Last Name of Authors Examples: Smith Smith & Meyer Smith et al.

GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

Journal Scope. Speleobiology Notes specializes on brief observations on the natural history of subterranean organisms, such as predation events, episodes of reproduction, occurrence in unusual habitats or microhabitats, localized population extinctions, range extensions, new records of at a given location, and many other natural history phenomena. The journal aims to serve as the primary outlet for much interesting and important information on subterranean fauna contained in the field notes of many speleobiologists, information deemed too fragmented, too brief, too basic, or simply too irrelevant to be included within full-length, traditional scientific journal articles.

General Formatting. Manuscripts must be in English. If English is not your native language, please have your manuscript reviewed by a native English-speaking person(s). Manuscripts should be limited to 2500 words or less (not including title, authors and affiliations, key words, and literature cited). The manuscript file should be saved in the native format of the word processing software used (please save as .doc or .docx). To avoid unnecessary errors, you are strongly encouraged to use the ʻspell- checkʼ and ʻgrammar-checkʼ features of your word processing software.

The text should be in single-column format. The manuscript should be single-spaced with 2.54 cm (1 inch) margins and 12-point Helvetica font (unless noted otherwise below). For review purposes, please include consecutive page numbers in the page footer and use continuous line numbering throughout the document. Present tables and figure legends on separate pages at the end of the manuscript. The layout and conventions must conform with those provided in this guide to authors. The journal style has changed over time, so please do not use old issue as a general guide.

Please use the international system of units (SI) for all scientific and laboratory data. If other values are mentioned, give their equivalent in SI. Nonstandard abbreviations must be defined at their first mention and ensure consistence of abbreviations throughout the manuscript. Common names of organisms should be in uppercase (e.g., Big Mouth Cave Salamander). All common names must be followed by a scientific name in italics for their first use. For example, Valentineʼs Cave Dipluran (Litocampa valentinei (Conde 1949)). Where scientific names are used in preference to common names, they should be italicized and the should be abbreviated to the first letter after the first mention (except at the start of a sentence). Please be consistent with the use of common or scientific names throughout the manuscript.

In line with established practice, authors will have to provide accession numbers to public databases (e.g., Genbank, Swiss-Prot, UniProt, etc) prior to final publication.

20XX Speleobiology Notes X: x–x 1 Last Name of Authors Examples: Smith Smith & Meyer Smith et al.

Submitted manuscripts should consist of the following sections:

1. Title Block a. Title. Please be descriptive with regard to the observations detailed in the manuscript but be concise and informative. Limit the length of the title to 40 words or less. Do not end the title with a period. Do not capitalize all letters of the title in the manuscript or the online submission form. Make sure the title of your manuscript is an identical match to the title you put into the online submission form! b. Authors. Include the full names of all authors, including first, middle/initial, and last names. Upon submission, list ALL authors in the online author submission section. Make sure you order them according to the author sequence in the manuscript. HEADER: “last name of Authors”; If a single author, state last name only. If two authors, state both last names, connected by &; if more than two authors, state last name of first author, followed by et al. (see examples). c. Author Affiliations. Include the contact information for each author, including institution/company, department, mailing address (including postal code and country), and email address. Also clearly indicate the corresponding author. d. Key Words. A list of keywords separated by commas should include (i) a list of each taxon discussed, including higher classification (e.g., , Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae, Stygobromus nanus; (ii) a list of each location mentioned (e.g., Flowerpot Cave, Greenbrier County, West Virginia, United States); and (iii) categories of the topics and natural history observations discussed (e.g., predation, reproduction, range extension, new geographic record). e. Abstract. An abstract is not required. Please put ʻNAʼ on the online submission form.

2. Main Text

Because articles are intended to be brief communications typically 2500 words or less, Speleobiology Notes does not follow a standard scientific manuscript structure with distinct headings for Introduction, Material and Methods, Results, and Discussion. Your manuscript should briefly provide adequate background information and objectives (if applicable) of your work. Provide sufficient detail to the methods employed (if applicable) and background information of an observation, including date, time, geographical location, and observers. Results and reports of observations should be clear and concise followed by a brief discussion of the significance of the results or observations. Avoid excessive citations and discussion of published literature.

