A CHECKLIST AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SUBTERRANEAN AQUATIC FAUNA OF TEXAS

JAMES R. REDDELL and ROBERT W. MITCHELL

Texas Technological College

WATER RESOURCES \ CENTER Lubbock, Texas

WRC 69-6 INTERNATIONAL CENTER for ARID and August 1969 SEMI-ARID LAND STUDIES A CHECKLIST AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE

SUBTERRANEAN AQUATIC FAUNA OF TEXAS

James R. Reddell and Robert W. Mitchell

Department of Biology

Texas Tech University

Lubbock, Texas INTRODUCTION

In view of the ever-increasing interest in all studies relating to the water resources of Texas, we have found it timely to prepare this guide to the fauna and biological literature of our subterranean waters.

The value of such a guide has already been demonstrated by Clark (1966) in his "Publications, Personnel, and Government Organizations Related to the Limnology, Aquatic Biology and Ichthyology of the Inland Waters of Texas".

This publication dea ls primarily with inland surface waters, however, barely touching upon the now rather extensive literature which has accumulated on the biology of our subterranean waters. To state a n obvious fact, it is imperative that our underground waters receive the attention due them. They are one of our most important resources.

Those subterranean waters for which biological data exi st are very un­ equally distributed in the state. The best known are those which are acces­ sible to collection and study via the entrances of caves. Even in cavernous regions there exist inaccessible deep aquifers which have yielded little in­ formation as yet. Biological data from the underground waters of non-cave rn­ ous areas are virtually non-existant.

Among the most important of our subterranean waters are the limestone aquifers of that large central region of the state comprising the Edwards and Stockton Plateaus and the Llano Region . These waters are our best known biologically. The richness of the subterranean fauna here is rivaled by that in only a few other areas of the world. Of particular interest is the large number of obligate cave-dwelling species (troglobites) some of which, because of their unique form, are known to biologists a round the world. Some biological data are available for lesser areas such as the gypsum

- 1 - plain of Culberson Co. and the gypsum strata of northwest Texas.

Our guide is divided into two parts. Part I is a species listing while Part II is an annotated bibliography. We have striven for complete­ ness and have included in Part I every species taken from our subterranean waters for which a published record exists (excepting erroneous records corrected in subsequent literature), Also included are many unpublished data. Those species designated by an asterisk are obligate cave-dwellers or troglobites. Part II comprises essentially all primary references and those secondary references in which are presented any significant biological data. No attempt has been made to include all those references where only passing mention of some species name has been made. We have briefly anno­ tated each citation in the hope that the usefulness of the bibliography will be greatly benefited. Each reference has been examined in preparation of the annotations.

We should like to acknowledge the following persons for their identi­ fications of species in the groups noted: Dr. Thomas Bowman, United States

National Museum, cironalid isopods; Dr. Horton Hobbs, Jr., United States

National Museum, crayfish and entocytherid ostracods; Dr. John R. Holsinger,

Old Dominion College, amphipods; Mrs . Emily Mandelbaum, United States

National Museum, cyprid ostracods; Dr. P. J. Spangler, United States Nation­ al Museum, beetles; Dr. Harry C. Yeatman, University of the South, copepods.

Mr. Hector Cuellar supplied the records of fishes collected in River Styx

Cave, King Co. Mr. William H. Russell has assisted in many of the collections.

- 2 - PART I - SPECIES LIST

PHYLUM COELENTERATA

CLASS HYDROZOA

Order Hydroidea

Family Hydridae

Hydra sp.

Texas cave r ec ords.--Medina County: Boehm's Cave.

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

CLASS TURBELLARIA

Order Catenulida

Family Stenostomidae

Stenostomum sp.

Texas cave records. - ··Bell County: Stagecoach Inn Cave.

Stenos tomum tenuicauda von Graff

Texas cave r ecords.- -- Hays County: Ezell's Cave .

Order Tricladida

Famil y Kenkiidae

*Spha lloplana kutscheri Mitchell

Texas cave records. --Travis County: Spanish Wells Cave .

''(Sphalloplana mohri Hyma n

Texas cave records.--Hays County: Ezell's Cave

*Sphallopla na reddelli Mitchell

Texas cave r ecords .--Kendall County: Cascade Caverns.

- 3 - *Sphalloplana sloani Mitchell

Texas cave records.--San Saba County: Harrell's Cave.

*Sphalloplana zeschi Mitchell

Texas cave records.--Mason County: Zesch Ranch Cave.

PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES

CLASS NEMATOMORPHA

Order Gordioidea

Undetermined species

Texas cave records.--Edwards County: Dunbar Cave; Travis County: Adobe Springs

Cave.

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

CLASS GASTROPODA

Order Ctenobranchiata

Family Amnicolidae

*Horatia sp.

Texas cave records.--Travis County: Salamander Cave.

"''Horatia (Hauffenia) micra (Pilsbry and Ferriss)

Texas cave records.--Hays County: Artesian Well at San Marcos.

Order Basonunatophora

Family Phys idae

Physa sp.

Texas cave records.--Medina County: Boehm's Cave and Valdina Farms

Sinkhole; Sutton County: Felton Cave.

- 4 - CLASS PELECYPODA

Order Teleodesmacea

Family Sphaeriidae

Sphaerium (Musculium) sp.

Texas cave records.--Kendall County: Cascade Caverns.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

CLASS CRUSTACEA

Order Cladocera

Family Daphnidae

Daphnia parvula Fordyce

Texas cave records.--Sutton County: Felton Cave.

Order Podocopa

Family Cypridae

~'

Texas cave records.--Mason County: Zesch Ranch Cave; San Saba County:

Harrell's Cave.

*Candona sp., nr stagnalis Sars

Texas cave records.--Medina County: Valdina Farms Sinkhole; Sutton County:

Felton Cave; Travis County: Cave X and Salamander Cave.

Cypridopsis sp., nr vidua (O.F. Muller) and okeechobei Forbes

Texas cave records.-- Medina County: Boehm's Cave.

Cypridopsis ?helvetica Kaufmann

Texas cave records.--Lampasas County: Sullivan Knob Cave; Medina County:

Boehm' s Cave.

Cypridopsis vidua obesa Brady and Robertson

Texas cave records.--Hays County: Artesian Well at San Marcos .

- 5 - Physocypria pustulosa (Sharpe)

Texas cave records.--Medina County: Boehm's Cave; Sutton County:

Felton Cave.

*Prionocypris sp.

Texas cave records.--Travis County: Salamander Cave.

Family Entocytheridae

Ankylocythere sinuosa (Rioja)

Texas cave records.--Comal County: Bender's Cave; Kendall County:

Alzafar Cave, Dead Man's Cave, and Golden Fawn Cave.

Entocythere reddelli Hobbs and Walton

Texas cave records.--Kendall County: Golden Fawn Cave.

Order Eucopopoda

Family Cyclopidae

Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi (S.A. Forbes)

Texas cave records.--Travis County: Cave X.

Cyclops cavernarum Ulrich

Texas cave records.--Hays County: Artesian Well at San Marcos.

Cyclops learii Ulrich

Texas cave records.--Hays County: Artesian Well at San Marcos.

Cyclops varicans rubellus Lilljeborg

Texas cave records.--Hays County: Ezell's Cave; Mason County: Zesch

Ranch Cave.

- 6 - Cyclops vernalis Fischer

Texas cave records.--Culberson County: Border Cave; Sutton County:

Felton Cave.

Cyclops (Diacyclops) c rassicaudis brachycercus Kiefer

Texas cave records.--Sa n Saba County: Harrell's Cave.

Macrocyclops albidus (Jurine)

Texas cave records.--Medina County: Boehm's Cave and Valdina Farms

Sinkhole; Schleicher County: Cave Y; Travis County: Balcones

Sink; Uvalde County: Indian Creek Cave.

Mes ocyclops l ongisetus (Thiebaud)

Texas cave records.--Sutton County : Felton Cave.

Paracyclops fimbria tus (S. Fischer)

Texas cave r ecords.--Travi s County : Dead Dog Cave No . 2.

Paracyclops fimbriatus poppe i (Rehber g)

Texas cave records.--Burnet County: Snelling 's Cave; Me dina County:

Va ldina Farms Sinkhole; Travis County: Cave X and Salamander Cave .

Order Isopoda

Family Asellidae

*Asellus sp.

Texas cave records.-- Ke ndall County: Schneider Ranch Cave; Williamson

County: Ba t We ll.

*Asellus bisetus Steeves

Texas cave records.--San Saba County : Gorman Cave.

- 7 - *Asellus pilus Steeves

Texas cave records.--Medina County: Valdina Farms Sinkhole.

*Asellus reddelli Steeves

Texas cave records.--Bell County: Nolan Creek Cave; Coryell County:

Tippit Cave; Travis County: Cave X; Williamson County: Elm

Water Cave.

