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Lunarna Programa Zda in Sovjetske Zveze Ter Njun Vpliv Na Hladno Vojno

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Lunarna Programa Zda in Sovjetske Zveze Ter Njun Vpliv Na Hladno Vojno UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Damjan Mihelič LUNARNA PROGRAMA ZDA IN SOVJETSKE ZVEZE TER NJUN VPLIV NA HLADNO VOJNO Diplomsko delo Ljubljana, 2004 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Damjan Mihelič Mentor: doc. dr. Damijan Guštin LUNARNA PROGRAMA ZDA IN SOVJETSKE ZVEZE TER NJUN VPLIV NA HLADNO VOJNO Diplomsko delo Ljubljana, 2004 1 In ko zapuščamo Luno, jo zapuščamo kot smo prišli in, z Božjo pomočjo, kot se bomo nanjo vrnili, z mi- rom in upanjem za vse človeštvo. GENE CERNAN, APOLLO 17 ZADNJE BESEDE ČLOVEKA NA LUNI, 13. DECEMBER 1972 2 KAZALO I. UVOD ................................................................................................................................... 4 I.1. Uvodna beseda ............................................................................................................... 4 I.2. Opredelitev problema in namen dela ............................................................................. 5 II. METODOLOŠKO-HIPOTETIČNI OKVIR ....................................................................... 6 II.1. Cilji preučevanja........................................................................................................... 6 II.2. Metode preučevanja...................................................................................................... 6 II.3. Hipoteze........................................................................................................................ 7 II.4. Opredelitev temeljnih pojmov ...................................................................................... 7 II.5. Uporabljene kratice..................................................................................................... 11 III. APOLLOVA PUŠČICA – AMERIŠKO OSVAJANJE LUNE....................................... 12 III.1. Razmere v katerih se je rodil ameriški lunarni program ........................................... 12 III.2. Prvi del ameriškega lunarnega načrta – V lovu za kozmonavti ................................ 16 III.3. Drugi del ameriškega lunarnega načrta – Most do Apolla........................................ 18 III.4. Predhodniki človeka na Luni..................................................................................... 23 III.5. Razvoj nosilnih sistemov........................................................................................... 24 III.6. Razvoj lunarnih plovil............................................................................................... 28 III.7. Organizacija in financiranje vesoljskega programa .................................................. 32 III.8. Tretji del ameriškega lunarnega načrta – Človek na Luni......................................... 33 IV. RDEČA LUNA – SOVJETSKO OSVAJANJE LUNE................................................... 52 IV.1. Kako je Sovjetska zveza postala vodilna sila na področju vesoljskih raziskovanj... 52 IV.2. Prvi na Luni............................................................................................................... 57 IV.3. Nove zmage in novi triki........................................................................................... 59 IV.4. Organizacija in financiranje ...................................................................................... 70 IV.5. Preobrat v dirki na Luno – Sovjetom sreča obrne hrbet............................................ 71 IV.6. Zanikanje in zaton sovjetskega lunarnega programa ................................................ 80 V. ZAKLJUČEK .................................................................................................................... 85 V.1. Verifikacija hipotez .................................................................................................... 85 V.2. Sklep ........................................................................................................................... 89 VI. VIRI.................................................................................................................................. 90 VI.1. Knjige in samostojne publikacije .............................................................................. 90 VI.2. Enciklopedije in priročniki........................................................................................ 90 VI.3. Članki v revijah, zbornikih in na medmrežju............................................................ 92 VI.4. Ostali medmrežni viri................................................................................................ 95 VI.5. Dokumentarni in zgodovinsko-natančni filmi in serije............................................. 