3. Acknowledgements Acknowledgements should be mentioned in a separate section at the end of the manuscript before the Literature Cited. List those individuals and organizations that

20XX Speleobiology Notes X: x–x 2 Last Name of Authors Examples: Smith Smith & Meyer Smith et al. provided help and assistance during the study (e.g., in the field or laboratory, help with language or writing, help with proofreading, etc.), appropriate permits or research authorization, and funding sources.

4. Literature Cited Citations in the text should be formatted as follows:

a. One author: (Culver 1982). b. Two authors: (Buhay and Crandall 2005). c. Three or more authors: (Hobbs et al. 1977). Note that et al. is not italicized. d. Multiple citations: (Culver 1982; Buhay and Crandall 2005, 2008). Note that the citations are in chronological order separated by a semi-colon. Citations by the same authors after separated listed by year and separated by a comma. e. Personal communication and unpublished results: (J. Holsinger, personal communication). (K. Zigler, unpublished data).

Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. All citations should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of the manuscript. The Literature Cited section is left justified (unlike the body of text, which is fully justified left and right). Use a single space between items in the citation (e.g., between the year and title). The full name of journals, publishers, and organizations should be provided.

Templates and instructions for formatting your article are found below.

20XX Speleobiology Notes X: x–x 3 Last Name of Authors Examples: Smith Smith & Meyer Smith et al.

Multiple authors, multiple institutions: The title is Helvetica bold 14- point, colored & not capitalized except Scientific names & Place Names: title should fit comfortably on 1–3 lines

Authors Are1,2, Colored Helvetica Bold1,3 & Twelve Point4

1Department of Speleological Profundity, University of Caves, 123 N Cavernicole Dr, Carlsbad, New Mexico, 88220, USA [email protected] [email protected] (corresponding author) 4College of Biospeleology, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia [email protected]

Key Words: Cave, , Helvetica, 12 point, period at end of keywords.

One author: The title is Helvetica bold 14-point, colored & not capitalized except Scientific names & Place Names: title should fit comfortably on 1–3 lines

First M. Last

Department of Speleological Profundity, University of Caves, 123 N Cavernicole Dr, Carlsbad, New Mexico, 88220, USA [email protected]

Key Words: Cave, animal, Helvetica, 12 point, period at end of keywords.

20XX Speleobiology Notes X: x–x 4 Last Name of Authors Examples: Smith Smith & Meyer Smith et al.

Two authors, one institution: The title is Helvetica bold 14-point, colored & not capitalized except Scientific names & Place Names: title should fit comfortably on 1–3 lines

Authors Are1 & Colored Helvetica Bold2

Department of Speleological Profundity, University of Caves, 123 N Cavernicole Dr, Carlsbad, New Mexico, 88220, USA [email protected] [email protected] (corresponding author)

Key Words: Cave, animal, Helvetica, 12-point, period at end of keywords.

Add text starting here (2 blank, 12-point Helvetica lines after gray line below keywords). Start with a tab in 0.25 inches in first line. Full justify text to both left and right margins. The modern standard is one space between sentences in a paragraph, and that is what we follow. In fact, there is no place in your manuscript where there should be two successive spaces - not even in a table, where you should use table features for proper alignment. So, go ahead and type with two space before sentences, as long as you do a search replace afterwards to fix to single spacing everywhere.

