast-flowing streams. Often found beneath large rocks in shallow rapids. Range: Extreme northern Georgia only.
    [Show full text]
  • Predation by Pacific Giant Salamander Larvae on Juvenile Steelhead Trout Author(S): Michael S
    Predation by Pacific Giant Salamander Larvae on Juvenile Steelhead Trout Author(s): Michael S. Parker Source: Northwestern Naturalist, Vol. 74, No. 3 (Winter, 1993), pp. 77-81 Published by: Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3536601 Accessed: 07-11-2016 23:25 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3536601?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Northwestern Naturalist This content downloaded from 128.32.109.75 on Mon, 07 Nov 2016 23:25:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms GENERAL NOTES NORTHWESTERN NATURALIST 74:77-81 WINTER 1993 _ _ _ PREDATION BY PACIFIC GIANT SALAMANDER LARVAE ON JUVENILE STEELHEAD TROUT MICHAEL S. PARKER Larvae of the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus [formerly D. ensatus; see Good 1989]) are prominent members of stream communities throughout their range, which extends from south- western British Columbia to northwestern California (Stebbins 1985).
    [Show full text]
  • 2Nd Owl Symposium Importance of Prairie
    2nd Owl Symposium Importance of Prairie Wetlands and Avian Prey to Breeding Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) in Northwestern North Dakota Robert K. Murphy 1 Abstract.—Prey use by Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) is documented widely in North America, but not in the vast northern Great Plains. During spring through early summer 1986-1987, I recorded 2,900 prey items at 22 Great Horned Owl nesting areas in the prairie pothole farm- and rangelands of northwestern North Dakota. The owls relied heavily on wetland-dependent prey species (overall, 57 percent by number and 76 percent biomass) especially ducks (Anserinae) and rails (Rallidae). Far more avian (65 percent by number and 84 percent biomass) and less mammalian prey were used than typically reported. Variation in diet composition among owl families was not explained well by nesting area habitat, and was dominated by prey from wetlands regardless of wetland habitat availability. Diets of Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) (Murphy 1993, Sargeant et al. 1993). The are better documented than those of most increase in this generalist predator may have other North American strigiforms. The owl implications for population dynamics of species preys mainly on small to mid-size mammals on which it preys. My objectives were to quan- especially small rodents and leporids tify diet composition of breeding Great Horned (Errington et al. 1940; Korschgen and Stuart Owls in an area of mixed farm- and rangeland 1972; McInvaille and Keith 1974; Marti and in the northern Great Plains, to assess varia- Kochert 1995, 1996; Voous 1988) although its tion in prey use among owl pairs, and to test list of prey includes diverse sizes and taxa (see whether such variation is explained by habitat Bent 1938).
    [Show full text]
  • Salamander Species Listed As Injurious Wildlife Under 50 CFR 16.14 Due to Risk of Salamander Chytrid Fungus Effective January 28, 2016
    Salamander Species Listed as Injurious Wildlife Under 50 CFR 16.14 Due to Risk of Salamander Chytrid Fungus Effective January 28, 2016 Effective January 28, 2016, both importation into the United States and interstate transportation between States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any territory or possession of the United States of any live or dead specimen, including parts, of these 20 genera of salamanders are prohibited, except by permit for zoological, educational, medical, or scientific purposes (in accordance with permit conditions) or by Federal agencies without a permit solely for their own use. This action is necessary to protect the interests of wildlife and wildlife resources from the introduction, establishment, and spread of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans into ecosystems of the United States. The listing includes all species in these 20 genera: Chioglossa, Cynops, Euproctus, Hydromantes, Hynobius, Ichthyosaura, Lissotriton, Neurergus, Notophthalmus, Onychodactylus, Paramesotriton, Plethodon, Pleurodeles, Salamandra, Salamandrella, Salamandrina, Siren, Taricha, Triturus, and Tylototriton The species are: (1) Chioglossa lusitanica (golden striped salamander). (2) Cynops chenggongensis (Chenggong fire-bellied newt). (3) Cynops cyanurus (blue-tailed fire-bellied newt). (4) Cynops ensicauda (sword-tailed newt). (5) Cynops fudingensis (Fuding fire-bellied newt). (6) Cynops glaucus (bluish grey newt, Huilan Rongyuan). (7) Cynops orientalis (Oriental fire belly newt, Oriental fire-bellied newt). (8) Cynops orphicus (no common name). (9) Cynops pyrrhogaster (Japanese newt, Japanese fire-bellied newt). (10) Cynops wolterstorffi (Kunming Lake newt). (11) Euproctus montanus (Corsican brook salamander). (12) Euproctus platycephalus (Sardinian brook salamander). (13) Hydromantes ambrosii (Ambrosi salamander). (14) Hydromantes brunus (limestone salamander). (15) Hydromantes flavus (Mount Albo cave salamander).
    [Show full text]