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Werenkraut, Victoria. 2010 "Patrones Altitudinales En La Diversidad De Coleópteros Y Hormi

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Werenkraut, Victoria. 2010 Tesis Doctoral Patrones altitudinales en la diversidad de coleópteros y hormigas epígeos del noroeste de la Patagonia argentina Werenkraut, Victoria 2010 Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Werenkraut, Victoria. (2010). Patrones altitudinales en la diversidad de coleópteros y hormigas epígeos del noroeste de la Patagonia argentina. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cita tipo Chicago: Werenkraut, Victoria. "Patrones altitudinales en la diversidad de coleópteros y hormigas epígeos del noroeste de la Patagonia argentina". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2010. Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales PATRONES ALTITUDINALES EN LA DIVERSIDAD DE COLEÓPTEROS Y HORMIGAS EPÍGEOS DEL NOROESTE DE LA PATAGONIA ARGENTINA Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área Ciencias Biológicas Victoria Werenkraut Directora de tesis: Adriana Ruggiero Director Asistente: Alejandro Farji-Brener Consejero de Estudios: Esteban Hasson Lugar de trabajo: Laboratorio Ecotono, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue - Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Buenos Aires, 2010 PATRONES ALTITUDINALES EN LA DIVERSIDAD DE COLEÓPTEROS Y HORMIGAS EPÍGEOS DEL NOROESTE DE LA PATAGONIA ARGENTINA RESUMEN: Se estudió la influencia de factores metodológicos y biológicos sobre los patrones altitudinales en la diversidad de artrópodos, con énfasis en coleópteros y hormigas. A escala global, un meta-análisis de 109 gradientes publicados mostró que el patrón altitudinal en la riqueza de especies de artrópodos tiene múltiples formas, aunque la percepción del patrón puede estar influida por el método empleado para identificar la forma y la calidad de los datos. A escala local, un estudio de campo realizado en cinco montañas, en el noroeste de la Patagonia argentina, mostró cambios altitudinales en la composición de ensambles de especies de coleópteros y hormigas asociados a distintas variables ambientales y una subdivisión fina de los ambientes. Los patrones altitudinales en la riqueza de especies y abundancia de individuos difirieron sustancialmente entre coleópteros y hormigas. Se confirmó la alta diversidad de coleópteros, y la baja diversidad de hormigas. Ambos taxa mostraron la dominancia de pocas especies muy abundantes y muchas especies raras. Distintos factores ambientales explicaron variaciones locales en la diversidad en distintos ambientes del gradiente altitudinal, y afectaron de manera diferencial a coleópteros y hormigas. PALABRAS CLAVE: GRADIENTES ALTITUDINALES, PATAGONIA, INSECTOS, META-ANÁLISIS, DIVERSIDAD. - i - ALTITUDINAL DIVERSITY PATTERNS IN EPIGAEGIC BEETLES AND ANTS FROM NORTH-WESTERN PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA ABSTRACT: This study analysed the influence of methodological and biological factors on the altitudinal diversity patterns in arthropods, with emphasis in beetles and ants. At global scale, a meta-analysis of 109 published gradients showed that the altitudinal pattern in arthropod richness has multiple forms, although the perception of the pattern can be influenced by the method used to identify the form and the quality of basic data. At local scale, a field-study developed in five mountains, in north-western Patagonia, Argentina, showed altitudinal changes in the composition of beetle’s and ant’s species assemblages, associated with different environmental variables, and a fine subdivision of environments. The altitudinal patterns in the species richness and abundance of individuals differed substantially between beetles and ants. The high diversity of beetles and the low diversity of ants were confirmed. Both taxa showed the dominance of a few, very abundant species, and a lot of rare species. Different environmental factors accounted for local variations in diversity in different environments along the altitudinal gradient, and differentially affected beetles and ants. KEY WORDS: ALTITUDINAL GRADIENTS, PATAGONIA, INSECTS, META- ANALYSIS, DIVERSITY. - ii - AGRADECIMIENTOS A Adriana Ruggiero por todo. A los que me ayudaron con las determinaciones taxonómicas: Paula Posadas (Curculionidae), Mario Elgueta (Coleoptera en general), Sergio Roig-Juñet (Carabidae), Gustavo Flores (Tenebrionidae), Federico Ocampo (Scarabaeidae), y a Marcelo Kun, Paula Sackmann y Paula Fergnani. A los que me ayudaron en el campo: Mercedes Sahores, Francisco Galosi, José Benclowicz, Adriana Ruggiero, Cecilia Ezcurra, Mauro Lacy, Chaco, Mariela Nieves, Carla Terrizzano, Sergio Daicz, Ivana Penna, Valentina, Juan y Lucas Werenkraut, Cecilia Eyzartier, y Charly Galosi. A los que me ayudaron en la logística: Sergio Daicz, Mariela Nieves, Carla Terrizzano, Ana Silbering, Guido Pastorino, Martín J. Ramírez, Esteban Hasson, Juan José Fanara, familia Ovrum y Sergio Barbagallo. A los que con sus conocimientos me ayudaron a pensar unas cuantas cosas: Adriana Ruggiero, Alejandro Farji-Brener, Cecilia Ezcurra, Jesica Gurevitch, K. Mergensen, Juan Manuel Morales, David Currie, Thiago Rangel, Paula Fergnani y Mónica Mermoz. A los secretarios de la Subcomisión de Doctorado, Ana Bondia y Luis Vazquez por haber atendido mis infinitas consultas. A la Administración de Parques Nacionales por permitir la realización del estudio de campo. Y a los que me aguantaron y me dieron ánimo: José Benclowicz, Marina Arbetman, Cecilia Carrea, Cristina Acosta, Sergio Daicz, Mariela Nieves, Juan Manuel Morales, Paula Fergnani, Vanina Chalcoff, Gabriela Pirk, Sergio Lambertucci, Karina Speziale, Natalia Lescano, Sofía González y Paula Mathiasen. Esta tesis se realizó con el financiamiento de los proyectos: PICT-0111826, PICT-38148 (Agencia-FONCYT) y PIP 5113 (CONICET). - iii - ÍNDICE RESUMEN..................................................................................................................... - i - ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... - ii- AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................... - iii- ÍNDICE ......................................................................................................................... - iv- INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL................................................................................... - 1 - Los gradientes altitudinales......................................................................................... - 2 - Objetivo general.......................................................................................................... - 6 - Estructura de la tesis e hipótesis específicas de cada capítulo.................................... - 6 - FIGURA....................................................................................................................... - 10 - CAPÍTULO I: Gradientes altitudinales en la riqueza de especies de artrópodos: factores metodológicos que afectan la percepción del patrón. INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................... - 12 - Objetivo general........................................................................................................ - 15 - MÉTODOS .................................................................................................................. - 15 - Selección de los datos .............................................................................................. - 15 - Criterios utilizados para clasificar los gradientes en distintos subconjuntos ........... - 16 - Identificación de patrones ........................................................................................ - 18 - RESULTADOS............................................................................................................ - 21 - DISCUSIÓN ................................................................................................................ - 23 - TABLAS ...................................................................................................................... - 28 - FIGURAS..................................................................................................................... - 29 - APÉNDICE I................................................................................................................ - 31 - CAPÍTULO II: Variación altitudinal en la composición de ensambles de coleópteros y hormigas, y su relación con variables ambientales. INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................... - 48 - Asociaciones climáticas ............................................................................................ - 49 - Asociaciones con la vegetación ...............................................................................
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