Capitulo 7. Coleópteros Y Otros Insectos Asociados a Turberas

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Capitulo 7. Coleópteros Y Otros Insectos Asociados a Turberas Coleópteros y otros insectos asociados a turberas del páramo magallánico en la región de Magallanes, Chile 197 Capítulo 7 Coleópteros y otros insectos asociados a turberas del páramo magallánico en la región de Magallanes, Chile Viviane Jerez1 y Christian Muñoz-Escobar1 1Departamento de Zoología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas. Universidad de Concepción. Casilla 160-C. Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] Introducción l ecosistema de turbera es el principal En un contexto biogeográfico, la Región tipo de ambiente que constituye la de Magallanes forma parte de la subregión provincia biogeográfica del Páramo subantártica (Morrone, 2006) y se caracteriza por EMagallánico. Se caracteriza por exhibir una alta presentar un gradiente longitudinal, con distintas fragmentación producto de glaciares, fiordos y formaciones vegetales que definen las provincias canales patagónicos, lo que ha repercutido en biogeográficas del Páramo Magallánico, Bosque el escaso y limitado conocimiento de su biota. Magallánico y Patagonia Central (Kuschel, 1960; En general, esta zona es considerada como Villagrán e Hinojosa, 2005; Morrone, 2006). Se una de las más pobres en diversidad animal; sin demarca así, en sentido oeste-este, una clara embargo, posee una entomofauna que a pesar zonación de la cobertura de turberas a través de no ser muy diversa, cumple un importante de bosques siempreverdes y bosques deciduos rol en la transferencia de energía, sustentando que se extienden hasta la estepa patagónica poblaciones principalmente de anfibios y aves (Boelcke et al., 1985). Si bien estas provincias no insectívoras. presentan una gran diversidad biológica como Palabras claves: Coleóptera, Carabidae, Páramo Magallánico, Turberas, Magallanes, Chile. 198 Coleópteros y otros insectos asociados a turberas del páramo magallánico en la región de Magallanes, Chile ocurre en los bosques tropicales, sí presentan En términos vegetales, el Páramo Magallánico, características únicas, debido a que poseen principalmente en la zona insular y costera de elementos bióticos derivados de Gondwana la Región de Magallanes, está dominado por (Kuschel, 1960; Darlington, 1965), además de la presencia de turberas (Kuschel, 1960), que presentar atributos biogeográficos propios, están constituidas en un 50% por turberas reflejados en la composición de especies y su de tipo esfagnosas (Arroyo et al., 2005). Este antigüedad biológica (Crisci et al., 1991). tipo de ecosistema se encuentra fuertemente relacionado con el bosque siempreverde de Al respecto, la provincia biogeográfica del Páramo coigüe de Magallanes (Nothofagus betuloides Magallánico, que se extiende desde los 48º Lat (Mirb.) Oerst, 1871) (Pliscoff y Luebert, 2008) S (Golfo de Penas) al suroeste de Chile hasta el y bosques mixtos de coigüe y lenga (N. pumilio Cabo de Hornos (Kuschel, 1960; Morrone, 2006), (Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser, 1896) (Jofre et al., se caracteriza por presentar condiciones extremas 2010), que en conjunto abarcan una superficie de humedad, viento y frío, debido a la influencia del 25.5% en Magallanes (Arroyo et al., 2005). directa del océano Pacífico (Godley, 1960; Loisel y Ahora bien, pese a su amplia distribución en el Yu, 2013). Además exhibe una alta fragmentación paisaje regional, sumado al potencial de otorgar del paisaje por glaciares, fiordos y canales servicios ecosistémicos (Domínguez et al., 2012) patagónicos, producto de macro-eventos (e.g., y servir de base para estudios de conservación paleoclimáticos y geológicos) que han modificado (Valdés-Barrera et al., 2012), las turberas han y modulado el paisaje austral (Villagrán y Armesto, recibido poca atención en la literatura científica 2005; Charrier et al., 2007; Latorre et al., 2007). (Loisel y Yu, 2013). Una de las principales Toda esta conjunción de factores históricos razones es la restricción de acceso debido a convierte a esta zona geográfica del planeta, en la escasez de redes viales (Henríquez, 2004), un interesante modelo para realizar estudios siendo la única opción viable la movilización por biogeográficos, ecológicos y evolutivos. embarcación, dando como resultado en que la Coleópteros y otros insectos asociados a turberas del páramo magallánico en la región de Magallanes, Chile 199 mayoría de los sectores aún sean inexplorados. Juñent, 1995; Ashworth, 2007), principalmente coleópteros, que proporcionan una amplia Lo anterior implica que el conocimiento de gama de información y que curiosamente no la biodiversidad de las turberas de la Región son comentados a la hora de caracterizar este de Magallanes sea muy limitado, encontrando tipo de ecosistema. Lo anterior, posiblemente se la escasa información científica dispersa y/o debe a