*Asellus smithii (Ulrich)

Texas cave records.- -Hays County: Artesian Well at San Marcos.

Family Cirolanidae

*Cirolanides texensis Benedict

Texas cave records.--Edwards County: Devil's Sinkhole; Hays County:

Artesian Well at San Marcos, Ezell's Cave, Frank Johnson's Well,

and Wonder Cave; Kerr County: Stowers Cave; Real County: Bonner

Fallout Shelter Cave; Schleicher County: Cave Y; Uvalde County:

Indian Creek Cave and McNair Cave; Val Verde County: Diablo

Cave, Four-Mile Cave, and Little Diablo Cave.

Order Thermosbenacea

Family Monodellidae

*Monodella texana Maguire

Texas cave records.--Hays County: Ezell's Cave

Order Amphipoda

Family Gammaridae

*Stygonectes sp.

Texas cave records.--Menard County: Neel Cave .

- 8 - *Stygonectes balconis Hubricht

Texas cave records.--Hays County: Boyett's Cave; Travis County: Ireland's

Cave.

*Stygoriectes bifurcatus Holsinger

Texas cave records.--Coryell County: Tippit Cave; Kendall County: Century

Caverns and Schneider Ranch Cave; Lampasas County: Sullivan Knob

Cave; San Saba County: Gorman Cave and Harrell's Cave; Travis

County: Jack's Joint .

*Stygonectes dejectus Holsinger

Texas cave records.--Kendall County: Cascade Caverns .

* Stygonectes flagellatus (Benedict)

Texas cave records.--Hays County: Artesian Well at San Marcos and Ezell's

Cave.

*Stygonectes hadenoecus Holsinger

Texas cave records.--Edwards County: Devil's Sinkhole.

*Stygonectes longipes Holsinger

Texas cave records.--Kendall County: Century Caverns.

*Stygonectes pecki Holsinger

Texas cave records.--Comal County: Comal Springs.

*Stygonectes reddelli Holsinger

Texas cave records.--San Saba County: Whiteface Cave.

*Stygonectes russelli Holsinger

Texas cave records.--Bell County: Nolan Creek Cave; Burnet County:

- 9 - Snelling's Cave; Coryell County: Tippit Cave; Kendall County:

Cascade Caverns; Kerr County: Stowers Cave; Mason County: Zesch

Ranch Cave; San Saba County: Gonnan Cave and Harrell's Cave;

Travis County: Adobe Springs Cave , Balcones Sink, Cave X, Dead

Dog Cave No. 2, Ireland~s Cave, Jack's Joint, Salamander Cave,

and Spanish Wells Cave.

Order Decapoda

Family Aatacidae

Orconectes palmeri longimanus (Faxon)

Texas cave records.--Menard County: Neel Cave and Powell's Cave.

Procambarus blandingii acutus (Girard)

Texas cave records.--Kendall County: Prassell Ranch Cave .

Procambarus clarkii (Girard)

Texas cave records.-- Comal County: Bender's Cave, Goat Cave, and

Honey Creek Cave; Kendall County: Alzafar Cave, Dead Man's

Cave, Golden Fawn Cave, and Little Wa ter Cave; Menard County:

Neel Cave and Powell's Cave.

Procambarus simulans simulans (Faxon)

Texas cave records.--Burnet County: Longhorn Caverns; King County:

River Styx Cave; San Saba County: Gorman Cave; Williamson

County: Bat Well.

Family Grapsidae

Hemigrapsus estellinensis Creel

Texas cave records.--Hall County: Estelline Salt Spring.

- 10 - Family Palaemonidae

*Palaemonetes (Alaocaris) antrorum Benedict

Texas cave records.--Hays County: Artesian Well at San Marcos, Ezell's

Cave, Frank Johnson's Well, and Wonder Cave.

CLASS INSECTA

Order Diptera

Family Tendipedidae

Chironomus sp.

Texas cave records.--Hays County: Artesian Well at San Marcos.

Order Coleoptera

Family Dytiscidae

Bidessus sp.

Texas cave records . --Uvalde County: Indian Creek Cave.

Copelatus sp.

Texas cave records.--Val Verde County: Diablo Cave.

Family Hydrophilidae

Cymbiodyta sp.

Texas cave records.--Crockett County: 09 Well; Edwards County: Devil's

Sinkhole.

Cymbiodyta fimbriata Melsh.

Texas cave records.--Travis County: Balcones Sink; Williamson County:

Quarry Lake Cave .

Paracymbus sp.

Texas cave records.--Edwards County: Devil's Sinkhole.

- 11 - Tropisternus lateralis nimbatus (Say)

Texas cave records.-- Comal County: Dead Horse Sink.

PHYLUM CHORDATA

CLASS TELEOSTOMI

Order Cypriniformes

Family Cyprinidae

Hybognathus placita Girard

Texas cave records.--King County: River Styx Cave.

Family Ictaluridae

Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque)

Texas cave records.--King County: River Styx Cave; Val Verde County:

Diablo Cave.

Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

Texas cave records.--Kendall County: Prassell Ranch Cave.

*Satan eurystonrus Hubbs and Bailey

Texas cave records.--Bexar County: Artesian well, 1250' deep, near

San Antonio; Artesian well, 1400' deep, near the Patio Food plant

at 2600 s.w. Military Drive, San Antonio; and Artesian well, 2000'

deep, on the O.R. Mitchell ,Ranch, Von Ormy.

*Trogloglanis pattersoni Eigenmann

Texas cave records.- -Bexar County: Artesian well on Josef Boecke Ranch,

2 3/4 miles east and 1 1/ 4 miles north of the Alamo, San Antonio;

Artesian well on land of George W. Brackenridge, San Antonio;

Artesian well, 200" deep, on the O.R. Mitchell Ranch, Von Ormy.

- 12 - Order Cyprinidontiformes

Family Cyprinodontidae

Fundulus kansae Garman

Texas cave records.--King County: River Styx Cave.

Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis Fowler

Texas cave records.--Hall County: Estelline Salt Spring; King County:

River Styx Cave.

Order Perciformes

Family Centrarchidae

Chaenobryttus coronarius (Bartram)

Texas cave records.--Val Verde County: Diablo Cave.

Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque

Texas cave records.--Bexar County: Bullis Hole; Kendall County: Prassell

Ranch Cave; King County: River Styx Cave.

CLASS AMPHIBIA

Order Urodela

Family Plethodontidae

Eurycea spp.

Texas cave records.--Bandera County: Haby Water Cave; Comal County:

Bad Weather Pit, Bender's Cave, Grosser 's Sink, Honey Creek Cave,

Kappelman Salamander Cave, and Plumly Cave; Hays County: Under­

ground stream below bed of Blanco River; Kendall County: Alzafar

Cave, Golden Fawn Cave, Little Water Cave, and Victor Phillips

Water Cave; Real County: Tucker Hollow Cave; Travis County:

- 13 - Salamander Cave; Uvalde County: Carson Cave; Val Verde County:

Four-Mile Cave •

*Eurycea latitans Smith and Potter

Texas cave records.--Kendall County: Cascade Caverns, Cascade Sinkhole,

and Century Caverns-Dead Man's Cave System.

*Eurycea rathbuni (Stejneger)

Texas cave records.--Hays County: Artesian Well at San Marcos, Ezell's

Cave, Frank Johnson's Well, and Wonder Cave.

*Eurycea tridentifera Mitchell and Reddell

Texas cave records.--Comal County: Honey Creek Cave.

*Eurycea troglodytes Baker

Texas cave records.--Medina County: Valdina Farms Sinkhole.

Order Anura

Family Ranidae

Rana pipiens Schreber

Texas cave records.--Travis County: Balcones Sink.

- 14 - PART II - BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonymous. 1948. Blind fish from artesian wells. Bull. Natl. Speleol.

Soc., 10:111, 124.

This mentions the presence of the two blind catfish, Trogloglanis

pattersoni and Satan eurystomus, in artesian wells in and near the

city of San Antonio.

Anonymous. · 1959. New salamander discovered. Texas Caver, 4(5):5.

This reports on the discovery of a new species of blind salamander

from Honey Creek Cave, Comal County, which appears to be intermediate

between Typhlomolge rathbuni and Eurycea l a titans.

Alt, A. 1910. On the histology of the eye of Typhlotriton spelaeus,

from Marble Cave, Mo. Trans. Acad . Sci. of St. Louis, 19(6):83-96,

pl. XXVI-XXXIV.

The eyes of Typhlomolge rathbuni are compared to those of Typhlotriton

spelaeus.

Andrews, M.M. 1962. Induced metamorphosis in neotenic salamanders. M.A.

Thesis. Southwest Texas State College . vi I 32 pp.

This includes references to the neotenic salamanders of Texas and

comments on the lack of ability of Typhlomolge rathbuni to transform.

Baker, J.K. 1956. Cave salamanders of Texas. Texas Caver, 1(11):12-13, 15.