Additional instructions for title authors, addresses, email addresses, key words are given in this paragraph. • Leave background and text colors of title as is. • Background object can be made taller or shorter, according to space needed for title. • Leave white space equivalent to a Helvetica 12 blank line before authors, after background box. • Authors are below background object, not within it. • In list of two or more authors of manuscript, last two are separated by "&" not "and" with no comma before the "&" • If only one author no superscripted footnotes are used (see example above). • Keep these gray lines above and below the address & keyword sections. They should move with the text. • Addresses: Helvetica, Font 12. • Address includes institutional affiliation, street, city, state, postal code, country,

20XX Speleobiology Notes X: x–x 5 Last Name of Authors Examples: Smith Smith & Meyer Smith et al.

email. • Addresses and email addresses are not followed by a period.

The HEADER, FOOTER and PAGE NUMBERS will be filled out by layout editor before publication. Page numbers are subject to running page numbers of current issue—they also will be dealt with by the layout editor.

Leave a blank, 12-point Helvetica line between paragraphs. Start each new paragraph with a tab in 0.25 inches in first line.

Usage of species names

The karst groundwater isopod Cirolanides texensis Benedict, 1896 is distributed across portions of Texas, USA. As this is the first reference to the species, the species author and year are given. Spell out the genus on first reference to a species even if the genus has previously been spelled out for another species. Note the comma between author and year, which is opposite of comma usage in citations. There are no parentheses around author and year, as Benedict described the species as belonging to the genus Cirolanides. The subsequent references to the species can then abbreviate as C. texensis when in the body of a sentence. Cirolanides texensis is spelled out here because it starts the sentence. It is also spelled out in first usage of a Figure or Table legend.

The cave mite Traegaardhia cavernarum Zacharda, 2010 was described by Zacharda alone, although the paper in which it was described has multiple authors. The cave-inhabiting salamander Eurycea rathbuni (Stejneger, 1896) was originally described in another genus by Stejneger. Therefore we use parentheses, which encompass both the author and the year. Sometimes species have more than two authors, as in the cave-inhabiting fly Camptochaeta prolixa Vilkamaa et al., 2011. These are indicated in the body of the text as demonstrated here. Take special note that "et al." is not italicized, and there is a period after "al" and before the comma.

When there are two authors of a species, as in the globular springtail Pygmarrhopalites pavo (Christiansen & Bellinger, 1996), use "&" not "and" between the authors. Note that this is opposite of the rule for citations in the literature cited section ("and" not "&") and also opposite of usage when citing literature in the body of the text. Again, authors and year are separated by a comma, and in this case the species originally was described in a different genus so it is all in parentheses.

Cited works in the body of the text are listed in chronological order (Xandorph 1892; Patterson and Smith 1954, 1962; Patterson 1958). Note use of semicolon and commas

20XX Speleobiology Notes X: x–x 6 Last Name of Authors Examples: Smith Smith & Meyer Smith et al. in preceding sentence. The end of this sentence also is an example of proper usage of punctuation and proper chronological order (Cooper and Cooper 1968; Proudlove 2006; Culver and Pipan 2009). Jinping (1961) described four species of cave sipunculids in the genus Sipunculospelaeus from caves of North Korea. These were later synonymized to Sipunculospelaeus pyongyangensis Yang, 1957 (Kerry 1977). In the preceding sentence, "Yang, 1957" is a species author and year, but the paper by Yang published in 1957 need not appear in the literature cited section if the paper is not making any taxonomic changes falling under the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (or similar ruling body for plants, fungi, bacteria).

Cave and county names

Although our style does not include section titles (Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion) it is useful and standard to organize your paragraphs in this sequence. Some papers benefit from including special headings, which are brief, black, Helvetica bold and left justified. Note also that in lists, there is no comma before the "and." In lists of caves, only names have the initial letter capitalized. The species previously has been found in Monroe and Randolph counties, Illinois. In the preceding sentence, "counties" is not capitalized, as it is not a name. In addition to the populations in Monroe County, the species was recorded in 1897 from Randolph County, Illinois. In the preceding sentence both instances of the word "County" are part of a name. Lists of subterranean sites with binomial/trinomial names having different last words require special care. Mystery, Tom Moore and Running Bull caves are all habitat for hydrobiid snails. The preceding sentence can list the names with "caves" in lower case afterwards. Hot Caverns, Blood Spot Pit and Rimstone River Cave all contain snails. The preceding sentence is correct. Hot and Rimstone River caves have markedly higher snail densities. The preceding sentence is incorrect, as "caves" does not correctly encompass the two names (Hot Caverns is the name, not Hot Cave).

