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Effects of Prescribed Fire and Selective Herbicide (Imazapyr) on Biodiversity in Intensively Managed Pine Stands of Mississippi

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Effects of Prescribed Fire and Selective Herbicide (Imazapyr) on Biodiversity in Intensively Managed Pine Stands of Mississippi Mississippi State University Scholars Junction Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1-1-2010 Effects of prescribed fire and selective herbicide (Imazapyr) on biodiversity in intensively managed pine stands of Mississippi Raymond Bruce Iglay Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td Recommended Citation Iglay, Raymond Bruce, "Effects of prescribed fire and selective herbicide (Imazapyr) on biodiversity in intensively managed pine stands of Mississippi" (2010). Theses and Dissertations. 1783. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/1783 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Scholars Junction. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Junction. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EFFECTS OF PRESCRIBED FIRE AND SELECTIVE HERBICIDE (IMAZAPYR) ON BIODIVERSITY IN INTENSIVELY MANAGED PINE STANDS OF MISSISSIPPI By Raymond Bruce Iglay A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forest Resources in the Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture Mississippi State, Mississippi December 2010 EFFECTS OF PRESCRIBED FIRE AND SELECTIVE HERBICIDE (IMAZAPYR) ON BIODIVERSITY IN INTENSIVELY MANAGED PINE STANDS OF MISSISSIPPI By Raymond Bruce Iglay Approved: _________________________________ _________________________________ Bruce D. Leopold Darren A. Miller Sharp Distinguished Professor of Wildlife Resarch Manager Wildlife Ecology Weyerhaeuser NR Company Department Head of Wildlife, Fisheries, (Co-Committee Chairperson) and Aquaculture (Co- Committee Chairperson) _________________________________ _________________________________ L. Wes Burger, Jr. Guiming Wang Dale H. Arner Professor of Wildlife, Assistant Professor of Wildlife Ecology Fisheries, and Aquaculture and Management (Committee Member) (Committee Member) _________________________________ _________________________________ Eric D. Dibble George M. Hopper Professor of Aquatic Sciences Dean, College of Forest Resources (Graduate Coordinator) Name: Raymond Bruce Iglay Date of Degree: December 10, 2010 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Forest Resources Major Professors: Bruce D. Leopold and Darren A. Miller Title of Study: EFFECTS OF PRESCRIBED FIRE AND SELECTIVE HERBICIDE (IMAZAPYR) ON BIODIVERSITY IN INTENSIVELY MANAGED PINE STANDS OF MISSISSIPPI Pages of Study: 302 Candidate for Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Prescribed fire and imazapyr are two silviculture tools used to control hardwood midstory competition in intensively managed, mid-rotation pine (Pinus spp.) stands but also may support conservation of biodiversity in the southeastern United States. Therefore, I investigated select measures of biodiversity response, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, carabid beetles, songbirds, and vegetation communities, to fire and imazapyr treatments in intensively managed, mid-rotation pine stands of east-central Mississippi. I used a randomized complete block design of 6 stands (blocks) with 4, 10- ha treatment plots assigned randomly a treatment of burn only, herbicide only, burn + herbicide, or control. I applied dormant season prescribed fires every 3 years beginning in January 2000 and a one-time application of imazapyr in September 1999 using 877 ml/ha (12.0 liquid oz./ac; Arsenal®, BASF 2006). I sampled avifauna, herpetofauna, small mammal, and carabid beetle communities using appropriate sampling techniques for attaining species-specific relative abundance. I also measured vegetation structure and biomass. Vegetation and bird communities exhibited significant responses to treatments. Imazapyr had the greatest initial impact on communities followed by a long-term effect of repeated prescribed fires on a 3 year fire-return interval. Combining fire and imazapyr perpetuated high-quality browse for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), plant species richness, high-priority bird species relative abundances, and diversity of landscape-level vegetation structure and biomass by creating a two-tier vegetation structure (pine canopy and herbaceous understory). Independent treatments also were more effective management approaches to sustain biodiversity than controls by maintaining or increasing overall species richness specifically soon after treatment application. Most responses of other wildlife communities were time-limited suggesting the possibility of greater effects of factors other than treatments such as long-term disturbance regimes (e.g., forest management practices, climate trends), proximity of treatment plots to wetlands, and landscape-level population dynamics including characteristics within and among stands. Combined and independent applications of these treatments will support biodiversity conservation, sustainable forestry objectives, and concomitant timber management goals. Long-term conservation of biodiversity within an intensive timber management matrix also may benefit from future investigations of multiple-herbicide tank mixtures, population dynamics of indicator species, and landscape-level biodiversity responses across multiple strata. Key Words: birds, carabid beetles, community response, fire, forest management, habitat management, herpetofauna, imazapyr, Mississippi, pine, Pinus, rodents, small mammals, vegetation. DEDICATION I dedicate this research to Katie and Luke, my wife and son. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I want to thank my wife and friend for being by my side throughout this process. Your love, support, smiles, and laughter helped me complete this body of work without losing my mind. I love you and look forward to many wonderful years. To Luke, my son, thank you for all your smiles when I came home after being in the office. You have been a wonderful son, and I love you very much. I hope you are successful in all that you do and that you know your mother and father love you. To the rest of my family, thank you for all of your support over the years. I hope I have made you proud and look forward to continuing to do so. To my committee, this is it. We have made it all the way in just shy of a decade. Doc, you have a way of mentoring that I hope to emulate as a professor one day. Your words of wisdom and approaches to solving problems always helped me smile and endure the less joyful aspects of graduate school. You provided numerous opportunities for me to grow as a professional, and I plan to one day do the same for my graduate students. Darren, you have not only been a fantastic advisor with numerous editorial remarks and words of conservation wisdom, but you have also been a great friend. Thank you for everything from rabbit hunting to meals with your family. I have enjoyed it all and look forward to continuing our friendship no matter where life takes us. Dr. iii Burger, if you are reading this I am truly amazed. Not only have you become one of the most sought after individuals in our department but you have taken the time to read my acknowledgements that have not been revised. Thank you for sharing your knowledge and analytical wisdom throughout the years. I wish you and your family all the best and look forward to keeping in touch regarding research, teaching, and fly fishing. Guiming, you also have supported my professional development and the analysis forthwith. Thank you for the opportunity to conduct research abroad and your friendship. I wish you all the best and look forward to working together in the future. Gambe!I thank the Weyerhaeuser NR Company staff of Scooba, especially Steve Emerson, for assistance in the field, members of East Mississippi Sportsmen’s Association, specifically Don Delaney, for letting me and my workers use their lodge and for some great times. Weyerhaeuser NR Company, McIntirre-Stennis, Mississippi State University Forest and Wildlife Research Center, the National Council on Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI), BASF Corporation, the National Wild Turkey Federation (NWTF), and the Mississippi Chapter of NWTF provided funding for this project. Lastly, I thank all of my field technicians and fellow graduate students who have been great colleagues and friends throughout these years. I look forward to keeping in touch with all of you as our diverse futures take us to wonderful places. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1. VEGETATION RESPONSE TO FIRE AND IMAZAPYR APPLICATION IN INTENSIVELY MANAGED, MID-ROTATION PINE STANDS OF MISSISSIPPI ...............................................................................................1 Justification..................................................................................................9 Study Area and Design ..............................................................................13 Methods......................................................................................................14 Prescribed Fire.......................................................................................14
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