This includes brief discussions of the distribution and morphol ogy of

Typhlomolge rathbuni, Eurycea latitans, and Eurycea neotenes .

Baker, J . K. 1957. Biological notes . Texas Caver, 2(1):3. Reprinted in:

Speleo Digest, 1957(2):13. Pittsburgh Grotto Press, 1958.

- 15 - This reports the presence of a population of troglobitic Eurycea in

Valdina Farms Sinkhole, Medina County.

Baker, J.K. 1957. Eurycea troglodytes : a new blind cave salamander from

Texas. Texas J. Sci., 9(3):328-336.

Eurycea troglodytes n.sp. from Valdina Farms Sinkhole, Medina County,

is described . Its affinities to the other troglobitic Eurycea are

discussed.

Baker, J.K. 1957. Some notes on cave salamanders of the Edwards Plateau.

Texas Caver, 2(2):10-11. Reprinted in: Speleo Digest, 1957(2):14-15.

Pittsburgh Grotto Press, 1958.

The adaptations to the cave environment and the distribution of Eurycea

latitans, !· neotenes, and Typhlomolge rathbuni are breifly discussed.

Baker, J.K. 1960. Evolution and speciation in the trogoldytic Plethodontidae

of Texas. (Abs.) Natl . Speleol. Soc. News, 18 (7): 72.

This briefly sunnnarizes the present idea on the evolution in the cave

Eurycea of Texas.

Baker, J.K. 1960. New range extensions for the cave isopod Cirolanides

·texensis Benedict. Natl. Speleol. Soc. News, 18(4):33.

The troglobitic isopod, Cirolanides texensis Benedict, is reported

from the Devil's Sinkhole, Edwards County; Stowers Cave, Kerr

County; and Four-Mile Cave, Val Verde County. It had been previously

known only from the Purgatory Creek System, Hays County.

Baker, J.K. 1961. Distribution of and key to the neotenic Eurycea of Texas .

Southwestern Nat., 6(1):27-32.

- 16 - A key is provided for the neotenic Eurycea of Texas. New cave records

for~· neotenes are reported for Comal, Kendall, and Val Verde Counties.

The Turtle Creek, Kerr County, specimen preciously assigned to E. latitans

is c0nsidered to be an E. neotenes.

Banta, A.M. 1907. The fauna of Mayfield's Cave . Carnegie Inst. Washington

Puhl., 67. 114 pp.

This pioneer work on a cave in Indiana includes lists of troglibites

from all parts of the United States. Passing reference is made to the

Texas aquatic troglobites, Caecidotea smithii, Crangonyx flagellatus,

Crangonyx bowersii, Cyclops learii, and Cyclops cavernarum.

Barr, T.C., Jr . 1968. Cave ecology and the evolution of troglobites.

Evolutionary Biol., 2:35-102.

This review paper includes several references to Eurycea rathbuni.

Baughman, J.L. 1951. The caves of Texas. Texas Game and Fish, 9(8):2-7.

This popular article on Texas caves includes a picture of ryphlomolge

rathbuni and a brief discussion of the fauna of Ezell's Cave.

Benedict, J.E. 1896. Preliminary descriptions of a new genus and three

new species of crustaceans from an artesian well at San Marcos, Texas.

Proc. United States Natl. Mus., 18:615-617.

A blind shrimp, Palaemonetes antrorum n.sp., a blind isopod, Cirolanides

texensis n.gen. et n . sp., and blind amphipod, Crangonyx flagellatus

n.sp., are described from the United States Fish Hatchery Artesian Well

in San Marcos, Hays County.

Benn, J.H. 1945. Composite observations on cave life. Bull. Natl. Speleol.

- 17 - Soc., 7:11.

This article includes a passing reference to Typhlomolge rathbuni.

Bishop, S.C. 1947. Handbook of salamanders. New York: Hafner Puhl. Co.

xiv I 555 pp.

This comprehensive work includes a record of Eurycea neotenes from

Cascade Cave, Kendall County. ryphlomolge rathbuni is described and

living specimens reported from New Braunfels, Comal County, and Boerne,

Kendall County. Accounts of trips to Ezell's Cave and Johnson's Well

in Hays County are given.

Blackford, C.M. 1899. A curious salamander. Nature, 60:389-390.

The habits and appearance of two living ryphlomolge rathbuni from the

Artesian Well in San Marcos are described.

Blair, W.F., A.P. Blair, P. Brodkorb, F.R. Cagle, and G.A. Moore. 1957.

Vertebrates of the United States. New York: McGraw-Hill. viii I 819 pp.

This comprehensive work includes a key to and brief description of

the two Texas blind catfish, Trogloglanis pattersoni and Satan

eurystomus, and the salamanders, ryphlomolge rathbuni, Eurycea

neotenes, and E. latitans.

Blair, W.F., A.P. Blair, Pierce Brodkorb, F.R. Cagle, and G.A. Moore.

1968. Vertebrates of the United States. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

616 pp.

This second edition of this standard reference work includes keys to

and brief descriptions of the two blind catfish from Texas and the

plethodontid cave salamanders, Eurycea neotenes, ~ · latitans,

E. troglodytes, ~· tridentifera, and E. rathbuni.

- 18 - Bogart, J.P. 1967. Life history and chromosomes of~ of the neotenic

salamanders of~ Edward's Plateau . M.A. Thesis. Austin: University

of Texas. vii I 79 pp.

The chromosomes of Eurycea troglodytes, ! · tridentifera, and Eurycea

spp. from Sally Cave, Val Verde County: Bender's Cave, Comal County;

Bad Weather Pit, Comal County; and Honey Creek Cave, .Comal County, are

described. Interspecific and interpopulation courtship experiments

are described for several of the cave and surface populations of

Eurycea. Data are also included on the habitat and habits of several

of the cave populations.

Bogert, C.M. 1954. Amphibians and r epti les of the world, pp . 1189-1390.

In: Frederick Drirmner, ed.,~ Animal Kingdom.

This general article includes a brief account of Typhlomolge rathburti.

/ / Bolivar y Pieltain, C. 1950. Es tudi o de una Cirolana cavernicola neuva

de la re g i~n de Valles, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (Isop. Cirolanidae).

Ciencia, 10(7-8) :211-218.

This paper describing a new subgenus and species of troglobitic

cirolanid isopod from Mexico includes comparisons with all other North

American cirolanid cave isopods, including Cirolanides texensis .

Bowman, T.E. 1964. Antrolana .!.:!:.!:!, a new genus and species of troglobitic

cirolanid isopod from Madison Cave, Virginia. Internatl. J. Speleol.,

1(1-2) : 237-246, pl. 50-57.

Ci rolanides texensis Benedict is redescribed and reported from caves

in Hays, Val Verde, Real, Edwards , and Uvalde Counties.

Brandon, R.A. 1968. Structure of the eye of Haideotriton wallacei, a

- 19 - North American troglobitic salamander. J. Morphol., 124(3):345-349, pl. I.

This study includes a comparison with the eye structure of !yphlomolge

rathbuni.

Brown, B.C. 1948. An annotated checklist of the reptiles and amphibians

of Texas. M.A. Thesis. College Station: Texas Agricultural and

Mechanical College.

This standard checklist includes Typhlomolge rathbuni and Eurycea latitans.

Brown, B.C. 1950. An annotated checklist of the reptiles and amphibians

of Texas . Waco: Baylor University Press.

This is essentially a reprint of the thesis cited above.

Burt, C.E. 1938. Contributions to Texas herpetology VII. The salamanders .

Amer . Midl . Nat., 20(2):374-380.

This annotated list of all salamanders known from Texas includes

Typhlomolge rathbuni.

/ Carranza, J. 1954. Descripcion del primer bagre anoftalmo y depigmentado

encontrado en aguas Mexicanas (Pisc., Ameiur.) . Ciencia, 14(7-8):129-136,

lam. I.

Prietella phreatophila n. gen. et n.sp. from artesian wells near Musquiz,

Coahuila, Mexico, is the third known blind catfish from North America.

It is described and compared in detail to Satan eurystomus and Trogloglanis

pattersoni, blind catfishes from San Antonio, Texas.

Chace, F.A., Jr. 1954. Two new subterranean shrimps (Decapoda: Caridea)

from Florida and the West Indies, with a revised key to the American

species. J. Washington Acad. Sci., 44(10):318-324.

- 20 - Palaemonetes (Palaemonetes) cummingi n.sp., a troglobitic shrimp from

Florida is described and compared with R· (Alaocaris) antrorum from caves near San Marcos, Texas.

Chace, F.A., Jr., J.G. Mackin, L. Hubricht, A.H. Banner, and R.H. Hobbs, Jr.

1959. Malacostraca, pp. 869-901. In: W.T. Edmondson, ed., Fresh-water

biology. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

This standard reference work includes keys to the genus Asellus and

mentions A. smithii, to Cirolanides texensis, to Stygonectes and

mentions S. flagellatus and S . balconis, and to Palaemonetes (Alaocaris)

antrorum.