que están en un contexto de estudios de fragmentada. Si bien existen estudios basados biogeografía histórica, que busca caracterizar la principalmente en plantas vasculares (Pisano, provincia biogeográfica del Páramo Magallánico 1977; Villagrán e Hinojosa, 2005), éstos sólo y no señalan de forma explícita relaciones permiten evaluar la biodiversidad a macro- de interacción trófica y/o estructuración de escala (Arroyo et al., 2005). Con respecto a las ensambles. investigaciones de la diversidad animal asociada a turberas, la mayoría de los estudios se han Dados estos antecedentes, nuestro trabajo focalizado principalmente en vertebrados como tuvo por objetivos destacar algunos roles anfibios (e.g., Ortiz e Iturra, 2010), aves (e.g., tróficos e importancia biogeográfica de Venegas, 1976, 1981; Schlatter, 2004; Ibarra et insectos (con énfasis en coleópteros) asociados al., 2010) y mamíferos (e.g., Arroyo et al., 1996; a turberas. Además, recopilamos y resumimos Schlatter, 2004; Guzmán, 2010). Sin embargo, la composición taxonómica e información de existen otros trabajos que utilizan insectos localidades de colecta, para coleópteros epigeos (e.g., Kuschel, 1960; Darlington, 1965; Peña, de las provincias biogeográficas de la Región de 1966; Cekalovic, 1974; Amorin, 1990; Ashworth Magallanes (Chile). Asimismo con el objeto de et al., 1991; Niemelä, 1990; Roig-Juñent, 1994, incrementar esta información, incorporamos 1995, 2000, 2004; Roig-Juñent y Debandi, 2004; nuevos datos obtenidos a través de muestreos Morrone, 1992, 1993, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2006; propios, principalmente de la zona de turberas Morrone y Anderson, 1995; Morrone y Roig- (Páramo Magallánico). 200 Coleópteros y otros insectos asociados a turberas del páramo magallánico en la región de Magallanes, Chile Diversidad y roles tróficos ya que sustentarían poblaciones de anfibios y aves insectívoras principalmente del Orden Passeriformes (Ibarra et al., 2010; Contador et al., 2012). Al respecto, en turberas que tienen suelos saturados de agua, abundan dípteros en estado larval especialmente de Chironomidae, familia cuyas especies conforman distintos grupos funcionales, entre ellos depredadores, recolectores y filtradores. También en las turberas se encuentran algunos representantes de Trichoptera, cuyas larvas son fragmentadoras y coleópteros de la familia Dytiscidae que son depredadores tanto en estado larvario como adulto (Mercado, 2004). Entre los depredadores tope, destacan en la cadena trófica los carábidos Ceroglossus suturalis (Fabricius, 1775), Abropus carnifex (Fabricius, 1775) y Cascellius Los insectos establecen con la vegetación gravesii Curtis, 1839, insectos que se desplazan relaciones ecológicas muy variadas, que van desde activamente en la turbera en busca de sus presas. su utilización como sitio de refugio y forrajeo, hasta C. suturalis es un elemento principalmente aspectos reproductivos que incluyen la oviposición hidrófilo, que habita en lugares de gran humedad y desarrollo embrionario (Speight et al., 2008). En por lo que representa un elemento dominante en el caso de las turberas, Jofre et al., (2010) señalan el sur de Sudamérica (Hammond et al., 2004). En la posibilidad de que las esporas de Tayloria dubyi la Tabla 1 se resume la información de familias, y Broth, 1903, musgo endémico de las formaciones especies de algunos órdenes y familias de insectos de turberas de la ecorregión subantártica de citados en la literatura para turberas. Magallanes, fueran dispersadas por insectos, proceso conocido como entomocoría y que en Algunos estudios señalan que en curculiónidos este caso podrían ser dípteros, especialmente hubo un cambio de selección dietaria en abundantes en el verano. Esta posibilidad se centra la herbívora, ya que pasaron de consumir en que los musgos de la familia Splachnaceae, follaje vascular (principalmente de la División a la cual pertenece T. dubyi, utilizan estiércol o Magnoliophyta) a la briofagia (Chown y Scholtz, animales muertos como sustrato para germinar y 1989) y aunque el hecho de consumir briófitas crecer, utilizando moscas como dispersoras de sus estaría asociado a un menor aporte nutricional, esporas (Larraín y Jofre, 2009). éste sería más beneficioso en zonas de bajas temperaturas (Chown, 1989). Sin embargo Si bien Kuschel (1960) señala que el Páramo existe una disyuntiva en el sentido de que no Magallánico es una de las zonas más pobres en se ha dilucidado si la briofagia es sólo para diversidad animal, los ecosistemas de turberas alimento o es utilizada por los insectos para que definen este tipo de ambiente están crioprotección (Prins, 1981). Aun así, son estas caracterizados por poseer una entomofauna características del ambiente las que definen y que a pesar de no ser extremadamente diversa, mantienen una comunidad de coleópteros de cumple un importante rol en la transferencia
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