Table 1 summarizes additional examples. Note that Tables and Figures do not appear before the first reference to the Table or Figure, and appear in the order of first citation. References to tables and figures are in bold, as has been done here for (Table 1), and may be in parentheses or in line with the rest of the text, depending on context.

After the table, another two blank lines. Tables default to 12-point Helvetica, but 10 point may be necessary for some tables. The final size in the published paper is subject to adjustment from the Layout Editor. The color usage in the first word/number of table and figure legends should be left as is, 12-point Helvetica bold (Table 1, Figure 1).

Again, Figures and Tables that are modest in size can be placed between paragraphs in the body of the text, leaving two blank lines between the text and the

20XX Speleobiology Notes X: x–x 7 Last Name of Authors Examples: Smith Smith & Meyer Smith et al.

Figure/Table (i.e., both before and after). These may be moved during layout by the editors.

Footnotes should be avoided in the body of the text. Footnotes are used to indicate author affiliations and email addresses and for referencing the literature cited. When absolutely necessary, footnotes may be used in tables, but these are not indicated with numbers—as is the case with the preceding usages—and instead these footnotes are indicated by the following symbols, used in this sequence: †, ‡, §, ¶, ††, ‡‡, §§, ¶¶.

20XX Speleobiology Notes X: x–x 8 Last Name of Authors Examples: Smith Smith & Meyer Smith et al.

Table 1. Examples of lists of caves. Note that the tables in-line with text are preceded by two blank lines, and that the table is created using the Table menu in Microsoft Word, not by using tabs or spaces. A single blank line is used between the table legend and the body of the table. Within the body of the table, turn off borders and fill. You may want to leave gridlines on to facilitate alignment (these do not print).

Phrase Determination Crystal Onyx and Hidden River caves correct Crystal Onyx Cave and Hidden River Cave correct Crystal Onyx and Hidden River Caves incorrect

Figure 1. When you make a figure, try to make it look professional and clear. All labels should be clearly legible at size of publication. Where possible, use Helvetica font. Use color where it is appropriate, but not where it is irrelevant. Figures and Table legends are not tabbed in 0.25 inches, unlike paragraphs, but are full justified (left and right). The color scheme in this figure is friendly to colorblind people (see Table 3).

20XX Speleobiology Notes X: x–x 9 Last Name of Authors Examples: Smith Smith & Meyer Smith et al.

Table 2. Use of dashes. None of these dashes should have spaces on either side of them. Consult a grammar guide if you have further questions.

Type Example† Context hyphen - Links personal names, compound adjectives: Ÿ12-page document ŸUniversity-based analytical laboratory Ÿcave-inhabiting invertebrates ŸG. destructans-infected bats ŸTownsend's big-eared bats en-dash – Links numbers, sizes, page numbers, dates, name or geographic associations: ŸJournal of Insect Science 3: 1–16. Ÿfound in groups of 3–7 individuals ŸWakulla–Leon Sinks Cave System em-dash — Use rarely, to connect one independent clause to another following a separate or interrupting clause, similar to a parenthetical statement: ŸThis genus includes is important from a management perspective—five of the eight species are endangered—in spite of or limited knowledge of the ecology of these species. Em dashes can be used to offset lists placed in the middle of an independent clause, where commas are already used: ŸAll of the sampling methods—pitfall traps, quadrat counts and timed area searches— were outlined by McDermott (1989). Left, top center, Text in the body of a table may be left top justified, centered, or right justified, depending on the particular situation and the judgment of the layout editor. ŸNote the use of tabs in this table †The footnote is immediately below table, not tabbed in by 0.25 inches. It is full justified, Helvetica 12-point (unless table must be presented in 10 point font).

