This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Frontispiece. - Enceladus gigas Bonelli, 1813, male. Length of body 45 mm. Photograph by J.S. Scott A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA OF NEOTROPICAL CARABIDAE (INSECTA: COLEOPTERA) HANS REICHARDT1 Museu de Zoologia Universidade de Sto Paulo Quaestiones Entomologicae Sab Paulo, Brasil 13: 346-493, 1977 The species of Neotropical Carabidae (including traditional carabids, as well as cicindelids, rhysodids and paussids) are grouped in 336 genera, 50 tribes, and nine subfamilies. Additional ranks recognized, where appropriate, are subtribe, group, and subgenus. Keys are provided to the adult stage for taxa of supraspecific rank, except the following: genera of Clivinina (Scari- tini); sub tribes and genera of Trechini; subtribes and genera of Pterostichini; and subtribes of Lebiini. For each taxon, the geographical range is described in terms of continental and poli­ tical boundaries, numbers of included lower-level taxa are indicated, and references useful for identification are presented. The following changes are proposed: Ardistomiellus Kult, 1950 is made a junior synonym of Semiardistomis Kult, 1950; Reichardtula Whitehead, new name, replaces Eupalamus Schmidt-Goebel, 1846 (not Wesmael, 1845); Macracanthus Chaudoir, 1846 is ranked as a genus rather than as a subgenus o/Masoreus Dejean, 1828; and Ophryognathus Chaudoir, 1876 is included as a subgenus of Macracanthus. Seven groups of tribes represented in the Neotropical Region are recognized, based on distribution patterns: exclusively Neotro­ pical (six tribes); Inabrazilian (Old World Tropics, and tropical South America —10 tribes); Australian-South American (three tribes); Holarctic (northern groups that are localized prin­ cipally at higher elevations in northern Middle America — five tribes); Holarctic-South Ameri­ can (Trachypachini only); pan-tropical (exclusively or predominantly in the tropics of the world, including the Australian Region — five tribes); and world-wide (on all continents, ex­ cept Antarctica — 19 tribes). In the West Indies, the family Carabidae is represented by 24 tri­ bes, of which seven (Cicindelini, Scaritini, Rhysodini, Bembidiini, Pterostichini, Harpalini, and Lebiini) have more than a dozen species there. Os Carabidae [inclusive cicindelideos, risodideos e paussideos) neotropicais sao reunidos em 336 geJieros, 50 tribos e 9 subfamilias. O presente trabalho inclui chaves para imagos a nivel supra-especifico, exceto: ge'neros de Clivinina (Scaritini) e de Pelmatellina (Harpalini); subtribos e ge'neros de Trechini e de Pterostichini: subtribos de Lebiini. Dd-se para cada taxon: distribuicao geogrdfica em termos de limites continentals e polttlcos; numero de categorias imedlatamente inferiores; refer- gncias de utiltdade para identificacoes. Propoem-se as mudancas seguintes: Ardistomiellus Kult, 1950 se converte em sindn­ imo secunddrio de Semiardistomis Kult, 1950; Reichardtula Whitehead, nome novo, suplanta Eupalamus Schmidt-Goebel, 1846 (nao Wesmael, 1845): Macracanthus Chaudoir, 1846, classifica-se como ge'nero e nao subge'nero de Masoreus Dejean, 1828, e Ophryognathus Chaudoir, 1876 se inclui como subggnero de Macracanthus. Com base nos padroes de distribuicao, reconhecem-se sete grupos de tribos na Regiao Neotropical: exclusivamente neotropicais (6 tribos); Inabrasilianas (tropicos do Velho Mundo e da America do Sul, 10 tribos); Australiano-sul-amerlcanas (3 tribos); Holdrtlcas (grupos setentrionais localizados principalmente nas altas altitudes da A me'rica Central, 5 tribos); Holdrtico-sul-americanas (s6 Trachypachini); Pan-tropicais (exclusiva ou predominantemente nos trdpicos do globo, incluindo a Regiao Australiana, 9 tribos). Nas Antilhas os carabideos estao representados por 24 tribos e apenas 7 (Cicindelini, Scaritini, Rhysodini, Bembidiini, Pterostichini, Harpalini, and Lebiini) com mais de uma duzia de espicies. Las especies de Carabidae neotropicales (tncluyendo cardbidos tradicionales, asl como ciclndelidos, risddidos y paiisldos) estdn agrupados en 349 ge'neros, 53 tribus y ocho subfamilias. Subtribus y subge'neros estdn reconocidos ademds reconocidos ademds como tangos adicionales para los lugares apropiados. Se proveen claves para el estado adulto de taxa de rango supra- especifico, con excepcidn de los siguientes: ge'neros de Pelmatellina (Harpalini); y subtribus de Lebiini. La extensidn geogrdf­ ica se describe para cada taxon en tdrminos de limites continentales y politicos, se indica el AUmero de taxa de bajo nivel in- cluidos y se mencionan referencias Utiles para la identificacidn. Se proponen los seguienter cambio: Ardistomiellus Kult, 1950 se usa como un sindnimo secundario de Semiardistomis Kult, 1950. El nuevo nombre Reichardtula Whitehead reemplaza Eup­ alamus Schmidt-Goebel, 1846 (y no Wesmael, 1845); Macracanthus Chaudoir, 1846 se coloca como ge'nero en vez del subge'n- 1. Deceased 348 Reichardt ero de MasoreusDejean, 1828, y Ophryognathus Chaudoir, 1876 se incluye como el subge'nero de Macracanthus. Se reconocen 7 grupos de tribus representadas en la Regidn Neotropical, basados en patrones distintos: exclusivamente neotropicales (seis tribusj; inabresianos (trdpicos del Viejo Mundo y Sudame'rica tropical -10 tribus): Australianos-Sudamericanos (3 tribus); holdrticos (grupos del norte localizados principalement a altitudes mayores en el norte de Centro America - 5 tribus); Hol- drticos - Sudamericanos (Trachypachini, unicamente); pan-tropical (exclusivo o predominante en los trdpicos del mundo, incluyendo la regidn australiana - S tribus); y mundial (en todos los continentes. excepto Antdrctica - 22 tribus). En las Antil- las, lafamilia Carabidae estd representada por 24 tribus, de las cuales unicamente siete (Cicindelini, Scaritini, Rhysodini, Bern- bidiini, Pterostichini, Harpalini, and Lebiini) cuentan con mds de una docena de especies en ese lugar. CONTENTS Frontispiece 346 Abstract 347 Foreword 348 Introduction 349 Systematics 349 Characteristics of the Family Carabidae 351 Geographical Distribution of Carabidae 352 Geographical Distribution of Neotropical Carabidae 353 Key to Adults of Tribes of Carabidae of the Neotropical Region 355 Division Isochaeta 370 Subfamily Cicindelinae 370 Subfamily Trachypachinae 375 Subfamily Nototylinae 375 Subfamily Cicindisinae 375 Subfamily Paussinae 375 Division Anisochaeta 378 Subfamily Omophroninae 378 Subfamily Carabinae 379 Subfamily Pseudomorphinae 451 Subfamily Brachininae 452 Acknowledgements 453 References 454 Index 479 FOREWORD (by George E. Ball) The original manuscript on which this paper is based was received for comments from its author in January, 1976. During the fall of that year, he and I were planning to undertake a joint venture in study of carabid systematics, and this included completion of a treatment of the genera of Neotropical Carabidae. It was not intended that I should be co-author of this segment of the work: rather I was to offer advice and criticism. Regrettably, Hans Reichardt was killed in a tragic automobile accident in July, 1976, and that ended our plans. The tragedy would be compounded if the general synopsis of Neotropical Carabidae died with its author. As I received it, the work was incomplete. What was to be done? Lacking both the necessary detailed knowledge of South American carabids and time that would be required to become sufficiently knowledgeable to complete the manuscript as Hans would have been able to do, I undertook to make those additions and modifications that I knew would be im­ provements. This included arranging for the illustrations, whose sources are duly acknowled­ ged. I also added information about a few groups that enter northern Mexico, to increase the Genera of Neotropical Carabidae 349 range of coverage, and solicited and received advice and assistance from Terry L. Erwin and Donald R. Whitehead. Our additions are indicated in the text by our initials, in square brackets. Generally, though, I restricted my contributions to those that would be made by a conscientious editor. Thus, this paper is less than perfect, but much better than what was previously availa­ ble to those interested in Neotropical Carabidae. The manuscript was written in English, and so it has been published in that language. How­ ever, to increase its usefulness to Latin Americans, a Portugese translation is provided of the abstract and to the key to Tribes. I hope that this publication is of help to all of those who wish to identify Neotropical cara- bids. But, above all, I hope that it may encourage and inspire some young South American to carry on the work that was brought to a halt with the untimely death of my friend and respec­ ted colleague. INTRODUCTION This work was started about four years ago, and summarizes the systematics of the family, with keys to subfamilies and tribes, a discussion of the individual tribes, with keys where pos­ sible to genera and a list of genera with comments on bibliography and known species, includ­ ing the scant information on immature stages and way of life. Originally the work was intended to be restricted to Brazil, but this geographical limitation is not justified, and I have extended it to include the whole of the Neotropical Region. Its importance is obvious. The family Carabidae is one of