Chappuis, P.A. 1927. Die tierwelt der unterirdischen gewasser. Die

Binnengewasser, 3:1-175.

This classic work on the fauna of underground waters includes

references to Cirolanides texensis and Palaemonetes antrorum.

Cole, G.A., and W.L. Minckley. 1966. Speocirolana thermydronis, a new

species of cirolanid isopod crustacean from central Coahuila, Mexico.

Tulane Studies in Zool,, 13(1):17-22.

Speocirolana thermydronis n.sp. is described and compared with

Cirolanides texensis and the other North American cirolanid isopods .

Conant, Roger. 1958. ~ field guide to reptiles and amphibians of the

United States and Canada east of the lOOth meridian. Boston: --~~ ~~ ~ ~- ~ Houghton-Mifflin. xv I 366 pp .

This standard field guide includes drawings and brief descriptions of

Typhlomolge rathbuni and the Texas neotenic Eurycea. Although Eurycea

- 21 - troglodytes is considered to be a full species, E. latitans is listed

as a subspecies of E. neotenes .

Creaser, E.P. 1931. A new blind isopod of the genus Caecidotea from a

Missouri cave. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 222:1-7, figs. 1-2.

Caecidotea smithsii Ulrich is compared to other species of the genus .

Creel, G.C. 1964. Hemigrapsus estellinensis; A new grapsoid crab from

North Texas. Southwestern Nat., 8(4):236-241.

Hemigrapsus estellinensis n.sp. is described from Estelline Salt

Spring, Hall County. The species belongs to a marine family and has

as its nearest relative, H. oregonensis, of the Pacific Coast.

Curtis, L. 1951. Physiographic influences of the Edwards Plateau on its

endemic amphibian fauna--a resume. Field and Laboratory, 19(3):119-124.

ryphlomolge rathbuni is discussed as an important member of tne endemic

fauna of the Edwards Plateau. The significance of caves to this fauna

is considered to be great. Eurycea latitans is mentioned in passing.

Dearolf, Kenneth. 1953. The invertebrates of 75 caves in the United States.

Proc, Pennsylvania Acad. Sci., 27:225-241.

This is a list of species of invertebrates identified from caves

visited by the author during exploratory trips in 1935-l938. It

reports Sphalloplana mohri, Cirolanides texensis, Stygonectes flagellatus,

and Palaemonetes antrorum from Ezell's Cave, Hays County; and Asellus

smithii (?) and Synpleonia clantoni from Schneider's Cave, Kendall County.

Dearolf, Kenneth. 1956. Survey of North American cave vertebrates. Proc.

Pennsylvania Acad. Sci., 30:201-210.

- 22 - This includes brief references to the Texas blind catfish, Satan

eurystourus and Trogloglanis pattersoni, and the cave salamanders,

Typholomolge rathbuni and Eurycea latitans.

Dundee, H.A. 1957. Partial metamorphosis induced in Typhlomolge rathbuni.

Copeia, 1957(1):52-53.

A single Typhlomolge rathbuni was placed in a thyroxin solution. After

33 days a gradual atrophy of the labial folds, gills, and fins began.

After 19 additional days the animal died. Eurycea tynerensis placed

in the same concentration underwent a comparable change within 14 days.

Dunn, E.R. 1918. The collection of Amphibia Caudata of the Museum of

Comparative Zoology . Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College,

62(9):445-471.

This catalogue includes a report of specimens of Typhlomolge rathbuni

in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University.

Dunn, E.R. 1926. The salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. Northampton,

Mass .: Smith College.

This monograph summarizes all known data on TyPhlomolge rathbuni,

including descriptions and habits. A discussion of its familial

status is concluded by inserting it in the Plethodontidae.

Eigenmann, C.H. 1899. The eye of TyPhlomolge from the artesian wells of

San Marcos, Texas. (Abs.) Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 8:251.

The eye of 'I'ypholmolge rathbuni is briefly described.

Eigenmann, C.H. 1900. The blind fishes of North America. Popular Sci.

Monthly, 56:473-486.

- 23 - This popular account of olind fish includes a photograph and passing

reference to 'J;yphlomolge rathbuni.

Eigenmann, C.H. 1900. A oontribution to the fauna of the caves of Texas.

Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. , 49:228-230. Also in: Science, n.s.,

12(295):301-302 .

This includes an account of additional collections at the Artesian

Well in San Marcos and of collections in Ezell's Cave and Wonder Cave.

Although no aquatic specimens were obtained in the two caves, shrimp

(Palaemonetes antrorum), isopods (Cirolanides texensis), amph~pods

(Crangonyx bowersii), a new species of Caecidotea, 2 new species of

copepod (Cyclops), other crustaceans, and a flatworm were found in

the Artesian Well.

Eigerunann, C.H . 1900. Degeneration in the eyes of the cold-blooded

vertebrates of the North American caves. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci.,

9:31-46.

This discussion includes a brief description of the eye of Typhlomolge

rathbuni . It is found to possess more degenerate eyes than are to be

found in any other cave vertebrate.

Eigerunann, C.H. 1900. The eyes of the blind vertebrates of North America.

II. The eyes of Typhlomolge rathbuni Stejneger. Trans. Amer. Microscop.

Soc., 21:49-60, pl. III-IV.

The eyes of one adult and three young Typhlomolge rathbuni are described

in detail. They were found to be more degenerate than in any other cave

vertebrate. The lens and nruscles are absent and the structure of the

retinal layers is found to be very simple.

- 24 - Eigenmann, C.H. 1901. Description of a new cave salamander, Spelerpes

stejnegeri, from the caves of southwestern Missouri. Trans. Amer.

Microscop. Soc., 22:189-192, pl. XXVII-XXVIII.

Tilis paper includes a passing reference to rypholmolge rathbuni.

Eigenmann, C.H. 1909. Cave vertebrates of America. A study in degenerative

evolution. Carnegie Inst. Washington Puhl., 104.

This outstanding work on the structure and evolution of blind

vertebrates includes a careful account of the habits of ryphlomolge

r athbuni, as well as a detailed description of its eyes. Tile eyes

are found to more degenerate than those of the European blind salamander,

Proteus anguinus.

Eigerunann, C.H. 1919. Trogloglanis pattersoni a new blind fish fra:n San

Antonio, Texas . Proc. Amer . Phil. Soc., 58:397-400, figs . 1-2.

Trogloglanis pat ~e:son i n . gen. et n. sp., the first blind catfish in

the United States is described from a deep artesian well in San

Antonio, Bexar County.

Emerson, E.T. 1905. General anatomy of ryphlomolge rathbuni. Proc. Boston

Soc. Nat. Hist., 32(3):43-76, pl. 1-6.

Tile skeleton, nniscles, urogenital system, digestive system, and

respiratory system of Typhlomolge rathbuni are described in detail.

Other systems are briefly described or discussed. It is concluded

t hat this species belongs in the Plethodontidae and is most closely

related to Spelerpes.

Gadow, H. 1901 . Amphibia and reptiles. Cambridge Nat. Hist., 8:135-136.

ryphlomolge rathbuni is discussed as a member of the family Proteidae.

It is briefly described and it is postulated that it feeds on Crustacea.

- 25 - Gianferrari, Luisa. 1923. Uegitglanis zanunaranoi, un nuovo Siluride cieco

africano. Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Milano, 62:1-3.

This description of a new blind African silurid fish includes a

passing reference to Typhlomolge rathbuni.

Gilmore, C.W., and D.M. Cochran. 1930. Amphibians. Smithsonian Scientific

Series, 8(2):157-208.

Typhlomolge rathbuni is included in this general work as a member of the

family Proteidae. The original species description by Stejneger is

quoted in part.

Gorbman, A. 1957 . The thyroid gland of Typhlomolge rathbuni. Copeia,

1957(1):41-43.

A study of preserved specimens of Typhlomolge rathbuni from the Artesian

Well at San Marcos reveals the presence of thyroid follicles, thus

disproving the previously held idea that this was the only species of

vertebrate to lack a thyroid gland. The thyroidal tissue does, however,

appear to be inactive.

Hay, W.P . 1902. Observations on the crustacean fauna of Nickajack Cave,

Tennessee, and vicinity. Proc . United States Natl. Mus., 25:430.

This paper on the crustacean fauna of Nickajack Cave, Tennessee,

includes a discussion of the generic relationships of the cave

amphipods of the United States . A new genus, Stygonectes, is

erected for the species, Crangonyx flagellatus, from the Artesian

Well at San Marcos.

Hay, W.P . 1903. On a small collection of crustaceans from the island

of Cuba. Proc. United States Natl. Mus., 26:429-435.

A new blind isopod from Cuba, Cirolana cubensis, is compared with

- 26 - Cirolanides texensis; while a new shrimp, Palaemonetes eigenmanni,

is compared with Palaemonetes antrorum.

