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Perspectives on Armed Violence in Eastern Equatoria and Turkana North 14 Gauging Fear and Insecurity: Perspectives on Armed Violence in Eastern Equatoria and Turkana North By Claire Mc Evoy and Ryan Murray Copyright The Small Arms Survey Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Grad- uate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development It serves as the principal source of public information on all aspects of small Studies, Geneva 2008 arms and armed violence, and as a resource centre for governments, policy- First published in July 2008 makers, researchers, and activists. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a Established in 1999, the project is supported by the Swiss Federal Department retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior of Foreign Affairs, and by contributions from the Governments of Belgium, permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by Canada, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organi- The Survey is grateful for past and current, project-specific support from Aus- zation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should tralia, and Denmark. Further funding has been provided by the United Nations be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at: Development Programme, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Re- search, and the United Nations Fund for Children. The Small Arms Survey Small Arms Survey collaborates with research institutes and NGOs in many countries, including Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Brazil, Canada, Georgia, Germany, India, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Norway, the 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Russian Federation, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Thailand, the Copy edited by Emily Walmsley United Kingdom, and the United States. Cartography by MAPgrafix Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Typeset in Optima and Palatino by Richard Jones, Exile: Design & Editorial 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Services ([email protected]) Phone: +41 22 908 5777 Printed by nbmedia in Geneva, Switzerland Fax: +41 22 732 2738 ISBN 2-8288-0100-4 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.smallarmssurvey.org 2 Small Arms Survey HSBA Working Paper 14 Mc Evoy and Murray Gauging Fear and Insecurity 3 The Human Security Baseline Assessment Contents The Sudan Human Security Baseline Assessment (HSBA) is a multi-year project Acronyms and abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 administered by the Small Arms Survey. It has been developed in cooperation List of illustrations ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 with the Canadian government, the UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS), the UN Development Programme (UNDP), and a wide array of international and Suda- About the authors ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 nese NGO partners. Through the active generation and dissemination of timely, Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 empirical research the project supports violence reduction initiatives, includ- ing disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration programmes, incentive Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 schemes for civilian arms collection, as well as security sector reform and I. Introduction and key findings ......................................................................................................................................... 12 arms control interventions across Sudan. The HSBA also offers policy-relevant advice on redressing insecurity. II. About Eastern Equatoria and the surrounding region .......................................................... 15 Sudan Issue Briefs are designed to provide periodic snapshots of baseline infor- III. Factors fuelling insecurity in Eastern Equatoria ........................................................................... 22 mation in a timely and reader-friendly format. The HSBA also generates a IV. Civilian disarmament and human security ........................................................................................... 29 series of longer and more detailed Working Papers in English and Arabic, avail- able at www.smallarmssurvey.org/sudan. V. Survey instruments and methods ............................................................................................................................ 34 The HSBA project currently receives direct financial support from the UK VI. Survey results ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Government Global Conflict Prevention Pool, the Danish International Devel- opment Agency (Danida), and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The VI. Survey limitations ........................................................................................................................................................................... 52 HSBA has also received support from the Global Peace and Security Fund at VII. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 53 Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. Appendix: Sudan Human Security Baseline Assessment: For more information contact: Family survey on safety and security ........................................................................................................................ 55 Claire Mc Evoy Endnotes ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74 HSBA Project Manager Small Arms Survey, 47 Avenue Blanc Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 80 1202 Geneva, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.smallarmssurvey.org/sudan HSBA Working Paper series editor: Emile LeBrun 4 Small Arms Survey HSBA Working Paper 14 Mc Evoy and Murray Gauging Fear and Insecurity 5 Acronyms and abbreviations List of illustrations APEDI Adakar Peace and Development Initiatives Map 1 Eastern Equatoria State CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement Map 2 South-eastern Sudan and north-western Kenya CSAC Community Security and Arms Control Table 1 Livelihoods in Eastern Equatoria DDR disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration Table 2 Communities living in Eastern Equatoria EDF Equatoria Defence Force Table 3 Counties/divisions—tight sample GoS Government of Sudan Table 4 Geo-demographic distribution—tight sample GoSS Government of South Sudan Table 5 Geo-demographic distribution—Eastern Equatoria HSBA Human Security Baseline Assessment Table 6 Gender—tight sample IDP internally displaced person Table 7 Gender—Eastern Equatoria JIU Joint Integrated Unit KPR Kenya Police Reserve Figure 1 Serious issues affecting area LRA Lord’s Resistance Army Figure 2 All witnessed violent events NCP National Congress Party Figure 3 Small arms versus other weapons used NGO non-governmental organization Figure 4 Is security currently good enough? SAF Sudanese Armed Forces Figure 5 Level of safety when walking alone to the market SAS Small Arms Survey Figure 6 Perceived levels of safety since the CPA SPLM/A Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army Figure 7 Presence of security groups in respondents’ villages UPDF Ugandan People’s Defence Force Figure 8 State versus non-state groups or institutions present in respondents’ villages Figure 9 Types of security group Figure 10 Does owning a small arm make a person more or less safe? Figure 11 Sentiments regarding the effects of disarmament on households 6 Small Arms Survey HSBA Working Paper 14 Mc Evoy and Murray Gauging Fear and Insecurity 7 About the authors Acknowledgements Claire Mc Evoy manages the Small Arms Survey’s Sudan Human Security Richard Garfield led and monitored the household survey in Eastern Equatoria Baseline Assessment (HSBA) project. She has an LLM in human rights law State and Turkana North with assistance from James Bevan, Jonah Leff, and and an MA in journalism. She has been following events in Sudan in various Louisa Lombard. Ananda Millard was responsible for the survey instrument. capacities since 2000. Pact Sudan and Adakar Peace and Development
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