95 VII. PRILOGE Priloga 1: Pregled ameriških vesoljskih poletov s posadko v okviru lunarnega programa Priloga 2: Pregled sovjetskih vesoljskih poletov s posadko do uradne opustitve lunarnega programa leta 1974 Priloga 3: Primerjava nosilnih raket Saturn V in N-1 Priloga 4: Primerjava lunarnih plovil Apollo in L-3 Priloga 5: Nekatere pomembne osebnosti in glavni akterji dirke na Luno (1961-1969) 3 I. UVOD I.1. Uvodna beseda 20. julija 1969 se je zgodil dogodek brez primere v vsej poprejšnji človeški zgodovini. Človek je prvič odkar obstaja na planetu Zemlji stopil na drugo nebesno telo. Majhen korak Neila Armstronga, prvega zemljana na Luni, ki je bil obenem tudi velikanski skok za vso človeško raso, je bil morda najbolj jasen znak, da je človeštvo končno odraslo. Ljudje smo tistega veče- ra namreč uresničili sposobnost, da zapustimo Zemljo – svojo zibelko vse odkar obstajamo – in stopimo v povsem novo obdobje človeške zgodovine, v katerem tudi nebo ni več nikakršna meja. Polet Apolla 11, ki je ponesel prva človeka na Luno, je takrat uspelo izpeljati ZDA – eni od dveh svetovnih supersil, ki sta tisti čas tekmovali med seboj za prevlado v svetu. Že takoj po tem zgodovinskem dogodku so Američani navdušeno trdili, in še danes je temu tako, da je bil let Apolla 11 ter vseh ostalih Apollov dogodek namenjen vsemu človeštvu – ‘for all man- kind’. Čeprav to z znanstvenega in humanističnega vidika vsekakor drži, pa nikakor ni mogo- če trditi, da se je osvajanje Lune pričelo izključno zaradi želje po osvajanju in prodiranju zna- nosti, brez kakršnekoli tekmovalnosti. Resnica je, da je bil prvi pristanek ljudi na Luni le veli- ki finale obsežne vesoljske tekme, ki sta jo vodili obe supersili – ZDA in Sovjetska zveza. Vesoljska tekma je bila le en aspekt odnosov, v katere sta se zapletli ti dve državi že takoj po drugi svetovni vojni, ker sta se njuni ideologiji premočno razlikovali – odnosov, ki sem jim je uradno reklo hladna vojna. To je bilo obdobje vsestranske tekmovalnosti med obema velesilama. Čeprav se antagonista nista nikoli zapletla v medsebojno vojno, pa je bilo njuno rivalstvo zaznamovano s sovražnostjo, ki je značilna za nasprotnika, ki sta dejansko v vojni (Dupuy, 1993: 540). In globalna vojna, do katere na srečo ni prišlo, bi bila skoraj gotovo jedr- ska. Na vojaškem področju so tako ZDA in Sovjetska zveza merile moči le posredno, v števil- nih lokalnih vojnah in intervencijah. Vendar pa tekmovanje še zdaleč ni bilo omejeno le na vojaški vidik in oboroževalno tekmo. Državi sta poskušali prekositi ena drugo pravzaprav v čimer se je dalo, pa najsi je šlo za šahovske dvoboje ali pa stopnjo gospodarske rasti obeh si- stemov. Vojaštvo, gospodarstvo, tehnologija, politika, kultura, družbeno življenje… vse je bilo podvrženo neusmiljenemu rivalstvu in želji po premagovanju nasprotnika. Vesoljska tekma je predstavljala sam vrh tekmovanja med državama, saj je področje ve- soljskih raziskovanj veljalo za najnaprednejšo in najrazvitejšo človeško dejavnost tistega časa. Zmagovalec v tej tekmi bi si pridobil velikanski mednarodni ugled ter skorajda neizpod- 4 biten status tehnološko najnaprednejše države sveta. Zato ni bilo čudno, da sta se obe velesili srdito podali v pionirsko osvajanje vesolja, zavoljo katerega sta bili pripravljeni žrtvovati ogromno energije, velikanska finančna sredstva in nenazadnje tudi sama človeška življenja. In še preden je bilo sploh razrešeno vprašanje kdo bo prvi zemljan v vesolju, so bile oči ZDA in Sovjetske zveze že uprte v nov cilj, v dejanski in dokončni cilj, katerega osvojitev bi pomeni- la nesporno zmago v vesoljski dirki; skupaj z osvajanjem vesolja se je začela tudi tekma za osvajanje Lune. Namen pošiljanja ljudi na Luno pa se je razodel vsej javnosti maja 1961, ko je takratni ameriški predsednik John F. Kennedy v svojem nagovoru Kongresu rekel »Verja- mem, da bi si ta nacija morala zadati nalogo, da pred iztekom desetletja1 pošlje človeka na Luno in ga varno pripelje nazaj na Zemljo« (Chaikin, 1994: 1). Dirka se je tako tudi uradno za-čela. I.2. Opredelitev problema in namen dela To delo bo govorilo o tem prizadevanju velesil, da bi poslali svojega državljana kot prvega na Luno. Z zgodovinskega, znanstvenega in deloma tudi tehničnega vidika bom predstavil lunar- na načrta ZDA in Sovjetske zveze (prvi dobro poznan, drugi pa očem javnosti dolgo časa po- polnoma skrit), predstavil pa bom tudi celoten potek vesoljske tekme do ameriškega zmago- slavja z misijami Apollo, saj lunarnih prizadevanj, kot bomo videli, nikakor ni mogoče iztrga- ti iz njenega konteksta. Prav relativna nepoznanost sovjetskega lunarnega programa (in sov- jetskega vesoljskega programa v celoti) ter njegova slaba zastopanost v slovenski literaturi, sploh v primerjalni analizi z ameriškim programom, naredita pričujoče delo relevantno in za- nimivo, predvsem pa vredno raziskovanja. V zaključku dela pa bodo predstavljena dognanja, pridobljena ob preučevanju
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