Herald, E.S. 1955. A longevity record for the Texas blind salamander.

Herpetologica, 11(3):192.

Txphlomolge rathbuni from Ezell's Cave, Hays County, is reported to

have survived in an aquarium for 32 m/.inths on a diet of brine shrimp.

Hilton, W.A. 1956. Eye muscles of salamanders. Herpetologica, 12(4):273-276.

This includes a brief description . of the eye muscles of Typhlomolge

rathbuni.

Hobbs, H.H., Jr •• .. and Margaret Walton. 1968. New entocytherid ostracods

from the southern United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

120(6):237-252.

Entocythere reddelli n . sp. is described from Golden Fawn Cave , Kendall

County. It was found in association with Ankylocythere sinuosa (Rioja)

on Procambarus clarkii (Girard).

Holsinger, J.R. 1966. Subterranean amphipods of the genus Stygonectes

(Gammaridae) from Texas. Amer. Midl. Nat., 76(1):100-124 .

The amphipod genus Stygonectes is redefined and the genus Synpleonia

placed as a synonym of Stygonectes. ~· flagellatus and S. balconis

are redescribed. S. longipes n. sp., ~· hadenoecus n.sp., and S. r eddelli

n.sp are described. Several additional r ecords of Stygonectes are

listed but not assigned to any of the above species because of

inadequate material. The time of origin of the species of Stygonectes

is discussed as well as certain zoogeographic problems. The obligatory

subte rranean habit is postulated t o have evolved in the Pleistocene.

- 27 - Holsinger, J.R. 1967. Systematics, speciation, and distribution of the

subterranean amphipod genus Stygonectes (Ganunaridae) . United States

Natl . Mus. Bull . , 259:1-152.

This monograph of the amphipod genus Stygonectes includes, in addition

to a redescription of all known species of Texas Stygonectes, descriptions

of four new species. ~· bifurcatus n.sp. is reported from caves in

San Saba, Coryell, Lampasas, and Kendall Counties; S. russelli n.sp. is

reported from caves in Coryell, Bell, Kendall, Kerr, Mason, San Saba,

and Travis Counties;~· pecki n.sp. is described from Comal Springs,

Comal County; and~· dejectus n.sp. is described from Cascade Caverns,

Kendall County. The evolution of the genus is discussed at length and

it is concluded that the ancestral stock of Stygonectes invaded fresh

water during the early to middle Cenozoic. Distributional patterns of the

Texas species are believed to be related to geographic isolation of

ancestral populations .

Holthuis, L.B. 1949. Note on the species of Palaemonetes (Crustacea Decapoda)

found in the United States of America. Proc. Kon. Nederl. Akad. van

Wetenschappen, 52(1) :87-95.

A new subgenus, Alaocaris, is erected for Palaemonetes antrorum. This

species is redescribed and compared to other troglobitic shrimps.

Holthuis, L.B. 1952. A general revision of the Palaemonidae (Crustacea

Decapoda Natantia) of the Americas. II. The subfamily Palaemoninae.

Allan Hancock Foundation Puhl., Occ. Pap . , 12:200-207, 374-378.

Additional specimens of Palaemonetes (Alaocaris) antrorum are described,

including two aberrant specimens which are considered to be possibly

representative of a distinct s pecies.

- 28 - Hubbs, C. 1957. Distributional patterns of Texas fresh-water fishes.

Southwestern Nat., 2(2- 3):89-104.

Satan eurystomus and Trogloglanis pattersoni are listed as local

endemics in the Texas fauna.

Hubbs, C.L., and R.M. Bailey. 1947. Blind catfishes from artesian waters

of Texas. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool . , University of Michigan, 499:1-15.

Satan eurystomus n. gen. et n.sp., the second blind catfish from

Texas, is described. The second known specimen of Trogloglanis pattersoni

is also described.

Hubricht, Leslie. 1940. A subterranean snail from an artesian well.

Nautilus, 54(1):34-35.

This reports a shell of a troglobitic snail of the genus Horatia

from the Artesian Well at San Marcos.

Hubricht, Leslie. 1943. Studies on the nearctic freshwater Amphipoda. III.

Notes on the freshwater Amphipoda of eastern United States, with

description of ten new species. Amer. Midl. Nat., 29(3):683-712.

Stygonectes flagellatus is reported from two caves in Kendall

County. S. balconis n.sp. is described from Boyett's Cave, Hays

County, and report~d from Cave Without a Name, Kendall County.

Hunsaker, D., II, and C. Johnson. 1959. Internal pigmentation and ultraviolet

transmission of the integument in amphibians and reptiles. Copeia,

1959(4):311-315.

Typhlomolge rathbuni was found to lack peritoneal pigment nor was

gonadal pigmentation present. Skin from T. rathbuni was found to be

opaque to ultraviolet wave lengths from 1,875 to 3,100 R.

- 29 - Hyman, L.H. 1939. North American triclad Turbellaria. X. Additional

species of cave planarians. Trans. Amer. Microscop. Soc., 58(3):276-284.

Sphalloplana mohri n.sp., the first troglobitic flatworm from Texas,

is described from Ezell's Cave, Hays County.

Jeannel, R.G. 1943. Les fossiles vivants des cavernes. Gallimard. 321 pp.

This classic work on cave fauna includes brief discussions of or

passing references to Cirolanides texensis, Asellus smithii,

Palemonetes antrorum, Trogloglanis pattersoni, and Typhlomolge rathbuni.

Jones, R.S., and W.F. Hettler. 1959. Bat feeding by green sunfish.

Texas J. Sci., 11(1):48.

Lepomis cyanellus is reported to feed on bats, Tadarida mexicana, in

Prassel Ranch Cave, Kendall County. Ictalurus punctatus is also

reported to live in this cave.

Kezer, J . 1952. Thyroxin-induced metamorphosis of the neotenic salamanders

Eurycea tynerensis and Eurycea neotenes. Copeia, 1952(4):234-237, pl. I.

Eurycea tynerensis from Oklahoma and~· neotenes from Bexar County,

Texas, were treated with thyroxin and found to artifically metamorphose.

They are discussed as members of a group of salamanders which do not

naturally metamorphose but which can be induced to do so and are then

compared with Typhlomolge rathbuni which is incapable of metamorphosing.

Kiefer, F. 1929. Crustacea Copepoda. 2. Cyclopoidea Gnathostoma. Das

Tierreich, 53:86-87. Berlin: Friedlander.

The two species of copepod described from the Artesian Well at San

Marcos, Cyclops cavernarum and f· ~' are considered nomina nuda.

- 30 - Kingsbury, B.F. 1905. The rank of Necturus among tailed Batrachia. Biol.

Bull., 8(2):67-74.

Passing reference · is made to TyPhlornolge, which is believed to be

closely related to Necturus.

Kingsbury, B.F., and H.D. Reed. 1909. The columella auris in Amphibia.

Second contribution. J. Morphol., 40(4):449-628, pl. I-X.

This includes a description of the colurnella auris of TyPhlornolge

rathbuni.

Kingsley, J.S. 1899. Synopses of North-American invertebrates. III. The

Caridea of North America. Arner. Nat., 33:709- 720 .

This includes a key to all North American Caridea, including Palaemonetes

antrorum.

Kyzer, Dave. 1956. The fauna of Centex caves. Texas Caver, 1(6):2-3.

Dittoed.

This report on the cave fauna of several caves in Central Texas

includes records of salamanders Eurycea sp., in Perry Water Cave,

Real County; and in Sally Cave, Val Verde County. Genreal comments

are made on other cave salamanders and on crustaceans in Ezell's

Cave, Hays County.

Lane, R.H. 1945. A survey of the fossil vertebrates of Kansas. Part II:

Amphibia. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. , 48:286-316.

This report includes a brief description of Typhlomolge rathbuni, but

adds no new information.

Leviton, A.E. 1953. Catalogue of the amphibian and reptile types in the

Natural History Museum of Stanford University. Herpetologica, 8(4):121-132.

- 31 - This reports the presence of a paratype of Typhlomolge rathbuni in the

collections of Stanford University.

Ley, Willy. 1955. Salamanders and other wonders. New York: Viking Press.

x I 293 pp.

This popular book includes a brief description of Typhlomolge rathbuni.

Mccrady, E. 1954. A new species of pyrinophilus (Plethodontidae) from

Tennessee caves. Copeia, 1954(3):200-206.

This description of a new blind cave salamander (Gyrinophilus palleucus)

includes a list of the known blind salamanders. This species is

compared with the known cave salamanders, including Typhlomolge rathbuni.

McKenzie, David, and J.R. Reddell, eds. 1964. The caves of Bell and

Coryell Counties. Texas Speleol. Survey, 2(4):1-63. Mimeographed.

This report describes all of the known caves in Bell and Coryell

Counties. Included are records of the rhabdocoel, Stenostomum sp.,

in Stagecoach Inn Cave, Bell County; and of amphipods (Stygonectes

balconis) and isopods (Asellus sp.) in Tippit Cave, Coryell County.