20XX Speleobiology Notes X: x–x 10 Last Name of Authors Examples: Smith Smith & Meyer Smith et al.

Table 3. Where feasible, use colors that are compliant with standards for colorblindness. A suggested scheme is presented here (see also Figure 1). Adapted from: https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/wiki/NRInfo/WQDP_Client

Name Color Hue CMYK% RGB(0–255) RGB(%) Hex # Black - 0,0,0,100 0,0,0 0,0,0 000000 Orange 41 0,50,100,0 230,159,0 90,60,0 e69f00 Sky Blue 202 80,0,0,0 86,180,233 35,70,90 56b4e9 bluish Green 164 97,0,75,0 0,158,115 0,60,50 009e73 Yellow 56 10,5,90,0 240,228,66 95,90,25 f0e442 Blue 202 100,50,0,0 0,114,178 0,45,70 0072b2 Vermillion 27 0,80,100,0 213,94,0 80,40,0 d55e00 reddish Purple 326 10,70,0,0 204,121,167 80,60,70 cc79a7

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgements section is a paragraph, tab in 0.25 inches, full justification left and right. Labels for Acknowledgements, and Literature Cited sections are colored and bold, as in this template. List names and affiliations you wish to acknowledge. Funding acknowledgements also belong here.

Literature Cited

Some authors may find it useful to use EndNote or a similar program to generate the Literature Cited. Citations are listed in alphabetical and then chronological order in the Literature Cited section. Examples of the reference style used in Speleobiology Notes are provided below:

Journal articles:

Cooper, J.E., & Cooper, M.R. 1968. Cave-associated herpetozoa II: salamanders of the genus Gyrinophilus in Alabama caves. Bulletin of the National Speleological Society 30: 19–24.

Holsinger, J.R. 1969. The systematics of the North American subterranean amphipod genus Apocrangonyx (Gammaridae), with remarks on ecology and zoogeography. American Midland Naturalist 81: 1–28.

Lewis, J.J., Whitaker, J.O., & Krantz, G.W. 2010. A biological reconnaissance of the invertebrate fauna of twelve Tennessee caves with notes of the guanophilic mites of the genus Macrocheles. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 85: 53–61.

20XX Speleobiology Notes X: x–x 11 Last Name of Authors Examples: Smith Smith & Meyer Smith et al.

Books:

Culver, D.C., & Pipan, T. 2009. The Biology of Caves and Other Subterranean Habitats. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. 256 pp.

Proudlove, G.S. 2006. Subterranean Fishes of the World. International Society for Subterranean Biology, Moulis, France. 300 pp.

Book Chapters:

Holsinger, J.R. 2000. Ecological derivation, colonization, and speciation. Pp. 399–415 in Wilkens, H. Culver, D., & Humphreys, W., eds. Ecosystems of the World, Subterranean Ecosystems, Volume 30. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Technical Reports:

Lewis, J.J. 2005. Bioinventory of caves of the Cumberland escarpment area of Tennessee. Technical report. Tennessee Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 158 pp.

Miller, B.T., & Niemiller, M.L. 2005. Distribution, demography, and phylogenetics of the Tennessee cave salamander complex. Technical report. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 73 pp.

Theses and Dissertations:

Cooper, J.E. 1975. Ecological and behavioral studies in Shelta Cave, Alabama, with emphasis of decapod . Ph.D. dissertation. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. 364 pp.

Simmons, D.D. 1975. The evolutionary ecology of Gyrinophilus palleucus. Masterʼs thesis. University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, USA. 210 pp.

Internet and Electronic Sources:

NatureServe. 2013. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. Downloaded on 31 January 2013.

20XX Speleobiology Notes X: x–x 12 Last Name of Authors Examples: Smith Smith & Meyer Smith et al.

Schuster, G.A., Adams, S., Taylor, C.A., & Crandall, K.A. 2010. Orconectes australis. In IUCN, 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 31 January 2013.

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