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Tesis Paleologos

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Tesis Paleologos 1 Agradecimientos Durante estos años son muchas las personas que han participado de alguna u otra manera en este trabajo y a quienes quiero expresar mi gratitud por el apoyo y la confianza que me han prestado de forma desinteresada. En primer lugar quiero agradecer a Claudio, mi marido, por aguantarme y escucharme en los buenos y malos momentos de este largo proceso. Quiero agradecer de una manera muy especial al Dr. Armando C. Cicchino, por la determinación de los ejemplares y la caracterización de la carabidofauna. Su ayuda desinteresada, gratitud y apoyo en los momentos más difíciles de este proceso no tienen precio. De la misma manera quiero agradecer a Daniela, su esposa, por abrirme las puertas de su casa y hacerme sentir como una hija. Gracias! A Gabriel Baloriani, un compañero y amigo con el que he compartido los buenos y malos momentos que implica el trabajo de campo y de laboratorio. Gracias por su amistad y ayuda. No puedo dejar de agradecer a los productores de vid de la costa de Berisso, a Beti, Tita, Raúl, Chango y su familia, por su incondicional ayuda y por brindarme su confianza y gratitud durante las horas de trabajo de campo. Un agradecimiento de todo corazón a mis amigas, por estar y darme el espacio para descargar las frustraciones que caracterizan este largo proceso. Un sincero agradecimiento a mis directores, Santiago Sarandón y Patricia Pereyra, por el tiempo que me han dado, por sus sugerencias e ideas de las que tanto provecho he sacado, por el respaldo y la amistad. Otro cordial agradecimiento a la Secretaría de la Postgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (UNLP) por su asesoramiento y predisposición en todas las etapas de este proceso. A todas aquellas personas que de una forma u otra han participado y colaborado para la desarrollo de este trabajo de tesis. 2 ÍNDICE Resumen……………………………………….………………………………….……….……..……5 Abstract…………………….……….…………………………………………….……………...…….8 INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………….…………..…...…..11 Hipótesis y Objetivo general………………...………………………………………..…...……..17 Bibliografía………………………………………………………………..…..…………..………….18 CAPÍTULO I: Los Coleópteros Carábidos………………………………….….………………23 1) EL ORDEN COLEOPTERA…………………………..……………….………………….……...24 2) CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES DE CARABIDAE…………………….…………………….25 3) BIOLOGÍA Y ECOLOGÍA DE CARABIDAE…………………….…………...……………..……25 4) LOS CARÁBIDOS COMO INDICADORES………….…………..……………………….………28 5) LOS CARÁBIDOS EN LA ARGENTINA………………….…..……………….....……………….30 Bibliografía………………………………………………………………………………..….…….31 CAPÍTULO II: Contexto Ecológico y Productivo del Área de Estudio…………...…….... 37 1) UBICACIÓN……………………………………………………………………………….…...…38 2) HISTORIA DE LA ACTIVIDAD VITIVINÍCOLA DE LA ZONA……………………............….….43 3) DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS VIÑEDOS DE BERISSO…………………………………………..….45 Bibliografía……………………..…………………………...………………………………….…..51 CAPÍTULO III: Aspectos Metodológicos…………………………………………..………..….53 1) CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS AMBIENTES………………...……………...……….....……….54 2) MUESTREOS……………………………………...…………………………………….. ..……61 3) OTROS DATOS CONSIDERADOS PARA EL ANÁLISIS….…………………………………..……66 Bibliografía………………………………………………………………….…………......….….…72 CAPÍTULO IV: Los Coleópteros Edáficos de los Viñedos y Ambientes Seminaturales de Berisso……..…………………………….……………………………………………………....73 1) INTRODUCCIÓN……………….……………..………………….…………………….….….……74 Hipótesis y Objetivos…………..………………………………..………………………..……..75 2) METODOLOGÍA Y ANÁLISIS…………………………………….…………………..……………76 3 3) RESULTADOS………………………………………………………………………..…………....77 4) DISCUSIÓN…………………..…………………………………………………………..…..…….82 Conclusiones…………………………………………………………………………………………85 Bibliografía…………………………………………………………………………………...……….88 CAPÍTULO V: Los Carábidos como Indicadores de Sustentabilidad en los Agroecosistemas de Vid de la Costa de Berisso, Buenos Aires………………..……91 1) INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………………….…………….92 Hipótesis y Objetivos…………………………..……………………………..…………………96 2) METODOLOGÍA…………………………………………………….……………………………...98 3) RESULTADOS………………………………………………………………….………….....…..101 4) DISCUSIÓN………………………………………………………………………….………...….170 Conclusiones………………………………………………………………….….……………..….179 Bibliografía………………………………………………………………………..…………….…..180 ANEXO V- I…………………………………………………………………......................... ...…187 ANEXO V- 2…………….…………………………………………………………………….…….191 CAPÍTULO VI: Influencia de los Ambientes Seminaturales en la Abundancia de Carábidos dentro de las Parcelas Cultivadas en Agroecosistemas de Vid de la Costa de Berisso, Buenos Aires…………………………………..............................................…..200 1) INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………………...…………..201 Hipótesis y Objetivos…………………………………………………………………………..