Maguire, Bassett, Jt. 1960. Lethal effect of visible light on cavernicolous

ostracods. Science, 132:226-227.

Troglobitic ostracods (Candona sp.) from Valdina Farms Sinkhole,

MedinaCounty;-and from Cave X, Travis County, are found to die

when exposed to light intensities of the order of l/20th that of

normal sunlight.

Maguire, Bassett, Jr. 1961. Regressive evolution in cave animals and .

its mechanism. Texas J. Sci., 13(3):363-370.

- 32 - Examples are given of three different levels of regressive evolution

in cave animals . The first, represented by crayfish from Longhorn

Caverns, Burnet County, Texas, illustrates the degree of development

of pigment as a function of ecological conditions . The second,

represented by copepods from Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, and

Dead Dog Cave, Travis County, Texas, illustrates the development of

eye structure and amount of eye pigment as examples of regressive

evolution in progress. The third, represented by Cirolanides texensis

and Candona sp., illustrates the inability to develop pigment in

one and the mortality of the other when exposed to low intensities

of visible light as examples of regression involving the entire

population. The possible mechanisms resulting in regressive evolution

are briefly discussed.

Maguire, Bassett, Jr. 1964. Crustacea: A primitive Mediterranean group

also occurs in North America. Science, 146:931-932.

The discovery of the first member of the order Thermosbenacea, an

undescribed species of Monodella from Ezell's Cave, Hays County, Texas,

is announced.

Maguire, Bassett, Jr. 1965. Extension of the known range of the crustacean

order Thermosbenacea to the Western Hemisphere. (Abs.) Natl. Speleol.

Soc. Bull., 27(2):63.

A new speices of the genus Monodella, belonging to the rare subterranean

order Thermosbenacea, is reported from Ezell's Cave, Hays County,

Texas. The Thermosbenacea was previously known only from caves and

springs in the Mediterranean region.

- 33 - Maguire, Bassett, Jr. 1965. Monodella texana n.sp. , an extension of the

range of the crustacean order Thermosbenacea to the Western Hemisphere.

Crustaceana, 9(2):149-154, pl. III.

Monodella texana n . sp., the first species of the order Thermosbenacea

to be reported from the Western Hemisphere, is described. The

distributional significance of this discovery is briefly discussed.

Miller, M.A. 1933. A new blind isopod, Asellus californicus, and a

revision of the subterranean asellids. Univ. California Publ. Zool.,

39(4):97-110.

This paper included Caecidotea smithii in a revision of the

subterranean asellids. It is proposed that Caecidotea should be

considered invlaid and that it be considered a synonym of Asellus;

therefore, C. smithii becomes Asellus smithii.

Milne, L.J., and M.J. Milne. 1947. A multitude of living things. Dodd,

Mead & Co. 278 pp.

This popular book on nature includes an account of a trip to Ezell's

Cave, San Marcos, and references to the blind Crustacea and salamanders

found there.

Milstead, W.W. 1951. A new locality record for the Texas neotenic salamander,

Eurycea latitans. Herpetologica, 7(2):57-58.

A single specimen, identified as Eurycea latitans, is reported from a

tributary of Turtle Creek, Kerr County. This species was previously

known only from Cascade Caverns, Kendall County.

Mitchell, R.W. 1968. New species of Sphalloplana (Turbellaria; Paludicola)

from the caves of Texas and a reexamination of the genus Speophila and

- 34 - the family Kenkiidae. Ann. Speleol., 23(3):597-620.

Four new species of the genus Sphalloplana are described from caves in

central Texas: ~· kutscheri n.sp. from Spanish Wells Cave, Travis County;

~· sloani n. sp. from Harrel's Cave, San Saba County;~· zeschi n.sp. from

Zesch Ranch Cave, Mason County; ~· reddelli n.sp. from Cascade Caverns,

Kendall County. S . mohri from Ezell's Cave, Hays County, is redescribed.

The genus Speophila is relegated to the synonymy of Sphalloplana and the

family Kenkiidae to the synonymy of the Planariidae.

Mitchell, R.W. 1969. A comparison of temperate and tropical cave conmrunities.

Southwestern Nat., 14(1):738-788.

This paper discusses briefly worldwide distribution patterns of cave­

dwelling animals and in more detail compares the cave faunas of central

Texas and the Sierra de El Abra of Mexico. Cited by higher catagory

are all subterranean aquatics of central Texas. Hypotheses are

presented in an attempt to explain differences in temperate and tropical

cave faunas.

Mitchell, R.W., and J.R. Reddell. 1965. Eurycea tridentifera, a new species

of troglobitic slalmander from Texas and a reclassification of Typhlomolge

rathbuni . Texas J. Sci., 17(1) : 12-27.

A new troglobitic plethodontid salamander, Eurycea tridentifera, from

Honey Creek Water Cave, Comal County, is described and compared with

other neotenic Eurycea. Typhlomolge rathbuni is removed to the genus

Eurycea. Convergence in the cavernicolous Eurycea of the Edwards Plateau

is discussed and the first case of sympatry among the neotenic Eurycea

is reported.

Mohr, C.E. 1939. I explore caves. Nat. Hist., 43(4) : 190-204.

- 35 - This popular article on cave life i ncludes a photograph and brief discussion

of Typhlomolge rathbuni. I nc luded a lso is the account of a trip by t he

author to Ezell's Cave, Hays County, and the col lection of_!. rathbuni,

Cirolanides texensis,_ Palaemonetes antr orum, and Eucrangonyx flagellatus.

Mohr, C.E. 1948. Tracing an unde r gr ound stream: A digest of an article by

Eduard Uhlenhuth. Natl. Speleol. Soc. Bull., 10:109-111 .

This is a brief summary of the r esults obtained by Eduard Uhlenhuth in

his study of the biology and hydrology of the subterranean Purgatory

Creek System in the vicinity of San Marcos , Hays County, Texas . Uhlenhuth 's

diagram showing the relationship of Ezell's Cave, Wonder Cave, Fr ank

Johnson' s Well, and the U. S . Fish Hatchery Artesia n Well is reprinted.

Mohr, C.E. 1948. Unique animals inhabit subterranean Texas. Natl. Speleol .

Soc . Bull . , 10:15, 21, 88 .

This is a popularized account of a trip to Texas in 1939 t o collect a nd

observe cave animals . Included is a n account of tri ps into Ezell's Cave,

Hays County, and Cascade Caverns , Kendall County . Among the fauna

collected in Eze ll's Cave we re Cirola nides texensis, Pal aemonetes a ntrorum,

Eucrangonyx flagellatus, Sphalloplana .mohri, and Typhl omol ge rathbuni .

An undescribed salamander, Eurycea latitans, was collected in Cascade

Caverns .

Mohr, C.E. 1958. Creatures of darkness . I llustr ated Library of the Natural

Sciences, 1:606-617 .

This general article incl udes a brief refer e nce to Typhlomol ge rathbuni .

Mo h r, CE• . , an d TL• • P ou l s on . 1966. The l ife of the cave . New York: McGraw

Hill. 232 pp .

- 36 - This popular work includes a discussion and photographs of numerous Texas

cavernicoles. Included are pictures of Eurycea rathbuni, E. tridentifera,

E. troglodytes, and Stygonectes sp.

Moore , G.W ., and Bro. G. Nicholas. 1964. Speleology: The study of Caves.

Boston: D.C. Heath. vii I 120 pp.

This general semi-popular book on speleology includes a passing reference

to Typhlomolge rathbuni.

Neher, E.M. 1901. The eye of Palaemonetes antrorum. Proc . Indiana Acad. Sci.,

12:96-101.

The structure of the eye of Palaemonetes antrorum is described in detail.

The ectodermal portions of the eye were found to be reduced.

Nicholas, Bro. G. 1960. Checklist of macroscopic troglobitic organisms of

the United States. Amer. Midl. Nat., 64(1):123-160.

This comprehensive checklist includes the following Texas aquatic troglobites

with citations of type locality and range for each: Sphalloplana mohri,

Stygonectes balconis, Stygonectes flagellatus, Caecidotea smithii,

Palaemonetes antrorum, Horatia micra , Satan eurystomus, Trogloglanis

pattersoni, Eurycea neotenes latitans, Eurycea troglodytes, and Typhlomolge

rathbuni.

Nicholson, F.E. 1932. Nature discloses more queer life. Philadelphia Public

Ledger, Oct. 30, 1932. Reprinted under title, ''Weird inhabitants that

grope in a newly discovered Texas Cave", in Literary Digest, Dec. 10, 1932;

and with notes by C.E. Mohr and P.J. White under title, "A celebrated cave

exploration", in Bull. Natl. Speleol. Soc ., 10:22-26.

This popular and rather fantastic article includes references to blind

crayfish and to rare salamanders. Notes by Mohr point out that the

- 37 - crayfish are not blind and identify the salamanders as Eurycea latitans .

Norman, J .R. 1926. A new blind catfish from Trinidad, with a list of the

blind cave-fishes. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 9th ser., 18:324-331.

Caecorhamdia urichi n .sp., a blind catfish from Trinidad, is described

and briefly compared to Trogloglanis pattersoni from artesian wells at

San Antonio, Texas.

Norman, W.W. 1900. Remarks on the San Marcos salamander, Typhlomolge

rathbuni Stejneger. Amer. Nat., 34:179-183.

Typhlomolge rathbuni was observed in the laboratory and its method of

locomotion is described. It was observed to feed on pieces of crayfish.

Ortmann, A.E. 1918. Higher crustaceans (Malacostraca), pp. 828-850. In:

H.B. Ward and G.C. Whipple, Fresh-~ biology. New York: John Wiley

& Sons.

This general reference work includes keys to and brief mention of

Cirolanides texensis, Asellus smithii, Stygonectes flagellatus, and

Palaemonetes antrorum.

Penn, G.H., and R.H. Hobbs, Jr. 1958. A contribution toward a knowledge of

the crayfishes of Texas (Decapoda, Astacidae). Texas J. Sci., 10(4):452- 483.

This paper on Texas crayfishes includes a record of Procambarus ~ simulans

from Longhorn Cavern, Burne t County. They show no signs of adaptation

to caves.

Pennak, R.W. 1953. Fresh-water invertebrates~ - the United States. New

York: Ronald Press. ix I 769 pp.

This includes keys to and brief discussions of some fresh-water

invertebrates of Texas caves. Species mentioned are: Sphalloplana mohri,

- 38 - Cirolanides texensis, Stygonectes sp., and Palaemonetes antrorum.

Piatt, Jean. 1935. A comparative study of the hyobranchial apparatus and

throat musculature in the Plethodontidae. J . Morphol., 57(1):213-251.

Typhlomolge rathbuni is considered as a degenerate Typhlotriton and is

thought to have derived from the Steriochilus-Gyrinophilus line. Since

it is a permanent larva its hyobranchial apparatus and throat musculature

is not described.

Pilsbry, H.A. 1916. Note on Valvata micra Pils. and Ferr. Nautilus,

30(7):83-84.

The snail, Valvata micra, is removed to the genus Horatia, subgenus

Hauffenia.

Pilsbry, H.A., and J.H. Ferris . 1906. Mollusca of the southwestern states. II.

Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philadelphia, 58:172-173, pl. IX.

Valvata micra n.sp. is described from drift debris on the Guadalupe

River, Comal County.

Potter, F.E., Jr. 1963. Gross morphological variation in the genus Typhlomolge

with description of~~ species. M.A. Thesis. Austin: University of

Texas.

External measurements are given for all available specimens of Typhlomolge

rathbuni . A second species of the genus closely related to T. rathbuni

is described as new based on one specimen collected in a subterranean

stream beneath the bed of the Blanco River, San Marcos, Hays County.

Poulson, T.L . 1964. Animals in aquatic environments: Animals in caves.

Handbook of physiology: Adaptation to the environment, pp. 749-771.

This review paper includes a few passing references to Typhlomolge.

- 39 - Reddell, J.R., ed. 1963. The caves of Val Verde County. Texas Speleol.

Survey, 1(7):1-53. Dittoed.

All of the known caves of Val Verde County, exclusive of the Langtry

and Amistad Dam areas, are described. The onl y aquatic cavernicole

1hn.0wt11· from the county, Eurycea neotenes , is reported from Four-Mile

Cave.

Reddell, J .R., ed . 1964. The caves of Comal County . Texas Speleol. Survey,

1(7):1-53. Mimeographed.

All of the known caves of Comal County are described. The following

aquatic species are reported from the county: Eurycea n . sp. and Procambarus

clarkii from Honey Creek Water Cave ; Eurycea n.sp. from Kappelman Salamander

Cave; and Eurycea neotenes from Plumly Cave.

Reddell, J.R., ed . 1965 . A checklist of the cave fauna of Texas . I. The

Invertebrata (exclusive of Insecta) . Texas J. Sci. , 17(2):143-187 .

All available records for all known aquatic and terrestrial species

reported from caves are published, toge ther with all known references

to the occurrence of each species in caves . Aquatic taxa are reported

for the following groups: Hydroz oa, Ca tenulida, Tricladida, Nematomorpha,

Gastropoda, Cladocera, Podocopa, Eucopopoda, Isopoda, Thermosbenacea,

Amphipoda, and Decapoda.

Reddell, J .R. 1966. A checklist of the cave fauna of Texas. II. Insecta .

Texas J. Sci., 18(1):25-56.

This checklist includes Texas cave records of a larva of Chironomus sp. ,

dytiscid beetles of the genera Bidessus and Copelatus, a nd hydrophilid

beetles of the genera Cymbiodyta and Tropisternus. All are conunon

epigean species .

- 40 - Reddell, J.R. 1967. A checklist of the cave fauna of Texas. III. Vertebrata.

Texas J. Sci., 19(2):184-226.

This checklist includes records of four epigean and two troglobitic

(Satan eurystomus and Trogloglanis pattersoni) fish, five salamanders

of the genus Eurycea plus several records of unidentified Eurycea, and

~ pipiens in Texas caves.

Reddell, J.R., and Richard Finch, eds. 1963. The caves of Williamson County.

Texas Speleol. Survey, 2(1):1-61 .· Dittoed. Reprinted: September 1967.

All known caves in Williamson County are described. Asellus sp. and

Procambarus s. simul.;ans are reported from The Bat-Well.

Reddell, J.R., and W.R. Russell, eds. 1961. The caves of Travis County.

Texas Speleol. Survey, 1(1):1-31. Dittoed. Reprinted in part in:

Speleo Digest, 1961(1):208-220. Pittsburgh Grotto Press, 1962.

All known caves in Travis County are described. Candona sp.and

Paracyclops ?fimbriatus are reported from Cave X; Eurycea neotenes is

reported from Salamander Cave; and ParacyclO£S fimbriatus is reported

from Dead Dog Cave No. 2.

Reddell, J.R., and A.R. Smith, eds. 1965. The caves of Edwards County.

Texas Speleol. Survey, 2(5-6):1-70.

All known caves ·in Edwards County are described. Cirolanides texensis

and Stygonectes sp. are reported from Devil's Sinkhole.

Reed, H.D. 1920. The morphology of the sound-transmitting apparatus in

caudate Amphibia and its phylogenetic significance. J. Morphol.,

33(2):324-387.

The sound-transmitting apparatus of ryphlomolge rathbuni is described

- 41 - and figured. Although this species is considered to be in the family

Typhlomolgidae, its sound-transmitting apparatus is typically plethodontid.

Richardson, Harriet. 1904. Contributions to the natural history of the

Isopoda. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 27:1-89.

This review includes passing references to the isopod, Cirolanides texensis.

Richardson, Harriet. 1905. A monograph of the isopods of North America.

United States Natl . Mus. Bull., 54.

This early, authoritative monograph, includes a redescription with

drawings of Cirolanides texensis, and a reprint of the original descriptions

and drawings of Caecidotea smithii.

Rioja, Enrique. 1953. Estudios carcinolO'gicos. XXX. Observaciones sobre los

/ / / cirolanidos cavernicolas de Mexico (Crustaceos, Isopodos). An. Inst.

Biol. Mex., 24(1):147-170.

The Mexican cavernicole cirolanids are discussed and compared to

Cirolanides texensis.

Shoemaker, C.R. 1938. A new species of fresh-water amphipod of the genus

Synpleonia, with remarks on related genera. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

51:137-142.

Synpleonia pizzinii n.sp. from a spring in Washington, D.C., is described

and compared with Stygonectes flagellatus and other species of gammarid

Amphipods.

Smi "th , HM• • , and F • E . p o tter , Jr • 1946. A third neotenic salamander of the

genus Eurycea from Texas. Herpetologica, 3(4):105-109.

Eurycea latitans n.sp., a troglobitic salamander, is described from

- 42 - Cascade Caverns, Kendall County. It is compared with other neotenic

species of the genus.

Smith, Louise. 1920. The hyobranchial apparatus of Spelerpes bislineatus .

J. Morphol., 33(2):526-583.

A comparison of the hyobranchial apparatus of Typhlomolge tathbuni

with that of larval Spelerpes bislineatus shows it to be of the same

basic type. The author concludes that T. rathbuni is in reality a

larval Spelerpes.

Stebbing, T.R.R. 1906. Amphipoda. I.Ganunaridea. Das Tierreich, 21:370-372,

729-730. Berlin: Friedlander.

This monograph on the gammarid amphipods includes Stygonectes flagellatus.

Steeves, R.R., III. 1968 . Three new species of troglobitic asellids from

Texas. Amer. Midl . Nat., 79(1) : 183-188.