…..202 2) METODOLOGÍA………………………………………………………………………….....…….203 3) RESULTADOS…………………………………………………………………………...……….204 4) DISCUSIÓN……………………………………………………………………...……..…………210 Conclusiones……………………………………….………………………………………...….…213 Bibliografía……………………………………………………………………….…………….……214 DISCUSIÓN FINAL……………………………………………………………….……...………..217 Conclusiones Finales…………………………………………………………....…….………222 Bibliografía…………………………………………………………………………….……...…….223 4 Resumen La biodiversidad cumple un rol fundamental en los agroecosistemas sustentables. En este sentido, se requiere entender cuáles son los componentes de la agrobiodiversidad responsables del cumplimiento de las funciones ecológicas y el impacto que los modelos de agricultura tienen sobre dichos componentes. Los sistemas de vid de la zona de Berisso, parecerían tener características de sustentabilidad ecológica, ya que se han mantenido productivos por más de cien años con un bajo uso de insumos. Hace unos años, se está aumentando la superficie plantada y avanzando sobre tierras con características distintas. De modo que han quedado definidas dos zonas: una zona baja conformada por un viñedo acompañado por ambientes seminaturales (monte y canal), donde predomina una vegetación densa y diversa dentro del cultivo, sometido a crecidas periódicas del Río de la Plata; y una zona alta, con un viñedo caracterizado por tener una vegetación acompañante uniforme y menos diversa que los ambientes seminaturales aledaños: cantera y bordura. El objetivo de esta tesis fue analizar las variaciones de la coleopterofauna en general y de carábidos en particular, asociadas a la heterogeneidad ambiental en sistemas de producción de vid y su importancia para el manejo de los agroecosistemas sustentables. Como objetivos particulares, dentro de cada una de las zonas, se propuso: 1) Identificar las familias de Coleoptera, 2) Calcular su abundancia (densidad- actividad), riqueza y diversidad de familias, y abundancia relativa de grupos funcionales (predadores, descomponedores y fitófagos, 3) Comparar estas variables entre zonas, ambientes y años, 4) Evaluar el rol y la importancia relativa de los ambientes seminaturales en la presencia de los coleópteros edáficos, 5) Identificar las especies de Carabidae y discutir su representatividad en estos sistemas, 6) Calcular la abundancia (densidad-actividad), riqueza y diversidad de especies de Carabidae en las distintas zonas y ambientes, 7) Analizar la similitud de los ensambles de carábidos entre zonas y ambientes, 8) Definir la estructura de dominancia de los ensambles de carábidos por zona, ambiente, año y estación, 9) Analizar la fenología de las especies de carábidos mejor representadas, 10) Caracterizar los carábidos en función de sus requerimientos de hábitat, hábitos, rol trófico, ubicuismo, sinantropismo y fenología en ambientes preferenciales, 11) Comparar la abundancia, riqueza, diversidad, estructura y composición de los ensambles de carábidos en las distintas zonas y ambientes, 12) Analizar la abundancia, riqueza, diversidad, estructura y composición de los ensambles de carábidos por ambiente, año y estación, en función de las características de la vegetación, los disturbios y la fenología de las especies, 13) Discutir la relación entre los carábidos y algunas funciones ecológicas en estos agroecosistemas, 14) Analizar la abundancia de las especies mejor representadas en la parcela de vid y los ambientes seminaturales aledaños, en ambas zonas, 15) Evaluar el efecto de la distancia entre la vegetación circundante 5 (bordes) y la parcela cultivada, sobre la abundancia de algunas especies de carábidos, 16) Discutir los resultados en el marco de la sustentabilidad de los agroecosistemas. Los coleópteros fueron capturados con trampas de caída. Las trampas fueron revisadas cada 25 a 30 días entre junio y diciembre por dos años en los ambientes seminaturales y tres años en los viñedos. Entre los coleópteros registrados, la Familia Carabidae fue la mejor representada. En ambos sistemas se observaron coleópteros de todos los niveles tróficos. Los sistemas de zonas bajas, con una mayor heterogeneidad de hábitats propician mejores condiciones para la soportar una mayor abundancia y diversidad de familias de coleópteros que los sistemas de las zonas altas. A su vez, la importancia relativa de los ambientes seminaturales fue diferente entre las zonas: en la zona alta, la abundancia de coleópteros fue mayor en los ambientes seminaturales que en el viñedo, en cambio en la baja, la mayor abundancia se dio en el viñedo, respecto de los ambientes seminaturales. La abundancia de carábidos observada en los viñedos de la Costa de Berisso, fue similar a la hallada para viñedos de zonas templadas. La riqueza representó el 23,33% del total de especies relevadas para el partido de Berisso y el 13,92% del total de la provincia de Buenos Aires, por lo que conservan una buena parte de la abundancia y
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