Asellus bisetus n.sp . from Gorman Cave, San Saba County; ~· reddelli n.sp.

from Tippit's Cave, Coryell County, Elm Water Cave, Williamson County,

Cave X, Travis County, and Nolan Creek Cave, Bell County; and~· pilus n.sp.

from Valdina Farms Sinkhole, Medina County, are described. Comments on

their habitats a re included.

Stejneger, Leonhard. 1896. Description of a new genus and species of blind

tailed batrachians from the subterranean waters of Texas. Proc. United

States Natl. Mus., 18:619-621.

A new blind salamander from the U.S. Fish Hatchery Artesian Well at

San Marcos, Hays County, Texas, Typhlornolge rathbuni n.gen. et n.sp.,

is described. It is believed to belong to the superfamily Preteoideae

and to be more closely allied to Necturus than to the European cave

salamander, Proteus.

- 43 - Stejneger, Leonhard, and Thomas Barbour. 1917. A checklist of North

American amphibians and reptiles . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

125 pp.

This comprehensive checklist includes Typhlomolge r a thhuni as a member

of the family Typhlomolgidae.

Stone, Witmer. 1903. A collection of reptiles and batrachians from Arkansas,

Indian Territory and western Texas . Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

55:538-542.

This reports a collection of six specimens of Typhlomolge rathbuni from

the Artesian Well at San Marcos by John A. Leary.

Strecker, J.K., Jr. 1908. A preliminary annotated list of the Batrachia of

Texas. Proc . Biol. Soc. Washington, 21 :53-62 .

This checklist includes Typhlomolge rathbuni.

Strecker, J . K., Jr. 1915. Reptiles and amphibians of Texas. Baylor Univ.

Bull., 18(4) :1-82.

This includes a brief reference to Typhlomolge t.athbuni.

Strecker, J .K., Jr . 1935. Land and fresh-water snails of Texas . Trans .

Texas Acad. Sci., 17:40.

This list includes Horatia micra without new data.

Strecker, J.K., Jr., and W.J. Williams. 1927 . Herpetological records from

the vicinity of San Marcos , Texas, with distributional data on the

amphibians and reptiles of the Edwards Plateau r egion and central Texas.

Contr. Baylor Univ. Mus., 12 :1-16.

This discussion of the herpetofauna of the San Marcos area includes a

brief discussion of Typhlomolge rathbuni.

- 44 - Suttkus, R.D. 1961. Additional information about blind catfishes from

Texas. Southwestern Nat ., 6(2):55-64.

Two additional specimens of Satan eurystomus and one additional specimen

of Trogloglanis pattersoni are described. New evidence on relationships

with epigean species is also presented.

Terent'ev, P.V. 1965. Herpetology: ~manual~ amphibians and reptiles.

Translation of: Gerpetologiya, uchenie o zemnovodnykh l presmykayushchikhsya.

Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. v f 313 pp.

This Russian work includes a brief reference to Typhlomolge rathbuni.

Thines, G. 1955. Les poissons aveugles (1) Origine -- taxonomie -- repartition

geographique -- comportement. Ann. Soc. Roy. Zool. Belgique, 76(1):5-128.

Included in this lengthy study of the blind fishes of the world are the

two blind catfishes from Texas, Satan eurystomus and Trogloglanis pattersoni.

Thomson, J .A. 1926. The~ natural history. New York: G.P. Pugnam's Sons .

3 vols.

This general work includes a brie f r e ference to Typhlomolge rathbuni .

Uhlenhuth, Eduard. 1919. Observations on the distribution of the blind Texas

cave salamander, Typhlomolge rathbuni. (Abs.) Copeia, 1919(69):26-27.

The distribution of Typhlomolge rathbuni is briefly outlined.

Uhlenhuth, Eduard. 1921. The internal secretions in growth and development

of amphibians . Amer. Nat ., 55:193-221.

The blindness and pigmentlessness of 'ryphlomolge rathbuni, thought to lack

a thyroid gland, is believed to be a result of endocrine disturbances.

- 45 - Uhlenhuth, Eduar d . 1921 . Observations on the distribution and habits of

t he blind Texas cave sal amander , Typhlomolge rathbuni . Biol. Bull . ,

40(2):73- 104.

Typhl omolge rathbuni is reported to inhabit the waters of the Purgat ory

Creek System and is known from t he following local ities : Artesian Well

a t San Mar cos, Ezell ' s Cave, Johnson's Well, and Beaver Cave. These

localities ar e described in detail and oth er troglobitic species of

aquatic cavernicole ar e reported from them. The hydrological situation

in the San Mar cos area is described and discussed. Typhlomolge is

reported (by sight records) from Burnet Cave, Kendall County; a spring

near Twi n Sist ers Mountain, Hays County; and a spring near Ozona. Other

caves in t he San Marcos area are a lso described.

Uhlenhuth, Eduard . 1923. The endocrine system of Typhlomolge rathbuni .

Biol . Bull. , 45(6) : 303- 324.

This paper reports the sectioning of seven specimens of Typhlomolge

rathbuni . The thyroid is found to be absent, although in one specimen

what appear to be thyroid rudiments were found . These rudiments are

described in detail and the ir embrylogical development discussed. The

thymus glands, hypophysis, and the postbranchial body were found to be

present and a r e described.

Ulrick, C. J . 1902 . A contribution to the subterranean fauna of Texas .

Trans. Amer. Microscop. Soc . , 23 :83- 101, pl. XIV-XVIII.

The resul ts of a study of a collection of Crustacea mad e in 1899 in

the U.S . Fish Hatchery Artesian Well in San Marcos, Hays County, are

published . Described as new are Crangonyx bowersii, Cyclops cavernarum,

Cyclops learii, and Caecidotea smithii . Cypridopsis vidua obesa ,

Cirolanides texensis, Palaemonetes antrorum, an unidentified larva l

- 46 - crustacean, a flatworm, and Typhlomolge rathbuni are also reported from

the collections made at the well.

/ Vandel, A. 1964. Biospeologie, la biologie des animaux cavernicoles. Paris:

/ Gauthier-Villars Editeur. 619 pp.

This comprehensive review includes references to Cirolanides texensis,

Palaemonetes antrorum, Satan eurystomus, Trogloglanis pattersoni, Eurycea

latitans, Eurycea troglodytes, and Typhlomolge rathbuni.

Vandel, A., and Michel Bouillon. 1959. Le prot~e et son inter~t biologique.

Ann. speleol., 14(1-2):111-127.

This study of the European cave salamander, Proteus anguinus, includes

several brief comparative references to Typhlomolge rathbuni.

Van Name, W.G. 1936. The American land and fresh-water isopod Crustacea.

Bull. Amer . Mus. Nat. Hist., 71.

This monographic work includes brief descriptions, mostly quoted, of

Caecidotea smithii and Cirolanides texensis.

Vinciguerra, D. 1924. Descrizione di un ciprinide cieco proveniente dalla

Somalia Italiana. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 51:239-243.

This paper describing a new species of blind fish from Italian Somaliland

includes passing references to Trogloglanis pattersoni.

Wake, D.B. 1966. Comparative osteology and evolution of the lungless

salamanders, family Plethodontidae. Mem. Southern California Acad. Sci.,

4:1-111.

This monographic study includes general descriptions of the skeleton of

Eurycea troglodytes, ~· tridentifera, and Typhlomolge rathbuni. Based

on skeletal morphology~· tridentifera is removed to the genus Typhlomolge.

A pre-Eurycea origin is postulated for the genus Typhlomolge.

- 47 - Walker, Bryant. 1918 . A synopsi s of the classification of the freshwater

Mollusca of North America, north of Mexico, and a catalogue of the more

recently described species , with notes . Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.,

Mi sc . Publ., 6. 213 pp.

Horatia micra is briefly mentione d.

Weckel, A.L . 1907. The fresh-water Amphipoda of North America. Proc.

United States Natl. Mus ., 32:51- 53.

The amphipod, Stygonectes flagellatus, i s redescribed and the species

Crangonyx bowersii Ulrich removed to its synonymy.

White, P.J. 1948 . The Devi l's Sinkhole. Bull. Natl. Speleol . Soc. , 10: 3-14.

Reprinted in: C.E. Mohr and H. N. Sloan, eds., Celebrated American caves.

New Brunswick: Rutgers Univer sity Press. 1955.

This includes a ref erence to coll ecting isopods in t he Devil' s Sinkhole ,

Edwards County.

Wo lf, B. 1934-1938. Animalium cavernarum catalogus. Gravenhage : W. Junk.

3 vols .

This catalogue of cave fauna includes a record of Typhlomol ge rathbuni

from Burnet Cave, Kendall County.

Wright, A.H., and A.A. Wright . 1938 . Amphibians of Texas . Trans . Texas Acad.

Sci. , 21:31 .

This brief account includes a r eference to Typhl omol ge rathbuni.

- 48 -